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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims ."}
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
8322930a43bf69832c194d9b64f1a6be18ea444eb377838dddeac2b881a1990e
| 0.455078 | 0.002396 | 0.5 | 0.004059 | 0.341797 | 0.010315 |
null |
{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
8322930a43bf69832c194d9b64f1a6be18ea444eb377838dddeac2b881a1990e
| 0.421875 | 0.020996 | 0.75 | 0.035156 | 0.671875 | 0.306641 |
null |
{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims ."}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
8322930a43bf69832c194d9b64f1a6be18ea444eb377838dddeac2b881a1990e
| 0.398438 | 0.008301 | 0.707031 | 0.02063 | 0.462891 | 0.04541 |
null |
{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims ."}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
8322930a43bf69832c194d9b64f1a6be18ea444eb377838dddeac2b881a1990e
| 0.1875 | 0.003082 | 0.083984 | 0.000216 | 0.226563 | 0.033691 |
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{"patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
8322930a43bf69832c194d9b64f1a6be18ea444eb377838dddeac2b881a1990e
| 0.106934 | 0.010315 | 0.361328 | 0.057373 | 0.199219 | 0.263672 |
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{"patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
8322930a43bf69832c194d9b64f1a6be18ea444eb377838dddeac2b881a1990e
| 0.050293 | 0.003174 | 0.210938 | 0.02124 | 0.169922 | 0.103516 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims .", "category": "Physics"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
8322930a43bf69832c194d9b64f1a6be18ea444eb377838dddeac2b881a1990e
| 0.052734 | 0.037354 | 0.449219 | 0.15625 | 0.263672 | 0.339844 |
null |
{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows a starter device that is identified by the reference symbol 100 . the starter device 100 comprises a handle 2 that enables the user to introduce a pulling force into a starter pulling means 3 . the starter pulling means 3 are realized in the form of a rope and wound up on a pulling means spool 4 in the form of a rope spool . if the user pulls on the starter pulling means 3 , the pulling means spool 4 is set in rotation due to the unwinding of the starter pulling means 3 from the pulling means spool 4 such that a starter torque is introduced . the rotation of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted to a coupling member 15 , wherein the transmission is realized by means of a double crank mechanism 5 . the double crank mechanism 5 comprises a coupling rod 6 that is arranged between a hinge pin 7 situated on the plane side of the pulling means spool 4 and a lever arm 9 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 causes the hinge pin 7 to rotate about a spool axis 8 , wherein the lever arm 9 is supported such that it is rotatable about an output axis 11 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 is transmitted into the lever arm 9 by means of the coupling rod 6 such that the lever arm carries out a non - uniform movement relative to the rotational movement of the pulling means spool 4 . if the pulling means spool 4 carries out a uniform rotational movement , the lever arm 9 rotates slowly over one segment of a circle and rapidly over another segment of a circle during one full revolution of the pulling means spool 4 . this makes it possible to realize a conversion of the torque that is adapted to the torque demand for starting the internal combustion engine . the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported on a receptacle plate 12 while the lever arm 9 comprises a bearing section 14 that extends through a receptacle bridge 10 in order to be supported . the receptacle bridge 10 is mounted on the receptacle plate 12 by means of spacer elements 13 , wherein the receptacle bridge 10 extends similar to a beam and features a screw connection with one respective spacer element 13 on its ends . a coupling member 15 is arranged on the end of the lever arm 9 that extends through the receptacle bridge 10 such that the rotational movement of the lever arm 9 about the output axis 11 is transmitted into the coupling member 15 . all in all , the starter device 100 thusly makes it possible to generate a periodically changing rotational movement in the coupling member 15 when the starter pulling means 3 are subjected to a uniform pulling motion . fig2 shows another embodiment of the inventive double crank mechanism 5 in the starter device 100 . an end of the coupling member 15 is moulded onto a disk element 16 , wherein the disk element 16 is rotatably accommodated on a bearing journal 17 and the bearing journal 17 is arranged in the receptacle plate 12 . a pulling means spool section 19 , on which the pulling means spool 4 is rotatably supported , extends between the bearing journal 17 and the receptacle plate 12 . the bearing journal 17 extends along a coupling member axis 18 that is offset relative to the spool axis 8 . consequently , the bearing journal 17 is arranged eccentrically on the pulling means spool section 19 in order to realize the offset of the crank elements required for the double crank mechanism 5 . the first crank element of the double crank mechanism 5 is formed by the pulling means spool 4 with a hinge pin 7 arranged on its plane side and rotates about the spool axis 8 , wherein the second crank element is formed by the disk element 16 and the coupling rod 6 extends between the hinge pin 7 and another hinge pin 20 arranged on the disk element 16 . this simplifies the arrangement because the lever arm 9 ( see fig1 ) and the coupling member 15 are realized in the form of a one - piece disk element 16 . fig3 shows an advantageous additional development of the double crank mechanism 5 of the starter device 100 . this double crank mechanism comprises a coupling rod 6 that is realized in the form of an elastically bendable coupling element 21 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is rotatably inserted between the hinge pin 7 and the lever arm 9 and able to change its effective length due to the bending elasticity . if a torque is applied to the double crank mechanism 5 by means of the pulling means spool 4 and the hinge pin 7 , the elastically bendable coupling element 21 bends such that its defective length is shortened and the torque transmitted to the lever arm 9 increases . if the load on the elastically bendable coupling element 21 is alleviated , its effective length once again increases such that the rotational speed of the lever arm 9 increases once again as the torque decreases . fig4 shows a perspective representation of the elastically bendable coupling element 21 that takes over the function of the coupling rod 6 . the elastically bendable coupling element 21 has a horseshoe - shaped structure and comprises two hinge pin bores 23 , through which the hinge pins ( hinge pins 7 , 20 ; see fig2 ) extend and respectively form a sliding bearing . the elastically bendable region 22 is realized between the ends of the horseshoe - shaped coupling element 21 such that the distance between the hinge pin bores 23 can be increased and decreased . a limit stop geometry 24 is provided for limiting the bending within the elastically bendable region 22 . if the bending load becomes excessively high , the surfaces of the limit stop geometries 24 respectively contact one another such that the additional bending of the elastically bendable region 22 is limited . fig5 shows a perspective representation of the crankshaft flange 25 . this flange features a plane side 27 that forms the side that points away from the internal combustion engine and toward the starter device 100 . blade elements are integrally moulded onto the circumference of the crankshaft flange 25 in order to ventilate the complete system consisting of the internal combustion engine and the starter device 100 . ratchet elements 26 with a different height referred to the plane side 27 are arranged on the plane side 27 of the crankshaft flange 25 . the ratchet elements 26 are rotatably supported on cylinder members 38 , wherein the cylinder members respectively have a different length . the cylinder members 38 are arranged on the plane side opposite of one another referred to the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein the first cylinder member 38 is shorter than the second cylinder member 38 . the coupling member 15 features engagement windows 28 , into which the ratchet elements 26 can engage . in order to assign one respective ratchet element 26 to a defined engagement window 28 , the engagement windows 28 also have a different axial position in the direction of the rotational axis of the crankshaft flange 25 . this ensures that the starter device 100 with the assigned torque characteristic corresponds to the correct compression or expansion phase of the internal combustion engine . fig6 and 7 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 29 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 29 acts as a coupling rod 6 and forms a double crank mechanism 5 together with the crankshaft flange 25 and the pulling means spool 4 . one can ascertain that a joint socket geometry 31 is integrally moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 such that the centrifugal element 29 is driven by the joint socket geometry 31 . if the crankshaft flange 25 rotates faster than the starter device 100 when the internal combustion engine starts , the centrifugal element 29 separates from the joint socket geometry 31 and turns radially outward due to the centrifugal force . the internal combustion engine or the crankshaft flange 25 therefore can rotate freely without the starter device 100 participating in this rotational movement . therefore , the function of the double crank mechanism 5 is combined with the function of an overrunning clutch . a crankshaft 1 that is illustrated centrally in the crankshaft flange 25 points in the direction of the ( not - shown ) internal combustion engine in the form of a shaft end . fig8 shows another perspective representation of the starter device 100 that extends between the receptacle plate 12 and the crankshaft flange 25 . a friction ring 33 and a roll element 34 arranged between the engaging element 30 and the crankshaft flange 25 cooperate in such a way that a torque transmission takes place when the starter device 100 is actuated and this torque transmission is not interrupted until the internal combustion starts . the engaging element 30 comprises roll tracks 35 that are realized in the direction of the crankshaft flange 25 , wherein 3 roll tracks are arranged on the circumference in a star - shaped configuration and angularly spaced apart by 120 \u00b0. the roll tracks 35 serve for the rolling motion of a roll element 34 , with the roll tracks 35 extending with a radial curvature . the engaging element 30 and the pulling means spool 4 furthermore comprise a quick - acting screw thread 32 that connects both components such that they can be screwed relative to one another . the axial position of the engaging element 30 relative to the pulling means spool 4 is related to a defined rotatory position due to the quick - acting screw thread 32 such that the roll element 34 rolls on the roll track 35 in dependence on the rotatory position of the engaging element 30 . this results in a different torque characteristic between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in order to create a functional connection according to the present invention , in which the crankshaft torque introduced into the crankshaft 1 is variable in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft at a constant torque in the pulling means spool 4 . the design of the invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments . on the contrary , it would be conceivable to realize a multitude of variations that also utilize the described solution in fundamentally different types of designs . fig9 to 22 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 . a centrifugal clutch with a centrifugal element 39 is arranged between the pulling means spool 4 and the crankshaft flange 25 in such a way that the centrifugal element 39 acts as a roll track and forms a cam roller gear together with the crankshaft flange 24 and the pulling means spool 4 . in this case , the roll track lever 39 is supported on the hinge pin 7 in a rotatable and pivoted fashion and held in the idle position shown in one of fig1 ( top view ) and 12 ( perspective representation ), in which the first contact section 41 of the roll track lever 39 is still supported on the limit stop 42 of the coupling flange 25 , by means of the pull - back spring 40 . after the internal combustion engine starts , the disengaging weight 43 of the roll track lever 39 displaces the roll track lever 39 into the operating position \u201c engine running \u201d shown in fig1 ( top view ) and 14 ( perspective representation ) and the second contact section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts the limit stop bolt 45 on the crankshaft flange 25 . during the starting process , the roll track section 44 of the roll track lever 39 contacts one of the two stopping bolts 47 arranged on the pulling means spool 4 such that the roll 48 arranged on each stopping bolt 47 rolls on the roll track section 44 and thusly transmits the starter torque . the roll track lever 39 has a contour referred to the roll track section 46 that corresponds to the optimal change in the transmission ratio of the double crank mechanism 5 in dependence on the rotational angle of the crankshaft . the roll track lever 39 also has a width that corresponds to the respective moments and forces to be transmitted . the contour of the roll track lever 39 preferably is continuously tapered referred to its width from the hinge pin 7 up to the second contact section 44 . in order to ensure an early engagement or an early contact between the stopping bolt 47 and the roll track lever 39 with respect to the rope path , two stopping bolts 47 are provided , wherein the limit stop bolt 45 respectively makes contact in the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the other stopping bolt 47 pivots the roll track lever 39 inward once again when the engine is running and the crankshaft flange 25 \u201c passes \u201d the pulling means spool 4 . fig1 and 12 show the operating situation in the \u201c idle position ,\u201d and fig1 and 14 show the operating situation \u201c engine running .\u201d during the course of one respective revolution of the pulling means spool 4 on one hand and the crankshaft flange 25 on the other hand , the coupling gear 5 causes a relative movement that results in different distances a between the contact point b of the limit stop bolt 45 on the roll track section 46 of the roll track lever 39 and the spool axis 8 such that a transmission ratio is achieved that varies over 360 \u00b0 with respect to the torque to be transmitted and the resulting speed . the individual prominent operating points during one revolution are illustrated in fig1 to 22 , fig1 indicates in an exemplary fashion that the transmission ratio i results from the ratio between i output and i input and according to the formula fig2 and 24 show another embodiment of the starter device 100 that largely corresponds to the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 . identical components are also identified by the same reference symbols . the difference between these embodiments can be seen in that the joint socket is not moulded onto the pulling means spool 4 , but rather onto the centrifugal element ( coupling rod ) 6 . consequently , the joint ball and the joint socket are merely interchanged . this provides the option of using one ( or more ) bolt ( s ) inserted into the pulling means spool as the joint ball . fig2 shows a diagram with the transmission ratios u and the torque demand in dependence on the crankshaft angle k . the round drawings of the gear illustrated in this figure do not correspond to the drawings according to fig9 - 22 , but merely serve as schematic representations . in this case , a step - down transmission ratio ( il ) is illustrated above the line l ( torque equal to zero ) and a step - up transmission ratio ( is ) is illustrated below said line . the torque demand characteristic ( dbv ) was qualitatively calculated from the gas forces . although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications may be made to each without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited , except as by the appended claims .", "category": "Electricity"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
8322930a43bf69832c194d9b64f1a6be18ea444eb377838dddeac2b881a1990e
| 0.1875 | 0.00071 | 0.083984 | 0.07373 | 0.226563 | 0.084961 |
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{"patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
fbde9cf1a0f2cf9c2cc21381c7e4bb7857fbf578f6f0b22327dc068f77656059
| 0.000458 | 0.000062 | 0.002045 | 0.001869 | 0.012024 | 0.005737 |
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{"patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims .", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
fbde9cf1a0f2cf9c2cc21381c7e4bb7857fbf578f6f0b22327dc068f77656059
| 0.000458 | 0.038574 | 0.002045 | 0.042725 | 0.012451 | 0.152344 |
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{"patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims .", "category": "Physics"}
|
{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims ."}
|
Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
fbde9cf1a0f2cf9c2cc21381c7e4bb7857fbf578f6f0b22327dc068f77656059
| 0.000278 | 0.000169 | 0.001411 | 0.000732 | 0.00592 | 0.00071 |
null |
{"patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims .", "category": "Physics"}
|
{"patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
fbde9cf1a0f2cf9c2cc21381c7e4bb7857fbf578f6f0b22327dc068f77656059
| 0.000519 | 0.000003 | 0.005066 | 0.000519 | 0.053467 | 0.000912 |
null |
{"patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims .", "category": "Physics"}
|
{"patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
fbde9cf1a0f2cf9c2cc21381c7e4bb7857fbf578f6f0b22327dc068f77656059
| 0.000458 | 0.017456 | 0.002045 | 0.017944 | 0.012451 | 0.051025 |
null |
{"patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims .", "category": "Physics"}
|
{"patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
fbde9cf1a0f2cf9c2cc21381c7e4bb7857fbf578f6f0b22327dc068f77656059
| 0.002182 | 0.000012 | 0.00885 | 0.000534 | 0.020386 | 0.000488 |
null |
{"patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims .", "category": "Physics"}
|
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
fbde9cf1a0f2cf9c2cc21381c7e4bb7857fbf578f6f0b22327dc068f77656059
| 0.000519 | 0.009399 | 0.005066 | 0.00383 | 0.048828 | 0.008301 |
null |
{"category": "Physics", "patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims ."}
|
{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "the following is a description of several preferred embodiments of various aspects of the invention , showing details of how systems may be constructed to carry out the invention , and the steps that can be employed to utilize such systems and to practice such methods . these embodiments are illustrative only , and the invention is by no means limited to particular examples shown . for example , certain preferred embodiments are described in relation to an implementation with specific storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization software , but it should be appreciated that the disclosure that follows was intended to enable those skilled in the art readily to apply the teachings set forth to other storage hardware , operating systems , and virtualization environments . the specific features of any particular embodiment should not be understood as limiting the scope of what may be claimed . the following terms have a defined meaning as used in this application : backup software : creates backup images capturing incremental changes and preserving points in time in the past on secondary storage . backup software creates application consistent images and additionally captures machine configuration including persistent and volatile state . secondary storage : distinct from primary storage ( which is where production data resides ), this is the destination for backup as well as the data repository for luns that form virtual machine disks . only changes require additional storage , thus little secondary storage beyond what is necessary for backup is needed . this storage may be write once read many ( worm ) to support un - alterable content retention to meet legal requirements . virtualization hardware : a single machine or a set of machines running virtualization software and virtual machines on demand . the same hardware depending on configuration may also serve as the destination for backups and run the backup intelligence . virtualization software : virtualizes physical hardware , allowing many virtual machines to run on a given piece of hardware . each virtual machine runs on virtual hardware . oss are decoupled from physical hardware . volume : a unit of backup , a single file system comprising many files and directories that are backed up at the block level . backup images are created by transferring allocated blocks for the first backup followed by changed blocks for subsequent backups . an application - consistent snapshot is created for a set of volumes , and the resulting data is moved in unison to secondary storage . after the first backup , only changes since the last backups are captured and applied to the existing secondary image . along with data , machine configuration and state is transferred to secondary storage and is saved as meta - data for a given machine . a separate backup image exists for each source volume of the backed up machine . a snapshot taken of these images in conjunction with meta - data , saves this point - in - time state for future virtualization . the meta - data captured includes hard drive configuration including geometry , size , logical volume features etc ., along with storage , and network controller details . the snapshot captures enough data and state to virtualize the entire machine on demand at some later time . backup images created in this manner are saved in a format required by the specified virtualization server . fig1 illustrates this process . a primary system 100 is backed up to a read - write lun 111 created by the backup software which works off the read - only backup image 161 using additional space 162 only for changed data . the metadata captured as part of the process is stored in metadata file 113 . in certain situations the backup images may pre - exist or be externally created as luns on replicated volumes on san or nas storage . in this situation the backup software needs to be run against these luns ( or images ) to generate meta - data and encapsulate machine state suitable for virtualization . the backup storage could also be worm ( write once read many ) to meet regulatory or hardening requirements . when desired by the user these backup images can \u201c come to life \u201d or be virtualized with the help of of - the - shelf virtualization software . since the backup images for a machine were saved in a form required by the virtualization software , virtual machines may be restarted directly from the backup images to restore machine state to the point - in - time of the backup , usually the latest . the whole process is very quick since there is no data movement . the total time is entirely dominated by the time it takes the virtual machine to boot . fig2 and the description below show how this process works , in one embodiment : 1 . the user selects a node ( or a set of nodes ) representing individual machines , clusters , or a set of machines constituting vital data center function from the latest snapshot or any other point in time . ( for simplicity of illustration , fig2 assumes that the selection made was for a single node , in that case primary system 100 of fig1 .) these machines could come up on their own private network if the need to virtualize is for verification or to fulfill other light - weight analytical functions , or they could come up on the public corporate network to take the place of failed machines . default values for memory and number of cpus are chosen automatically by the software depending on the amount of physical hardware available on the target hardware , or the user can tailor these values . the process of selection , virtualization and then satisfaction could be iterative , refined , remembered , and rehearsed . templates from many runs could be saved and applied instantly when the need arises . 2 . once above the selection is done , a virtual machine configuration for virtual machine 200 is created that is appropriate for the virtualization software , which is then loaded in virtualization server 220 . directives for the number of cpus , amount of memory , type of network and scsi controllers and the number of hard drives is created as part of the configuration , based on the contents of metadata file 113 . 3 . each backup image of a source volume is transformed into a lun by creating a pseudo - file 202 which presents an envelope on top of the backup image 111 . this lun is seen by the virtual machine as a normal read / write scsi hard drive . writes to the lun do not affect the integrity of the backup image 161 but are persisted separately 162 ( especially if the secondary storage is worm then writes are not possible for both technical and business reasons ). these luns survive reboot and retain all writes that are made to it . depending on whether the source machine was stand - alone or a cluster , luns are created differently . for stand - alone machines single partition luns are created out of each volume , regardless of how many physical hard drives existed on the source . logical volume manager controlled volumes are stripped of that quality . ( performance and / or reliability criteria for virtual disks are achieved through qualities of the underlying storage on the virtualization box .) in case of clusters the exact number of shared hard drives is re - created as a set of multi - partition luns so that clustering software may function . the important thing to note is that no additional storage is needed to accomplish this . only newly created and / or changed data needs new storage ( 162 ). ( this is typically 5 % of the original storage .) not only is no additional hardware required to virtualize many machines , little additional storage is required to accomplish this . ( typical over capacity available on secondary storage is usually sufficient ) note : many virtual machines may be created from the same set of backup images each with their own independent life cycles , still leaving the original images unaltered . 4 . in order that these virtual machines may boot , the boot and system drives are impregnated with boot records appropriate for the operating system , and partition table jumps created , and the boot sector of the file system fixed if needed . this enables the virtual machine bios to transfer control to the boot strap code on the lun so that the operating system on the backed up machine can be launched , which in turn brings up databases , line of business applications etc . ( this step is specific to the operating system image being virtualized .) 5 . the system drive of the target vm is then made visible to the virtualization box and a process called osfixer runs , which modifies files and / or configuration on the system drive so that the previous step of booting into virtual hardware may succeed . this involves os specific steps depending on both the source and the target to repurpose the system drive for virtual machine booting . 6 . the virtual machine or machines are then launched to complete the process . these machines may appear on the public network or on a segregated network depending on why these machines are being brought up . what happens next depends on the business function that needs to be fulfilled and is described below . a . stand - in for site disasters or virus attacks and other rolling corruption : a critical set of machines ( including clusters ) may be virtualized from backup images for business continuity reasons on a temporary basis on scaled down hardware at an alternate site using almost no additional storage other than what was allocated to disk backup , at a shared facility , in a mobile data center or even in some technology savvy basement . in case of virus attacks or rolling corruption the point - in - time chosen is not necessarily the latest but before the attack or corruption . various machines may be rolled back to various points in time in the case there is rolling or creeping corruption . the down time from an outage could be as low as minutes . b . regulatory compliance : compliance is facilitated by the fact that machines , and / or set of machines may be virtualized with minimum hardware cost from regulatory significant points in time from the past . not only would all data be available but entire machines with relevant applications could be resurrected in their entirety , representing the ultimate in good faith in part of business in the face of audits . legal discovery , compliance , and / or the auditing process would be reduced from long months to days , even hours . c . dr drill / backup verification : most backups these days go un - verified because of expense and time constraints . dr drills are also costly and excruciating . backup virtualization makes this simple , effective , extremely quick , and a business must have . this can be used as a routine business practice , as a more effective protector of business data and configuration . d . near - lining legacy application together with legacy data for posterity : typically backups protect only data , but backup virtualization protects both data and configuration which may be recreated in a virtual machine and understood by the legacy application long after the company which created the application is out of business or stopped support . ( backup virtualization can also be realized from tape if backups have expired \u2014 although this requires restore from tape to disk .) e : data warehousing and general purpose what - if : when line - of - business applications based on databases need to export data that are used for seasonal forecasting , analysis , reporting , testing etc ., an enormous amount of additional storage and administrative overhead is incurred ( not to mention lost creativity while highly paid analysts wait ). backup virtualization not only makes the data available but the machine and the hosting database can be recreated from the desired point in time ( as analytically appropriate ) at the fraction of the hardware and storage cost and almost near instantaneously . the cost savings for business are enormous . f . migration from physical to virtual machines : once physical machines are virtualized from backup images these might become permanent , thus allowing migration from legacy hardware . g . cloning or many machines from one : since many virtual machines may be created from a single set of images from a given point - in - time , this allows easy cloning of a \u201c good \u201d configuration as well as many users using many virtual machines each sharing the same set of images and using storage only for actual changes that are made on individual virtual machines . depending on why backup virtualization was employed there are essentially three scenarios . 1 . the need is short term : in this case after \u201c backup to virtual \u201d ( b2v ) has served it business purpose , it can be torn down and forgotten , freeing up resources and storage space . the set of backup images ( till they expire ) remain available in their pristine form for further virtualization if the need arises . 2 . the need is longer term : the virtual machines may prove useful and need more muscle . this may be accomplished by freeing the underlying luns from their backup snapshots and then moving them and / or giving them more virtual hardware . this is affected by copying all blocks in the background from the backup image on to the lun . the other option is to seed a physical machine from the same point - in time backup image via bare - metal restore and then synchronizing it with the live virtual machine , with minimum down - time . 3 . the need is short term but end of life synchronization is needed : when backup virtualization is used to stand in for failed machines or during scheduled maintenance , resynchronization at some future point in time is necessary . this is because the virtual machines have been live during this period and data has diverged from the point - in - time of the backup image . the new state and data that now exists within the virtual machine needs to de resynchronized after the original failed machines have been restored via bare - metal restore , or scheduled maintenance completes . the re - synchronization process minimizes application downtime by keeping the virtual machines running till they are ready to be switched over . how this is accomplished is described below . how virtual machines converge with the real : the luns that underlie the virtual hard disks of the virtual machines keep track of writes that happen through the virtual machine and store them separate from the backup image . situations where the changing data on the luns might need to re - synchronized at a later time ( indicated by the user ), require that these luns are check pointed at frequent intervals . this involves saving all changes in an interval to a tagged file when the checkpoint happens and then switching to a new checkpoint file . each lun for each volume has a series of checkpoint files containing changes between checkpoints . the re - synchronization process starts at the end of the bare - metal process or is user initiated and copies data from these check point files on top of existing or restored data for the volume . if the osfixer has altered the system drive to make it bootable under virtual hardware this specific checkpoint file is ignored for resynchronization . in situations where the target hardware is different from the source hardware an additional osfixer step is required to make the image conform to the target hardware . once all the checkpoint files are copied the virtual machine is stopped and the final checkpoint file is applied . the real machine then takes over . the virtual machine may then be recycled , reclaiming resources . it is evident that the embodiments described herein accomplish the stated objects of the invention . while the presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are realizable by other devices , systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as be defined in the following claims ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
fbde9cf1a0f2cf9c2cc21381c7e4bb7857fbf578f6f0b22327dc068f77656059
| 0.017944 | 0.1875 | 0.006287 | 0.5625 | 0.026001 | 0.306641 |
null |
{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense ."}
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{"patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
76afb461c47adc3d29d7bbe8e11be413b57c5726fafa9e4c4ae3b91f9690f7b0
| 0.037842 | 0.000085 | 0.193359 | 0.002045 | 0.15625 | 0.003479 |
null |
{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense ."}
|
{"patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
76afb461c47adc3d29d7bbe8e11be413b57c5726fafa9e4c4ae3b91f9690f7b0
| 0.037842 | 0.001137 | 0.193359 | 0.013245 | 0.15625 | 0.078125 |
null |
{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense ."}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense ."}
|
Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
76afb461c47adc3d29d7bbe8e11be413b57c5726fafa9e4c4ae3b91f9690f7b0
| 0.036865 | 0.006897 | 0.193359 | 0.007111 | 0.15625 | 0.001869 |
null |
{"patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
76afb461c47adc3d29d7bbe8e11be413b57c5726fafa9e4c4ae3b91f9690f7b0
| 0.035156 | 0.001808 | 0.142578 | 0.009399 | 0.535156 | 0.007813 |
null |
{"patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
76afb461c47adc3d29d7bbe8e11be413b57c5726fafa9e4c4ae3b91f9690f7b0
| 0.026733 | 0.028931 | 0.063477 | 0.048828 | 0.404297 | 0.138672 |
null |
{"patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense .", "category": "Physics"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
76afb461c47adc3d29d7bbe8e11be413b57c5726fafa9e4c4ae3b91f9690f7b0
| 0.034668 | 0.008057 | 0.146484 | 0.017456 | 0.535156 | 0.059326 |
null |
{"patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense .", "category": "Electricity"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
76afb461c47adc3d29d7bbe8e11be413b57c5726fafa9e4c4ae3b91f9690f7b0
| 0.035645 | 0.001068 | 0.211914 | 0.006287 | 0.519531 | 0.008301 |
null |
{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense ."}
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{"patent": "the following description is intended to convey a thorough understanding of the embodiments by providing a number of specific embodiments and details involving a siding panel assembly . it is understood , however , that the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments and details , which are exemplary only . it is further understood that one possessing ordinary skill in the art , in light of known devices , systems and methods , would appreciate the use of the invention for its intended purposes and benefits in any number of alternative embodiments . generally speaking , as shown in fig1 , panel systems 100 of the present invention are generally flat sections used in building , construction and other applications , including in walls , siding , flooring , tiling , shelving , furniture and like . in one described but non - limiting embodiment , a panel system 100 of the invention includes siding panels 110 that have a plurality of horizontally adjacent siding panels 120 that are interlocked on their vertical ends 115 and 125 to provide a composite siding panel 200 . the siding panels 110 and 120 are joined together so that the composite siding panel 200 forms a single unit , such as in a row with outer - facing surfaces 117 and 127 of the siding panels providing an exterior siding surface of building in which a row of siding panels forms a substantially planar surface . any horizontal expansion or contraction of the individual siding panels 110 or 120 is transferred to the end of the composite panel 200 , rather than causing gapping or buckling at the junction between two adjacent panels 110 and 120 . in some embodiments several composite siding panels 200 may be assembled in horizontal rows , adjacent other composite siding panels 200 along respective horizontal edges of the adjacent rows , to form a siding panel assembly ( not shown ) that covers a surface , such as the wall of a building . as used herein , the terms \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d are not intended to be limited to a specific orientation and reflect generally perpendicular sides , edges or ends with respect to one another . the references of \u201c horizontal \u201d and \u201c vertical \u201d as describing one embodiment of the invention are intended to continue to reference the respective edge , side or end in other embodiments where a panel 110 or panel system 100 is provided in another orientation relative to the ground or horizon . in the various exemplary embodiments , the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from solid or foamed polymers , such as vinyl or cellular pvc . however , the embodiments are not so limited . the siding panel systems 100 and their components may be made from any known or later developed material used for siding panels including , but not limited to , wood , aluminum , steel and other metals , polymer materials , plastics , masonry , stone , brick , concrete , composites and combinations thereof . panels of various materials may be shaped by extrusion , milling , molding , and the like . one having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to apply the teachings of various materials and panel manufacturing methods to various embodiments of the invention . referring to fig2 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 a and 120 a in siding panel system 100 a is shown as described in u . s . pat . no . 8 , 402 , 707 , which is included herein by reference . siding panel 110 a has an integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 113 a and a rectangular projection 114 a at a vertical end . siding panel 120 a has a mating integrally formed interlock including a rectangular receiving groove 123 a and a rectangular projection 124 a at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 a . siding panels 110 a and 120 a may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . referring to fig3 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 1108 and 120 b in siding panel system 1008 is shown . siding panel 1108 has an integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 113 b and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 114 b at a vertical end . siding panel 120 b has a mating integrally formed interlock including a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped receiving groove 1238 and a non - perpendicular parallelogram - shaped projection 124 b at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 1108 . siding panels 1108 and 120 b may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the angled geometry of the interlock may provide a positive interlock between siding panels 1108 and 120 b . referring to fig4 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 c and 120 c in siding panel system 100 c is shown . siding panel 120 c has an integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 123 c and a punched interlock tab 420 at a vertical end . siding panel 110 c has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 113 c and a rectangular projection 114 c at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 c . siding panels 110 c and 120 c may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the punched interlock tab 420 of siding panel 110 c may retract into a recess in receiving groove 113 c during assembly of a composite siding panel 200 to allow for a more forgiving field installation and fitment between siding panels 110 c and 120 c . referring to fig5 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking saw - tooth lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 d and 120 d in siding panel system 100 d is shown . siding panel 110 d has an intergally formed interlock including a flange 512 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 513 . siding panel 120 d has a mating integrally formed interlock including a flange 522 with a saw - tooth geometry surface 523 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 d . siding panels 110 d and 120 d may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel . the saw tooth geometry 512 and 522 of the flange surfaces may provide mechanical interlocking as well as greater surface area for adhesive bonding . referring to fig6 a - 6c , in another exemplary embodiment the invention siding panel system 100 e may include siding panels 110 e - g and 120 e - g which include an arrow - head snap fit geometry for interlocking joint attachment . siding panel 110 e - g may include an arrow - head snap 612 e - g that may be inserted in a complementary recess 622 e - g in siding panel 120 e - g . the snap head 612 e - g and complementary recess 622 e - g may be shaped to secure a head pointing outward in multiple directions 612 e as shown in fig6 a or pointing in one of opposite directions 612 f and 612 g as shown in fig6 b and fig6 c resepctively . the snap fit geometry may provide a strong mechanical joint which may not require a bonding adhesive . referring to fig7 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking ratcheted tongue and groove joint for adjacent siding panels 110 h and 120 h in siding panel system 100 h is shown . siding panel 110 h has an integrally formed interlock including a ratcheted tongue 713 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 h . siding panel 120 h has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 723 at a vertical end . receiving groove 723 may include a mating ratchet surface to ratcheted tongue 713 . siding panels 110 h and 120 h may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving groove 723 and ratcheted tongue 713 may provide a tight mechanical fit which may not require adhesive or other bonding means . referring to fig8 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention an interlocking standard tongue and groove for adjacent siding panels 110 j and 120 j in siding panel system 100 j is shown . siding panel 110 j has an integrally formed interlock including tongue 813 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 120 j . siding panel 120 j has a mating integrally formed interlock including a receiving groove 823 at a vertical end . siding panels 110 j and 120 j may be joined the their corresponding interlocks to form a composite siding panel 200 . the interlock between receiving slot 823 and tab 813 may be secured at the joint by an adhesive . the tongue and groove interlock may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 j and 120 j . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 j and 120 j may also provide added strength to the interlock . referring to fig9 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 k and 120 k in siding panel system 100 k is shown . siding panel 110 k has an intergally formed flange 912 . siding panel 120 k has a mating integrally formed flange 922 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 k . siding panels 110 k and 120 k may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with an adhesive to form a composite siding panel 200 . the simple geometry of the flanges may simplify fabrication of the siding panels 110 k and 120 k . the adhesive bond between siding panels 110 k and 120 k may also provide added strength to the siding panel system 100 k . referring to fig1 , a cross section view a - a of one embodiment of the invention a lap joint for adjacent siding panels 110 l and 120 l in siding panel system 100 l is shown . siding panel 110 l has an integrally formed flange 1012 . siding panel 120 l has a mating integrally formed flange 1022 at a vertical end adjacent to the vertical end of siding panel 110 l . siding panels 110 l and 120 l may be joined the their corresponding interlocks with a mechanical cleat 1030 to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the mating surfaces of flanges 1012 and 1022 to grip and interlock siding panels 110 l and 120 l to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical cleat 1030 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . flanges 1012 and 1022 may provide a relief space for the mechanical cleat 1030 so the mechanical cleat 1030 may be inserted while allowing the outer surfaces of siding panels 110 l and 120 l to remain substantially parallel . referring to fig1 , in another embodiment siding panel 110 m and 120 m ends may be joined as a butt joint 1110 with one or more mechanical fasteners 1130 , such as a cleat across a seam of one or both outer surfaces of created by the adjacent siding panel 110 m and 120 m . the mechanical fastener 1130 may include barbs or other protrusions that may pierce or otherwise deform the outer surfaces of flanges siding panels 110 m and 120 m to form a composite siding panel 200 . the mechanical fastener 1130 may be made of metals , plastics or the like . in other embodiments , fastening components may include , without limitation , one or more of adhesives , welds , mechanical fasteners , melt - bonds and magnets . referring to fig2 - 11 , in other exemplary embodiments , various other interlocking lap geometries may be provided to secure ends of adjacent siding panels . such geometries may be secured at the joint by , without limitation , by one or more of frictional fits , shaped mechanical fits , adhesives , mechanical fasteners , welds , melt - bonds and magnets . in the preceding specification , various preferred exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto , and additional exemplary embodiments may be implemented , without departing from the broader scope of the invention as may be set forth in such patent claims as may be based on this application and specification . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
76afb461c47adc3d29d7bbe8e11be413b57c5726fafa9e4c4ae3b91f9690f7b0
| 0.036133 | 0.031738 | 0.099609 | 0.120117 | 0.198242 | 0.121582 |
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{"patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
5cb8b985bdca505570e9b1f320c64f2e8116b45184c4255305aea0f4df2f6998
| 0.02478 | 0.000444 | 0.087402 | 0.009399 | 0.217773 | 0.011658 |
null |
{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference ."}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
5cb8b985bdca505570e9b1f320c64f2e8116b45184c4255305aea0f4df2f6998
| 0.022949 | 0.023682 | 0.014526 | 0.012024 | 0.064453 | 0.092773 |
null |
{"patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
5cb8b985bdca505570e9b1f320c64f2e8116b45184c4255305aea0f4df2f6998
| 0.00592 | 0.000028 | 0.033203 | 0.006683 | 0.067383 | 0.001366 |
null |
{"patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
5cb8b985bdca505570e9b1f320c64f2e8116b45184c4255305aea0f4df2f6998
| 0.02478 | 0.000431 | 0.099609 | 0.000687 | 0.217773 | 0.000231 |
null |
{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference ."}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
5cb8b985bdca505570e9b1f320c64f2e8116b45184c4255305aea0f4df2f6998
| 0.013611 | 0.367188 | 0.014526 | 0.910156 | 0.050293 | 0.462891 |
null |
{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference ."}
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{"patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference .", "category": "Physics"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
5cb8b985bdca505570e9b1f320c64f2e8116b45184c4255305aea0f4df2f6998
| 0.012024 | 0.037842 | 0.014526 | 0.08252 | 0.050293 | 0.136719 |
null |
{"patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
5cb8b985bdca505570e9b1f320c64f2e8116b45184c4255305aea0f4df2f6998
| 0.02478 | 0.933594 | 0.099609 | 0.980469 | 0.217773 | 0.988281 |
null |
{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference ."}
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{"patent": "referring therefore to fig1 , a wind turbine generally indicated 10 includes a base 12 , a mast 14 , and a generator assembly 16 . the generator assembly 16 is mounted as a self contained assembly on a flange 18 at the upper end of mast 14 and has a blades 20 that rotate about a horizontal axis to generate power in a conventional manner . the mast 14 is formed from a number of sections , namely , lower section 22 , middle section 24 and upper section 26 , that are bolted to one another at flanges 28 , 30 respectively to form a unitary construction . alternatively the tower can also be formed by different types of construction such as a slip fit design where there are no bolts or flanges . this alternate design is boltless and the sections secure themselves via compression between the sections to hold them together . the overall length of the mast may be 16 to 30 metres in typical applications to support a generator 16 having blades 20 of an overall length of 2 metres to 8 meters . it will be appreciated that the dimensions , including the overall height of the mast may vary to suit particular applications and the loads that may be imposed on the mast . the lower section 22 of the mast 14 is provided with a flange 32 that abuts against a flange 34 provided on the upper side of the base 12 . the flanges 32 , 34 are connected by a hinge 36 formed between ears 38 , 40 extending from the flanges 32 , 34 respectively . a pin 42 passes between the ears 38 , 40 to define a pivot axis between the mast 14 and base 12 that is offset to one side of the mast 14 . the mast 14 is therefore able to pivot from a generally horizontal position , as shown in dashed outline in fig2 , to an upright , generally vertical position as shown in solid lines in fig2 . a linear actuator 44 which is conveniently in the form of a double acting hydraulic motor , extends between the base 12 and the mast 14 to effect pivotal movement about the pin 42 . the actuator 44 has a piston rod 46 that is secured to a clevis 48 defined between a pair of plates 50 , 52 welded to the lower section 22 of mast 14 . a bolt 54 passes between the plates 50 , 52 and through boss 55 on the rod 46 to pivotally connect the rod to the mast . the rod 46 slides within a cylinder 56 that is located between a pair of walls 58 , 60 that form part of the base 12 . each of the walls 58 , 60 has a cam track indicated at 62 formed in it that controls relative movement between the cylinder 56 and base 12 . a connector in the form of a bolt 64 is connected to the cylinder and extends to either side into the cam track 62 . the cam track 62 has a lower closed end 65 and pair of notches 66 , 68 respectively formed in the lower edge of the track . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 form apertures to receive the bolt 64 at different pivotal positions of the mast on the base . the notch 66 is located at the mid point of the cam track 62 and is dimensioned to be able to receive the bolt 64 and maintain it in a stable position . the notch 68 is located at the upper end of the cam track 62 and similarly is dimensioned to receive the bolt 64 in a stable location . the end 65 and notches 66 , 68 provide three abutments for transferring load from the actuator 44 to the base 12 . a strut 70 is connected to the mast 14 through a clevis 72 located immediately above the clevis 48 . the strut 70 is connected to the clevis 72 by a pin 74 and the lower end of the strut 70 has a pair of cylindrical knobs 76 that project to opposite sides of the strut 70 . the strut 70 is formed from a tube and has sufficient buckling strength to be able to support the load imposed by the mast 14 when in a horizontal or inclined position . the outer vertical edge of the walls 58 , 60 is formed with a pair of notches 78 , 80 that are dimensioned to received the knobs 76 and hold them in a stable position . the walls 58 , 60 are reinforced by reinforcing strips 82 so as to resist buckling when loads are imposed by the strut on the walls . in order to erect the mast 14 , it is initially connected by the pin 42 to the base 12 and extends in a horizontal direction as shown in fig2 . in that position , the generator assembly 16 may be attached to the mast and the necessary commissioning and servicing performed prior to the mast 14 being erected . when the mast is ready to be erected , the actuator 44 is connected to the clevis 48 by the bolt 54 and the lower end of the cylinder 56 connected to the cam track 62 by the bolt 64 . initially , the actuator 44 is fully retracted and the bolt 64 abuts against the closed end 65 of the track 62 . the strut 70 is also connected to the clevis 72 through the pin 74 and rests against the base 12 . the actuator 44 is connected to a hydraulic power pack to supply hydraulic fluid to the cylinder 56 and extend the rod 46 from the cylinder . preferably , the power pack is located in the base 12 and includes a reservoir and an electrically driven pump to supply the pressurised fluid . the cylinder 56 and rod 46 are dimensioned to have sufficient diameter so that the vertical loads imposed by the mast can be overcome . as shown in fig4 , as the actuator 44 extends , the mast 14 pivots about the pin 42 and moves from a horizontal towards an upright position . during this movement , the bolt 54 abuts the end 65 of the cam track 62 and the lower end of the strut 70 moves along the outer edge of the plates 50 , 52 toward the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the limit of its stroke , the knobs 76 drop into the notch 78 . the hydraulic supply to the actuator 44 can then be reversed to retract the rod into the cylinder . the strut 70 supports the mast in a stable inclined position and retraction of the rod 46 causes the bolt 54 to move along the cam track 62 towards the notch 66 . as the actuator 44 reaches the minimum length , the bolt 64 drops into the notch 66 to provide a further stable connection between the base 12 and the mast 14 . thereafter , the actuator 44 may again be extended to continue pivotal movement of the mast 14 relative to the base 12 and to pull the strut 70 along the outer surface toward the notch 80 . extension of the actuator 44 continues until the knobs 76 are aligned with the notches 80 at which time the actuator 44 can again be retracted to move the bolt 64 into the notch 68 . continued extension of the actuator 44 completes the pivotal movement of the mast whilst carrying the strut 70 out of the notch 80 . in this manner , the actuator 44 can be stepped along the cam track 62 to supply successive lifting forces . the strut 70 is operable to maintain the mast in a stable position whilst the actuator 44 is being repositioned . once in an upright position , the flanges 32 , 34 are bolted to one another to provide a rigid connection and the actuator 44 may be removed or it can stay attached to the tower for local storage . it will of course be appreciated that if it becomes necessary to lower the mast for servicing or changing of components , the reverse operation may be completed to provide a controlled lowering through the alternate use of the strut and the actuator . it will also be appreciated that the cam track 62 can be located on the mast with a fixed pivot connection to the base and that the number of notches along the cam track may be increased or decreased to suit a particular application . the actuator 44 may be a mechanical actuator , such as a re - circulating ball , screw jack , if preferred . it is also possible to provide the abutments between the actuator and the base as individual holes , rather than notches connected by the cam track 62 . with this arrangement , which enhances the stability of the walls 58 , 60 , the bolt 64 is formed as a removable pin that is inserted through the holes and a bearing on the actuator to connect the actuator and base . when the mast is supported by the strut , the pin is withdrawn and the actuator reposition so as to be aligned with the adjacent hole . similarly , the connection between the strut and base can be formed as individual holes with a removable pin if preferred . although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments , various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as outlined in the claims appended hereto . although the mast assembly has been described in the context of supporting a wind turbine , it will be appreciated that other equipment may be supported in the mast , such as lights , antennas , and signs . the entire disclosures of all references recited above are incorporated herein by reference .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
5cb8b985bdca505570e9b1f320c64f2e8116b45184c4255305aea0f4df2f6998
| 0.031128 | 0.077148 | 0.021973 | 0.124023 | 0.229492 | 0.052734 |
null |
{"patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein ."}
|
Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
0bf50bbd28c0d0861dbd863e68dda9b81e43e0d550dcb6a116f049278bd70863
| 0.106934 | 0.030273 | 0.069336 | 0.022339 | 0.083984 | 0.084961 |
null |
{"patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
|
{"patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
|
Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
0bf50bbd28c0d0861dbd863e68dda9b81e43e0d550dcb6a116f049278bd70863
| 0.103516 | 0.000026 | 0.071777 | 0.002808 | 0.083984 | 0.000828 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein ."}
|
{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
0bf50bbd28c0d0861dbd863e68dda9b81e43e0d550dcb6a116f049278bd70863
| 0.417969 | 0.042725 | 0.804688 | 0.008301 | 0.738281 | 0.036865 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein ."}
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{"patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
|
Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
0bf50bbd28c0d0861dbd863e68dda9b81e43e0d550dcb6a116f049278bd70863
| 0.734375 | 0.10498 | 0.867188 | 0.109863 | 0.875 | 0.149414 |
null |
{"patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
|
{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein ."}
|
Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
0bf50bbd28c0d0861dbd863e68dda9b81e43e0d550dcb6a116f049278bd70863
| 0.103516 | 0.009399 | 0.071777 | 0.009155 | 0.083984 | 0.019165 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein ."}
|
{"category": "Physics", "patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein ."}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
0bf50bbd28c0d0861dbd863e68dda9b81e43e0d550dcb6a116f049278bd70863
| 0.5625 | 0.007355 | 0.558594 | 0.008301 | 0.8125 | 0.054199 |
null |
{"patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
|
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
0bf50bbd28c0d0861dbd863e68dda9b81e43e0d550dcb6a116f049278bd70863
| 0.001068 | 0.008606 | 0.046631 | 0.002975 | 0.084961 | 0.001808 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein ."}
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{"patent": "it has been discovered that many commercial braces do not fit certain sizes and shapes in the most appropriate manner . this is particularly true of legs with large thighs and smaller calf regions . these leg shapes are referred to herein as \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs and illustrated in certain ones of the following drawings . further , the present invention may be adapted to fit the leg shapes of both children and adults . referring now to fig1 there is shown an adjustable hinged knee support 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention . the knee support 10 facilitates a better fit for users having large thighs or \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs 12 . an adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 accommodates the various thigh sizes . as shown in fig1 a large patella opening 16 ( or alternatively , a large popliteal opening ) is also provided for added comfort . on opposite sides of opening 16 are removable , adjustable half - horseshoe buttress &# 39 ; 21 for comfort and support ( see also fig2 ). as described below , the upper fastener assembly 14 and the lower fastener assembly 18 may be constructed with hook and pile portions to facilitate adjustability and ease of use by the user . still referring to fig1 a hinge 20 is distinctly placed along the medial portion of the knee support 10 . hinge 20 may be either a polycentric ( double axis ) hinge , single axis hinge , complex hinge , or a spiral stay . other types of hinges may also be used as will be shown in more detail below , a second hinge 20 is disposed opposite hinge 20 , and is positioned on the outside portion ofthe knee to balance the support about the knee . it has been observed in prior art that knee braces do not accommodate variations in size of the user &# 39 ; s thigh , the position ofthe respective hinges may vary in accordance with the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig2 there is shown an enlarged fragmentary , side elevation view of an upper portion 22 of hinge 20 of the knee support 10 of fig1 . the position of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 is shown to be positionable about a hook and pile surface 24 of the knee support 10 . a retaining strap 26 is shown in a position for securement of hinge 20 . in this manner , the position of the hinge 20 relative to the leg of the user , as shown in fig1 may be selectively adjusted to accommodate variations in the size of the thigh of the user . in other words , the medial and lateral hinges ( described below ) are adjusted to allow the knee support 10 to be anatomically correct relative to the knee . referring now to fig3 there is shown the knee support 10 positioned about the leg 12 of a user . in this particular embodiment it may be seen that the thigh 30 is much larger than the calf 32 of the user . for this reason , the knee support 10 is constructed with opposing flaps 34 and 36 which as shown in fig1 when closed comprise an upper portion 52 of the knee support 10 . in this particular illustration , it may be seen that the flaps 34 and 36 are in an open position , which permit the fitting of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . the flaps 34 and 36 are constructed with hook and pile surfaces 38 ( one which is shown on flap 34 ) to facilitate securement about the leg 12 of the user . a portion of the hook and pile surface 38 comprises a portion of the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 , illustrated in fig1 . the adjustable upper fastener assembly 14 further includes a strap 40 extending outwardly from flap 36 . still referring to fig3 the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 , in this particular embodiment , is of fixed size and thus is not adjustable . the lower region 50 does , however , include a support strap 52 that affords securement of the knee support 10 about the leg 12 of the user . referring now to fig4 there is shown the knee support 10 of fig3 positioned about the leg 12 of the user with the flap 38 closed and positioned over the flap 36 as described above . a region 38 a of hook and pile material , which is not visible in fig3 is illustrated as it appears on the outer portion of the flap 36 . it should be noted that the term \u201c hook and pile fasteners \u201d is a recognized structure to one skilled in the art and is often sold under the trademark velcro \u00ae. it is also well known that the hook and pile enter and engage one another . therefore , if surface 38 , as shown in fig3 is a hook surface then the region 38 a of fig4 would be a pile surface . it is to be understood that further reference herein to a \u201c hook and pile surface \u201d refers to either a hook or a pile surface . still referring to fig4 it may be seen that the lower region 50 of the knee support 10 conforms about the calf 32 , with the patella opening 16 more clearly illustrated by the closure of flap 38 over flap 36 . various stitching 54 is shown upon flap 38 as well as stitching 56 shown around the patella opening 16 . this stitching is shown for purposes of illustration only , and other stitching embodiments maybe incorporated herein . all illustrations thereof should not be deemed limited in any respect relative to the principles of the present invention . referring now to fig5 there is shown the knee support 10 with the lower strap 52 securing the lower region 50 ofthe knee support 10 while the upper fastener assembly 14 secures the upper region of the knee support knee 10 about the leg 12 of the user . it may be seen that the hinge 20 is positioned on the hook and pile surface 24 in a position most appropriate to support of knee of the user as will be described in more detail below . referring now to fig6 there is shown the knee support 10 in a front elevation view . this particular view it may be seen that the hinge 20 comprises medial and lateral hinges 20 . because the knee brace may be used on either left or right knees , it is not necessary to differentiate which hinge 20 is medial or lateral . this definition is relative to the leg of the user . the present description is intended to provide an understanding that the position of the medial and lateral hinges 20 may be adjusted so that they are anatomically correct . as described above , the ability to adjust the position of the hinges 20 , and the ability to position the upper portion 22 of the hinge 20 about the hook and pile surface 24 against which it may be secured , facilitates anatomically correct adjustment . in one embodiment of the present invention , a sheet of material 60 covers the hinge 20 . the underside of the sheet 60 has a mating hook and pile surface to engage the hook and pile surface 24 , which provides securement of the upper portion 22 of hinge 20 ( fig2 ) thereto . in operation , the present invention accommodates various leg sizes . this is clearly shown in fig3 where the above described upper fastener assembly 14 and strap 40 therein described allow the user to position the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user in a manner facilitating a wide variety of thigh sizes . because thigh sizes will vary ( especially between children and adults ), the knee support 10 ofthe present invention may be provided in a variety of basic sizes , such as small , medium , large , and extra large , to further provide accommodation of varying leg sizes . still referring to fig1 - 6 in combination , fig4 illustrates the anterior hook and pile closure \u201c wrap around \u201d configuration that affords ease in the use of the present invention . however , other fasteners can be used . likewise fig5 illustrates the securement of the bottom strap 52 of the present invention around the calf 32 of the user prior to the securement of the upper fastener assembly 14 . this is the preferred method of securing the knee support 10 around the leg 12 of the user . finally , fig6 clearly illustrates the ability to adjust the medial and lateral hinges 20 in an anatomically correct configuration relative to the legs of the user . it is necessary to provide the hinges 20 on opposite sides of the user &# 39 ; s knee , no matter the shape of the user &# 39 ; s thigh so as to provide appropriate support about the knee . thus , the present invention , which utilizes hook and pile adjustable \u201c wrap around \u201d fasteners , provides a better fit for \u201c cone - shaped \u201d legs than those found in the prior art . the large patella opening 16 provides additional comfort , while a posterior elastic segment on the hook and pile straps 40 and 52 ( fig3 ) prevent any tourniquet effect . as described above , the adjustable , hinged knee support 10 with adjustable hinges is interchangeable for use on either the right or left leg . referring now to fig7 the method of using the present invention allows users having different leg sizes and shapes , including a generally cone - shaped upper leg portion to be fitted with an effective knee support . the user positions the open knee support on the user &# 39 ; s leg and adjusts the hinges as described above so as to position each hinge relative to the user &# 39 ; s knees on opposite size thereof the hook and pile fasteners permit the user to secure the hinge in the position that is most appropriate for the user &# 39 ; s particular leg shape , and further secure the hinge with the straps pulled there around . it is possible to use multiple hinges , and in one aspect of the present invention four different hinges and / or stays may be used . it has been shown to the applicant that not everyone requires a heavy hinge and hinges that simply lockout at either 90 degrees or vertical are in some instances appropriate to prevent hyper extension ofthe user &# 39 ; s knee . in accordance with the principles of the present invention , the use of a polycentric hinge ( a double axis type of hinge ) has also been found to be useful . it should be understood , however , that any type of hinge may be used . one advantage of the present invention is the adjustable hinges . this is because adjustable hinges 20 , as is illustrated in fig2 allow the user to position the hinges 20 about the hook and pile material so as to position them above the knee wherein the hinges are neither to far interior nor to far posterior prior to final securement . another advantage is in the use of a flexible spiral stay , which allows use ofthe knee support 10 for various injuries where it is beneficial for the knee support apparatus to return to a neutral position for proper healing . spiral stays are made from hardened , galvanized spring steel round wire which is coiled and flattened , and is generally referred to in the trade as \u201c spiral boning \u201d. such material provides support rigidity for partially immobilizing the knee , yet can be flexed , when placed under pressure , to conform to the body contours of the wearer , as illustrated in fig5 . yet another advantage is in the ample strap length provided , which allows a wide range of adjustability relative to the sizes of the user &# 39 ; s leg . since adjustability is a key aspect of the present invention , straps with hook and pile material are an advantage . finally , the present invention may be adapted to fit both children and adults . the present invention will be supplied in wide variety of sizes to accommodate the needs of various users . although an embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention has been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description , it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment disclosed , but is capable of numerous rearrangements , modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined herein .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
0bf50bbd28c0d0861dbd863e68dda9b81e43e0d550dcb6a116f049278bd70863
| 0.667969 | 0.08252 | 0.929688 | 0.277344 | 0.851563 | 0.125 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
573793d47bc2119ccc55636bcb8abb5ee032293c7c4817df080e0a214b2f8b0b
| 0.048096 | 0.01001 | 0.371094 | 0.039551 | 0.273438 | 0.057373 |
null |
{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
|
Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
573793d47bc2119ccc55636bcb8abb5ee032293c7c4817df080e0a214b2f8b0b
| 0.245117 | 0.031738 | 0.8125 | 0.171875 | 0.703125 | 0.228516 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 ."}
|
Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
573793d47bc2119ccc55636bcb8abb5ee032293c7c4817df080e0a214b2f8b0b
| 0.037354 | 0.005219 | 0.380859 | 0.009155 | 0.25 | 0.006287 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
|
Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
573793d47bc2119ccc55636bcb8abb5ee032293c7c4817df080e0a214b2f8b0b
| 0.048096 | 0.000732 | 0.371094 | 0.007568 | 0.269531 | 0.00885 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 ."}
|
Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
573793d47bc2119ccc55636bcb8abb5ee032293c7c4817df080e0a214b2f8b0b
| 0.039551 | 0.019165 | 0.380859 | 0.074707 | 0.25 | 0.304688 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
573793d47bc2119ccc55636bcb8abb5ee032293c7c4817df080e0a214b2f8b0b
| 0.050293 | 0.023682 | 0.371094 | 0.236328 | 0.269531 | 0.157227 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
573793d47bc2119ccc55636bcb8abb5ee032293c7c4817df080e0a214b2f8b0b
| 0.396484 | 0.015869 | 0.628906 | 0.098145 | 0.217773 | 0.017456 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "fig1 shows a motor vehicle door lock for the side door of a motor vehicle . in the understanding of the teaching of this patent application reference can be made to the statements at the start of the specification for the concept of motor vehicle door lock . fig1 shows first of all in a housing 1 or on a lock carrying plate a rotary latch 2 with a receiving opening 3 for the forward leg of a key collar 4 . instead of a key collar 4 which has two legs , there can of course also be a locking pin which represents only one leg . in housing 1 there is an inlet slot 5 for the key collar 4 . the rotary latch 2 on its main catch has a locking surface 6 . in this embodiment the rotary latch 2 moreover has a locking surface 6 \u2032 also on a preliminary catch . for hood locks there are for example versions without a preliminary catch . a pivotally mounted detent pawl 7 is pretensioned by a spring element 8 or the like in the engagement direction and has a counterlocking surface 9 with which it engages the locking surface 6 or 6 \u2032 on the rotary latch 2 for purposes of locking in the main catch or in the preliminary catch . according to the first teaching of the invention it is provided that the rotary latch 2 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 10 on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . the rotary latch 2 is located in a recess 11 which at least partially surrounds the rotary latch 2 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . on the rotary latch 2 on the peripheral surface at least one contact section 12 is formed . one section 13 on the peripheral surface of the recess 11 is arranged such that the contact section 12 of the rotary latch 2 is opposite this section 13 in the locked position ( this is the case in fig1 ). the position of the contact section 12 and section 13 , the contact area , in the locked position of the rotary latch 2 is such that the vector of the action of tearing forces which may occur , at least one major component of this force action vector , crosses the contact area . the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is designed for normal operation in terms of material , shape and / or support , however when tearing forces occur which are much higher than in the case of normal operation ( crash ) it allows displacement of the rotary latch 2 such that the tearing forces are largely captured over the contact area . the advantages of this differentiated support of the rotary latch 2 have been explained in the general part of the specification . fig1 shows that the diameter of the swivel axle 10 which need only accommodate the forces in a normal case can be accordingly small . the friction forces which occur when the rotary latch 2 turns around the swivel axis 10 are also accordingly low . this is a major advantage in normal operation . the action vector for tearing forces in case of a crash is shown by the broken line in fig1 . it is apparent that it lies in the area ofthe inlet slot 5 between the two contact areas so that the tearing forces are transferred to these two contact areas . the detent pawl 7 is stressed only comparatively little in this case because the rotary latch 2 is made as a disk and in this embodiment the key collar 4 in the locked position lies directly on the action line of the tearing forces which occur in operation , which line runs through the swivel axle 10 . but the teaching of the invention can be implemented not only in this concept and arrangement , but in general for rotary latches 2 , even in those in the form of a fork latch with a larger lever arm ( explanation in the general part of the description ). this is detailed below . for the teaching of the invention it can be now provided that the swivel axle 10 and / or the support of the swivel axle 10 be permanently deformed or destroyed in case of a crash . but it also holds as a preferred alternative and thus also as provided in the embodiment that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 be made elastic and / or be supported such that the rotary latch 2 is reversibly displaced transversely to the swivel axle 10 when considerable forces occur . in particular this embodiment can be well understood in conjunction with fig2 a of the drawings in which the double arrow indicates the displacement possibility of the swivel axle 10 . since the tearing forces in case of a crash are accommodated due to support of the rotary latch 2 on very large surfaces , which is accomplished as claimed in the invention , and are diverted into the housing 1 or the lock carrying plate , the surface load is much less than in the known receiver over a corresponding bearing pin . consequently the recess 11 in the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate can optionally be made even of plastic . this is shown in fig2 a . fig2 b in conjunction with fig1 shows a corresponding approach for the detent pawl 7 . it is provided that the detent pawl 7 is pivotally mounted with a physically present swivel axle 20 on the housing 1 . but the detent pawl 7 is moreover also located in this partially surrounding recess 21 in the housing . on the detent pawl 7 on the peripheral surface there is a contact section 22 ( also indicated in fig2 b ) opposite a section 23 on the peripheral surface of the recess 21 in the locked position . a corresponding effect in case of a crash , as explained above for the rotary latch 2 , is the consequence . the support forces of the detent pawl 7 are therefore diverted into the housing 1 via large force transfer surfaces . this has the advantages explained above for the rotary latch 2 in the corresponding manner for the detent pawl 7 . fig3 furthermore shows that the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is supported in a plastic bearing 14 with elastically deformable bearing bodies 15 . with this construction a specific design of the support of the swivel axle 10 of the rotary latch 2 is presented . the bearing bodies 15 of the plastic bearing 14 are hollow and can be deformed under loads which lie transversely to the axle direction , but after disappearance of the forces which occur they return to their original position . in this way the swivel axle 10 is also returned to the original position after a crash . a corresponding plastic bearing 14 is shown in fig2 b otherwise also for the detent pawl 7 with the corresponding advantages . if not subjected to deformations elsewhere , the motor vehicle door lock of the design as claimed in the invention is again serviceable after a crash . in this embodiment it is provided that the swivel axle 10 or 20 is a metal axle . but it could also consist of plastic which is for example the case in the embodiment from fig7 . basically the above explained teaching ofthe invention allows arrangement ofthe swivel axle 10 in the classical manner with a rotary bearing in the rotary latch 2 . but it applies according to one preferred teaching which can be recognized in the embodiment of fig4 that the swivel axle 10 is fixed in or on the rotary latch 2 , projects on either side from the rotary latch 2 and is supported on the housing 1 or on the lock carrying plate . this has the advantages explained in the general part ofthe description with respect to location and guidance ofthe rotary latch 2 relative to laterally directed forces . this also applies as one configuration possibility in the corresponding manner to the detent pawl 7 , as can be taken from fig2 a and 2 b . the embodiment which is detailed in fig5 , and 7 is characterized by another teaching of the invention , specifically by the rotary latch 2 consisting of a ring - like outer part 16 which consists of high resistance material and an inner part 17 which is located therein and which consists of plastic . in this embodiment as well according to the preferred teaching the rotary latch 2 is again made as a disk . here it is provided that the outer part 16 consists of metal , particularly of steel . the force transfer area between the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 is therefore made of metal , the inner area with optionally complicated recesses provided there in the inner part 17 consists of plastic . basically it would also be conceivable in further development of the teaching for the outer part 16 to consist of high resistance material , not metal , but for example of a high strength , fiber reinforced plastic . the outer part 16 could also consist of sinter material . in this embodiment , especially easily recognizable in fig7 the inner part 17 consists of several individual parts 17 a , 17 b . the inner part 17 could be clipped into the outer part 16 ; this is very feasible in terms of production engineering . but it is provided in this embodiment that the two individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 are clipped to one another with the interposition of the outer part 16 . the recesses used for clipping are implemented in this way in the individual parts 17 a , 17 b of the inner part 17 ; this has advantages for production engineering . fig7 shows the implementation of the swivel axle 10 as an integrated axle consisting of plastic in the individual part 17 a of the inner part 17 . for the detent pawl 7 corresponding configurations can be easily imagined , for example the ratchets of the detent pawl 7 which has the counterlocking surface 9 should feasibly be made of metal . fig8 shows another teaching of the invention which with respect to the rotary latch 2 likewise leads to a reduction of production costs . here it is specifically provided that , see fig8 d , the rotary latch 2 is made in a sandwich design , especially with a metal / plastic / metal layer sequence . here it can be taken from fig8 that the engagement surface of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 on the locking surfaces 6 , 9 is profiled in the axial direction , therefore in the direction of the swivel axle 10 , such that the detent pawl 7 engages the rotary latch 2 in the axial direction here by form - fit . this is known from the prior art ( see the introductory part of the description ), but can be accomplished especially feasibly with the sandwich approach of the invention . the sandwich approach , as is shown especially in fig8 d , allows formation of form - fitting configurations 24 , 25 in the engagement area of the rotary latch 2 and the detent pawl 7 simply by different dimensioning of the layers of the layer sequence . fig8 a shows otherwise a rotary latch 2 not made using the sandwich technique and detent pawl 7 , fig8 c shows a construction made with only two layers . in any case it applies that via the fixing achieved through the wider support of the rotary latch 2 and optionally the detent pawl 7 using this technique lateral slippage ofthe detent pawl 7 away from the rotary latch 2 is made difficult . this increases the operating safety in normal operation and especially in case of a crash . above and beyond the aforementioned explanations on the detent pawl 7 it applies quite generally that the approaches presented above for the rotary latch 2 using various embodiments can be used accordingly also for the detent pawl 7 ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
573793d47bc2119ccc55636bcb8abb5ee032293c7c4817df080e0a214b2f8b0b
| 0.040771 | 0.198242 | 0.380859 | 0.664063 | 0.243164 | 0.4375 |
null |
{"patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032.", "category": "Physics"}
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
1aa3926b580ce21d681fdcdcdb003e1e410af480743d329c4b5c11e3b885f7b9
| 0.251953 | 0.000296 | 0.068359 | 0.000519 | 0.259766 | 0.001869 |
null |
{"patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032.", "category": "Physics"}
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{"patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032.", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
1aa3926b580ce21d681fdcdcdb003e1e410af480743d329c4b5c11e3b885f7b9
| 0.114258 | 0.048828 | 0.117676 | 0.057373 | 0.390625 | 0.203125 |
null |
{"category": "Physics", "patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032."}
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{"patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032.", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
1aa3926b580ce21d681fdcdcdb003e1e410af480743d329c4b5c11e3b885f7b9
| 0.660156 | 0.014954 | 0.3125 | 0.005737 | 0.941406 | 0.094238 |
null |
{"category": "Physics", "patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032."}
|
{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032."}
|
Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
1aa3926b580ce21d681fdcdcdb003e1e410af480743d329c4b5c11e3b885f7b9
| 0.652344 | 0.08252 | 0.957031 | 0.002808 | 0.929688 | 0.328125 |
null |
{"category": "Physics", "patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032."}
|
{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032."}
|
Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
1aa3926b580ce21d681fdcdcdb003e1e410af480743d329c4b5c11e3b885f7b9
| 0.652344 | 0.208984 | 0.957031 | 0.589844 | 0.929688 | 0.714844 |
null |
{"patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032.", "category": "Physics"}
|
{"patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032.", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
|
Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
1aa3926b580ce21d681fdcdcdb003e1e410af480743d329c4b5c11e3b885f7b9
| 0.041504 | 0.003372 | 0.072754 | 0.00592 | 0.15332 | 0.033691 |
null |
{"patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032.", "category": "Physics"}
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{"patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032.", "category": "Electricity"}
|
Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
1aa3926b580ce21d681fdcdcdb003e1e410af480743d329c4b5c11e3b885f7b9
| 0.064453 | 0.029297 | 0.064453 | 0.006897 | 0.19043 | 0.069336 |
null |
{"category": "Physics", "patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032."}
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{"patent": "referring now to the figures of the drawing in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 and 2 thereof , there is shown a spacer 1 of a fuel assembly of a boiling water reactor that is composed of inner webs 2 which are plugged into one another in crosswise fashion , and outer webs 3 surrounding the inner webs 2 in the form of a frame . the inner and outer webs 2 , 3 enclose cells 4 of which at least some are penetrated in the mounted state by a fuel rod 5 in each case . projecting from an inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 are clamping springs 7 that are loaded by the fuel rods 5 approximately in a radial direction . slots 8 are present in the outer webs 3 . extending into the slots are the inner webs 2 , which do so with fixing sections 2 a projecting from their lateral end edges , and are welded to the outer web 3 from the outer side thereof . swirl vanes 9 are disposed at the outer edge of the outer web 3 , and deflector vanes 10 are disposed at the lower edge . the first serve the purpose chiefly of turbulently mixing the coolant flowing through a fuel element from bottom to top , and of guiding it to a surface of the fuel rods , while the latter serve as a threading aid when introducing a fuel element bundle into a fuel assembly channel 21 . there is the risk in the region of the two - phase flow of a boiling water fuel element that parts of the surface of the fuel rods are not adequately supplied with water so that so - called \u201c film boiling \u201d occurs there . in this case , a cooling water film is evaporated from the surface without local formation of steam bubbles . the consequence is that the heat produced by the fuel rods is not dissipated or is dissipated unsatisfactorily . in order to counteract this effect , a number of guide devices 11 are present on the outer webs 3 . the devices 11 respectively contain a flow opening 12 and guide element 13 that is assigned to the latter and projects from the inner side of the outer web 3 and cooperates with the flow opening in the manner of a venturi tube . the guide element 13 disposed on the inner side 6 of the outer web 3 effects a constriction of the flow cross section of a flow channel 14 formed by the surface of the fuel rod 5 , the inner web 2 and the outer web 3 . a subatmospheric pressure is produced in the region of the constriction by comparison with the coolant flowing outside the outer web 3 , specifically in the flow channel 15 enclosed by and the fuel assembly channel 21 and the outer webs 3 . consequently , coolant is sucked out of the flow channel 15 into the flow channel 14 via the flow opening 12 ( see arrow 29 in fig3 b ). the cooling potential of this coolant fraction can then be used to cool the fuel rods 5 . the guide elements 13 are flow vanes that are integrally formed on the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 and enclose with the flat plane of the outer web 3 an acute angle \u03b1 ( fig3 b ) opening in a longitudinal direction of a fuel rod or in the flow direction 16 . in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in fig1 to 7 , the guide element 13 is a flow vane that is formed by a deep - drawn wall region 18 of the outer web 3 adjoining a lower edge 17 of the flow opening . the flow openings 12 are configured in the form of elongated holes , their lower edge 17 and their upper edge 19 extending upwards parallel to one another . their side edges 20 extend approximately in the flow direction 16 . furthermore , the flow openings 12 are wider than the guide elements 13 such that they project laterally over the latter with an overhang 22 . each cell 4 adjoining an outer web 3 is assigned a guide device 11 , the latter being positioned in each case in a region of the outer web 3 that extends between the clamping spring 7 and the inner web 2 . the guide devices 11 , 11 a of two cells 4 , 4 a separated from one another by an inner web 2 are positioned at the regions 23 , 23 a extending away on both sides from the inner web 2 . the flow openings 12 can extend , for example , in a fashion transverse to the flow direction 16 . however , they are openings aligned obliquely in the case of the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing . the oblique position of two flow openings 12 , 12 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a is in opposite senses , the openings enclosing an acute angle \u03b2 ( fig1 ) opening against the flow direction 16 . the oblique position imposes a swirl corresponding , for example , to the flow arrows 24 in fig2 from the coolant flow penetrating the flow openings 12 , 12 a . the coolant entering via the flow opening 12 , 12 a is therefore guided around the fuel rods 5 in a circumferential direction . in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig4 to 7 , the upper edge 19 of the flow opening 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a , and the wall region 25 , 25 a , subsequent thereto , of the outer webs 3 are pre - cambered convexly outward . the pre - cambered wall regions 25 configured in the manner of blades or scoops , project into the flow channel 15 running between the outer web 3 and fuel assembly channel 21 , and guide coolant on to the inner side 6 of the outer webs 3 or into the flow channel 14 . the refinement adds yet a further coolant fraction to the coolant fraction stemming from the venturi effect described above . the opposite pre - cambering of the upper edge 19 and the lower edge 17 of the flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a increases the passage cross section 26 ( fig6 a , 6 b ) by comparison with openings whose edges run in the flat plane of the outer web 3 , and thereby facilitates the flowing in of coolant . a pair of guide devices 11 \u2032, 11 \u2032 a assigned to neighboring cells 4 , 4 a , is shown in fig7 . disposed between the wall regions 25 , 25 a is a wall section 27 that is situated deeper and is penetrated by a slot 8 a running in the flow direction 16 . adjoining the wall section 27 is a further , obliquely running wall section 28 that separates the two flow openings 12 \u2032, 12 \u2032 a from one another . in the case of the embodiment under discussion , the lateral edge of an inner web 2 is shaped in such a way that it extends into the pre - cambering formed by the wall sections 27 and 28 . as already described , in the case of the slots 8 , the slot 8 a is penetrated by a fixing section 2 a of the inner web 2 . owing to the configuration of the wall section 27 which is offset inward or deepened , the fixing section 2 a can be fixed in the region of the slot 8 a from the outside with the aid of welding , without the weld seam projecting beyond the wall regions 25 , 25 a . in addition to the flow openings 12 , 12 \u2032 described , it is also possible for flow openings 12 \u2033 to be present , in the case of which only the upper edge 19 and a wall region 25 \u2032 subsequent thereto are pre - cambered outward , the lower edge 17 running in the flat plane of the outer web 3 that is to say no inwardly projecting guide element 13 is present ( see fig4 ). in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig8 to 10b , the guide device 11 \u2033 has a guide element 13 \u2032 that is likewise an obliquely inwardly projecting wall region 18 \u2032. however , the latter is formed in cutouts 30 that run approximately in the flow direction 16 and open into the lower edge 17 of the flow opening 12 \u2032.", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
1aa3926b580ce21d681fdcdcdb003e1e410af480743d329c4b5c11e3b885f7b9
| 0.667969 | 0.051758 | 0.957031 | 0.114258 | 0.929688 | 0.135742 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot ."}
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{"patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
fc49e7de8ee2bb0a3cff9722b94ecdca0c81eab619a97ff3c4cd3aa4424be290
| 0.004059 | 0.011353 | 0.001244 | 0.010315 | 0.005554 | 0.063477 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot ."}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
fc49e7de8ee2bb0a3cff9722b94ecdca0c81eab619a97ff3c4cd3aa4424be290
| 0.000999 | 0.000999 | 0.000687 | 0.001755 | 0.000969 | 0.005219 |
null |
{"patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
fc49e7de8ee2bb0a3cff9722b94ecdca0c81eab619a97ff3c4cd3aa4424be290
| 0.002121 | 0.004211 | 0.000572 | 0.004333 | 0.01001 | 0.005066 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot ."}
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{"patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
fc49e7de8ee2bb0a3cff9722b94ecdca0c81eab619a97ff3c4cd3aa4424be290
| 0.000668 | 0.098145 | 0.000626 | 0.048096 | 0.001595 | 0.109863 |
null |
{"patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
fc49e7de8ee2bb0a3cff9722b94ecdca0c81eab619a97ff3c4cd3aa4424be290
| 0.005066 | 0.000149 | 0.000805 | 0.000315 | 0.006287 | 0.002716 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot ."}
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
fc49e7de8ee2bb0a3cff9722b94ecdca0c81eab619a97ff3c4cd3aa4424be290
| 0.000999 | 0.000404 | 0.000687 | 0.000149 | 0.000912 | 0.000444 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot ."}
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
fc49e7de8ee2bb0a3cff9722b94ecdca0c81eab619a97ff3c4cd3aa4424be290
| 0.000216 | 0.000016 | 0.001701 | 0.000315 | 0.002716 | 0.00014 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot ."}
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{"patent": "in the following description , color references are made to the royal horticultural society colour chart , 2001 edition , except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used . plants used for the description were approximately two years old and were grown in 11 . 8 l containers under outdoor conditions in watkinsville , ga . colors are described using the royal horticultural society colour chart ( r . h . s .). botanical classification : lagerstroemia l ., cultivar \u2018 purple magic \u2019. parentage : female , or seed , parent : lagerstroemia 16 - 02 ( unpatented ). male , or pollen parent : unknown ( open - pollinated ). propagation : terminal cuttings . time to initiate roots , summer : about 21 days at 32 \u00b0 c . plant description : flowering shrub ; compact , rounded to upright growth habit . freely branching ; pruning enhances lateral branch development . root description .\u2014 numerous , fine , fibrous and well - branched . plant size .\u2014 the original plant , now about four - years - old in the ground , is about 116 cm high from the soil level to the top of the inflorescences and about 90 cm wide . first year stems have a diameter of about 2 . 5 mm . shape : squarish . second year and older stems have a diameter of about 5 mm or more . shape : round . trunk diameter .\u2014 3 cm at the soil line . color : n199b . i internode length .\u2014 about 1 . 9 cm . strength .\u2014 flexible when young , easily broken once mature . first year stem color ( young ).\u2014 183a . color ( woody ): 200d . second year and older stem color .\u2014 n199b . bark .\u2014 exfoliates in strips beginning on second or third year stems . vegetative buds : sub - opposite to alternate in arrangement , imbricate , conical , with no pubescence . color : 183b . size : about 2 . 5 mm in length and 1 mm in width . foliage description : arrangement .\u2014 sub - opposite to alternate , simple . length : about 4 . 7 cm . width : about 2 . 5 cm . shape : elliptical . apex : acuminate . base : cuneate . margin : entire . texture ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 glabrous and glossy . venation pattern .\u2014 pinnate . venation color of emerging foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b . venation color of fully expanded foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ): 178b at the base , changing to 35c at the apex . color in developing foliage ( upper and lower surfaces ).\u2014 178b . color in fully expanded foliage ( upper surface ): 147a . color in fully expanded foliage ( lower surface ): 146b . petiole length .\u2014 about 2 mm . petiole diameter : about 1 mm . petiole color ( upper and lower surfaces ): 177a . pubescence : none . flower description : flowers are produced from about june to september in watkinsville , ga . an inflorescence is showy for about two weeks , and individual flowers last about one day and are self - cleaning . inflorescence type .\u2014 panicle . inflorescence length : about 10 cm . inflorescence width : about 8 cm . peduncle .\u2014 about 8 cm in length , about 2 mm in diameter , color is 183a , and no pubescence . individual flowers .\u2014 about 2 cm in height and 3 . 6 cm in diameter . flower buds .\u2014 length : about 8 mm ; diameter : about 8 mm ; color : 178b . pedicels .\u2014 about 7 mm in length , 178b in color , and no pubescence . calyx .\u2014 about 9 mm in length , about 1 . 1 cm in diameter , 176a in color , and no pubescence . arrangement / appearance .\u2014 usually 6 or 7 per flower . petal length .\u2014 about 1 . 8 cm . petal width .\u2014 about 1 . 2 cm . petal shape .\u2014 fan - shaped . petal apex : ruffled , rounded . petal base : sagittate . petal margin : ruffled . petal texture ( upper and lower surfaces ): glabrous . petal color .\u2014 upper and lower surfaces are 77a . quantity / arrangement .\u2014 about 25 to 30 short stamens clustered in the center , about 8 mm long , filament color is 62b , and anther color is 13b . the short stamens are surrounded by 6 longer stamens , about 1 . 2 cm long , filament color is 63a , and anther color is n199c . the stamens are not pubescent . pollen : produced in moderate quantities and is 13b in color on the short stamens and 144c in color on the long stamens . quantity .\u2014 one superior pistil per flower . pubescence : none . pistil length : about 1 . 8 cm in length . stigma shape : round , about 1 mm in diameter . stigma color : 146a . style color : 183c and about 1 . 5 cm in length . ovary color : 5d and about 2 mm in diameter . type / appearance .\u2014 six - valved , dehiscent , broad ellipsoidal capsule . length : about 8 mm . diameter : about 7 mm . immature color : 144a . mature color : 200c . each capsule contains many seeds that are about 5 mm long , 3 mm wide , and 200c in color . disease / pest resistance : plants of the claimed lagerstroemia variety grown in field and container trials have exhibited resistance to powdery mildew and cercospora leaf spot .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
fc49e7de8ee2bb0a3cff9722b94ecdca0c81eab619a97ff3c4cd3aa4424be290
| 0.004059 | 0.025146 | 0.001244 | 0.071777 | 0.005554 | 0.111328 |
null |
{"patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
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9e7de04b940cf36c638fe5a8dc77204b4ec5675b105d18c3ad4ba76a98b59c59
| 0.006104 | 0.047363 | 0.079102 | 0.0065 | 0.090332 | 0.020996 |
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{"patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
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9e7de04b940cf36c638fe5a8dc77204b4ec5675b105d18c3ad4ba76a98b59c59
| 0.006104 | 0.020386 | 0.079102 | 0.192383 | 0.095215 | 0.25 |
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{"patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
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9e7de04b940cf36c638fe5a8dc77204b4ec5675b105d18c3ad4ba76a98b59c59
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{"patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
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9e7de04b940cf36c638fe5a8dc77204b4ec5675b105d18c3ad4ba76a98b59c59
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended ."}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
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9e7de04b940cf36c638fe5a8dc77204b4ec5675b105d18c3ad4ba76a98b59c59
| 0.507813 | 0.112793 | 0.789063 | 0.225586 | 0.902344 | 0.511719 |
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended ."}
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{"patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
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9e7de04b940cf36c638fe5a8dc77204b4ec5675b105d18c3ad4ba76a98b59c59
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{"patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended .", "category": "Physics"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
9e7de04b940cf36c638fe5a8dc77204b4ec5675b105d18c3ad4ba76a98b59c59
| 0.003937 | 0.204102 | 0.025513 | 0.416016 | 0.131836 | 0.625 |
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended ."}
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{"patent": "in the following description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and which show , by way of illustration , several embodiments of the present invention . it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . fig1 a - 1c illustrate the basic relationship of signal layers in a layered modulation transmission . fig1 a illustrates a first layer signal constellation 100 of a transmission signal showing the signal points or symbols 102 . fig1 b illustrates the second layer signal constellation of symbols 104 over the first layer signal constellation 100 where the layers are coherent . fig1 c illustrates a second signal layer 106 of a second transmission layer over the first layer constellation where the layers may be non - coherent . the second layer 106 rotates about the first layer constellation 102 due to the relative modulating frequency of the two layers in a non - coherent transmission . both the first and second layers rotate about the origin due to the first layer modulation frequency as described by path 108 . fig2 a - 2c illustrate a signal constellation of a second transmission layer over the first transmission layer after first layer demodulation . fig2 a shows the constellation 200 before the first carrier recovery loop ( crl ) and fig2 b shows the constellation 200 after crl . in this case , the signal points of the second layer are actually rings 202 . fig2 c depicts a phase distribution of the received signal with respect to nodes 102 . a relative modulating frequency causes the second layer constellation to rotate around the nodes of the first layer constellation . after the second layer crl this rotation is eliminated . the radius of the second layer constellation is determined by its power level . the thickness of the rings 202 is determined by the carrier to noise ratio ( cnr ) of the second layer . as the two layers are non - coherent , the second layer may also be used to transmit analog or digital signals . a special case of layered modulation is found in hierarchical modulation , such as hierarchical non - uniform 8 psk . fig3 a is a diagram illustrating a signal constellation for a qpsk hp data signal . the signal constellation includes four possible signal outcomes 302 for a and b wherein { a , b }={ 0 , 0 } ( point 302 a in the first quadrant ), { 1 , 0 } ( point 302 b in the second quadrant ), { 1 , 1 } ( point 302 c in the third quadrant ), and { 0 , 1 } ( point 302 d in the fourth quadrant ). an incoming and demodulated signal mapped to one of quadrants ( i - iv ) and the value for { a , b } ( and hence , the value for the relevant portion of the hp data stream ) is determined therefrom . fig3 b is a diagram illustrating an 8 psk constellation created by addition of an lp data stream ( represented by \u201c c \u201d). the application of hierarchical modulation adds two possible data values for \u201c c \u201d ( c ={ 1 , 0 }) to each of the outcomes 302 a - 302 d . for example , outcome 302 a ({ a , b }={ 0 , 0 }) is expanded to an outcome pair 304 a and 304 a \u2032 ({ a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 }), respectively , with the members of the pair separated by an angle \u03b8 from { a , b }. this expands the signal constellation to include 8 nodes 104 a - 104 d ( each shown as solid dots ). if the angle \u03b8 is small enough , a legacy qpsk signal will receive both { a , b , c }={ 0 , 0 , 1 } and { 0 , 0 , 0 } as { a , b }={ 0 , 0 }. only receivers capable of performing the second hierarchical level of modulation ( lp ) can extract the value for { c } as either { 0 } or { 1 }. this hierarchical signal structure has been termed \u201c non - uniform \u201d 8 psk . the choice of the variable \u03b8 depends on a variety of factors . fig3 b , for example , presents the idealized data points without noise . noise and errors in the transmission and / or reception of the signal vary the actual position of the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032 in fig3 b . noise regions 306 surrounding each node indicate areas in the constellation where the measured data may actually reside . the ability of the receiver to detect the symbols and accurately represent them depends on the angle \u03b8 , the power of the signal ( e . g . the carrier ), represented by r c , and the noise ( which can be represented by r n ). as can be seen by inspecting fig3 b , interference of lp into hp is reduced as signal power increases , or as \u03b8 decreases . the performance of this hierarchical modulating system can be expressed in terms of its carrier to interference ratio ( c / i ). with a layered - type demodulation as in this invention , the noise contributed by ul symbol errors to the extracted ll signal is avoided . with a layered modulation mapping , the lp bit value for the 8 nodes alternates between 0 and 1 around the circle , i . e ., { 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 }. this is in contrast with the { 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 } assignment in fig3 b for the conventional hierarchical modulation . layered demodulation first fec - decodes the upper layer symbols with a quasi - error free ( qef ) performance , then uses the qef symbols to extract the lower layer signal . therefore , no errors are introduced by uncoded lower layer symbol errors . the delay memory required to obtain the qef upper layer symbols for this application presents a small additional receiver cost , particularly in consideration of the ever - decreasing solid state memory cost over time . in a conventional hierarchical receiver using non - uniform 8 psk , the lp signal performance can be impacted by hp demodulator performance . the demodulator normally includes a timing and carrier recovery loop . in most conventional recovery loops , a decision - directed feedback loop is included . uncoded symbol decisions are used in the prediction of the tracking error at each symbol time of the recovery loop . the tracking loop would pick up an error vector whenever a symbol decision is in error ; the uncoded symbol error rate ( ser ) could be as high as 6 % in many legacy systems . an fec - corrected demodulator of this invention avoids the degradation . fig4 a is a block diagram illustrating a first layered modulation system 400 using a single transponder 402 in a satellite . the uplink signal 406 is processed at the broadcast center 408 . both the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are encoded and mapped and modulated together 414 before frequency upconversion 416 . the signals 410 , 412 are combined after fec encoding . a receiver 418 decodes the downlink from the transponder 402 . conventional single traveling wave tube amplifiers ( twtas ) are suitable for constant - envelope signal such as 8 psk and derivatives . this system is suited for layered modulation using coherent ul and ll signals . fig4 b is a block diagram illustrating a second layered modulation system 420 using multiple transponders 402 a , 402 b . the upper layer ( ul ) and lower layer ( ll ) signals 410 , 412 are separately encoded and mapped and modulated 414 a , 414 b before separate frequency upconversion 416 a , 416 b . a separate broadcast center 408 can be used for each layer . the signals 410 , 412 are combined in space before downlink . a receiver 418 decodes the downlinked signals simultaneously received from transponders 402 a , 402 b . separate twtas for the transponders 402 a , 402 b allow nonlinear twta outputs to be combined in space . the upper layer and lower layer signals 410 , 412 can be coherent or non - coherent . fig5 is a block diagram of an exemplary receiver 500 of a layered modulation signal , similar to those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . fec re - encoding and remodulation may begin prior to the final decoding of the upper layer . in addition , processing is simplified for signals that are coherent between layers , particularly processing of the lower layer . the effect of two layered modulation on channel capacity can be demonstrated by the following analysis . s l \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 lower \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 n u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 effective \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n u = s l + n ) s u \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 upper \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l + s u n ) c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s l n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s u n u ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) ] ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s u n u ) = 1 + s l n + ( 1 + s l n ) \u2062 s u s l + n = 1 + s l + s u n thus , assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power between two layers does not reduce the total capacity of a layer modulation system . the effect of an additional layer in a layered modulation system on channel capacity can also be demonstrated by the following analysis . s b \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 sum \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 bottom \u2062 \u2062 2 \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 distrib . ( b \u2261 u + l ; s b = s u + s l ) n t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 noise \u2062 \u2062 ( n t = s b + n ) s t \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 power \u2062 \u2062 of \u2062 \u2062 top \u2062 - \u2062 layer \u2062 \u2062 signal \u2062 \u2062 with \u2062 \u2062 gaussian \u2062 \u2062 source \u2062 \u2062 distrib . \u2062 c cm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channal \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 conventional \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c lm \u2062 : \u2062 \u2062 channel \u2062 \u2062 capacity \u2062 \u2062 for \u2062 \u2062 layered \u2062 \u2062 modulation \u2062 \u2062 ( bps \u2062 / \u2062 hz ) c cm = log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b + s t n ) \u2062 \u2062 c lm = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s b n ) + log 2 \u2061 ( 1 + s t n t ) = \u2062 log 2 \u2061 [ ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) ] \u2062 ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 ( 1 + s t n t ) = 1 + s b n + ( 1 + s b n ) \u2062 s t s b + n = 1 + s b + s t n thus , again assuming gaussian source and noise distributions , sharing power among any number of layers does not reduce the total capacity . fig6 is a example plot illustrating channel capacity shared between upper and lower layers . this example is for a 11 . 76 db total signal power ( referenced to thermal noise ). the power is shared between upper and lower layer signals . a gaussian source distribution is assumed for both layers as well as a gaussian noise distribution . channel capacity is approximately 4 bps / hz for cnr of 11 . 76 db . as shown , the sum of the two layer capacities always equals the total capacity . hierarchical 8 psk can be viewed as a special case of layered modulation . referring to fig3 b , constant power can be applied for all signals . the high priority ( hp ) data signal , represented by the nodes 302 a - 302 d corresponds to the upper layer . the low priority ( lp ) signal , represented by the nodes 304 a - 304 d and 304 a \u2032- 304 d \u2032, corresponds to the lower layer . the hp and lp signals are synchronous , having coherent phase and identical baud timing . the hp layer of an 8 psk hierarchically modulated signal can be demodulated as if the composite signal were qpsk , typically using a decision - direct feedback tracking loop . fig7 & amp ; 8 are block diagrams of exemplary receivers for hierarchical modulation similar to those described in pct patent application no . pct / us03 / 20862 , filed on jul . 1 , 2003 , and entitled \u201c improving hierarchical 8 psk performance \u201d, by ernest c . chen et al . embodiments of the invention comprise systems and methods for simulating a layer - modulated signal , including a hierarchically modulated signal . the methods and systems presented herein can be used to accelerate the study and development of layered modulation systems while reducing costs . many different proposed layered modulation implementations can be quickly and inexpensively evaluated . in one exemplary embodiment an end - to - end simulation of communication channel , including satellite distortions , downlink noise , receiver phase noise and receiver implementation errors is developed . the simulator can be developed using a mathematical programming tool such as matlab . standard signals can incorporated into the simulator for ready application , e . g . directv and dvb - s signals as well as turbo codes and other signals . the simulator can be used to process computer - simulated signals or data captured from modulators and / or satellites . for example , lm signals can be emulated by rf - combining real - time signals . in addition , cross - check laboratory tests can be performed with synthesized signal performance . a field programmable gate array ( fpga ) lm signal processor essentially mimics a lm simulator of the invention , but with real time processing . fig9 is a block diagram of a complete simulation 900 of a layer modulated signal . pseudorandom binary sequence ( prbs ) generators 902 , 904 are used to create the upper and lower layer data . data from each layer is then passed through an forward error correction ( fec ) encoder 906 , 908 . after fec encoding the signals can be processed to simulate either a single or dual - transponder system . see fig4 a and 4b . if a dual - transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 b ), the upper and lower layers are processed separately . each signal layer is separately passed through a signal mapper 910 a , 910 b , a pulse shaping filter 912 a , 912 b ( e . g ., a root raised cosine filter ), a baud timing and carrier frequency offset simulator 914 a , 914 b , and a satellite distortion simulator 916 a , 916 b . if a single transponder system is being simulated ( as in fig4 a ), the upper and lower layers are combined and passed through the same set of processes together with a weighted summation contained in signal mapper 910 . for a dual - transponder system , the upper and lower layers are combined at the output in a weighted summation 918 . in either case , modeled channel interference effects 920 ( adjacent and co - channel ) are added . the composite signal is then processed by adding white guassian noise provided by a noise generator 922 , phase noise from a phase noise generator 924 and frequency filtering by a receiver front end filter 926 before receiver processing 928 . captured data 930 from laboratory equipment that provide the same functionality as the simulation modules ( 902 , 904 . . . all items in fig9 except 930 and 928 ) can be applied to the receiver processing to evaluate performance . fig1 is a graphical user interface ( gui ) 1000 of an exemplary layer modulated signal simulator including several blocks of fig9 showing ber test results . the display outlines the simulator signal processing flow . upper and lower layer signal transmitters 1002 , 1004 are shown with signal outputs combined and passed through the additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) channel 1006 . the composite signal then arrives at the receiver 1008 . lower layer ouputs are provided to a lower layer performance measurement block 1010 along with the original lower layer signal from the lower layer transmitter 1004 . similarly , upper layer ouputs are provided to an upper layer performance measurement block 1012 along with the original upper layer signal from the upper layer transmitter 1002 . an error rate and frame based bit error calculation are performed for each layer to establish a performance measurement . operational parameters can be set in a dialog box 1014 . fig1 a is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1100 for synthesizing a layer modulated signal in a laboratory . a first modulator 1102 is used to modulate a first bit stream , e . g . a prbs , of the upper layer to produce an upper layer signal . a noise generator 1106 can be used to add noise to the upper layer signal . a second modulator 1104 is used for modulating a second bit stream of a lower layer to produce a lower layer signal . an attenuator 1108 , ( such as variable attenuator ) can be used for appropriately attenuating the lower layer signal . a combiner 1110 is then used to combining the noise - added upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal to produce the composite layer modulated signal . ( equivalently , noise generator 1106 with a corresponding output power level may be placed on the lower layer path instead of the upper layer path .) the composite layer modulated signal can then be upconverted 1112 before being communicated to a tuner 1114 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers , analyzed using a scope 1116 as desired . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1118 , 1120 can be used to tap the upper layer signal ( prior to noise addition ) and the lower layer signal ( after attenuation ) to be used in evaluating the relative power levels of the upper and lower layer signals prior to the addition by the combiner 1110 . similarly , the composite signal can also be tapped by a direction coupler 1122 . fig1 b is a block diagram of an exemplary system 1150 for simulating a layer modulated signal using satellite signals . distinct satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are received at separate antennas 1156 , 1158 . it is important to note that the two received signals 1152 , 1154 are not layered modulation signals . both signals 1152 , 1154 are passed through separate amplifiers 1160 , 1162 . the satellite signal 1154 to be used as the lower layer signal is passed through an attenuator 1164 ( such as a variable attenuator ) to appropriately attenuate the signal . both signals are then combined at the combiner 1166 to form the composite layered modulation signal . the composite signal can then be communicated to a tuner 1168 to extract the in - phase and quadrature components of the separate signal layers which may be analyzed using a scope 1176 . if a digitizing oscilloscope is used , the digitized in - phase and quadrature signals can be introduced as the captured data 930 in fig9 . directional couplers 1170 , 1172 , 1174 can be used to tap the upper layer signal , lower layer signal and the composite signal , respectively . these tapped signal are used to evaluate the signal and / or attenuator performance . this system 1150 requires less expensive equipment than the embodiment of fig1 a ( particularly , omitting the modulators 1102 , 1104 ). in addition , because actual satellite signals 1152 , 1154 are used , real signal effects are included in the composite layer modulated signal . fig1 is flowchart of an exemplary method 1200 for simulating a layer modulated signal . the method applies to the systems of both fig1 a & amp ; 11b . the method 1200 simulates a layer modulated signal having a first modulation of an upper layer and a second modulation of a lower layer . at step 1202 an upper layer signal is provided comprising a first modulated bit stream . at step 1204 , a lower layer signal is provided comprising a second modulated bit stream . next at step 1206 , the lower layer signal is attenuated . finally at step 1208 , the upper layer signal and the attenuated lower layer signal are combined to produce the composite layer modulated signal . the method can be further modified consistent with the foregoing system embodiments . fig1 is a flowchart of processing for a layer modulated signal . further detail of layered modulation processing can be found u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 844 , 401 , filed on apr . 27 , 2001 , and entitled \u201c layered modulation for digital signals \u201d, by ernest c . chen . layered modulation simulation methods and systems of the invention can be used to evaluate the performance of layered signals as well as receiver processes . an exemplary computer simulation of a layered modulation signal can be defined with the following parameters . both layers can use a nominal symbol frequency of 20 mhz ( not necessarily synchronized to each other in timing frequency and phase ). the carrier frequencies are not necessarily coherent with respect to each other either . the excess bandwidth ratio is 0 . 2 . it is assumed that no satellite degradation of the signal occurs ; twta and filter effects can be modeled separately if necessary . the upper and lower layer signals can each be a convolutional code 6 / 7 , reed - soloman ( 146 , 130 ) signal with an assigned reference power of 0 db to the upper layer . upper layer cnr is approximately 7 . 7 db . lower layer cnr is approximately 7 . 6 db . noise ( awgn ) of \u2212 16 db can be applied . a turbo - coded signal may alternately be used for the lower layer . phase noise of the low noise block ( lnb ) and tuner are included . the following table summarizes the simulation results . input output cnr ( db ) cnr ( db ) dynamic ul ll ul ll range 7 . 6 none 7 . 43 none 7 . 43 7 . 7 7 . 6 7 . 51 7 . 22 15 . 48 the first row applies to processing only the upper layer , which reduces cnr by approximately 0 . 2 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 43 db ). the second row applies to processing both layers . the lower layer cnr is reduced by approximately 0 . 4 db ( 7 . 6 db \u2212 7 . 22 db ). this result compares favorably with nominal 16 qam performance . further details of the simulation process are shown hereafter . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an exemplary layer modulated signal that can be simulated by the method and system previously described . the composite upper and lower layer signals are added with thennal noise . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution of 1 mhz is shown . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db , showing a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 17 db . a front end receiver filter is used to taper the noise floor . fig1 a - 15c are plots illustrating upper layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig1 b is the low pass filter ( lpf ) output of the loop filter ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig1 d - 15f are plots illustrating an upper layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d and 15e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . fig1 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 78 db , which includes measurement errors , compares very favorably with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a - 16c are plots illustrating upper layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 a is a plot of the phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig1 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a baud rate of approximately 20 mhz is recovered . fig1 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a small rms error in phase is exhibited . fig1 d - 16f are plots illustrating an upper layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig1 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig1 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the upper layer qpsk signal in the presence of the lower layer qpsk and noise are apparent . fig1 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 51 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 7 db . fig1 a is a plot of uncoded upper layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 0 . 16 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 b is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 282 % is reported . fig1 c is a plot of upper layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig1 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , only 3 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 5 db . fig1 is a plot of upper layer signal matching calculated between received signal and reconstructed signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . as shown , nearly constant matching coefficients ( in magnitude and phase ) are exhibited over 300 , 000 100 - mhz samples , despite the presence of the lower layer signal . fig1 is power spectrum plot of an extracted lower layer signal of an exemplary layer modulated signal . a sampling frequency of 100 mhz is used and a display resolution is 1 mhz . the spectrum peak is scaled to 0 db with a thermal noise floor of approximately \u2212 9 db after canceling out the upper layer signal . the plot can be compared with the power spectrum of the composite signal shown in fig1 . fig2 a - 20c are plots illustrating the extracted lower layer symbol timing recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of a lower layer comparator output , based on a zero - crossing method . fig2 b is the loop low pass filter ( lpf ) output ; a decision - directed second order filter is applied . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the tracked symbol times ( indicating a delta baud rate ) with a fitted curve overlaid . a small rms error is exhibited . fig2 d - 20f are plots illustrating a lower layer symbol timing recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d and 20e illustrate respectively the upper layer signal before and after the timing recovery loop . the lower layer forms a ring in signal constellation . fig2 f is a plot of the cnr estimate after the timing recovery loop . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a - 21c are plots illustrating lower layer carrier recovery for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 a is a plot of the lower layer phase comparator output , based on quadrature multiplication . fig2 b is a plot of the loop lpf output , using a decision - directed second order scheme . a nominal baud rate of 20 mhz is extracted . fig2 c is a plot of the phase tracked out for the simulated carrier frequency and phase noise . a nominal rms error in phase is exhibited . fig2 d - 21f are plots illustrating an lower layer carrier recovered signal for an exemplary layer modulated signal . fig2 d illustrates the upper layer signal before the carrier recovery loop . fig2 e illustrates the upper layer signal after the carrier recovery loop when the signal constellation is stabilized ; the lower layer qpsk signal in the presence of noise are apparent . fig2 f is a histogram of the phase error about a constellation node . the estimated output cnr of 7 . 22 db compares reasonably well with the input cnr of 7 . 6 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded lower layer bit errors at the demodulator output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the errors at the carrier recovery loop output are shown . the plot identifies 80 r - s packets of data by the \u201c packet \u201d number versus the two - bit symbol number . the plot reports approximately 1 . 1 % of ber at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 b is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the viterbi decoder output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 95 packets worth of data . a ber of 0 . 297 % is reported . fig2 c is a plot of lower layer byte errors at the de - interleaver output for an exemplary layer modulated signal . the packet number is displayed versus an eight - bit symbol number , showing 83 packets worth of data . fig2 d is a plot of upper layer errors correctable by a reed - solomon decoder for an exemplary layer modulated signal . of the 83 packets worth of data , onlyl 1 packets with one r - s correctable error byte each occurred , which is well below the correction threshold of eight errors . thus , no uncorrectable errors were exhibited in 83 packets at an estimated cnr of 7 . 2 db . fig2 a is a plot of uncoded bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to a theoretical result based on additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . the lower layer at the estimated cnr is shown with a ber right on the awgn curve . the upper layer shows a ber below the curve equaling a 2 . 1 db increase . thus , qpsk interference is more benign than awgn of the same power . fig2 b is a plot of viterbi decoder output bit error rates for upper and lower layers of an exemplary layer modulated signal . the plot identifies the lower layer and upper layer simulation results relative to the awgn curve , illustrating the result of 65k samples ( 130k bits ) of data . in this case , the estimated cnr and ber for both upper and lower layers occur close to the awgn curve . the foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description , but rather by the claims appended hereto . the above specification , examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention . since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention , the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
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9e7de04b940cf36c638fe5a8dc77204b4ec5675b105d18c3ad4ba76a98b59c59
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
3ccd3c79de139a77e0ab7ef4e356ee8d0730468cccca6ce4cf56ecc279840737
| 0.447266 | 0.000938 | 0.902344 | 0.010681 | 0.417969 | 0.006104 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
3ccd3c79de139a77e0ab7ef4e356ee8d0730468cccca6ce4cf56ecc279840737
| 0.130859 | 0.125 | 0.233398 | 0.225586 | 0.449219 | 0.773438 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
3ccd3c79de139a77e0ab7ef4e356ee8d0730468cccca6ce4cf56ecc279840737
| 0.400391 | 0.007111 | 0.476563 | 0.054932 | 0.390625 | 0.037842 |
null |
{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 ."}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
3ccd3c79de139a77e0ab7ef4e356ee8d0730468cccca6ce4cf56ecc279840737
| 0.347656 | 0.25 | 0.742188 | 0.018799 | 0.652344 | 0.5625 |
null |
{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 ."}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 ."}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
3ccd3c79de139a77e0ab7ef4e356ee8d0730468cccca6ce4cf56ecc279840737
| 0.390625 | 0.008606 | 0.609375 | 0.008606 | 0.402344 | 0.137695 |
null |
{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 .", "category": "Physics"}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
3ccd3c79de139a77e0ab7ef4e356ee8d0730468cccca6ce4cf56ecc279840737
| 0.380859 | 0.174805 | 0.609375 | 0.115723 | 0.402344 | 0.324219 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 .", "category": "Electricity"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
3ccd3c79de139a77e0ab7ef4e356ee8d0730468cccca6ce4cf56ecc279840737
| 0.402344 | 0.207031 | 0.476563 | 0.271484 | 0.390625 | 0.054932 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"patent": "fig1 to 17 illustrate different embodiments 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 of a jet regulator from which the water should emerge as a shower - like water jet formed from a multiplicity of individual jets . the substantially pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 has , on its outlet face side 3 which forms the pot base of the pot - shaped jet regulator housing 2 , a plurality of through - holes 4 . the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 and 31 are assigned a separate inlay part 6 which is inserted into the housing interior as far as the outlet face side 3 . the inlay part 6 has a plurality of hose - like spray nozzles 7 which are designed to generate a multiplicity of preferably visibly separately emerging individual jets . the spray nozzles 7 extend through in each case one outlet - face - side through - hole 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 and project with their free spray nozzle end region beyond the outlet face side 3 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . the already - known jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 also have an insert part 8 which is inserted into the housing interior , between which insert part and the outlet face side 3 the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the axial direction . in the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 illustrated here , the jet regulator housing 2 on the one hand and the outlet - side spray nozzles 7 on the other hand need not be produced as a multi - component injection - molded part in a complex injection molding die ; it is rather also possible for said components to be produced separately from one another in separate and relatively simple injection molding dies . even though the separately produced components 2 , 7 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are inserted into one another merely in an easily detachable manner , the inlay part 6 with its soft elastic spray nozzles 7 , which are also subjected to not possibly inconsiderable manual exertion of force for the detachment of limescale deposits , is arranged secured in position in the housing interior in such a way that there is no risk of functionally detrimental relative displacements of the components assembled to form the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . from the longitudinal sections in fig2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 and 16 , it is clear that the inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a disk - shaped base element 9 on which the hose - like spray nozzles 7 are held . here , the inlay part 6 has in this case a pot - shaped sub - region whose pot base forms the base element 9 with the spray nozzles 7 . the in this case pot - shaped inlay part 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has a circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction and which is designed as a sealing edge which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference . for this purpose , the circumferential edge region 10 which projects counter to the inflow direction is oriented obliquely outward such that said circumferential edge region practically forms a lip seal which bears sealingly against the housing inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 . since the circumferential edge region 10 of the inlay part 6 bears sealingly against the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 , undesired leakage flows between the inlay part 6 and the inner circumference of the jet regulator housing 2 are prevented . it can be seen from the perspective views from below in fig3 , 7 , 14 and 17 that the spray nozzles 7 provided on the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 are provided on circular paths arranged concentrically around the jet regulator longitudinal axis . here , a non - perforated central region 11 which is not equipped with spray nozzles 7 is provided on the outlet face side of the jet regulator housing 2 . positioned upstream of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 is in each case one flow rate regulator 12 which limits the maximum throughflow capacity per unit of time to a pressure - independent maximum value . the flow rate regulator 12 is connected in a latchable or similarly detachable manner to the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 on the inflow side of the latter . in order that the function of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 positioned downstream thereof at the outflow side cannot be impaired by dirt particles possibly entrained in the water , in each case one upstream screen 13 is positioned upstream of the flow rate regulators 12 and of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 , which upstream screen is connected likewise in a detachable manner to the flow rate regulator 12 and to the respective jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . into the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 there is provided a diffuser 14 ( cf . fig5 to 8 , 15 to 17 ) or a distributor 15 ( cf . fig1 to 4 , 9 to 14 ) which breaks the inflowing water flow into a multiplicity of partial flows distributed over the circumference of the diffuser 14 or distributor 15 . for this purpose , the components 14 , 15 have an annular wall 16 in which are provided a plurality of throughflow openings 17 distributed preferably uniformly over the circumference of the annular wall 16 . an annular duct 18 leads from the throughflow openings 17 to the spray nozzles 7 of the inlay part 6 . the distributor 15 of the jet regulator 1 , 30 shown in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 14 has a central overflow 19 which is of substantially pot - shaped form and whose overflow openings form the throughflow openings 17 . here , the distributor 15 forms the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction . the distributor 15 has for this purpose an outer annular wall 20 which surrounds the pot - shaped overflow 19 with a spacing and which is connected to said overflow via an inflow - side , annularly encircling perforated or connecting plate 21 which is arranged approximately in a radial plane . the outer annular wall 20 of the distributor 15 rests with its outflow - side face end region on an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 in such a way that the inlay part 6 is secured in position in the jet regulator 1 , 30 so as to be immovable in the axial direction . it is clear from a comparison of fig1 to 4 , 5 to 8 , 9 to 14 and 15 to 17 that each jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 has an inflow - side component 23 which is held in a detachably latchable manner on the jet regulator housing 2 or on a housing part 24 of the jet regulator 1 , 5 , 30 , 31 . here , the insert part 8 which secures the inlay part 6 in the axial direction is itself secured in the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 by the inflow - side component 23 . while it is the case in the jet regulators 1 , 30 , 31 illustrated in fig1 to 4 and 9 to 17 that the flow rate regulator 12 forms the component 23 that can be detachably latched in the inflow - side region of the jet regulator 1 and which bears with an annular wall 25 against the distributor 15 or the diffuser 14 , the jet regulator housing 2 of the jet regulator 5 shown in fig5 to 8 has two housing parts 24 , 26 , the inflow - side housing part 24 of which forms a component 23 , which secures the insert part 8 in the housing interior , of the jet regulator 5 . the insert part 8 of the jet regulator 5 is in this case formed as a hold - down sleeve which tapers in the inflow direction and which bears at the inflow side against the adjacent face end region of the housing part 24 and at the outflow side against an annular shoulder 22 of the inlay part 6 . it can be seen from the longitudinal section in fig6 that that duct portion of the annular duct 18 which is formed between the diffuser 14 and the adjacent inner circumference of the housing part 24 tapers such that , in said region , a vacuum is generated which can be used for sucking air into the housing interior of the jet regulator housing 2 , wherein it is intended for the air to be mixed with the water flowing through . the jet regulators 1 , 5 have a jet regulator housing 2 which can be inserted into an outlet mouthpiece ( not illustrated in any more detail here ) which can be mounted on the outlet end of a sanitary outlet fitting . for this purpose , the jet regulators 1 , 5 have , on their jet regulator housing 2 , an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 by means of which the jet regulator 1 , 5 rests on an annular shoulder provided at the inside in the outlet mouthpiece . the jet regulator 30 also has an annular flange or annular shoulder 32 on the housing outer circumference of its jet regulator housing 2 . the jet regulator 30 can be inserted into an intermediate bracket 36 from the inflow side of the latter until the annular flange or annular shoulder 32 of the jet regulator comes to rest on an annular shoulder provided on the inner circumference of the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket or on the inflow - side face edge of the intermediate bracket 36 . the jet regulator 30 can be fastened in the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting by means of the intermediate bracket 36 . for this purpose , the sleeve - shaped intermediate bracket 36 has , on its outer circumference , an external thread 37 by means of which the intermediate bracket 36 can be detachably screwed into an internal thread on the water outlet of a sanitary outlet fitting . by contrast , the jet regulator 31 bears on its jet regulator housing 2 an external thread 33 by means of which the jet regulator 31 can be screwed into an internal thread provided at the inside on the water outlet of an outlet fitting ( likewise not illustrated here ). while the inlay parts 6 of the jet regulators 1 , 5 , 30 have provided therein a corresponding number of spray nozzles 7 such that said spray nozzles 7 can all extend through through - holes 4 provided in the jet regulator housing 2 , the jet regulator 31 in fig1 to 17 has in relation thereto a reduced number of spray nozzles 7 on its inlay part 6 , wherein the inlay part 6 of the jet regulator 31 sealingly closes off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . to be able to sealingly close off those through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 which are arranged on the inner circular path , spray - nozzle - shaped studs 34 are in this case provided on the inlay part 17 , which studs extend through and sealingly close off the through - holes 4 provided on the inner circular path . it is clear from fig1 to 17 that the jet regulators illustrated here may also be part of a modular jet regulator construction kit or system . here , the jet regulator 31 may also be assigned a plurality of inlay parts 6 which can be selectively inserted into the jet regulator housing 2 and of which the inlay part 6 illustrated merely by way of an example in fig1 to 17 closes off individual through - holes 4 of the jet regulator housing 2 in order to reduce the throughflow capacity . the jet regulator 31 shown in fig1 to 17 is designed for a low throughflow capacity . since the through - holes 4 arranged on the inner circular path are closed off by the studs 34 which project from the inlay part 6 , the water can emerge only through the spray nozzles 7 arranged on the outer circular path . the advantage of the jet regulator design shown in fig1 to 17 is that only the inlay part 6 and therefore only a single component must be changed in order to adapt the jet regulator 31 to a different throughflow capacity . it is self - evident that the inlay part 6 shown in fig1 to 17 may also be used in jet regulator designs such as are shown in fig1 to 14 .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
3ccd3c79de139a77e0ab7ef4e356ee8d0730468cccca6ce4cf56ecc279840737
| 0.439453 | 0.041504 | 0.396484 | 0.075684 | 0.451172 | 0.168945 |
null |
{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
b047d55898d2bb68019c6b48789cb2d339e68d9dcc93184f407be1685c2e5107
| 0.150391 | 0.007111 | 0.527344 | 0.002808 | 0.792969 | 0.009705 |
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
b047d55898d2bb68019c6b48789cb2d339e68d9dcc93184f407be1685c2e5107
| 0.075684 | 0.017456 | 0.192383 | 0.014526 | 0.371094 | 0.056641 |
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{"patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
b047d55898d2bb68019c6b48789cb2d339e68d9dcc93184f407be1685c2e5107
| 0.012817 | 0.010681 | 0.232422 | 0.005554 | 0.121094 | 0.004333 |
null |
{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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{"patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
b047d55898d2bb68019c6b48789cb2d339e68d9dcc93184f407be1685c2e5107
| 0.027588 | 0.000278 | 0.02002 | 0.000431 | 0.22168 | 0.005066 |
null |
{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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{"patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
b047d55898d2bb68019c6b48789cb2d339e68d9dcc93184f407be1685c2e5107
| 0.086426 | 0.333984 | 0.269531 | 0.345703 | 0.449219 | 0.255859 |
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
b047d55898d2bb68019c6b48789cb2d339e68d9dcc93184f407be1685c2e5107
| 0.071777 | 0.219727 | 0.192383 | 0.410156 | 0.396484 | 0.200195 |
null |
{"patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
b047d55898d2bb68019c6b48789cb2d339e68d9dcc93184f407be1685c2e5107
| 0.069336 | 0.012817 | 0.080566 | 0.017456 | 0.203125 | 0.003281 |
null |
{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "turning first to fig1 , the loaded firearm stand includes a base 10 which supports and / or contains the other components of the stand . the base 10 shown is a box - like housing having front 11 , rear 13 , left side 15 , right side 17 and top 19 walls . the walls may be steel or any other suitable material of corresponding thickness to inhibit violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of its structural components . the base 10 need not necessarily be box - like or orthogonal . looking at fig2 and 3 , the base 10 also has a removable bottom cover 21 which closes the housing . as shown , the cover 21 hinges at one end 23 in a groove 25 in the lower inside surface of the rear wall 13 into abutment against a seat 27 along the lower inside surface of the front wall 11 . looking also at fig4 , a lock cylinder 31 is mounted on the cover 21 . a lock ring 32 threaded on the cylinder 31 engages the cylinder 31 against a flange 28 of an opening 29 in the cover 21 . the keyway is accessible to the key 33 from outside of the housing and the linkage 35 rotates within the housing to engage a flange 37 on the inside surface of the front wall 11 to lock the cover 21 to the base 10 . other cover configurations and methods of operation can be used , provided the resulting locked housing inhibits violent access to the contents of the housing or distortion of the alignment of the structural components . continuing to look at fig2 and 3 , the stand also includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 for limiting engagement and disengagement of the firearm f to and from the base 10 to forward and rearward axial motion , respectively , of the firearm f relative to the base 10 . in the embodiment of fig2 , the motion restricting mechanism is a rod 41 fixed at one end 43 to the base 10 . as shown , a reinforcing tube 45 is mounted against the underside of the top wall 19 of the base 10 and the end 43 of the rod 41 extends through holes in the top wall 19 and the reinforcing tube 45 into the housing . exterior and interior lock nuts 47 and 49 secure the rod 41 in place on the base 10 . the exposed portion of the rod 41 is oriented at an angle 51 for insertion into the muzzle m of the firearm f . the barrel b of the firearm f restricts motion of the firearm f on the rod 41 to motion along the rod axis 53 . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f on the rod is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m on the top wall 19 of the base 10 depending on the length of the barrel b . once on the rod 41 in the forwardmost position 55 , axial motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to reward motion on the axis 53 . as best seen in fig1 , the rod 41 is of adjustable length . for example , one or more threaded extensions 42 can be used to extend the rod 41 or replace an extension of different length . the adjustable components 42 of the rod 41 are located and contoured for disposition within the barrel b so as to minimize any possibility of tampering with the adjustable components 42 . in the embodiment of fig3 , the motion restricting mechanism is a sleeve 61 fixed at one end to the base 10 . as shown , the mounting end 43 of a rod is secured to the base 10 in the same manner as the rod 41 was secured to the base 10 in fig2 . the closed forward end 65 of the sleeve 61 is fixed to the exposed end 67 of the rod with the sleeve axis 69 oriented at an angle 71 to receive the muzzle m of the firearm f . the forwardmost position 55 of the firearm f in the sleeve 61 is determined by contact of the trigger guard g against the reinforcing tube 151 or by contact of the muzzle m with the closed end 65 of the sleeve 61 depending on the length of the barrel b . once in the sleeve 61 in the forwardmost position 55 , axis motion of the firearm f is substantially limited to rearward motion on the axis 69 . other mechanisms may be used to limit axis motion of the firearm f . the materials and dimensions of the components of any axial motion limiting mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand also includes a mechanism cooperable with the firearm f in a loaded condition to prevent firing of the firearm f when the firearm f is in the fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 . as seen in fig2 , the anti - firing mechanism is an extension 73 of the rod 41 into an empty chamber e of the firearm f . the rod extension 73 prevents rotation of a revolver cylinder c which would align a loaded chamber l for firing . similarly , the extension 73 of the rod 41 into the empty chamber of an automatic pistol would prevent a shell from being fed from a clip or magazine into the chamber . as seen in fig3 , the anti - firing mechanism is a pin 75 mounted for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the trigger t of the firearm f along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axis 69 . the pin 75 prevents the trigger t from being pulled sufficiently to fire the firearm f . looking at fig8 and 9 , similar arrangements of pins 77 and 79 behind an uncocked hammer h and in front of a cocked hammer h , respectively , will prevent the hammer h from moving sufficiently to fire the firearm f . again , the materials and corresponding dimensions of any components of the anti - firing mechanism must be such as to inhibit violent distortion of the alignment of its structural components . still considering fig2 , 3 , 8 and 9 , the stand further includes a mechanism mounted on the base 10 and operable along an axis transverse , as shown perpendicular , to the axial motion of the firearm f . this mechanism operates between a first position in which the firearm f can move axially to and from its fixed forwardmost position 55 on the base 10 and a second position in which the firearm f cannot move axially rearwardly from its fixed forwardmost position sufficiently to disengage the anti - firing mechanism and permit firing of the firearm f . as seen in fig2 , the anti - release mechanism is a pin 91 mounted on the base 10 for reciprocal travel into and out of abutment with the back of the front wall of the trigger guard g of the firearm f along the transverse axis . as seen in fig3 , the anti - release mechanism is the same pin 75 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism . as seen in fig8 , the anti - release mechanism may be the same pin 77 which serves as the anti - firing mechanism behind an uncocked hammer h or a pin 93 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the pistol grip p . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the anti - release mechanism may be a pin 95 which moves into and out of abutment with the back of the front sight s of the firearm f . looking at fig2 and 5 - 7 , the operation of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 91 , 93 and 95 as anti - firing or anti - release mechanisms or both can be understood in relation to the operation of the trigger guard anti - release pin 91 of fig2 . the pin 91 is aligned to reciprocate in holes 101 in the structure of the base 10 . as shown , the holes 101 are in the reinforcing tube 45 and the right side wall 17 . other structural members could be added to permit the desired reciprocal alignment of the pin 91 or any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 or 95 . as shown , the pin 91 reciprocates between a first position 103 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is permitted and a second position 105 in which rearward axial motion of the trigger guard g and firearm f from the fixed forwardmost position 55 is prevented . as seen in fig5 , 6 and 7 , the stand also includes a mechanism for locking the anti - release mechanism in its anti - release position . in fig5 , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished , for example , by operation of a rotating linkage 111 on a lock cylinder 113 manually rotated by use of a key 115 . a post 117 on the pin 91 is engaged in a slot 119 in the linkage 111 . rotation of the key 115 causes reciprocation of the pin 91 between its first and second positions 103 and 105 and removal of the key 115 leaves the pin 91 locked in its second position . in fig6 and 7 , as further examples , the operation of the pin 91 can be accomplished by manually pushing an exposed end 121 of the pin 91 inwardly against the bias of a spring 123 compressed between the reinforcing tube 45 and a stop ring 125 on the pin 91 until a stop member or cone 127 on the pin 91 is engaged by a solenoid 129 mounted in the base 10 to hold the pin 91 in the first position 103 . the solenoid 129 is powered by an electrical source such as a battery 131 in the housing so that , when energized , the solenoid 129 releases the pin 91 to the bias of the spring 123 , returning the pin 91 to its second position 105 . until the solenoid 129 is engaged , the pin 91 remains locked in its second position . returning to fig1 , the stand includes a member 140 externally accessible on the base 10 for unlocking the locking mechanism to permit authorized removal of the firearm f from the stand . by way of example , as seen in fig5 , the accessible member is the lock cylinder key hole 116 . as seen in fig6 , the accessible member is an electronic key pad 141 in the circuit of the solenoid 129 . as seen in fig7 , the accessible member is an electronic fingerprint reader 143 . except for the accessible operating member , the unlocking and locking mechanism is contained within the housing . as seen in fig1 - 3 and 5 - 7 , the pin 91 in the second position 103 of the anti - release mechanism is entirely within the base 10 . as best seen in fig1 , a slot 151 is provided in the base 10 to receive the trigger guard g . the external structure of the base 10 can be similarly modified to enclose any of the pins 75 , 77 , 79 , 93 and 95 . furthermore , as best seen in fig1 - 3 , a bracket 153 can be mounted on the exterior of the rear wall 13 of the base 10 , as by use of one or more nuts 155 , to obstruct the magazine or clip passage of an automatic pistol . the stand can be disguised to some extent by combination in a lamp , clock or telephone stand or the like . it can be mounted on furniture or a wall or the like or be free standing . for example , the cover 21 may be secured to a suitable object , such as the top of a night table ( not shown ), by bolts ( not shown ). a hole can be drilled through the night table which is aligned with the lock cylinder 31 . thus , the cover 21 can be bolted to the night table and the base 10 can be locked to the cover 21 or unlocked and removed from the cover 21 . thus it is apparent that there has been provided , in accordance with the invention , a stand for a loaded hand gun that fully satisfies the objects , aims and advantages set forth above . while the invention has been described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended to embrace all such alternative , modifications and variations as fall within the spirit of the appended claims ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
b047d55898d2bb68019c6b48789cb2d339e68d9dcc93184f407be1685c2e5107
| 0.075684 | 0.255859 | 0.18457 | 0.476563 | 0.371094 | 0.189453 |
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification ."}
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{"patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
82ba2f312b3883e729f073d4956748c153a330c4a24713a0576874afc2cbc02f
| 0.042725 | 0.378906 | 0.074707 | 0.511719 | 0.115723 | 0.458984 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification ."}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
82ba2f312b3883e729f073d4956748c153a330c4a24713a0576874afc2cbc02f
| 0.170898 | 0.00383 | 0.242188 | 0.006683 | 0.166992 | 0.01001 |
null |
{"patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
82ba2f312b3883e729f073d4956748c153a330c4a24713a0576874afc2cbc02f
| 0.013611 | 0.026367 | 0.067383 | 0.002808 | 0.046631 | 0.039551 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification ."}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
82ba2f312b3883e729f073d4956748c153a330c4a24713a0576874afc2cbc02f
| 0.042725 | 0.050293 | 0.074707 | 0.613281 | 0.115723 | 0.447266 |
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification ."}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
82ba2f312b3883e729f073d4956748c153a330c4a24713a0576874afc2cbc02f
| 0.047363 | 0.031738 | 0.103516 | 0.070801 | 0.095215 | 0.550781 |
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{"patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification .", "category": "Physics"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
82ba2f312b3883e729f073d4956748c153a330c4a24713a0576874afc2cbc02f
| 0.012024 | 0.043945 | 0.063477 | 0.108398 | 0.019775 | 0.095215 |
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{"patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification .", "category": "Electricity"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
82ba2f312b3883e729f073d4956748c153a330c4a24713a0576874afc2cbc02f
| 0.013611 | 0.037354 | 0.067383 | 0.043945 | 0.046631 | 0.273438 |
null |
{"patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"patent": "although the invention is described in terms of a specific embodiment , it will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art that various modifications , rearrangements and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention . the scope of the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto . now referring to fig1 shown is the preferred embodiment of the instant invention 10 comprising a base frame 12 having five wheels 14 secured to the bottom of said frame 12 . wheels 14 are placed around the perimeter of the base frame 12 and preferably have a central locking and steering ability similar to conventional stretchers wherein they can be fully locked , locked to roll straight ahead , or free wheel . in such an embodiment , two levers , not shown , are mounted on each end of the frame 12 . one lever locks two wheels at that end forcing the united to roll straight ahead for optimum steering . the back wheels pivot free for steering purposes . alternatively , foot operate levers 15 provide simplified engagement of the wheel locks . pivotally mounted to an end 13 of the base frame 12 is a first leg 16 having a shoe plate 18 mounted at a distal end 19 of the leg 16 . structure 20 provides a support housing for electric motors used for operating the components as well as an upper articulating point 21 for the legs 16 and 16a . a first strut 22 is pivotally coupled to said upper articulating point 21 and to the illustrated leg 16 at lower pivot point 26 . the strut 22 utilizes a centrally disposed over - center hinge 28 which folds inward so as to allow the leg 16 into a vertical stance for purposes of storage . to retract the legs , motor 50 is mechanically linked to the legs 16 and 16a and boom motor 52 provides retraction of the boom 34 in a similar manner . a hoist motor 54 provides the lifting and lowering of the hook 58 , and a swing motor 56 is used to modulate the angular arc of the boom 34 . the support frame 20 includes hand grips 30 placed along an upper rail 31 providing an operator with a predetermined position for moving of the lifting device . the handgrips 30 can be accompanied by hand brakes , not shown , for use in preventing wheel 14 rotation . in such an embodiment , the operator can prevent movement of the unit by simply squeezing a hand brake in a similar fashion as a brake used on a bicycle . once stopped , the apparatus can be locked in position through the use of the aforementioned wheel locks 15 . an alternate embodiment is to use hand grips that apply constant braking force so as to require the operator to maintain their hands on the apparatus during transportation . this is especially useful in those circumstances where a ramp is encountered during transportation . in such an embodiment , should a unit free roll down a ramp the brakes will engage to bring the unit to a stop . boom head 32 is supported by the frame 20 and is shown in its extended position . extension of the boom 34 is made possible by an electric motor driven linear actuator 66 which extends crutch 36 which is coupled to the boom 34 by upper pivot point 38 and lower pivot point 40 . the centrally disposed hinge 42 is forced over - center by the linear actuator causing said hinge to lock in a fixed position . storage of the boom occurs by folding of the boom 34 downward by allowing the boom 34 to fold within the confines of the frame 20 by reversal of the above steps . similarly , the legs 16 are folded upward by the inward movement of the strut hinge 28 so as to provide a compact unit that stores in a small closet and can be maneuvered through doorways . an additional cable runs parallel to strut 22 and when said cable is pulled in by the leg motor , after the solenoid releases the over - center hinge , the leg folds to the near vertical position . now referring to fig2 shown is the lifting device 10 in a retracted position wherein the base frame 12 provides the footprint for the structure 20 made portable by the wheels 14 . the boom 34 is shown in its downwardly folded position while the legs 16 are shown in an upwardly folded position , all within the confines of the support structure 20 . as depicted by this view , the crutch 36 is hinged 42 at a center point allowing the boom 34 to form a near vertical position thus eliminating the space necessary for a conventional hoisting unit and preventing the possibility of harm to an operator who inattentively walks into a fully extended boom . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a boom motor 52 which pulls the crutch cable 64 , see fig1 causing the crutch 36 to fold in the center . linear actuator 66 operates to place the boom 34 in an extended or upright position . similarly , the legs 16 fold upright to maintain the unit &# 39 ; s small storage footprint while further eliminating an unguarded leg extension common among those units in the industry , thus eliminating the possibility of injury to tripping an individual attempting to step over an extended support leg . the strut 22 is hinged 28 at a center point allowing the leg 16 to form a near vertical position . the over - center hinge is pulled from its locked state by use of a leg motor 50 which pulls the strut cable 61 , see fig1 causing the strut 22 to fold in the center . gravity operates to bias the leg 16 into the extended position . a spring , not shown , can be incorporated in the leg to facilitate the biasing of the leg in an extended position . fig3 sets forth a top view of the instant device 10 in a fully extended form illustrating the wide u - shaped structure . leg 16a operates in conjunction with leg 16 providing enhanced stability during operation . each leg is raised and lowered by use of the same electric leg motor 50 so to operate in unison at all times . the leg support position is made possible wherein strut 22 and 22a is in a fully extended position allowing the strut hinges 28 and 28a to be locked in position forcing the shoe skid 18 and 18a to press against the floor . the stance provides stability for the boom 34 as it extends outward over the patient to be lifted . in operation , the device 10 is moved into position so that the legs and boom 34 can extend without interference . as the unit is electrically powered , an ac cord is provided for insertion into an available wall socket to power the electrical motors , namely , the leg hoist 50 , the hoist motor 52 , the swing motor 54 , and the boom motor linear actuator 66 . control of the system is performed by a control panel positioned in a hand held control ball fabricated from a three inch thick solid resilient ball as described later in this specification . placement of the leg and boom components in an operating position is accomplished by depressing a button on the control panel which simultaneously operates the leg motor 50 and boom motor linear actuator 66 allowing the legs 16 & amp ; 16a and the boom 34 to extend into their operating position . the operator may stop the extension procedure at any time should the legs or boom encounter interference . led lamps are provided to represent the position of the legs and boom . the lamps will change from a blinking red color to a continuous green color when sensors , not shown , confirm a positive lock in the extended position similar to the indicators used with airplane landing gear . the boom 34 has an angular sweep d 1 between legs 16 and 16a allowing the operator to pick up a patient at one position and transport the patient to a second position . boom swing angle is approximately forty degrees with a twenty degree tolerance . the reach of the boom is sixty inches , slightly less than the preferred leg reach of approximately eighty inches . in operation it is recommended that a patient is placed upon a support sling wherein the boom 34 is swung over the patient in a lifting bar properly positioned over the support sling . this will minimize any swinging tendency as the support sling and patient is pulled upward . a hook 58 is located at the end of the boom 34 . during this position the device 10 can be rolled slightly so as to facilitate correct positioning . once the device 10 is properly located the wheels can be locked by use of the foot lever 15 . a frame mounted lever , not shown , can be used to lock the wheels in a position allowing straight roll . using the control panel a button is provided to lower the hook 58 until the lifting assembly is attached . raising the patient is performed by depressing a button on the control panel allowing upward movement so as the patient and sling are above both departure and arrival surfaces . the patient can then be swung from the departure surface to the arrival surface by provision of a right and left directional control button allowing movement of the boom 34 . the patient is then unhooked from the hook 58 and the device 10 is positioned such that the legs 16 and boom 34 can be retracted without interference . when the unit is to be transported or stored , a control button is provided so as to retract the legs and boom , the movement can be halted at any point if necessary . during the retraction the led &# 39 ; s representing the legs and the boom will blink red until sensors ( not shown ) detect a positive latch for storage . at that point , the led &# 39 ; s will stop blinking and be in a continuous red position . the device 10 can then be turned off and the ac cord unplugged and coiled for storage with the device 10 . referring to fig4 the boom 34 is mounted on a rotatable boom head 32 that provides a pivot point 62 for one end of the boom 34 that is used in the retracted state . in particular the pivot point 62 allows the boom 34 to fold downward in a retracted position . the hinge 42 is an over - center hinge causing the crutch to lock into position . collapsing of the boom requires that the hinge 42 is pulled off center by the cable 64 by a solenoid , not shown . the rotatable sleeve is manufactured from light weight aluminum having a five and a half inch diameter which is rotatably coupled to the frame 20 by a rotatable bearing 74 located at the bottom of the head 32 to allow rotation about a predetermined angle . the frame 20 incorporates a support post 76 which is placed on the inner side surface of the pipe 72 having a plurality of inwardly facing centering components which are plastic guides 78 maintaining a fixed distance between the head pipe 72 and the support post 76 . fig5 illustrates a first side of the control system in its preferred embodiment comprising a hand held control ball 90 fabricated from a three inch diameter solid resilient ball . a control panel 91 is mounted in a recess 93 inside the ball 90 wherein a coiled cord , not shown , suspends the ball 90 at a convenient height for the operator to use . the rubber portion 95 of the ball 90 protects both the key pad 91 from damage and accidental button activation should the ball 90 swing free . depressing of the control button 92 labeled &# 34 ; e &# 34 ; causes the legs and boom to extend so that the leg and boom actuator motor allow their respective latches to extend and lock into position . the leg motor is recommended to be geared to extend the legs at a linear speed at approximately 1 ( one ) inch per second . optical sensors , such as honeywell ultra thin reflective sensors are utilized to confirm that the legs have extended and locked before the hoist can be operated . the reflective sensors each contain an optical infrared emitting diode and a detector mounted in side by side converging optical axis . the detector responds to the radiant power only when a reflector object passes within the field of view . similarly , the boom extends allowing the over - center hinge on the crutch to lock into position wherein the aforementioned optical sensor confirms the fully locked position by lighting of the led lights for the legs 96 , 98 and the boom 100 . during retraction the retraction button 94 is depressed wherein the legs and the boom return to their retracted position and the led lights 96 , 98 , and 100 illuminate to indicate the stored position . the back side of the control panel shown in fig6 causes the hoist to move in the upward position by depressing of directional positioning switches . depressing of an up switch 102 will operate the hoist motor for lifting of the hook . depressing of a down switch 104 will operate the hoist motor for lowering of the hook . movement of the boom to the left is accomplished by depressing the left switch 106 and movement of the hoist to the right is accomplished by depressing of the right switch 108 . lights are provided for indication of the leg 110 lock , boom 112 lock and wheel 114 lock . the hoist cable and pulleys should be rated for at least one - thousand pounds with a preferred linear cable speed of about 1 ( one ) inch per second . the hoist motor should be able to drive the cable reel via a worm gear thus the weight on the cable cannot cause the cable reel to rotate . it is to be understood that while i have illustrated and described certain forms of my invention , it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts herein describe and shown . it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown in the drawings and described in the specification .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
82ba2f312b3883e729f073d4956748c153a330c4a24713a0576874afc2cbc02f
| 0.013611 | 0.161133 | 0.067383 | 0.476563 | 0.046631 | 0.142578 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 is a block diagram of a first preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal according to the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 of fig1 can be a mobile station of a mobile communications system , for instance . the subscriber terminal comprises a user interface 2 including for instance a display , a keyboard , a microphone and a loudspeaker . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 , in other words , the service subscriber , can use the user interface to record a new message . the message can include text , speech , an image , a video clip or a multimedia message . images and video clips can be recorded for instance such that the subscriber terminal is connected to a video camera or to a computer terminal , and the message is transferred to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , a camera and / or other recording means are arranged in the subscriber terminal . a text message can be entered by using the keyboard of the subscriber terminal or a separate keyboard attached or connected to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , if the subscriber terminal has a speech control function which makes it possible to give voice commands to the subscriber terminal , it is possible for the user to speak the message into the microphone of the subscriber terminal , in which case the speech control function converts the speech into text . in the following description relating to all the drawings 1 to 3 , it is by way of example assumed that the message is a speech message , although any other message type is also possible according to the present invention . a speech message is recorded with the recorder 3 included in the subscriber terminal . the user of the subscriber terminal first selects a mode for recording speech messages by using the keyboard , and then he speaks the message b into the microphone of the subscriber terminal . the recorded message b is stored in the memory means m 2 together with a message parameter msg 2 identifying the message . in order to activate the message b , the user of the subscriber terminal 1 must first select the mode for connecting a message to a specific profile . in this case , it is assumed that the user wants to define that the message b with the message parameter msg 2 shall be used in connection with the profile \u2018 normal \u2019. this selection can be done with the keyboard , or for instance by voice commands if a speech control function is available . fig1 shows that there are , at that moment , three different profiles available for the subscriber terminal 1 . the parameters associated with these profiles are stored in the memory m 1 . the parameters associated with a profile define how the subscriber terminal functions when the profile in question is selected for use . if the user in the case of fig1 uses the keyboard of the user interface 2 to select for use the profile \u2018 normal \u2019, then the subscriber terminal enters a mode where the sound level 5 ( parameter sound 5 ) will be used for alerting of a terminating call . when the selection is done , the message parameter msg 2 is fed from the memory m 1 to the memory means m 2 in an activation message . thus the message b , with the message parameter msg 2 , will be activated in the memory means m 2 . if a calling subscriber terminal at that moment tries to make a call to the subscriber terminal 1 , and the user of the subscriber terminal 1 does not answer the call within a predefined time period , then the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 will transmit the active message b to the calling subscriber terminal . fig1 suggests that the messages and the parameters associated with the different profiles should be stored in different memories . this is naturally only one example of how to store this information . in practice it might be appropriate to store both the parameters associated with the profiles and the messages in the same memory . fig2 is a block diagram illustrating a first preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the system shown in fig2 uses a second preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal of the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 corresponds to the subscriber terminal 1 described in connection with fig1 , except that the memory means m 2 is not arranged in the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032, but instead into the network element 5 providing an answering service for the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032. thus the messages available for use are stored in the network element 5 . when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 selects a profile for use with the user interface 2 , the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 transmits an activation message act to the network element 5 . the activation message is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system , but for simplicity only the network element 5 is shown in fig2 . the activation message act transmitted by the subscriber terminal to the network element 5 includes a message parameter indicating the message which should be activated . for instance , when the user of the subscriber terminal has selected the profile \u2018 normal \u2019 for use , then the message parameter msg 2 is included in the activation message act . a control unit 6 of the network element 5 activates the message b when it receives the activation message with the message parameter msg 2 . thus the message b will be transmitted to a calling subscriber terminal for instance when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 does not answer his call . there might naturally also be other predetermined conditions defined for transmitting the activated message , such as when the subscriber terminal is turned off or when the subscriber terminal has another call going on . such conditions can be defined by the user with the message parameters which are transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element in the activation message , for instance . when the user wants to record a new message , such as a speech message , he speaks the message into the microphone of the user terminal as described in connection with fig1 . the subscriber terminal then transmits this new message , for instance message b , with associated message parameters , for instance msg 2 , to the network element 5 . the control unit of the network element stores this new message with the associated message parameter into the memory means 5 . in case a message already exists with the same message parameter msg 2 , then the previous message will be replaced by the new message . a new message might be transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element immediately when it has been recorded . alternatively , the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 can store this new message temporarily in the memory m 1 . the message is stored in the memory m 1 until the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 the next time activates a profile using this new message . at that moment , the new message with the associated message parameters is transmitted to the network element 5 in connection with the transmission of the activation message . the control unit 6 will detect the new message , store it in the memory means and activate the message . the network element 5 might be for instance an icas server ( intelligent call answering service ) which is arranged in connection with an mmsc ( multimedia message service center ) in a third - generation mobile communications system . in that case , the activation message and the messages used for storing new messages into the memory means m 2 might be for instance mms messages ( multimedia message service ) where the icas server has been defined as the receiver and an msisdn number ( mobile station isdn number ) or an ip - address has been defined as the sender of the message . a icas server makes it possible to transmit messages of practically any kind , such as text , sound , images or video . according to the present invention , it is sufficient to store the messages of a subscriber terminal only in the memory means m 2 of the network element as described previously . however , further advantages can be obtained in case the messages are also stored in the subscriber terminal . in that case , the user of the subscriber terminal can read , look or listen ( depending on the message type ) to the messages he has stored without a need to establish a contact to the network element . if the subscriber then decides to change one of the messages , this new message can at that moment be stored in the memory of the subscriber terminal only ( indicated by a dotted line in fig2 ), from where it can be transmitted to the network element at an appropriate moment , for instance when the user activates a profile using the new message . fig3 is a block diagram illustrating a second preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig3 corresponds in other aspects to the one in fig2 , but the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible for the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 to leave personal messages designated for predefined calling subscriber terminals . thus separate messages can be used for the user &# 39 ; s wife or boss , for instance . in fig3 , the message parameters stored in the memory m 1 \u2032 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 and the memory means m 2 \u2032 of the network element include identifiers id 1 , id 2 and id 3 which identify other subscribers ( or subscriber groups ). the subscriber or subscriber groups can be identified for instance based on the identifiers of the subscriber terminals used by these subscribers . for instance , the identifier id 1 might consist of the msisdn number or of the ip - address of a specific mobile station . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 might for instance have fed these identifiers into his subscriber terminal with the keyboard when he updated the parameters for the different profiles . fig3 shows that there are two simultaneously active messages in the network element 5 \u2033 due to the fact that the user has selected the profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 for use . when the previously mentioned mobile station attempts to call the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033, but the user of the subscriber terminal does not answer the call , the call is forwarded to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element receives the msisdn number of the calling mobile station . at that moment , the control unit 6 of the network element compares the received msisdn number with the identifiers id 1 and id 2 of the activated messages . the result of the comparison indicates a match for the message a ( msg 1 ). thus the control unit 6 will control the network element to transmit the message a to the calling mobile station . however , if the caller had been a subscriber terminal with an msisdn number corresponding to the identifier id 3 , then the transmitted message would instead have been the message b ( msg 2 ). as should be apparent from the previous description , the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible to personalize the messages such that the user of the subscriber terminal can in advance store different messages for different callers in one single profile . it is also possible according to the present invention to store one default message , which will be used in case the msisdn of the calling subscriber does not match any of the identifiers stored for the active messages . fig4 is a block diagram illustrating a third preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig4 is very similar to the one described in connection with fig3 . however , the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for a service subscriber to include data for a menu in a message stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. in fig4 it is assumed that the service subscriber has selected for use a profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 with his subscriber terminal . thus the messages a \u2032 and ( msg 1 ) and b ( msg 2 ) are active in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the message a \u2032 is assumed to include data needed for presenting a menu of available options to a calling subscriber . when a calling subscriber at that moment makes a call attempt to the service subscriber by using the subscriber terminal 7 , the call attempt is routed to the network element 5 \u2033. it is assumed that the identifier of the subscriber terminal 7 corresponds to the identifier id 1 stored with the message a \u2032 in the memory means . thus the control unit 6 \u2032 will control the network element 5 \u2033 to transmit the message a \u2032 to the subscriber terminal 7 : it should be observed that the message a \u2032 is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system to the subscriber terminal 7 , but for simplicity only the network element 5 \u2033 and the subscriber terminal 7 are shown in fig4 . the message a \u2032 includes data for presenting a menu of available options for the calling subscriber . thus subscriber terminal 7 will present the menu shown in fig4 on a display of the subscriber terminal 7 . the calling subscriber can then by making a selection from this menu , by using the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 , indicate to the telecommunications system how he would like to proceed with the call attempt . the subscriber terminal 7 transmits information inf indicating the selection made by the calling subscriber to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element identifies the selected option and serves the calling subscriber according to the selection information inf . the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for instance for the calling subscriber to be connected to the secretary of the service subscriber by selecting this option with the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 . in that case the network element will receive selection information inf indicating that the call should be forwarded to a predetermined number , in other words , to the telephone number of the secretary . the number can be included in the menu data included in the message a \u2032 which is stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the menu which is presented on the display of the subscriber terminal 7 can also offer the calling subscriber a possibility to select a connection type , such as one the following options : video , voice data and short message ( sms ). thus , if the calling subscriber for instance decides to leave a message , he can select the type of message he wants to leave , such as a video message . if the subscriber terminal 7 is a mobile station with wap ( wireless application protocol ) capabilities then the message including the menu with the available options can be sent to the subscriber terminal by utilizing the wta ( wireless telephony application ) and wap push functionalities before the call is connected . the wta and wap push functionalities are described in more detail for instance in the references : 1 ) ( wap - 165 ) \u201c wap push architectural overview version 8 , nov . 1999 \u201d, wireless application protocol forum ltd . 1999 , and 2 ) ( wap - 169 ) \u201c wap wta , version 8 , nov . 1999 , wireless application protocol wireless telephony application specification \u201d, wireless application protocol forum , ltd , 1999 . both of the above mentioned references are available over the internet from the address : http :// www . wapforum . org / what / technical . htm . it is to be understood that the above description and the accompanying figures are only intended to illustrate the present invention . it will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that the invention can be varied and modified in many ways without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention disclosed in the attached claims .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "fig1 is a block diagram of a first preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal according to the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 of fig1 can be a mobile station of a mobile communications system , for instance . the subscriber terminal comprises a user interface 2 including for instance a display , a keyboard , a microphone and a loudspeaker . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 , in other words , the service subscriber , can use the user interface to record a new message . the message can include text , speech , an image , a video clip or a multimedia message . images and video clips can be recorded for instance such that the subscriber terminal is connected to a video camera or to a computer terminal , and the message is transferred to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , a camera and / or other recording means are arranged in the subscriber terminal . a text message can be entered by using the keyboard of the subscriber terminal or a separate keyboard attached or connected to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , if the subscriber terminal has a speech control function which makes it possible to give voice commands to the subscriber terminal , it is possible for the user to speak the message into the microphone of the subscriber terminal , in which case the speech control function converts the speech into text . in the following description relating to all the drawings 1 to 3 , it is by way of example assumed that the message is a speech message , although any other message type is also possible according to the present invention . a speech message is recorded with the recorder 3 included in the subscriber terminal . the user of the subscriber terminal first selects a mode for recording speech messages by using the keyboard , and then he speaks the message b into the microphone of the subscriber terminal . the recorded message b is stored in the memory means m 2 together with a message parameter msg 2 identifying the message . in order to activate the message b , the user of the subscriber terminal 1 must first select the mode for connecting a message to a specific profile . in this case , it is assumed that the user wants to define that the message b with the message parameter msg 2 shall be used in connection with the profile \u2018 normal \u2019. this selection can be done with the keyboard , or for instance by voice commands if a speech control function is available . fig1 shows that there are , at that moment , three different profiles available for the subscriber terminal 1 . the parameters associated with these profiles are stored in the memory m 1 . the parameters associated with a profile define how the subscriber terminal functions when the profile in question is selected for use . if the user in the case of fig1 uses the keyboard of the user interface 2 to select for use the profile \u2018 normal \u2019, then the subscriber terminal enters a mode where the sound level 5 ( parameter sound 5 ) will be used for alerting of a terminating call . when the selection is done , the message parameter msg 2 is fed from the memory m 1 to the memory means m 2 in an activation message . thus the message b , with the message parameter msg 2 , will be activated in the memory means m 2 . if a calling subscriber terminal at that moment tries to make a call to the subscriber terminal 1 , and the user of the subscriber terminal 1 does not answer the call within a predefined time period , then the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 will transmit the active message b to the calling subscriber terminal . fig1 suggests that the messages and the parameters associated with the different profiles should be stored in different memories . this is naturally only one example of how to store this information . in practice it might be appropriate to store both the parameters associated with the profiles and the messages in the same memory . fig2 is a block diagram illustrating a first preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the system shown in fig2 uses a second preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal of the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 corresponds to the subscriber terminal 1 described in connection with fig1 , except that the memory means m 2 is not arranged in the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032, but instead into the network element 5 providing an answering service for the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032. thus the messages available for use are stored in the network element 5 . when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 selects a profile for use with the user interface 2 , the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 transmits an activation message act to the network element 5 . the activation message is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system , but for simplicity only the network element 5 is shown in fig2 . the activation message act transmitted by the subscriber terminal to the network element 5 includes a message parameter indicating the message which should be activated . for instance , when the user of the subscriber terminal has selected the profile \u2018 normal \u2019 for use , then the message parameter msg 2 is included in the activation message act . a control unit 6 of the network element 5 activates the message b when it receives the activation message with the message parameter msg 2 . thus the message b will be transmitted to a calling subscriber terminal for instance when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 does not answer his call . there might naturally also be other predetermined conditions defined for transmitting the activated message , such as when the subscriber terminal is turned off or when the subscriber terminal has another call going on . such conditions can be defined by the user with the message parameters which are transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element in the activation message , for instance . when the user wants to record a new message , such as a speech message , he speaks the message into the microphone of the user terminal as described in connection with fig1 . the subscriber terminal then transmits this new message , for instance message b , with associated message parameters , for instance msg 2 , to the network element 5 . the control unit of the network element stores this new message with the associated message parameter into the memory means 5 . in case a message already exists with the same message parameter msg 2 , then the previous message will be replaced by the new message . a new message might be transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element immediately when it has been recorded . alternatively , the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 can store this new message temporarily in the memory m 1 . the message is stored in the memory m 1 until the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 the next time activates a profile using this new message . at that moment , the new message with the associated message parameters is transmitted to the network element 5 in connection with the transmission of the activation message . the control unit 6 will detect the new message , store it in the memory means and activate the message . the network element 5 might be for instance an icas server ( intelligent call answering service ) which is arranged in connection with an mmsc ( multimedia message service center ) in a third - generation mobile communications system . in that case , the activation message and the messages used for storing new messages into the memory means m 2 might be for instance mms messages ( multimedia message service ) where the icas server has been defined as the receiver and an msisdn number ( mobile station isdn number ) or an ip - address has been defined as the sender of the message . a icas server makes it possible to transmit messages of practically any kind , such as text , sound , images or video . according to the present invention , it is sufficient to store the messages of a subscriber terminal only in the memory means m 2 of the network element as described previously . however , further advantages can be obtained in case the messages are also stored in the subscriber terminal . in that case , the user of the subscriber terminal can read , look or listen ( depending on the message type ) to the messages he has stored without a need to establish a contact to the network element . if the subscriber then decides to change one of the messages , this new message can at that moment be stored in the memory of the subscriber terminal only ( indicated by a dotted line in fig2 ), from where it can be transmitted to the network element at an appropriate moment , for instance when the user activates a profile using the new message . fig3 is a block diagram illustrating a second preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig3 corresponds in other aspects to the one in fig2 , but the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible for the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 to leave personal messages designated for predefined calling subscriber terminals . thus separate messages can be used for the user &# 39 ; s wife or boss , for instance . in fig3 , the message parameters stored in the memory m 1 \u2032 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 and the memory means m 2 \u2032 of the network element include identifiers id 1 , id 2 and id 3 which identify other subscribers ( or subscriber groups ). the subscriber or subscriber groups can be identified for instance based on the identifiers of the subscriber terminals used by these subscribers . for instance , the identifier id 1 might consist of the msisdn number or of the ip - address of a specific mobile station . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 might for instance have fed these identifiers into his subscriber terminal with the keyboard when he updated the parameters for the different profiles . fig3 shows that there are two simultaneously active messages in the network element 5 \u2033 due to the fact that the user has selected the profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 for use . when the previously mentioned mobile station attempts to call the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033, but the user of the subscriber terminal does not answer the call , the call is forwarded to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element receives the msisdn number of the calling mobile station . at that moment , the control unit 6 of the network element compares the received msisdn number with the identifiers id 1 and id 2 of the activated messages . the result of the comparison indicates a match for the message a ( msg 1 ). thus the control unit 6 will control the network element to transmit the message a to the calling mobile station . however , if the caller had been a subscriber terminal with an msisdn number corresponding to the identifier id 3 , then the transmitted message would instead have been the message b ( msg 2 ). as should be apparent from the previous description , the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible to personalize the messages such that the user of the subscriber terminal can in advance store different messages for different callers in one single profile . it is also possible according to the present invention to store one default message , which will be used in case the msisdn of the calling subscriber does not match any of the identifiers stored for the active messages . fig4 is a block diagram illustrating a third preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig4 is very similar to the one described in connection with fig3 . however , the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for a service subscriber to include data for a menu in a message stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. in fig4 it is assumed that the service subscriber has selected for use a profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 with his subscriber terminal . thus the messages a \u2032 and ( msg 1 ) and b ( msg 2 ) are active in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the message a \u2032 is assumed to include data needed for presenting a menu of available options to a calling subscriber . when a calling subscriber at that moment makes a call attempt to the service subscriber by using the subscriber terminal 7 , the call attempt is routed to the network element 5 \u2033. it is assumed that the identifier of the subscriber terminal 7 corresponds to the identifier id 1 stored with the message a \u2032 in the memory means . thus the control unit 6 \u2032 will control the network element 5 \u2033 to transmit the message a \u2032 to the subscriber terminal 7 : it should be observed that the message a \u2032 is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system to the subscriber terminal 7 , but for simplicity only the network element 5 \u2033 and the subscriber terminal 7 are shown in fig4 . the message a \u2032 includes data for presenting a menu of available options for the calling subscriber . thus subscriber terminal 7 will present the menu shown in fig4 on a display of the subscriber terminal 7 . the calling subscriber can then by making a selection from this menu , by using the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 , indicate to the telecommunications system how he would like to proceed with the call attempt . the subscriber terminal 7 transmits information inf indicating the selection made by the calling subscriber to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element identifies the selected option and serves the calling subscriber according to the selection information inf . the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for instance for the calling subscriber to be connected to the secretary of the service subscriber by selecting this option with the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 . in that case the network element will receive selection information inf indicating that the call should be forwarded to a predetermined number , in other words , to the telephone number of the secretary . the number can be included in the menu data included in the message a \u2032 which is stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the menu which is presented on the display of the subscriber terminal 7 can also offer the calling subscriber a possibility to select a connection type , such as one the following options : video , voice data and short message ( sms ). thus , if the calling subscriber for instance decides to leave a message , he can select the type of message he wants to leave , such as a video message . if the subscriber terminal 7 is a mobile station with wap ( wireless application protocol ) capabilities then the message including the menu with the available options can be sent to the subscriber terminal by utilizing the wta ( wireless telephony application ) and wap push functionalities before the call is connected . the wta and wap push functionalities are described in more detail for instance in the references : 1 ) ( wap - 165 ) \u201c wap push architectural overview version 8 , nov . 1999 \u201d, wireless application protocol forum ltd . 1999 , and 2 ) ( wap - 169 ) \u201c wap wta , version 8 , nov . 1999 , wireless application protocol wireless telephony application specification \u201d, wireless application protocol forum , ltd , 1999 . both of the above mentioned references are available over the internet from the address : http :// www . wapforum . org / what / technical . htm . it is to be understood that the above description and the accompanying figures are only intended to illustrate the present invention . it will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that the invention can be varied and modified in many ways without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention disclosed in the attached claims .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
5d6b5d55eb5641f30e4ac015e26ab992de2aa640c99f2220607a1073d9a1b14c
| 0.001984 | 0.000553 | 0.011353 | 0.005219 | 0.015869 | 0.011353 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 is a block diagram of a first preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal according to the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 of fig1 can be a mobile station of a mobile communications system , for instance . the subscriber terminal comprises a user interface 2 including for instance a display , a keyboard , a microphone and a loudspeaker . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 , in other words , the service subscriber , can use the user interface to record a new message . the message can include text , speech , an image , a video clip or a multimedia message . images and video clips can be recorded for instance such that the subscriber terminal is connected to a video camera or to a computer terminal , and the message is transferred to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , a camera and / or other recording means are arranged in the subscriber terminal . a text message can be entered by using the keyboard of the subscriber terminal or a separate keyboard attached or connected to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , if the subscriber terminal has a speech control function which makes it possible to give voice commands to the subscriber terminal , it is possible for the user to speak the message into the microphone of the subscriber terminal , in which case the speech control function converts the speech into text . in the following description relating to all the drawings 1 to 3 , it is by way of example assumed that the message is a speech message , although any other message type is also possible according to the present invention . a speech message is recorded with the recorder 3 included in the subscriber terminal . the user of the subscriber terminal first selects a mode for recording speech messages by using the keyboard , and then he speaks the message b into the microphone of the subscriber terminal . the recorded message b is stored in the memory means m 2 together with a message parameter msg 2 identifying the message . in order to activate the message b , the user of the subscriber terminal 1 must first select the mode for connecting a message to a specific profile . in this case , it is assumed that the user wants to define that the message b with the message parameter msg 2 shall be used in connection with the profile \u2018 normal \u2019. this selection can be done with the keyboard , or for instance by voice commands if a speech control function is available . fig1 shows that there are , at that moment , three different profiles available for the subscriber terminal 1 . the parameters associated with these profiles are stored in the memory m 1 . the parameters associated with a profile define how the subscriber terminal functions when the profile in question is selected for use . if the user in the case of fig1 uses the keyboard of the user interface 2 to select for use the profile \u2018 normal \u2019, then the subscriber terminal enters a mode where the sound level 5 ( parameter sound 5 ) will be used for alerting of a terminating call . when the selection is done , the message parameter msg 2 is fed from the memory m 1 to the memory means m 2 in an activation message . thus the message b , with the message parameter msg 2 , will be activated in the memory means m 2 . if a calling subscriber terminal at that moment tries to make a call to the subscriber terminal 1 , and the user of the subscriber terminal 1 does not answer the call within a predefined time period , then the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 will transmit the active message b to the calling subscriber terminal . fig1 suggests that the messages and the parameters associated with the different profiles should be stored in different memories . this is naturally only one example of how to store this information . in practice it might be appropriate to store both the parameters associated with the profiles and the messages in the same memory . fig2 is a block diagram illustrating a first preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the system shown in fig2 uses a second preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal of the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 corresponds to the subscriber terminal 1 described in connection with fig1 , except that the memory means m 2 is not arranged in the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032, but instead into the network element 5 providing an answering service for the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032. thus the messages available for use are stored in the network element 5 . when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 selects a profile for use with the user interface 2 , the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 transmits an activation message act to the network element 5 . the activation message is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system , but for simplicity only the network element 5 is shown in fig2 . the activation message act transmitted by the subscriber terminal to the network element 5 includes a message parameter indicating the message which should be activated . for instance , when the user of the subscriber terminal has selected the profile \u2018 normal \u2019 for use , then the message parameter msg 2 is included in the activation message act . a control unit 6 of the network element 5 activates the message b when it receives the activation message with the message parameter msg 2 . thus the message b will be transmitted to a calling subscriber terminal for instance when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 does not answer his call . there might naturally also be other predetermined conditions defined for transmitting the activated message , such as when the subscriber terminal is turned off or when the subscriber terminal has another call going on . such conditions can be defined by the user with the message parameters which are transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element in the activation message , for instance . when the user wants to record a new message , such as a speech message , he speaks the message into the microphone of the user terminal as described in connection with fig1 . the subscriber terminal then transmits this new message , for instance message b , with associated message parameters , for instance msg 2 , to the network element 5 . the control unit of the network element stores this new message with the associated message parameter into the memory means 5 . in case a message already exists with the same message parameter msg 2 , then the previous message will be replaced by the new message . a new message might be transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element immediately when it has been recorded . alternatively , the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 can store this new message temporarily in the memory m 1 . the message is stored in the memory m 1 until the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 the next time activates a profile using this new message . at that moment , the new message with the associated message parameters is transmitted to the network element 5 in connection with the transmission of the activation message . the control unit 6 will detect the new message , store it in the memory means and activate the message . the network element 5 might be for instance an icas server ( intelligent call answering service ) which is arranged in connection with an mmsc ( multimedia message service center ) in a third - generation mobile communications system . in that case , the activation message and the messages used for storing new messages into the memory means m 2 might be for instance mms messages ( multimedia message service ) where the icas server has been defined as the receiver and an msisdn number ( mobile station isdn number ) or an ip - address has been defined as the sender of the message . a icas server makes it possible to transmit messages of practically any kind , such as text , sound , images or video . according to the present invention , it is sufficient to store the messages of a subscriber terminal only in the memory means m 2 of the network element as described previously . however , further advantages can be obtained in case the messages are also stored in the subscriber terminal . in that case , the user of the subscriber terminal can read , look or listen ( depending on the message type ) to the messages he has stored without a need to establish a contact to the network element . if the subscriber then decides to change one of the messages , this new message can at that moment be stored in the memory of the subscriber terminal only ( indicated by a dotted line in fig2 ), from where it can be transmitted to the network element at an appropriate moment , for instance when the user activates a profile using the new message . fig3 is a block diagram illustrating a second preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig3 corresponds in other aspects to the one in fig2 , but the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible for the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 to leave personal messages designated for predefined calling subscriber terminals . thus separate messages can be used for the user &# 39 ; s wife or boss , for instance . in fig3 , the message parameters stored in the memory m 1 \u2032 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 and the memory means m 2 \u2032 of the network element include identifiers id 1 , id 2 and id 3 which identify other subscribers ( or subscriber groups ). the subscriber or subscriber groups can be identified for instance based on the identifiers of the subscriber terminals used by these subscribers . for instance , the identifier id 1 might consist of the msisdn number or of the ip - address of a specific mobile station . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 might for instance have fed these identifiers into his subscriber terminal with the keyboard when he updated the parameters for the different profiles . fig3 shows that there are two simultaneously active messages in the network element 5 \u2033 due to the fact that the user has selected the profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 for use . when the previously mentioned mobile station attempts to call the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033, but the user of the subscriber terminal does not answer the call , the call is forwarded to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element receives the msisdn number of the calling mobile station . at that moment , the control unit 6 of the network element compares the received msisdn number with the identifiers id 1 and id 2 of the activated messages . the result of the comparison indicates a match for the message a ( msg 1 ). thus the control unit 6 will control the network element to transmit the message a to the calling mobile station . however , if the caller had been a subscriber terminal with an msisdn number corresponding to the identifier id 3 , then the transmitted message would instead have been the message b ( msg 2 ). as should be apparent from the previous description , the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible to personalize the messages such that the user of the subscriber terminal can in advance store different messages for different callers in one single profile . it is also possible according to the present invention to store one default message , which will be used in case the msisdn of the calling subscriber does not match any of the identifiers stored for the active messages . fig4 is a block diagram illustrating a third preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig4 is very similar to the one described in connection with fig3 . however , the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for a service subscriber to include data for a menu in a message stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. in fig4 it is assumed that the service subscriber has selected for use a profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 with his subscriber terminal . thus the messages a \u2032 and ( msg 1 ) and b ( msg 2 ) are active in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the message a \u2032 is assumed to include data needed for presenting a menu of available options to a calling subscriber . when a calling subscriber at that moment makes a call attempt to the service subscriber by using the subscriber terminal 7 , the call attempt is routed to the network element 5 \u2033. it is assumed that the identifier of the subscriber terminal 7 corresponds to the identifier id 1 stored with the message a \u2032 in the memory means . thus the control unit 6 \u2032 will control the network element 5 \u2033 to transmit the message a \u2032 to the subscriber terminal 7 : it should be observed that the message a \u2032 is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system to the subscriber terminal 7 , but for simplicity only the network element 5 \u2033 and the subscriber terminal 7 are shown in fig4 . the message a \u2032 includes data for presenting a menu of available options for the calling subscriber . thus subscriber terminal 7 will present the menu shown in fig4 on a display of the subscriber terminal 7 . the calling subscriber can then by making a selection from this menu , by using the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 , indicate to the telecommunications system how he would like to proceed with the call attempt . the subscriber terminal 7 transmits information inf indicating the selection made by the calling subscriber to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element identifies the selected option and serves the calling subscriber according to the selection information inf . the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for instance for the calling subscriber to be connected to the secretary of the service subscriber by selecting this option with the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 . in that case the network element will receive selection information inf indicating that the call should be forwarded to a predetermined number , in other words , to the telephone number of the secretary . the number can be included in the menu data included in the message a \u2032 which is stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the menu which is presented on the display of the subscriber terminal 7 can also offer the calling subscriber a possibility to select a connection type , such as one the following options : video , voice data and short message ( sms ). thus , if the calling subscriber for instance decides to leave a message , he can select the type of message he wants to leave , such as a video message . if the subscriber terminal 7 is a mobile station with wap ( wireless application protocol ) capabilities then the message including the menu with the available options can be sent to the subscriber terminal by utilizing the wta ( wireless telephony application ) and wap push functionalities before the call is connected . the wta and wap push functionalities are described in more detail for instance in the references : 1 ) ( wap - 165 ) \u201c wap push architectural overview version 8 , nov . 1999 \u201d, wireless application protocol forum ltd . 1999 , and 2 ) ( wap - 169 ) \u201c wap wta , version 8 , nov . 1999 , wireless application protocol wireless telephony application specification \u201d, wireless application protocol forum , ltd , 1999 . both of the above mentioned references are available over the internet from the address : http :// www . wapforum . org / what / technical . htm . it is to be understood that the above description and the accompanying figures are only intended to illustrate the present invention . it will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that the invention can be varied and modified in many ways without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention disclosed in the attached claims .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "fig1 is a block diagram of a first preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal according to the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 of fig1 can be a mobile station of a mobile communications system , for instance . the subscriber terminal comprises a user interface 2 including for instance a display , a keyboard , a microphone and a loudspeaker . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 , in other words , the service subscriber , can use the user interface to record a new message . the message can include text , speech , an image , a video clip or a multimedia message . images and video clips can be recorded for instance such that the subscriber terminal is connected to a video camera or to a computer terminal , and the message is transferred to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , a camera and / or other recording means are arranged in the subscriber terminal . a text message can be entered by using the keyboard of the subscriber terminal or a separate keyboard attached or connected to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , if the subscriber terminal has a speech control function which makes it possible to give voice commands to the subscriber terminal , it is possible for the user to speak the message into the microphone of the subscriber terminal , in which case the speech control function converts the speech into text . in the following description relating to all the drawings 1 to 3 , it is by way of example assumed that the message is a speech message , although any other message type is also possible according to the present invention . a speech message is recorded with the recorder 3 included in the subscriber terminal . the user of the subscriber terminal first selects a mode for recording speech messages by using the keyboard , and then he speaks the message b into the microphone of the subscriber terminal . the recorded message b is stored in the memory means m 2 together with a message parameter msg 2 identifying the message . in order to activate the message b , the user of the subscriber terminal 1 must first select the mode for connecting a message to a specific profile . in this case , it is assumed that the user wants to define that the message b with the message parameter msg 2 shall be used in connection with the profile \u2018 normal \u2019. this selection can be done with the keyboard , or for instance by voice commands if a speech control function is available . fig1 shows that there are , at that moment , three different profiles available for the subscriber terminal 1 . the parameters associated with these profiles are stored in the memory m 1 . the parameters associated with a profile define how the subscriber terminal functions when the profile in question is selected for use . if the user in the case of fig1 uses the keyboard of the user interface 2 to select for use the profile \u2018 normal \u2019, then the subscriber terminal enters a mode where the sound level 5 ( parameter sound 5 ) will be used for alerting of a terminating call . when the selection is done , the message parameter msg 2 is fed from the memory m 1 to the memory means m 2 in an activation message . thus the message b , with the message parameter msg 2 , will be activated in the memory means m 2 . if a calling subscriber terminal at that moment tries to make a call to the subscriber terminal 1 , and the user of the subscriber terminal 1 does not answer the call within a predefined time period , then the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 will transmit the active message b to the calling subscriber terminal . fig1 suggests that the messages and the parameters associated with the different profiles should be stored in different memories . this is naturally only one example of how to store this information . in practice it might be appropriate to store both the parameters associated with the profiles and the messages in the same memory . fig2 is a block diagram illustrating a first preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the system shown in fig2 uses a second preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal of the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 corresponds to the subscriber terminal 1 described in connection with fig1 , except that the memory means m 2 is not arranged in the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032, but instead into the network element 5 providing an answering service for the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032. thus the messages available for use are stored in the network element 5 . when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 selects a profile for use with the user interface 2 , the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 transmits an activation message act to the network element 5 . the activation message is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system , but for simplicity only the network element 5 is shown in fig2 . the activation message act transmitted by the subscriber terminal to the network element 5 includes a message parameter indicating the message which should be activated . for instance , when the user of the subscriber terminal has selected the profile \u2018 normal \u2019 for use , then the message parameter msg 2 is included in the activation message act . a control unit 6 of the network element 5 activates the message b when it receives the activation message with the message parameter msg 2 . thus the message b will be transmitted to a calling subscriber terminal for instance when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 does not answer his call . there might naturally also be other predetermined conditions defined for transmitting the activated message , such as when the subscriber terminal is turned off or when the subscriber terminal has another call going on . such conditions can be defined by the user with the message parameters which are transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element in the activation message , for instance . when the user wants to record a new message , such as a speech message , he speaks the message into the microphone of the user terminal as described in connection with fig1 . the subscriber terminal then transmits this new message , for instance message b , with associated message parameters , for instance msg 2 , to the network element 5 . the control unit of the network element stores this new message with the associated message parameter into the memory means 5 . in case a message already exists with the same message parameter msg 2 , then the previous message will be replaced by the new message . a new message might be transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element immediately when it has been recorded . alternatively , the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 can store this new message temporarily in the memory m 1 . the message is stored in the memory m 1 until the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 the next time activates a profile using this new message . at that moment , the new message with the associated message parameters is transmitted to the network element 5 in connection with the transmission of the activation message . the control unit 6 will detect the new message , store it in the memory means and activate the message . the network element 5 might be for instance an icas server ( intelligent call answering service ) which is arranged in connection with an mmsc ( multimedia message service center ) in a third - generation mobile communications system . in that case , the activation message and the messages used for storing new messages into the memory means m 2 might be for instance mms messages ( multimedia message service ) where the icas server has been defined as the receiver and an msisdn number ( mobile station isdn number ) or an ip - address has been defined as the sender of the message . a icas server makes it possible to transmit messages of practically any kind , such as text , sound , images or video . according to the present invention , it is sufficient to store the messages of a subscriber terminal only in the memory means m 2 of the network element as described previously . however , further advantages can be obtained in case the messages are also stored in the subscriber terminal . in that case , the user of the subscriber terminal can read , look or listen ( depending on the message type ) to the messages he has stored without a need to establish a contact to the network element . if the subscriber then decides to change one of the messages , this new message can at that moment be stored in the memory of the subscriber terminal only ( indicated by a dotted line in fig2 ), from where it can be transmitted to the network element at an appropriate moment , for instance when the user activates a profile using the new message . fig3 is a block diagram illustrating a second preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig3 corresponds in other aspects to the one in fig2 , but the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible for the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 to leave personal messages designated for predefined calling subscriber terminals . thus separate messages can be used for the user &# 39 ; s wife or boss , for instance . in fig3 , the message parameters stored in the memory m 1 \u2032 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 and the memory means m 2 \u2032 of the network element include identifiers id 1 , id 2 and id 3 which identify other subscribers ( or subscriber groups ). the subscriber or subscriber groups can be identified for instance based on the identifiers of the subscriber terminals used by these subscribers . for instance , the identifier id 1 might consist of the msisdn number or of the ip - address of a specific mobile station . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 might for instance have fed these identifiers into his subscriber terminal with the keyboard when he updated the parameters for the different profiles . fig3 shows that there are two simultaneously active messages in the network element 5 \u2033 due to the fact that the user has selected the profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 for use . when the previously mentioned mobile station attempts to call the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033, but the user of the subscriber terminal does not answer the call , the call is forwarded to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element receives the msisdn number of the calling mobile station . at that moment , the control unit 6 of the network element compares the received msisdn number with the identifiers id 1 and id 2 of the activated messages . the result of the comparison indicates a match for the message a ( msg 1 ). thus the control unit 6 will control the network element to transmit the message a to the calling mobile station . however , if the caller had been a subscriber terminal with an msisdn number corresponding to the identifier id 3 , then the transmitted message would instead have been the message b ( msg 2 ). as should be apparent from the previous description , the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible to personalize the messages such that the user of the subscriber terminal can in advance store different messages for different callers in one single profile . it is also possible according to the present invention to store one default message , which will be used in case the msisdn of the calling subscriber does not match any of the identifiers stored for the active messages . fig4 is a block diagram illustrating a third preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig4 is very similar to the one described in connection with fig3 . however , the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for a service subscriber to include data for a menu in a message stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. in fig4 it is assumed that the service subscriber has selected for use a profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 with his subscriber terminal . thus the messages a \u2032 and ( msg 1 ) and b ( msg 2 ) are active in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the message a \u2032 is assumed to include data needed for presenting a menu of available options to a calling subscriber . when a calling subscriber at that moment makes a call attempt to the service subscriber by using the subscriber terminal 7 , the call attempt is routed to the network element 5 \u2033. it is assumed that the identifier of the subscriber terminal 7 corresponds to the identifier id 1 stored with the message a \u2032 in the memory means . thus the control unit 6 \u2032 will control the network element 5 \u2033 to transmit the message a \u2032 to the subscriber terminal 7 : it should be observed that the message a \u2032 is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system to the subscriber terminal 7 , but for simplicity only the network element 5 \u2033 and the subscriber terminal 7 are shown in fig4 . the message a \u2032 includes data for presenting a menu of available options for the calling subscriber . thus subscriber terminal 7 will present the menu shown in fig4 on a display of the subscriber terminal 7 . the calling subscriber can then by making a selection from this menu , by using the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 , indicate to the telecommunications system how he would like to proceed with the call attempt . the subscriber terminal 7 transmits information inf indicating the selection made by the calling subscriber to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element identifies the selected option and serves the calling subscriber according to the selection information inf . the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for instance for the calling subscriber to be connected to the secretary of the service subscriber by selecting this option with the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 . in that case the network element will receive selection information inf indicating that the call should be forwarded to a predetermined number , in other words , to the telephone number of the secretary . the number can be included in the menu data included in the message a \u2032 which is stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the menu which is presented on the display of the subscriber terminal 7 can also offer the calling subscriber a possibility to select a connection type , such as one the following options : video , voice data and short message ( sms ). thus , if the calling subscriber for instance decides to leave a message , he can select the type of message he wants to leave , such as a video message . if the subscriber terminal 7 is a mobile station with wap ( wireless application protocol ) capabilities then the message including the menu with the available options can be sent to the subscriber terminal by utilizing the wta ( wireless telephony application ) and wap push functionalities before the call is connected . the wta and wap push functionalities are described in more detail for instance in the references : 1 ) ( wap - 165 ) \u201c wap push architectural overview version 8 , nov . 1999 \u201d, wireless application protocol forum ltd . 1999 , and 2 ) ( wap - 169 ) \u201c wap wta , version 8 , nov . 1999 , wireless application protocol wireless telephony application specification \u201d, wireless application protocol forum , ltd , 1999 . both of the above mentioned references are available over the internet from the address : http :// www . wapforum . org / what / technical . htm . it is to be understood that the above description and the accompanying figures are only intended to illustrate the present invention . it will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that the invention can be varied and modified in many ways without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention disclosed in the attached claims ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
5d6b5d55eb5641f30e4ac015e26ab992de2aa640c99f2220607a1073d9a1b14c
| 0.003479 | 0.02478 | 0.021973 | 0.038574 | 0.080566 | 0.241211 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig1 is a block diagram of a first preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal according to the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 of fig1 can be a mobile station of a mobile communications system , for instance . the subscriber terminal comprises a user interface 2 including for instance a display , a keyboard , a microphone and a loudspeaker . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 , in other words , the service subscriber , can use the user interface to record a new message . the message can include text , speech , an image , a video clip or a multimedia message . images and video clips can be recorded for instance such that the subscriber terminal is connected to a video camera or to a computer terminal , and the message is transferred to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , a camera and / or other recording means are arranged in the subscriber terminal . a text message can be entered by using the keyboard of the subscriber terminal or a separate keyboard attached or connected to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , if the subscriber terminal has a speech control function which makes it possible to give voice commands to the subscriber terminal , it is possible for the user to speak the message into the microphone of the subscriber terminal , in which case the speech control function converts the speech into text . in the following description relating to all the drawings 1 to 3 , it is by way of example assumed that the message is a speech message , although any other message type is also possible according to the present invention . a speech message is recorded with the recorder 3 included in the subscriber terminal . the user of the subscriber terminal first selects a mode for recording speech messages by using the keyboard , and then he speaks the message b into the microphone of the subscriber terminal . the recorded message b is stored in the memory means m 2 together with a message parameter msg 2 identifying the message . in order to activate the message b , the user of the subscriber terminal 1 must first select the mode for connecting a message to a specific profile . in this case , it is assumed that the user wants to define that the message b with the message parameter msg 2 shall be used in connection with the profile \u2018 normal \u2019. this selection can be done with the keyboard , or for instance by voice commands if a speech control function is available . fig1 shows that there are , at that moment , three different profiles available for the subscriber terminal 1 . the parameters associated with these profiles are stored in the memory m 1 . the parameters associated with a profile define how the subscriber terminal functions when the profile in question is selected for use . if the user in the case of fig1 uses the keyboard of the user interface 2 to select for use the profile \u2018 normal \u2019, then the subscriber terminal enters a mode where the sound level 5 ( parameter sound 5 ) will be used for alerting of a terminating call . when the selection is done , the message parameter msg 2 is fed from the memory m 1 to the memory means m 2 in an activation message . thus the message b , with the message parameter msg 2 , will be activated in the memory means m 2 . if a calling subscriber terminal at that moment tries to make a call to the subscriber terminal 1 , and the user of the subscriber terminal 1 does not answer the call within a predefined time period , then the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 will transmit the active message b to the calling subscriber terminal . fig1 suggests that the messages and the parameters associated with the different profiles should be stored in different memories . this is naturally only one example of how to store this information . in practice it might be appropriate to store both the parameters associated with the profiles and the messages in the same memory . fig2 is a block diagram illustrating a first preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the system shown in fig2 uses a second preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal of the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 corresponds to the subscriber terminal 1 described in connection with fig1 , except that the memory means m 2 is not arranged in the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032, but instead into the network element 5 providing an answering service for the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032. thus the messages available for use are stored in the network element 5 . when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 selects a profile for use with the user interface 2 , the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 transmits an activation message act to the network element 5 . the activation message is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system , but for simplicity only the network element 5 is shown in fig2 . the activation message act transmitted by the subscriber terminal to the network element 5 includes a message parameter indicating the message which should be activated . for instance , when the user of the subscriber terminal has selected the profile \u2018 normal \u2019 for use , then the message parameter msg 2 is included in the activation message act . a control unit 6 of the network element 5 activates the message b when it receives the activation message with the message parameter msg 2 . thus the message b will be transmitted to a calling subscriber terminal for instance when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 does not answer his call . there might naturally also be other predetermined conditions defined for transmitting the activated message , such as when the subscriber terminal is turned off or when the subscriber terminal has another call going on . such conditions can be defined by the user with the message parameters which are transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element in the activation message , for instance . when the user wants to record a new message , such as a speech message , he speaks the message into the microphone of the user terminal as described in connection with fig1 . the subscriber terminal then transmits this new message , for instance message b , with associated message parameters , for instance msg 2 , to the network element 5 . the control unit of the network element stores this new message with the associated message parameter into the memory means 5 . in case a message already exists with the same message parameter msg 2 , then the previous message will be replaced by the new message . a new message might be transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element immediately when it has been recorded . alternatively , the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 can store this new message temporarily in the memory m 1 . the message is stored in the memory m 1 until the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 the next time activates a profile using this new message . at that moment , the new message with the associated message parameters is transmitted to the network element 5 in connection with the transmission of the activation message . the control unit 6 will detect the new message , store it in the memory means and activate the message . the network element 5 might be for instance an icas server ( intelligent call answering service ) which is arranged in connection with an mmsc ( multimedia message service center ) in a third - generation mobile communications system . in that case , the activation message and the messages used for storing new messages into the memory means m 2 might be for instance mms messages ( multimedia message service ) where the icas server has been defined as the receiver and an msisdn number ( mobile station isdn number ) or an ip - address has been defined as the sender of the message . a icas server makes it possible to transmit messages of practically any kind , such as text , sound , images or video . according to the present invention , it is sufficient to store the messages of a subscriber terminal only in the memory means m 2 of the network element as described previously . however , further advantages can be obtained in case the messages are also stored in the subscriber terminal . in that case , the user of the subscriber terminal can read , look or listen ( depending on the message type ) to the messages he has stored without a need to establish a contact to the network element . if the subscriber then decides to change one of the messages , this new message can at that moment be stored in the memory of the subscriber terminal only ( indicated by a dotted line in fig2 ), from where it can be transmitted to the network element at an appropriate moment , for instance when the user activates a profile using the new message . fig3 is a block diagram illustrating a second preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig3 corresponds in other aspects to the one in fig2 , but the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible for the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 to leave personal messages designated for predefined calling subscriber terminals . thus separate messages can be used for the user &# 39 ; s wife or boss , for instance . in fig3 , the message parameters stored in the memory m 1 \u2032 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 and the memory means m 2 \u2032 of the network element include identifiers id 1 , id 2 and id 3 which identify other subscribers ( or subscriber groups ). the subscriber or subscriber groups can be identified for instance based on the identifiers of the subscriber terminals used by these subscribers . for instance , the identifier id 1 might consist of the msisdn number or of the ip - address of a specific mobile station . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 might for instance have fed these identifiers into his subscriber terminal with the keyboard when he updated the parameters for the different profiles . fig3 shows that there are two simultaneously active messages in the network element 5 \u2033 due to the fact that the user has selected the profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 for use . when the previously mentioned mobile station attempts to call the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033, but the user of the subscriber terminal does not answer the call , the call is forwarded to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element receives the msisdn number of the calling mobile station . at that moment , the control unit 6 of the network element compares the received msisdn number with the identifiers id 1 and id 2 of the activated messages . the result of the comparison indicates a match for the message a ( msg 1 ). thus the control unit 6 will control the network element to transmit the message a to the calling mobile station . however , if the caller had been a subscriber terminal with an msisdn number corresponding to the identifier id 3 , then the transmitted message would instead have been the message b ( msg 2 ). as should be apparent from the previous description , the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible to personalize the messages such that the user of the subscriber terminal can in advance store different messages for different callers in one single profile . it is also possible according to the present invention to store one default message , which will be used in case the msisdn of the calling subscriber does not match any of the identifiers stored for the active messages . fig4 is a block diagram illustrating a third preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig4 is very similar to the one described in connection with fig3 . however , the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for a service subscriber to include data for a menu in a message stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. in fig4 it is assumed that the service subscriber has selected for use a profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 with his subscriber terminal . thus the messages a \u2032 and ( msg 1 ) and b ( msg 2 ) are active in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the message a \u2032 is assumed to include data needed for presenting a menu of available options to a calling subscriber . when a calling subscriber at that moment makes a call attempt to the service subscriber by using the subscriber terminal 7 , the call attempt is routed to the network element 5 \u2033. it is assumed that the identifier of the subscriber terminal 7 corresponds to the identifier id 1 stored with the message a \u2032 in the memory means . thus the control unit 6 \u2032 will control the network element 5 \u2033 to transmit the message a \u2032 to the subscriber terminal 7 : it should be observed that the message a \u2032 is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system to the subscriber terminal 7 , but for simplicity only the network element 5 \u2033 and the subscriber terminal 7 are shown in fig4 . the message a \u2032 includes data for presenting a menu of available options for the calling subscriber . thus subscriber terminal 7 will present the menu shown in fig4 on a display of the subscriber terminal 7 . the calling subscriber can then by making a selection from this menu , by using the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 , indicate to the telecommunications system how he would like to proceed with the call attempt . the subscriber terminal 7 transmits information inf indicating the selection made by the calling subscriber to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element identifies the selected option and serves the calling subscriber according to the selection information inf . the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for instance for the calling subscriber to be connected to the secretary of the service subscriber by selecting this option with the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 . in that case the network element will receive selection information inf indicating that the call should be forwarded to a predetermined number , in other words , to the telephone number of the secretary . the number can be included in the menu data included in the message a \u2032 which is stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the menu which is presented on the display of the subscriber terminal 7 can also offer the calling subscriber a possibility to select a connection type , such as one the following options : video , voice data and short message ( sms ). thus , if the calling subscriber for instance decides to leave a message , he can select the type of message he wants to leave , such as a video message . if the subscriber terminal 7 is a mobile station with wap ( wireless application protocol ) capabilities then the message including the menu with the available options can be sent to the subscriber terminal by utilizing the wta ( wireless telephony application ) and wap push functionalities before the call is connected . the wta and wap push functionalities are described in more detail for instance in the references : 1 ) ( wap - 165 ) \u201c wap push architectural overview version 8 , nov . 1999 \u201d, wireless application protocol forum ltd . 1999 , and 2 ) ( wap - 169 ) \u201c wap wta , version 8 , nov . 1999 , wireless application protocol wireless telephony application specification \u201d, wireless application protocol forum , ltd , 1999 . both of the above mentioned references are available over the internet from the address : http :// www . wapforum . org / what / technical . htm . it is to be understood that the above description and the accompanying figures are only intended to illustrate the present invention . it will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that the invention can be varied and modified in many ways without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention disclosed in the attached claims ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 is a block diagram of a first preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal according to the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 of fig1 can be a mobile station of a mobile communications system , for instance . the subscriber terminal comprises a user interface 2 including for instance a display , a keyboard , a microphone and a loudspeaker . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 , in other words , the service subscriber , can use the user interface to record a new message . the message can include text , speech , an image , a video clip or a multimedia message . images and video clips can be recorded for instance such that the subscriber terminal is connected to a video camera or to a computer terminal , and the message is transferred to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , a camera and / or other recording means are arranged in the subscriber terminal . a text message can be entered by using the keyboard of the subscriber terminal or a separate keyboard attached or connected to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , if the subscriber terminal has a speech control function which makes it possible to give voice commands to the subscriber terminal , it is possible for the user to speak the message into the microphone of the subscriber terminal , in which case the speech control function converts the speech into text . in the following description relating to all the drawings 1 to 3 , it is by way of example assumed that the message is a speech message , although any other message type is also possible according to the present invention . a speech message is recorded with the recorder 3 included in the subscriber terminal . the user of the subscriber terminal first selects a mode for recording speech messages by using the keyboard , and then he speaks the message b into the microphone of the subscriber terminal . the recorded message b is stored in the memory means m 2 together with a message parameter msg 2 identifying the message . in order to activate the message b , the user of the subscriber terminal 1 must first select the mode for connecting a message to a specific profile . in this case , it is assumed that the user wants to define that the message b with the message parameter msg 2 shall be used in connection with the profile \u2018 normal \u2019. this selection can be done with the keyboard , or for instance by voice commands if a speech control function is available . fig1 shows that there are , at that moment , three different profiles available for the subscriber terminal 1 . the parameters associated with these profiles are stored in the memory m 1 . the parameters associated with a profile define how the subscriber terminal functions when the profile in question is selected for use . if the user in the case of fig1 uses the keyboard of the user interface 2 to select for use the profile \u2018 normal \u2019, then the subscriber terminal enters a mode where the sound level 5 ( parameter sound 5 ) will be used for alerting of a terminating call . when the selection is done , the message parameter msg 2 is fed from the memory m 1 to the memory means m 2 in an activation message . thus the message b , with the message parameter msg 2 , will be activated in the memory means m 2 . if a calling subscriber terminal at that moment tries to make a call to the subscriber terminal 1 , and the user of the subscriber terminal 1 does not answer the call within a predefined time period , then the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 will transmit the active message b to the calling subscriber terminal . fig1 suggests that the messages and the parameters associated with the different profiles should be stored in different memories . this is naturally only one example of how to store this information . in practice it might be appropriate to store both the parameters associated with the profiles and the messages in the same memory . fig2 is a block diagram illustrating a first preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the system shown in fig2 uses a second preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal of the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 corresponds to the subscriber terminal 1 described in connection with fig1 , except that the memory means m 2 is not arranged in the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032, but instead into the network element 5 providing an answering service for the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032. thus the messages available for use are stored in the network element 5 . when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 selects a profile for use with the user interface 2 , the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 transmits an activation message act to the network element 5 . the activation message is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system , but for simplicity only the network element 5 is shown in fig2 . the activation message act transmitted by the subscriber terminal to the network element 5 includes a message parameter indicating the message which should be activated . for instance , when the user of the subscriber terminal has selected the profile \u2018 normal \u2019 for use , then the message parameter msg 2 is included in the activation message act . a control unit 6 of the network element 5 activates the message b when it receives the activation message with the message parameter msg 2 . thus the message b will be transmitted to a calling subscriber terminal for instance when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 does not answer his call . there might naturally also be other predetermined conditions defined for transmitting the activated message , such as when the subscriber terminal is turned off or when the subscriber terminal has another call going on . such conditions can be defined by the user with the message parameters which are transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element in the activation message , for instance . when the user wants to record a new message , such as a speech message , he speaks the message into the microphone of the user terminal as described in connection with fig1 . the subscriber terminal then transmits this new message , for instance message b , with associated message parameters , for instance msg 2 , to the network element 5 . the control unit of the network element stores this new message with the associated message parameter into the memory means 5 . in case a message already exists with the same message parameter msg 2 , then the previous message will be replaced by the new message . a new message might be transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element immediately when it has been recorded . alternatively , the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 can store this new message temporarily in the memory m 1 . the message is stored in the memory m 1 until the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 the next time activates a profile using this new message . at that moment , the new message with the associated message parameters is transmitted to the network element 5 in connection with the transmission of the activation message . the control unit 6 will detect the new message , store it in the memory means and activate the message . the network element 5 might be for instance an icas server ( intelligent call answering service ) which is arranged in connection with an mmsc ( multimedia message service center ) in a third - generation mobile communications system . in that case , the activation message and the messages used for storing new messages into the memory means m 2 might be for instance mms messages ( multimedia message service ) where the icas server has been defined as the receiver and an msisdn number ( mobile station isdn number ) or an ip - address has been defined as the sender of the message . a icas server makes it possible to transmit messages of practically any kind , such as text , sound , images or video . according to the present invention , it is sufficient to store the messages of a subscriber terminal only in the memory means m 2 of the network element as described previously . however , further advantages can be obtained in case the messages are also stored in the subscriber terminal . in that case , the user of the subscriber terminal can read , look or listen ( depending on the message type ) to the messages he has stored without a need to establish a contact to the network element . if the subscriber then decides to change one of the messages , this new message can at that moment be stored in the memory of the subscriber terminal only ( indicated by a dotted line in fig2 ), from where it can be transmitted to the network element at an appropriate moment , for instance when the user activates a profile using the new message . fig3 is a block diagram illustrating a second preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig3 corresponds in other aspects to the one in fig2 , but the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible for the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 to leave personal messages designated for predefined calling subscriber terminals . thus separate messages can be used for the user &# 39 ; s wife or boss , for instance . in fig3 , the message parameters stored in the memory m 1 \u2032 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 and the memory means m 2 \u2032 of the network element include identifiers id 1 , id 2 and id 3 which identify other subscribers ( or subscriber groups ). the subscriber or subscriber groups can be identified for instance based on the identifiers of the subscriber terminals used by these subscribers . for instance , the identifier id 1 might consist of the msisdn number or of the ip - address of a specific mobile station . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 might for instance have fed these identifiers into his subscriber terminal with the keyboard when he updated the parameters for the different profiles . fig3 shows that there are two simultaneously active messages in the network element 5 \u2033 due to the fact that the user has selected the profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 for use . when the previously mentioned mobile station attempts to call the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033, but the user of the subscriber terminal does not answer the call , the call is forwarded to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element receives the msisdn number of the calling mobile station . at that moment , the control unit 6 of the network element compares the received msisdn number with the identifiers id 1 and id 2 of the activated messages . the result of the comparison indicates a match for the message a ( msg 1 ). thus the control unit 6 will control the network element to transmit the message a to the calling mobile station . however , if the caller had been a subscriber terminal with an msisdn number corresponding to the identifier id 3 , then the transmitted message would instead have been the message b ( msg 2 ). as should be apparent from the previous description , the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible to personalize the messages such that the user of the subscriber terminal can in advance store different messages for different callers in one single profile . it is also possible according to the present invention to store one default message , which will be used in case the msisdn of the calling subscriber does not match any of the identifiers stored for the active messages . fig4 is a block diagram illustrating a third preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig4 is very similar to the one described in connection with fig3 . however , the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for a service subscriber to include data for a menu in a message stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. in fig4 it is assumed that the service subscriber has selected for use a profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 with his subscriber terminal . thus the messages a \u2032 and ( msg 1 ) and b ( msg 2 ) are active in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the message a \u2032 is assumed to include data needed for presenting a menu of available options to a calling subscriber . when a calling subscriber at that moment makes a call attempt to the service subscriber by using the subscriber terminal 7 , the call attempt is routed to the network element 5 \u2033. it is assumed that the identifier of the subscriber terminal 7 corresponds to the identifier id 1 stored with the message a \u2032 in the memory means . thus the control unit 6 \u2032 will control the network element 5 \u2033 to transmit the message a \u2032 to the subscriber terminal 7 : it should be observed that the message a \u2032 is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system to the subscriber terminal 7 , but for simplicity only the network element 5 \u2033 and the subscriber terminal 7 are shown in fig4 . the message a \u2032 includes data for presenting a menu of available options for the calling subscriber . thus subscriber terminal 7 will present the menu shown in fig4 on a display of the subscriber terminal 7 . the calling subscriber can then by making a selection from this menu , by using the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 , indicate to the telecommunications system how he would like to proceed with the call attempt . the subscriber terminal 7 transmits information inf indicating the selection made by the calling subscriber to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element identifies the selected option and serves the calling subscriber according to the selection information inf . the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for instance for the calling subscriber to be connected to the secretary of the service subscriber by selecting this option with the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 . in that case the network element will receive selection information inf indicating that the call should be forwarded to a predetermined number , in other words , to the telephone number of the secretary . the number can be included in the menu data included in the message a \u2032 which is stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the menu which is presented on the display of the subscriber terminal 7 can also offer the calling subscriber a possibility to select a connection type , such as one the following options : video , voice data and short message ( sms ). thus , if the calling subscriber for instance decides to leave a message , he can select the type of message he wants to leave , such as a video message . if the subscriber terminal 7 is a mobile station with wap ( wireless application protocol ) capabilities then the message including the menu with the available options can be sent to the subscriber terminal by utilizing the wta ( wireless telephony application ) and wap push functionalities before the call is connected . the wta and wap push functionalities are described in more detail for instance in the references : 1 ) ( wap - 165 ) \u201c wap push architectural overview version 8 , nov . 1999 \u201d, wireless application protocol forum ltd . 1999 , and 2 ) ( wap - 169 ) \u201c wap wta , version 8 , nov . 1999 , wireless application protocol wireless telephony application specification \u201d, wireless application protocol forum , ltd , 1999 . both of the above mentioned references are available over the internet from the address : http :// www . wapforum . org / what / technical . htm . it is to be understood that the above description and the accompanying figures are only intended to illustrate the present invention . it will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that the invention can be varied and modified in many ways without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention disclosed in the attached claims .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
5d6b5d55eb5641f30e4ac015e26ab992de2aa640c99f2220607a1073d9a1b14c
| 0.275391 | 0.000096 | 0.140625 | 0.002182 | 0.460938 | 0.007568 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 is a block diagram of a first preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal according to the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 of fig1 can be a mobile station of a mobile communications system , for instance . the subscriber terminal comprises a user interface 2 including for instance a display , a keyboard , a microphone and a loudspeaker . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 , in other words , the service subscriber , can use the user interface to record a new message . the message can include text , speech , an image , a video clip or a multimedia message . images and video clips can be recorded for instance such that the subscriber terminal is connected to a video camera or to a computer terminal , and the message is transferred to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , a camera and / or other recording means are arranged in the subscriber terminal . a text message can be entered by using the keyboard of the subscriber terminal or a separate keyboard attached or connected to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , if the subscriber terminal has a speech control function which makes it possible to give voice commands to the subscriber terminal , it is possible for the user to speak the message into the microphone of the subscriber terminal , in which case the speech control function converts the speech into text . in the following description relating to all the drawings 1 to 3 , it is by way of example assumed that the message is a speech message , although any other message type is also possible according to the present invention . a speech message is recorded with the recorder 3 included in the subscriber terminal . the user of the subscriber terminal first selects a mode for recording speech messages by using the keyboard , and then he speaks the message b into the microphone of the subscriber terminal . the recorded message b is stored in the memory means m 2 together with a message parameter msg 2 identifying the message . in order to activate the message b , the user of the subscriber terminal 1 must first select the mode for connecting a message to a specific profile . in this case , it is assumed that the user wants to define that the message b with the message parameter msg 2 shall be used in connection with the profile \u2018 normal \u2019. this selection can be done with the keyboard , or for instance by voice commands if a speech control function is available . fig1 shows that there are , at that moment , three different profiles available for the subscriber terminal 1 . the parameters associated with these profiles are stored in the memory m 1 . the parameters associated with a profile define how the subscriber terminal functions when the profile in question is selected for use . if the user in the case of fig1 uses the keyboard of the user interface 2 to select for use the profile \u2018 normal \u2019, then the subscriber terminal enters a mode where the sound level 5 ( parameter sound 5 ) will be used for alerting of a terminating call . when the selection is done , the message parameter msg 2 is fed from the memory m 1 to the memory means m 2 in an activation message . thus the message b , with the message parameter msg 2 , will be activated in the memory means m 2 . if a calling subscriber terminal at that moment tries to make a call to the subscriber terminal 1 , and the user of the subscriber terminal 1 does not answer the call within a predefined time period , then the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 will transmit the active message b to the calling subscriber terminal . fig1 suggests that the messages and the parameters associated with the different profiles should be stored in different memories . this is naturally only one example of how to store this information . in practice it might be appropriate to store both the parameters associated with the profiles and the messages in the same memory . fig2 is a block diagram illustrating a first preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the system shown in fig2 uses a second preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal of the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 corresponds to the subscriber terminal 1 described in connection with fig1 , except that the memory means m 2 is not arranged in the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032, but instead into the network element 5 providing an answering service for the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032. thus the messages available for use are stored in the network element 5 . when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 selects a profile for use with the user interface 2 , the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 transmits an activation message act to the network element 5 . the activation message is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system , but for simplicity only the network element 5 is shown in fig2 . the activation message act transmitted by the subscriber terminal to the network element 5 includes a message parameter indicating the message which should be activated . for instance , when the user of the subscriber terminal has selected the profile \u2018 normal \u2019 for use , then the message parameter msg 2 is included in the activation message act . a control unit 6 of the network element 5 activates the message b when it receives the activation message with the message parameter msg 2 . thus the message b will be transmitted to a calling subscriber terminal for instance when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 does not answer his call . there might naturally also be other predetermined conditions defined for transmitting the activated message , such as when the subscriber terminal is turned off or when the subscriber terminal has another call going on . such conditions can be defined by the user with the message parameters which are transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element in the activation message , for instance . when the user wants to record a new message , such as a speech message , he speaks the message into the microphone of the user terminal as described in connection with fig1 . the subscriber terminal then transmits this new message , for instance message b , with associated message parameters , for instance msg 2 , to the network element 5 . the control unit of the network element stores this new message with the associated message parameter into the memory means 5 . in case a message already exists with the same message parameter msg 2 , then the previous message will be replaced by the new message . a new message might be transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element immediately when it has been recorded . alternatively , the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 can store this new message temporarily in the memory m 1 . the message is stored in the memory m 1 until the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 the next time activates a profile using this new message . at that moment , the new message with the associated message parameters is transmitted to the network element 5 in connection with the transmission of the activation message . the control unit 6 will detect the new message , store it in the memory means and activate the message . the network element 5 might be for instance an icas server ( intelligent call answering service ) which is arranged in connection with an mmsc ( multimedia message service center ) in a third - generation mobile communications system . in that case , the activation message and the messages used for storing new messages into the memory means m 2 might be for instance mms messages ( multimedia message service ) where the icas server has been defined as the receiver and an msisdn number ( mobile station isdn number ) or an ip - address has been defined as the sender of the message . a icas server makes it possible to transmit messages of practically any kind , such as text , sound , images or video . according to the present invention , it is sufficient to store the messages of a subscriber terminal only in the memory means m 2 of the network element as described previously . however , further advantages can be obtained in case the messages are also stored in the subscriber terminal . in that case , the user of the subscriber terminal can read , look or listen ( depending on the message type ) to the messages he has stored without a need to establish a contact to the network element . if the subscriber then decides to change one of the messages , this new message can at that moment be stored in the memory of the subscriber terminal only ( indicated by a dotted line in fig2 ), from where it can be transmitted to the network element at an appropriate moment , for instance when the user activates a profile using the new message . fig3 is a block diagram illustrating a second preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig3 corresponds in other aspects to the one in fig2 , but the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible for the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 to leave personal messages designated for predefined calling subscriber terminals . thus separate messages can be used for the user &# 39 ; s wife or boss , for instance . in fig3 , the message parameters stored in the memory m 1 \u2032 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 and the memory means m 2 \u2032 of the network element include identifiers id 1 , id 2 and id 3 which identify other subscribers ( or subscriber groups ). the subscriber or subscriber groups can be identified for instance based on the identifiers of the subscriber terminals used by these subscribers . for instance , the identifier id 1 might consist of the msisdn number or of the ip - address of a specific mobile station . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 might for instance have fed these identifiers into his subscriber terminal with the keyboard when he updated the parameters for the different profiles . fig3 shows that there are two simultaneously active messages in the network element 5 \u2033 due to the fact that the user has selected the profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 for use . when the previously mentioned mobile station attempts to call the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033, but the user of the subscriber terminal does not answer the call , the call is forwarded to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element receives the msisdn number of the calling mobile station . at that moment , the control unit 6 of the network element compares the received msisdn number with the identifiers id 1 and id 2 of the activated messages . the result of the comparison indicates a match for the message a ( msg 1 ). thus the control unit 6 will control the network element to transmit the message a to the calling mobile station . however , if the caller had been a subscriber terminal with an msisdn number corresponding to the identifier id 3 , then the transmitted message would instead have been the message b ( msg 2 ). as should be apparent from the previous description , the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible to personalize the messages such that the user of the subscriber terminal can in advance store different messages for different callers in one single profile . it is also possible according to the present invention to store one default message , which will be used in case the msisdn of the calling subscriber does not match any of the identifiers stored for the active messages . fig4 is a block diagram illustrating a third preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig4 is very similar to the one described in connection with fig3 . however , the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for a service subscriber to include data for a menu in a message stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. in fig4 it is assumed that the service subscriber has selected for use a profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 with his subscriber terminal . thus the messages a \u2032 and ( msg 1 ) and b ( msg 2 ) are active in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the message a \u2032 is assumed to include data needed for presenting a menu of available options to a calling subscriber . when a calling subscriber at that moment makes a call attempt to the service subscriber by using the subscriber terminal 7 , the call attempt is routed to the network element 5 \u2033. it is assumed that the identifier of the subscriber terminal 7 corresponds to the identifier id 1 stored with the message a \u2032 in the memory means . thus the control unit 6 \u2032 will control the network element 5 \u2033 to transmit the message a \u2032 to the subscriber terminal 7 : it should be observed that the message a \u2032 is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system to the subscriber terminal 7 , but for simplicity only the network element 5 \u2033 and the subscriber terminal 7 are shown in fig4 . the message a \u2032 includes data for presenting a menu of available options for the calling subscriber . thus subscriber terminal 7 will present the menu shown in fig4 on a display of the subscriber terminal 7 . the calling subscriber can then by making a selection from this menu , by using the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 , indicate to the telecommunications system how he would like to proceed with the call attempt . the subscriber terminal 7 transmits information inf indicating the selection made by the calling subscriber to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element identifies the selected option and serves the calling subscriber according to the selection information inf . the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for instance for the calling subscriber to be connected to the secretary of the service subscriber by selecting this option with the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 . in that case the network element will receive selection information inf indicating that the call should be forwarded to a predetermined number , in other words , to the telephone number of the secretary . the number can be included in the menu data included in the message a \u2032 which is stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the menu which is presented on the display of the subscriber terminal 7 can also offer the calling subscriber a possibility to select a connection type , such as one the following options : video , voice data and short message ( sms ). thus , if the calling subscriber for instance decides to leave a message , he can select the type of message he wants to leave , such as a video message . if the subscriber terminal 7 is a mobile station with wap ( wireless application protocol ) capabilities then the message including the menu with the available options can be sent to the subscriber terminal by utilizing the wta ( wireless telephony application ) and wap push functionalities before the call is connected . the wta and wap push functionalities are described in more detail for instance in the references : 1 ) ( wap - 165 ) \u201c wap push architectural overview version 8 , nov . 1999 \u201d, wireless application protocol forum ltd . 1999 , and 2 ) ( wap - 169 ) \u201c wap wta , version 8 , nov . 1999 , wireless application protocol wireless telephony application specification \u201d, wireless application protocol forum , ltd , 1999 . both of the above mentioned references are available over the internet from the address : http :// www . wapforum . org / what / technical . htm . it is to be understood that the above description and the accompanying figures are only intended to illustrate the present invention . it will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that the invention can be varied and modified in many ways without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention disclosed in the attached claims .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "fig1 is a block diagram of a first preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal according to the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 of fig1 can be a mobile station of a mobile communications system , for instance . the subscriber terminal comprises a user interface 2 including for instance a display , a keyboard , a microphone and a loudspeaker . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 , in other words , the service subscriber , can use the user interface to record a new message . the message can include text , speech , an image , a video clip or a multimedia message . images and video clips can be recorded for instance such that the subscriber terminal is connected to a video camera or to a computer terminal , and the message is transferred to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , a camera and / or other recording means are arranged in the subscriber terminal . a text message can be entered by using the keyboard of the subscriber terminal or a separate keyboard attached or connected to the subscriber terminal . alternatively , if the subscriber terminal has a speech control function which makes it possible to give voice commands to the subscriber terminal , it is possible for the user to speak the message into the microphone of the subscriber terminal , in which case the speech control function converts the speech into text . in the following description relating to all the drawings 1 to 3 , it is by way of example assumed that the message is a speech message , although any other message type is also possible according to the present invention . a speech message is recorded with the recorder 3 included in the subscriber terminal . the user of the subscriber terminal first selects a mode for recording speech messages by using the keyboard , and then he speaks the message b into the microphone of the subscriber terminal . the recorded message b is stored in the memory means m 2 together with a message parameter msg 2 identifying the message . in order to activate the message b , the user of the subscriber terminal 1 must first select the mode for connecting a message to a specific profile . in this case , it is assumed that the user wants to define that the message b with the message parameter msg 2 shall be used in connection with the profile \u2018 normal \u2019. this selection can be done with the keyboard , or for instance by voice commands if a speech control function is available . fig1 shows that there are , at that moment , three different profiles available for the subscriber terminal 1 . the parameters associated with these profiles are stored in the memory m 1 . the parameters associated with a profile define how the subscriber terminal functions when the profile in question is selected for use . if the user in the case of fig1 uses the keyboard of the user interface 2 to select for use the profile \u2018 normal \u2019, then the subscriber terminal enters a mode where the sound level 5 ( parameter sound 5 ) will be used for alerting of a terminating call . when the selection is done , the message parameter msg 2 is fed from the memory m 1 to the memory means m 2 in an activation message . thus the message b , with the message parameter msg 2 , will be activated in the memory means m 2 . if a calling subscriber terminal at that moment tries to make a call to the subscriber terminal 1 , and the user of the subscriber terminal 1 does not answer the call within a predefined time period , then the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 will transmit the active message b to the calling subscriber terminal . fig1 suggests that the messages and the parameters associated with the different profiles should be stored in different memories . this is naturally only one example of how to store this information . in practice it might be appropriate to store both the parameters associated with the profiles and the messages in the same memory . fig2 is a block diagram illustrating a first preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the system shown in fig2 uses a second preferred embodiment of the subscriber terminal of the present invention . the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 corresponds to the subscriber terminal 1 described in connection with fig1 , except that the memory means m 2 is not arranged in the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032, but instead into the network element 5 providing an answering service for the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032. thus the messages available for use are stored in the network element 5 . when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 selects a profile for use with the user interface 2 , the transmitter 4 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 transmits an activation message act to the network element 5 . the activation message is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system , but for simplicity only the network element 5 is shown in fig2 . the activation message act transmitted by the subscriber terminal to the network element 5 includes a message parameter indicating the message which should be activated . for instance , when the user of the subscriber terminal has selected the profile \u2018 normal \u2019 for use , then the message parameter msg 2 is included in the activation message act . a control unit 6 of the network element 5 activates the message b when it receives the activation message with the message parameter msg 2 . thus the message b will be transmitted to a calling subscriber terminal for instance when the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 does not answer his call . there might naturally also be other predetermined conditions defined for transmitting the activated message , such as when the subscriber terminal is turned off or when the subscriber terminal has another call going on . such conditions can be defined by the user with the message parameters which are transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element in the activation message , for instance . when the user wants to record a new message , such as a speech message , he speaks the message into the microphone of the user terminal as described in connection with fig1 . the subscriber terminal then transmits this new message , for instance message b , with associated message parameters , for instance msg 2 , to the network element 5 . the control unit of the network element stores this new message with the associated message parameter into the memory means 5 . in case a message already exists with the same message parameter msg 2 , then the previous message will be replaced by the new message . a new message might be transmitted from the subscriber terminal to the network element immediately when it has been recorded . alternatively , the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 can store this new message temporarily in the memory m 1 . the message is stored in the memory m 1 until the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2032 the next time activates a profile using this new message . at that moment , the new message with the associated message parameters is transmitted to the network element 5 in connection with the transmission of the activation message . the control unit 6 will detect the new message , store it in the memory means and activate the message . the network element 5 might be for instance an icas server ( intelligent call answering service ) which is arranged in connection with an mmsc ( multimedia message service center ) in a third - generation mobile communications system . in that case , the activation message and the messages used for storing new messages into the memory means m 2 might be for instance mms messages ( multimedia message service ) where the icas server has been defined as the receiver and an msisdn number ( mobile station isdn number ) or an ip - address has been defined as the sender of the message . a icas server makes it possible to transmit messages of practically any kind , such as text , sound , images or video . according to the present invention , it is sufficient to store the messages of a subscriber terminal only in the memory means m 2 of the network element as described previously . however , further advantages can be obtained in case the messages are also stored in the subscriber terminal . in that case , the user of the subscriber terminal can read , look or listen ( depending on the message type ) to the messages he has stored without a need to establish a contact to the network element . if the subscriber then decides to change one of the messages , this new message can at that moment be stored in the memory of the subscriber terminal only ( indicated by a dotted line in fig2 ), from where it can be transmitted to the network element at an appropriate moment , for instance when the user activates a profile using the new message . fig3 is a block diagram illustrating a second preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig3 corresponds in other aspects to the one in fig2 , but the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible for the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 to leave personal messages designated for predefined calling subscriber terminals . thus separate messages can be used for the user &# 39 ; s wife or boss , for instance . in fig3 , the message parameters stored in the memory m 1 \u2032 of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 and the memory means m 2 \u2032 of the network element include identifiers id 1 , id 2 and id 3 which identify other subscribers ( or subscriber groups ). the subscriber or subscriber groups can be identified for instance based on the identifiers of the subscriber terminals used by these subscribers . for instance , the identifier id 1 might consist of the msisdn number or of the ip - address of a specific mobile station . the user of the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033 might for instance have fed these identifiers into his subscriber terminal with the keyboard when he updated the parameters for the different profiles . fig3 shows that there are two simultaneously active messages in the network element 5 \u2033 due to the fact that the user has selected the profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 for use . when the previously mentioned mobile station attempts to call the subscriber terminal 1 \u2033, but the user of the subscriber terminal does not answer the call , the call is forwarded to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element receives the msisdn number of the calling mobile station . at that moment , the control unit 6 of the network element compares the received msisdn number with the identifiers id 1 and id 2 of the activated messages . the result of the comparison indicates a match for the message a ( msg 1 ). thus the control unit 6 will control the network element to transmit the message a to the calling mobile station . however , if the caller had been a subscriber terminal with an msisdn number corresponding to the identifier id 3 , then the transmitted message would instead have been the message b ( msg 2 ). as should be apparent from the previous description , the embodiment of fig3 makes it possible to personalize the messages such that the user of the subscriber terminal can in advance store different messages for different callers in one single profile . it is also possible according to the present invention to store one default message , which will be used in case the msisdn of the calling subscriber does not match any of the identifiers stored for the active messages . fig4 is a block diagram illustrating a third preferred embodiment of the telecommunications system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig4 is very similar to the one described in connection with fig3 . however , the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for a service subscriber to include data for a menu in a message stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. in fig4 it is assumed that the service subscriber has selected for use a profile \u2018 meeting \u2019 with his subscriber terminal . thus the messages a \u2032 and ( msg 1 ) and b ( msg 2 ) are active in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the message a \u2032 is assumed to include data needed for presenting a menu of available options to a calling subscriber . when a calling subscriber at that moment makes a call attempt to the service subscriber by using the subscriber terminal 7 , the call attempt is routed to the network element 5 \u2033. it is assumed that the identifier of the subscriber terminal 7 corresponds to the identifier id 1 stored with the message a \u2032 in the memory means . thus the control unit 6 \u2032 will control the network element 5 \u2033 to transmit the message a \u2032 to the subscriber terminal 7 : it should be observed that the message a \u2032 is naturally transmitted via a base station of the system to the subscriber terminal 7 , but for simplicity only the network element 5 \u2033 and the subscriber terminal 7 are shown in fig4 . the message a \u2032 includes data for presenting a menu of available options for the calling subscriber . thus subscriber terminal 7 will present the menu shown in fig4 on a display of the subscriber terminal 7 . the calling subscriber can then by making a selection from this menu , by using the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 , indicate to the telecommunications system how he would like to proceed with the call attempt . the subscriber terminal 7 transmits information inf indicating the selection made by the calling subscriber to the network element 5 \u2033. the network element identifies the selected option and serves the calling subscriber according to the selection information inf . the embodiment of fig4 makes it possible for instance for the calling subscriber to be connected to the secretary of the service subscriber by selecting this option with the user interface of the subscriber terminal 7 . in that case the network element will receive selection information inf indicating that the call should be forwarded to a predetermined number , in other words , to the telephone number of the secretary . the number can be included in the menu data included in the message a \u2032 which is stored in the memory means m 2 \u2033. the menu which is presented on the display of the subscriber terminal 7 can also offer the calling subscriber a possibility to select a connection type , such as one the following options : video , voice data and short message ( sms ). thus , if the calling subscriber for instance decides to leave a message , he can select the type of message he wants to leave , such as a video message . if the subscriber terminal 7 is a mobile station with wap ( wireless application protocol ) capabilities then the message including the menu with the available options can be sent to the subscriber terminal by utilizing the wta ( wireless telephony application ) and wap push functionalities before the call is connected . the wta and wap push functionalities are described in more detail for instance in the references : 1 ) ( wap - 165 ) \u201c wap push architectural overview version 8 , nov . 1999 \u201d, wireless application protocol forum ltd . 1999 , and 2 ) ( wap - 169 ) \u201c wap wta , version 8 , nov . 1999 , wireless application protocol wireless telephony application specification \u201d, wireless application protocol forum , ltd , 1999 . both of the above mentioned references are available over the internet from the address : http :// www . wapforum . org / what / technical . htm . it is to be understood that the above description and the accompanying figures are only intended to illustrate the present invention . it will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that the invention can be varied and modified in many ways without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention disclosed in the attached claims .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
5d6b5d55eb5641f30e4ac015e26ab992de2aa640c99f2220607a1073d9a1b14c
| 0.001984 | 0.001755 | 0.011353 | 0.001869 | 0.015869 | 0.008606 |
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