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Assuming a product is made one unit at a time at a constant rate during the net available work time the takt time is the amount of time that must elapse between two consecutive unit completions in order to meet the demand |
Takt time can be first determined with the formula |
Where T Takt time eg work time between two consecutive units T Net time available to work eg work time per period D Demand customer demand eg units required per period |
Net available time is the amount of time available for work to be done This excludes break times and any expected stoppage time for example scheduled maintenance team briefings etc |
Example If there are a total of 8 hours or 480 minutes in a shift gross time less 30 minutes lunch 30 minutes for breaks 2 15 mins 10 minutes for a team briefing and 10 minutes for basic maintenance checks then the net Available Time to Work 480 30 30 10 10 400 minutes |
If customer demand were 400 units a day and one shift were being run then the line would be required to output at a minimum rate of one part per minute in order to be able to keep up with customer demand |
In reality people and machines can not maintain 100 efficiency and there will be stoppages for other reasons Allowances should be made for these instances and thus the line will be set up to run at a faster rate to account for this |
Also takt time may be adjusted according to requirements within the company For example if one department delivers parts to several manufacturing lines it often makes sense to use similar takt times on all lines to smooth out flow from the preceding station Customer demand can still be met by adjusting daily working time reducing down times on machines and so on |
Some of the early literature uses cycle time for takt time |
Takt time is calculated on virtually every task in a business environment It is used in manufacturing casting of parts drilling holes or preparing a workplace for another task control tasks testing of parts or adjusting machinery or in administration answering standard inquiries or call center operation It is however most common in production lines that move a product along a line of stations that each performs a set of predefined tasks |
Once a takt system is implemented there are a number of benefits |
Downsides of takt time organization include |
I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew is a 1965 children s book by Dr Seuss The story features classic Seuss rhymes and drawings in his distinctive pen and ink style |
The book is a first person narrative told by a young narrator who experiences troubles in his life mostly aggressive small animals that bite and sting and wishes to escape them He sets out for the city of Solla Sollew where they never have troubles at least very few and learns that he must face his problems instead of running away from them He then goes back home to deal with his troubles arming himself with a big bat and resolving that Now my troubles are going to have troubles with me |
The journey includes several fantastic and troublesome encounters In one instance the protagonist is forced to haul a wagon for a bossy companion This is called teamwork I furnish the brains You furnish the muscles the aches and the pains In another scene he is drafted into the army under the command of the fearsome and ultimately cowardly General Genghis Kahn Schmitz who abandons him at a critical moment |
As the story opens the young protagonist resembling a cat or dog lives a happy and carefree life in the Valley of Vung but one day all that changes when he goes out for a stroll to look at daisies and hurts himself by tripping over a rock which sets off the troubles he will soon face The protagonist vows to be more careful but a green headed Quilligan Quail bites his tail from behind I learned there are troubles of more than one kind Some come from ahead and some come from behind Worse still a Skritz dives to sting his neck and a Skrink bites his toe proving that troubles can come from all directions |
As the protagonist tries to fight off his troubles a man on a One Wheel Wubble drawn by a camel comes up and explains that like the protagonist he too is experiencing a troubled life and has decided to escape his troubles by going to Solla Sollew a city on the beautiful banks of the river Wah Hoo and known to never have troubles at least very few He invites the protagonist to come along with him Eager to escape his troubles the protagonist joins the wubble driver but after a long night of traveling the camel gets sick and starts to bubble At first the driver and protagonist pull him on the wubble but for the rest of the day the driver acts lazy and has the protagonist do all the hard work |
The next day they thankfully discover a camel doctor Dr Sam Snell who diagnoses their camel with a bad case of gleeks and orders him to bed for twenty weeks The driver makes it up to the protagonist by telling him he can catch the 4 42 bus to Solla Sollew at the nearest bus stop but when the protagonist gets to the bus stop he learns from a sign tacked on a stick that the Solla Sollew bound bus is out of service the driver Butch Myers apparently destroyed all his tires from accidentally running over four nails leaving him to hike for one hundred miles Soon the poor protagonist is caught in a storm A kindly stranger tells him that the storm is the infamous Midwinter Jicker and allows the protagonist to take shelter in his house where a family of mice and a family of owls are also taking shelter |
After a sleepless night and dreaming of sleeping in Solla Sollew the protagonist awakens to find that the flood waters have washed the house over a cliff with him still inside He spends twelve days in the flood waters until somebody rescues him by throwing down a rope The protagonist climbs the rope only to discover that his savior is General Genghis Kahn Schmitz who immediately drafts him into his army for an upcoming battle against the Perilous Poozer of Pompelmoose Pass a lion like creature At the pass the General discovers he and his army are outnumbered by too many Poozers and orders an immediate retreat without fighting leaving the protagonist to face the Poozers alone armed only with a shooter and one little bean |
The protagonist manages to escape the Poozers by diving down an air vent marked Vent No 5 but has to spend the next three days trying to find his way through a network of tunnels inhabited by birds all going in the wrong direction Close to the end of the third day he finally finds a door and discovers he s come out at the beautiful banks of the river Wah Hoo Realizing he s reached his goal the protagonist rushes out to Solla Sollew |
At the gates of Solla Sollew the protagonist is greeted by a friendly doorman The doorman explains to the protagonist about the only trouble the city has a key slapping slippard has moved into the lock of the door which happens to be the only way into Solla Sollew and bugs the doorman by continuously slapping the key out of his hand preventing anyone from entering the city As it s considered bad luck to kill a slippard the doorman can not do anything to evict this pest but decides instead to leave Solla Sollew for the city of Boola Boo Ball on the banks of the beautiful river Woo Wall and known to never have troubles No troubles at all and invites the protagonist to come along |
At first the protagonist considers joining the doorman but realizing that he s come all this way for nothing the protagonist instead decides to go back home to the Valley of Vung and face his troubles He now knows he will have troubles for the rest of his life but he s ready for them Armed with a bat the Protagonist now gives the rocks quail skritz and skrink troubles of their own But I ve bought a big bat I m all ready you see Now my troubles are going to have troubles with me |
In Seussical the character of General Genghis Kahn Schmitz makes an appearance as a secondary character He introduces JoJo to the military school in song This sets up a subplot concerning JoJo in which he is thought to be lost in battle The character of Schmitz in the play is a cross between the Schmitz seen in the book and the unnamed generals in the Butter Battle Book |
Solla Sollew is the subject of a song in which the main characters yearn for a happy resolution to their problems It is referred to as a faraway land so the stories all tell somewhere beyond the horizon It is said that troubles there are few and that maybe it s something like heaven |
Solla Sollew is believed to be a place of hope and wonder where breezes are warm and people are kind It is a dream of the characters to find this incredible place where they will find each other and be happy once and for all However they can not ever find it saying in the song when I get close it disappears |
Shape of You is a song by English singer songwriter Ed Sheeran It was released as a digital download on 6 January 2017 as one of the double lead singles from his third studio album 2017 along with Castle on the Hill |
The dancehall infused pop song was written by Ed Sheeran together with Steve Mac and Johnny McDaid with additional writing credits given to Kandi Burruss Tameka Tiny Cottle and Kevin Shekspere Briggs as Sheeran had incorporated an interpolation of the TLC s song No Scrubs into Shape of You The song was produced by Sheeran and Mac |
Shape of You peaked at number one on the singles charts of 44 countries including the US Billboard Hot 100 later becoming the best performing song of 2017 as well as the UK Australian and Canadian singles charts It has stayed at number one for a record tying 16 consecutive weeks on the Canadian Hot 100 as well as 14 nonconsecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart and 12 nonconsecutive weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 On 21 September 2017 it became the most streamed song on Spotify with over 132 billion streams It was the best selling song of 2017 in the UK |
The song won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards |
The song was the last song written for Sheeran s third album On 6 January 2017 when hosting The Radio 1 Breakfast Show Sheeran revealed that Shape of You had originally been written with Rihanna in mind As he had already written all the songs he wanted for the album the song was therefore not intended to be included in the album It was conceived as a duet between Rihanna and Rudimental but the head of the record label convinced him to keep the song for himself He said |
Shape of You is actually a really random one because I went in to write songs for other people with a guy called Steve Mac and Johnny McDaid and we were writing this song and I was like this would really work for Rihanna he explained And then I started singing lyrics like putting Van The Man on the jukebox and I was like well she s not really going to sing that is she And then we sort of decided halfway through that we were just going to make it for me |
According to Sheeran Steve Mac started the song writing session by playing the opening notes of the song on the keyboard Sheeran then joined in adding percussion by tapping on the guitar layering it onto the track On the writing of the song he said that he tried to keep the music more stripped instead of something more elaborate I m an acoustic artist first and foremost And when I play live I ca nt replicate these things I have nt got all the other musicians Sheeran said he wanted an RB feel to the song therefore he adjusted the original tune adding an interpolation of No Scrubs onto part of the melody He also revealed that the original lyrics did not end with the words the shape of you in the chorus but during the writing of the song McDaid thought that the lyrics I m in love with your body sounded objectifying and the lyrics was therefore adjusted |
On 4 January 2017 Sheeran uploaded a six second teaser video of a blue background to social media with lyrics the club is nt the best place to find a lover which is the first line of Shape of You To further tease the release Sheeran and his label used a sponsored Snapchat lens filter with 30 seconds on the song to increase buzz among the general public |
Shape of You is a pop dancehall and tropical house song with strummy acoustics In the song Sheeran sings over a marimba fueled percussive sway about a budding romance The club is nt the best place to find a lover so the bar is where I go Me and my friends at the table doing shots drinking fast and then we talk slow he sings Come over and start up a conversation with just me And trust me I ll give it a chance According to NT News the song tells the story of loved or lusted up Sheeran meeting a girl in a bar where he and his mates are doing shots Shape of You is written in the key of C minor with a tempo of 96 beats per minute The song is composed in common time time and follows a basic chord progression of C m F m A B i iv VI VII and Sheeran s vocals span from G to G |
The song s lyrical rhythm drew comparisons to the TLC song No Scrubs particularly in the prechorus line Boy let s not talk too much Grab on my waist and put that body on me As a result the composers of No Scrubs Kandi Burruss Tameka Tiny Cottle and Kevin Shekspere Briggs were awarded cowriting credits on Shape of You |
Jon Caramanica from The New York Times said Shape of You is trickier a nimble and effective song that takes the aggressive thinning of Caribbean music Billboard s Taylor Weatherby wrote about the song saying Shape of You does nt quite sound like your typical Sheeran tune But that almost serves as an indication of what the Thinking Out Loud singer has been up to during his hiatus creating music that still feels like Sheeran just with a new twist Jeremy Gordon of Spin gave the song a positive review stating that the song is a plausible attempt at convincing us he has had sex a lot of it It kind of slaps though you ca nt really picture Sheeran ever saying put that body on me to a real human woman News website Metro wrote that it sounds similar to the song Cheap Thrills by Sia |
Shape of You debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 13 January selling 227000 combined units in its first week Sheeran also debuted at number 2 with the song Castle on the Hill making him the only artist in UK chart history to debut in the top two positions Shape of You debuted at number two on the Scottish Singles Chart behind Castle on the Hill The song was certified Silver in the first week due to selling 200000 units and Gold in the second week selling 400000 units The song remained at number one in its second week selling 139000 It has stayed at number one for 13 consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart and a further week at the top after a week s interruption by Harry Styles Sign of the Times In July 2017 the song reached 184 million in streams making it the most streamed song in the UK of all time It was the nation s highest selling and most streamed track of 2017 with 787000 copies sold and 248 million streams throughout the year to produce a combined sales of 32 million It is the 3rd best selling single in the United Kingdom regarding combined sales and streaming equivalent as of September 19 2017 |
The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 selling 240000 downloads and gaining 20 million streams in its debut week in the US becoming Sheeran s first number one song in the country Sheeran also became the first artist to debut two songs in the top 10 the same week in the history of the Hot 100 with Castle on the Hill also debuting at number six Shape of You topped the Hot 100 for 12 nonconsecutive weeks In its fourth week at number one the song also topped the Mainstream Top 40 becoming Sheeran s second number one single on the chart after 2015 s Thinking Out Loud On 6 May 2017 it fell to number two on the Hot 100 being displaced by Humble by Kendrick Lamar On the issue date 2 September 2017 Shape of You spent its 32nd week in the top ten of Hot 100 tying the record for most week on that chart with LeAnn Rimes How Do I Live and Closer by The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey The following week Shape of You spent its 33rd consecutive week in the top 10 breaking the 20 year old record On Billboard s Dance Mix Show Airplay chart Shape of You became Sheeran s first number one on a Dance EDM chart his third top ten and sixth overall at Dance Mix Show Airplay in the United States Afterwards the song topped Dance Club Songs in its 18 March 2017 issue his first as a solo artist and his second entry on this chart when he was a featured artist on Rudimental s Lay It All on Me which peaked at No 38 in 2016 By August 2017 Shape of You was the best selling song of 2017 in the US with 23 million copies sold the only one to sell over two million It is also the most streamed song with 7997 million combined audio and video streams The song became the number one song of the year on Billboard Hot 100 in 2017 and the second best selling song in the US after Despacito with over 25 million copies sold |
It debuted at number one in France and was later certified diamond there According to Pure Charts in the first half of the year 2017 the song reached 631000 units 105000 sales and 526000 units from streams and as of September 2017 it exceeds 812109 units 707109 from streams In Australia the song stayed at No 1 for 15 weeks breaking a record set 22 years ago by Coolio s Gangsta s Paradise In doing this it also broke ABBA s record of fourteen weeks at number one which was set on the previous Australian charts before the ARIA charts became Australia s official charts Shape of You was also Australia s highest selling song of 2017 with 630000 copies sold by the end of the year The song is the first ever number one single of the Philippine Hot 100 upon the chart s inception on 12 June 2017 It stayed at the peak position for 4 consecutive weeks before it was dethroned by Despacito by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber |
Worldwide the song reached one billion streams on Spotify in June 2017 It became the most streamed song on Spotify in September 2017 reaching 1318420396 streams overtaking Drake s One Dance |
On 5 January 2017 to accompany the song s release a lyric video for Shape of You was released on Sheeran s YouTube channel with Castle on the Hill As of February 2018 the official lyric video has amassed over 750 million views on YouTube |
On 30 January 2017 the song s official music video starring American dancer and model Jennie Pegouskie and retired professional sumo wrestler Yamamotoyama Ryta credited as Yama was released on Sheeran s channel It was shot on location in Seattle and was directed by Jason Koenig On 8 May 2017 97 days after its release it became one of the fastest music videos to reach 1 billion views on YouTube and as of February 2018 the music video has amassed over 32 billion views on the site and is the site s third most watched video |
The official remix of Shape of You features newly additional verses and guest vocals by English grime artist Stormzy The remix premiered during Sheeran and Stormzy s live collaboration at the 2017 Brit Awards at The O2 in London on 22 February 2017 Sheeran announced on Twitter that the remix would be released officially on 24 February 2017 On the same date various remixes of the song were released on digital music services Sheeran teased the releases ahead of 2017 Brit Awards ceremony I ve got two things dropping on Friday that are pretty interesting he revealed in a BBC Radio 1 interview just hours before the big show One that gets debuted at the Brits which I think people will go a bit nuts for He added It s something that I think nobody is expecting I think it ll be decent |
In the United States Shape of You has immediately become a favorite among DJs and remixers prompting several of them to create their own versions One DJ Joe Maz Masurka told Billboard that after he did his own remix on the single that he received a lot of great feedback and response I absolutely love the track so I had to remix it myself so that I could play it in all my live shows Ed is a genius best song in the last few years I ve been playing it literally everywhere I ve been booked since about midJanuary Hyde Bellagio in Las Vegas E11even and Ora in Miami Parq in San Diego Premier Atlantic City the dance floor loves it A Latin remix featuring reggaeton duo Zion Lennox was released on 17 March 2017 Sheeran and American rapper Lil Uzi Vert performed a live remix of Shape Of You during the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards followed by a rendition of Lil Uzi Vert s song XO Tour Llif3 |
It was one of the few songs used in Youtube s 2017 Rewind |
The song is also used in an episode in the French version of Skam |
Credits and personnel adapted from album liner notes |
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales streaming figures based on certification alone |
The Nashville sound originated during the mid 1950s as a subgenre of American country music replacing the chart dominance of the rough honky tonk music which was most popular in the 1940s and 1950s with smooth strings and choruses sophisticated background vocals and smooth tempos It was an attempt to revive country sales which had been devastated by the rise of rock n roll |
The Nashville sound was pioneered by staff at Decca Records RCA Records and Columbia Records in Nashville Tennessee including manager Steve Sholes record producers Chet Atkins Owen Bradley and Bob Ferguson and recording engineer Bill Porter They invented the form by replacing elements of the popular honky tonk style fiddles steel guitar nasal lead vocals with smooth elements from 1950s pop music string sections background vocals crooning lead vocals and using slick production and pop music structures The producers relied on a small group of studio musicians known as the Nashville ATeam whose quick adaptability and creative input made them vital to the hit making process The Anita Kerr Quartet was the main vocal backing group in the early 1960s In 1960 Time magazine reported that Nashville had nosed out Hollywood as the nation s second biggest after New York record producing center |
The term Nashville Sound was first mentioned in an article about Jim Reeves in 1958 in the Music Reporter and again in 1960 in a Time magazine article about Reeves Other observers have identified several recordings that helped establish the early Nashville sound Country historian Rich Kienzle says that Gone a Ferlin Husky hit recorded in November 1956 may well have pointed the way to the Nashville sound Writer Colin Escott proclaims Jim Reeves Four Walls recorded February 1957 to be the first Nashville sound record and Chet Atkins the RCA based producer and guitarist most often credited with being the sound s primary artistic brainchild pointed to his production of Don Gibson s Oh Lonesome Me late that same year |
In an essay published in Heartaches by the Number Country Music s 500 Greatest Singles David Cantwell argues that Elvis Presley s rock and roll recording of Do nt Be Cruel in July 1956 was the record that sparked the beginning of the era now called the Nashville sound |
Regarding the Nashville sound the record producer Owen Bradley stated Now we ve cut out the fiddle and steel guitar and added choruses to country music But it ca nt stop there It always has to keep developing to keep fresh |
In the early 1960s the Nashville sound began to be challenged by the rival Bakersfield sound on the country side and by the British Invasion on the pop side compounding these problems were the sudden deaths in separate airplane crashes of Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves two of the Nashville Sound s biggest stars Nashville s pop song structure became more pronounced and it morphed into what was called Countrypolitan a smoother sound typified through the use of lush string arrangements with a real orchestra and often background vocals provided by a choir Countrypolitan was aimed straight at mainstream markets and it sold well throughout the later 1960s into the early 1970s Among the architects of this sound were producers Billy Sherrill who was instrumental in shaping Tammy Wynette s early career and Glenn Sutton Artists who typified the countrypolitan sound initially included Wynette Glen Campbell who recorded in Hollywood and not Nashville Lynn Anderson Charlie Rich and Charley Pride the latter being a rare example of a top selling African American country performer |
The Bakersfield sound and later outlaw country dominated country music among aficionados while countrypolitan reigned on the pop charts |
Upon being asked what the Nashville sound was Chet Atkins would put his hand into his pocket shake his loose change and say That s what it is It s the sound of money |
By the late 1970s and 1980s many pop music singers picked up the countrypolitan style and created what is known as country pop the fusion of country music and soft rock |
Classic examples of Nashville sound recordings |
The New Atlantis founded in 2003 is a quarterly journal about the social ethical political and policy dimensions of modern science and technology The journal is published in Washington DC by the social conservative advocacy group the Ethics and Public Policy Center in partnership with the Center for the Study of Technology and Society It is edited by Ari Schulman having previously been edited by cofounders Eric Cohen and Adam Keiper |
The journal s name is taken from Francis Bacon s utopian novella New Atlantis which the journal s editors describe as a fable of a society living with the benefits and challenges of advanced science and technology An editorial in the inaugural issue states that the aim of the journal is to help us avoid the extremes of euphoria and despair that new technologies too often arouse and to help us judge when mobilizing our technological prowess is sensible or necessary and when the preservation of things that count requires limiting the kinds of technological power that would lessen cheapen or ultimately destroy us Writing for National Review editor Adam Keiper described The New Atlantis as being written from a particularly American and conservative way of thinking about both the blessings and the burdens of modern science and technology New Atlantis authors and bioethicists publishing in other journals have also similarly referred to The New Atlantis as being written from a social conservative stance which utilizes religion |
The New Atlantis tends to publish views in favor of technological innovation but wary of certain avenues of development For example the journal has generally advocated nuclear energy space exploration and development through public private partnerships including manned missions to Mars biofuels and genetically modified foods But it has expressed ambivalent or critical views about developments in synthetic biology and military technologies like drones chemical weapons and cyberwarfare Articles often explore policy questions on these and other issues sometimes advocating particular policy outcomes especially on health care environmental management and energy |
The journal has published widely on bioethics including issues such as stem cell research assisted reproduction cloning assisted suicide organ and tissue donation the purported link between vaccines and autism and informed consent Articles on these issues often highlight the potential for dangerous or degrading developments including concerns over human dignity with many articles examining human enhancement and life extension and historical precedents for abuse in eugenics and population control |
The journal also features broader philosophical reflections on science and technology and tends to be skeptical of what its authors consider to be speculative overreach common in popular discussions Examples include articles that have defended the existence of free will in light of developments in neuroscience questioned the wisdom of using brain scans in courtrooms and described how growing knowledge of epigenetics has undermined common claims about genetic determinism While the journal has sometimes aired libertarian views about human enhancement and transhumanism its contributors generally tend to question whether technologies like artificial intelligence friendly artificial intelligence and genetic enhancement are possible or desirable The journal also publishes the Futurisms blog dedicated to criticizing transhumanism |
The journal has also published widely on the interpersonal effects of the Internet and digital technology It has featured articles on subjects like Facebook cell phones multitasking ereaders GPS and navigation and virtual reality A 2006 article by Matthew B Crawford advocating the intellectual and economic virtues of the manual trades was noted as a best of the year essay by New York Times columnist David Brooks and was subsequently expanded into the bestselling book Shop Class as Soulcraft The journal also frequently publishes essays on philosophical and literary questions relating to science and technology |
The New Atlantis also publishes a book series New Atlantis Books an imprint of Encounter Books To date six books have been released |
Among the more notable contributors to the journal are physicians and bioethicists such as President s Council on Bioethics chairman Leon Kass and neuroscientist William B Hurlbut prominent scientists such as Raymond Tallis Sara Seager and Marcelo Gleiser political scientists legal and ethical scholars and policy analysts such as Yuval Levin Robert P George Peter Augustine Lawler Diana Schaub Charles T Rubin Jeffrey Rosen Larry Arnhart and Jonathan B Tucker think tank scholars such as Nicholas Eberstadt Roger Bate Henry Sokolski and Robert D Atkinson space experts and entrepreneurs such as Mars Society founder Robert Zubrin James C Bennett and Jeff Foust and philosophers historians authors and journalists such as Roger Scruton Gertrude Himmelfarb Matthew B Crawford Harvey Mansfield Wilfred M McClay Ross Douthat Victor Davis Hanson Alan Jacobs Varadaraja V Raman Stephen D Snobelen Andrew Janiak William R Newman and Ronald Bailey |
Writing for the National Review in a 2003 column the conservative author Stanley Kurtz described The New Atlantis as influential on thinking about science and technology |
Richard John Neuhaus late editor of the conservative journal First Things wrote that The New Atlantis is as good a publication as there is for the intelligent exploration of questions in bioethics and projections promising ominous and fantastical about the human future and a writer in The American Conservative described the journal as a source of fresh ideas on the Right National Review columnist Jonah Goldberg described The New Atlantis as a new and interesting magazine that seems to be trying to carve out the space for the government to stop the more offensive aspects of biotechnology |
By contrast the liberal bioethicist Jonathan D Moreno has said that the journal offers a very dark vision about science and technology but that it makes an important point about the need to worry about the ends as well as means in science and that its writers were young smart and had a good understanding of the political process and the making of public policy Bioethicist Ruth Macklin criticized The New Atlantis as representative of a conservative movement in bioethics that is mean spirited mystical and emotional and that claims insight into ultimate truth yet disavows reason |
The journal has particularly gained a reputation among the transhumanist movement for its criticism of human enhancement James Hughes a techno progressivist and at times director of organizations such as the World Transhumanist Association and the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies notes that the journal has published influential attacks on artificial intelligence nanotechnology biotechnology reproductive technology and life extension Natasha Vita More has described it as a journal known as a ring of bioconservatives bent on opposing the cyberculture while the Extropy Institute has called it a high powered rallying point for the neoLuddites |
Various lists of the Wonders of the World have been compiled from antiquity to the present day to catalogue the world s most spectacular natural wonders and manmade structures |
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the first known list of the most remarkable creations of classical antiquity it was based on guidebooks popular among Hellenic sightseers and only includes works located around the Mediterranean rim and in Mesopotamia The number seven was chosen because the Greeks believed it represented perfection and plenty and because it was the number of the five planets known anciently plus the sun and moon Many similar lists have been made |
The historian Herodotus 484 ca 425 BC and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene ca 305 240 BC at the Museum of Alexandria made early lists of seven wonders Their writings have not survived except as references |
The classic seven wonders were |
The only ancient world wonder that still exists is the Great Pyramid of Giza |
In the 19th and early 20th centuries some writers wrote their own lists with names such as Wonders of the Middle Ages Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages Seven Wonders of the Medieval Mind and Architectural Wonders of the Middle Ages However it is unlikely that these lists originated in the Middle Ages because the word medieval was not invented until the Enlightenment era and the concept of a Middle Age did not become popular until the 16th century Brewer s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable refers to them as later list s suggesting the lists were created after the Middle Ages |
Many of the structures on these lists were built much earlier than the Medieval Ages but were well known |
Typically representative are |
Other sites sometimes included on such lists |
Following in the tradition of the classical list modern people and organisations have made their own lists of wonderful things ancient and modern Some of the most notable lists are presented below |
In 1994 the American Society of Civil Engineers compiled a list of Seven Wonders of the Modern World paying tribute to the greatest civil engineering achievements of the 20th century |
In November 2006 the American national newspaper USA Today and the American television show Good Morning America revealed a new list of New Seven Wonders as chosen by six judges An eighth wonder was chosen on November 24 2006 from viewer feedback |
Similar to the other lists of wonders there is no consensus on a list of seven natural wonders of the world and there has been debate over how large the list should be One of the many existing lists was compiled by CNN |
In 2001 an initiative was started by the Swiss corporation New7Wonders Foundation to choose the New7Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments Twenty one finalists were announced January 1 2006 Egyptians were not happy that the only surviving original wonder the Great Pyramid of Giza would have to compete with the likes of the Statue of Liberty the Sydney Opera House and other landmarks calling the project absurd In response Giza was named an honorary Candidate The results were announced on July 7 2007 in Lisbon Portugal |
New7Wonders of Nature 2007 11 a contemporary effort to create a list of seven natural wonders chosen through a global poll was organized by the same group as the New7Wonders of the World campaign |
New7Wonders Cities is the third global vote organized by New7Wonders |
The Seven Underwater Wonders of the World was a list drawn up by CEDAM International an American based nonprofit group for divers dedicated to ocean preservation and research |
In 1989 CEDAM brought together a panel of marine scientists including Dr Eugenie Clark to pick underwater areas which they considered to be worthy of protection The results were announced at The National Aquarium in Washington DC by actor Lloyd Bridges star of TV s Sea Hunt |
British author Deborah Cadbury wrote Seven Wonders of the Industrial World a book telling the stories of seven great feats of engineering of the 19th and early 20th centuries In 2003 the BBC aired a seven part docudrama exploring the same feats with Cadbury as a producer Each episode dramatised the construction of one of the following industrial wonders |
Seven Wonders of the World is a 1956 film in which Lowell Thomas searches the world for natural and man made wonders and invites the audience to try to update the ancient Greek Wonders of the World list |