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{"patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
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66c6b010a072cc38517c8e0352c6b0308581b95cf809c97647de341864b4ed3d
| 0.0065 | 0.015869 | 0.015442 | 0.025146 | 0.040771 | 0.014954 |
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{"patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
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| 0.010315 | 0.121582 | 0.014954 | 0.185547 | 0.111328 | 0.404297 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof ."}
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{"patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
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66c6b010a072cc38517c8e0352c6b0308581b95cf809c97647de341864b4ed3d
| 0.382813 | 0.014526 | 0.753906 | 0.05835 | 0.691406 | 0.023682 |
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{"patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
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66c6b010a072cc38517c8e0352c6b0308581b95cf809c97647de341864b4ed3d
| 0.046631 | 0.355469 | 0.071777 | 0.326172 | 0.103516 | 0.259766 |
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof ."}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
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66c6b010a072cc38517c8e0352c6b0308581b95cf809c97647de341864b4ed3d
| 0.1875 | 0.080566 | 0.332031 | 0.566406 | 0.382813 | 0.115723 |
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof ."}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
66c6b010a072cc38517c8e0352c6b0308581b95cf809c97647de341864b4ed3d
| 0.388672 | 0.027588 | 0.753906 | 0.005371 | 0.691406 | 0.139648 |
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof ."}
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof ."}
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66c6b010a072cc38517c8e0352c6b0308581b95cf809c97647de341864b4ed3d
| 0.287109 | 0.699219 | 0.554688 | 0.953125 | 0.675781 | 0.9375 |
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{"patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "exemplary apparatus employed in carrying out a preferred method of the present invention is illustrated in fig4 a . the transmitter produces a signal x 1 ( t ). assuming that the receiver , or the transmitter , or both , move with respect to each other , the signal will appear to the receiver as having a different frequency content compared to the signal emitted by the transmitter . thus , the signal that arrives at the receiver , x 2 ( t ), suffers from degradation due in part to the doppler effect . the physical medium in which the signal is transmitted can be any type of medium . the received signal x 2 ( t ) is first converted to a digital signal x 2 ( n ). we are looking for a way to process x 2 ( n ) to a obtain a digital signal x 1 ( n ), representing as close as possible the transmitted signal x 1 ( t ). turning to fig4 b , with the preferred method of the present invention , the received signal x 2 ( t ) is sampled at a system sampling rate to produce x 2 ( n ). doppler corrected samples are computed from values of x 2 ( n ) by computing values of x 2 at doppler shifted indices m . each doppler shifted index m is located in time between a pair of received signal samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ). its location ( i . e ., where m is placed relative to n p and n a in the graph of fig4 b ) is determined in accordance with the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the sample indices m and n each correspond to different sampling rates , n corresponding to the system sampling rate . the ratio of the respective sampling rates of the sample indices m and n is the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). the value of x 2 at sample index m is interpolated using samples x 2 ( n p ) and x 2 ( n a ) to provide a doppler shift corrected sample x 2 ( m ). all the doppler corrected samples x 2 ( m ) thus obtained are processed ( or \u201c played back \u201d) at the system sampling rate to produce a doppler corrected signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ). the invention employs an interpolating function \u03c6 ( t ) governed by the following equation : f \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = \u2211 l \ue89e \ue89e f \ue89e \ue89e ( l ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - l ) ( 4 ) it is known that there are infinitely many interpolating functions . not all of them , of course , have convenient properties . some of them are of infinite length , and are avoided in practice . one interpolating function is the rectangular function , the fourier transform of which is the sinc function . the properties of this function are well known . it has poor interpolation properties , as it leads to a piece - wise linear interpolation . usually a low - pass filter is added to smooth the result . t . cooklev et al ., in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d int . conf . signal and image processing , manchester , england , 1996 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety , found that the function which ids a solution to the differential - dilation equation : \uf74c \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e t \uf74c t = 2 \ue8a0 [ \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t + 1 ) - \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t - 1 ) ] ( 5 ) is an interpolating function with some desirable and unique properties : ( 1 ) it has excellent time - domain and frequency - domain localization properties and ( 2 ) it can approximate polynomials much better than any other function with similar localization properties . there is no analytic expression for the solution \u03c6 ( t ). its fourier transform is given by : \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e c \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 / 2 i ) - \u220f i = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u220f k = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 2 i + k . ( 6 ) fig5 a and 5b illustrate graphs of the function \u03c6 ( t ) and its fourier transform respectively . some splines are also interpolating functions , but the function represented by equation ( 5 ) is fundamentally superior to spline functions in this usage . for example , the time - domain localization of splines gets poorer with the increase of their order . their frequency domain localization is also worse than \u03c6 ( \u03c9 ). furthermore , in \u201c wavelets and differential - dilation equations ,\u201d it was shown that the function \u03c6 ( t ) has a very interesting property : by dilations and translations of the function \u03c6 ( t ), polynomials of any order can be represented . in other words , if p n ( x ) is a polynomial of order n , then there are constants c k , such that : p n \ue89e \ue89e ( x ) = \u2211 k \ue89e \ue89e c k \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( x - k 2 n ) . ( 7 ) the above summation is finite , due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( x ). this is very important , because most signals can be considered to be polynomials or combination of polynomials of some order . note that the wavelets disclosed by i . daubechies in ten lectures on wavelets , cbms - nsf regional conf . in appl . math ., vol . 61 , siam , philadelphia , pa ., 1992 , herein incorporated by reference , have a similar property : by dilations and translations they can represent polynomials up to a certain order . splines also have a similar property , known as the strang - fix property in spline theory , and later found to be closely related to the above property of wavelets . an advantage of the preferred method of the present invention is that the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) can represent polynomials of any order by translations and dilations . there is no upper limit on the order of polynomials that can be represented , and this is precisely what is desirable in practice . indeed , most signals can be modeled as polynomials of some order , or a combination of them , although the order of these polynomials is not known in advance . in addition , compared to orthogonal wavelets , the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ) has the advantage of being symmetric and smooth . in fact , the function \u03c6 ( t ) is infinitely differentiable . another advantageous property of the preferred method of the present invention is that : \u2211 k = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - k ) = 1 , ( 8 ) which is actually a special case of equation ( 7 ), since the constant 1 is a polynomial of zeroth order . fig6 shows a block diagram of the preferred method of the present invention . in this method , values representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) are generated , and then stored in memory as illustrated in block 100 of fig6 . the argument , t , of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is a continuous variable , but we do not need an infinite amount of memory to store the function values . in practice using one hundred or two hundred values of the function \u03c6 ( t ) is sufficient . this is equivalent to discretizing the function \u03c6 ( t ) on a very fine grid . to describe the algorithm for the computation of the function \u03c6 ( t ), it is useful to define a continuous - time dilator as illustrated in fig7 a . note that the block in fig7 a is purely a mathematical tool that is only conceptually similar to the discrete - time decimator . note also that , by definition , the continuous - time dilator performs amplification in addition to dilation . suppose now that the blocks of continuous - time filtering and dilation are cascaded and iterated as shown in fig7 b . the properties of this iteration are known in the prior art in the discrete - time domain . note that such continuous - time iterations without dilating blocks , however , have trivial properties and have been used numerous times ( in particular in the construction of continuous - time spline functions ). on the other hand , the presence of dilating blocks yields interesting non - trivial properties . if we start with a continuous - time system with an impulse response of : h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise ( 9 ) and continue the iteration of this continuous - time system followed by a continuous - time dilator to infinity , the impulse response of the resulting system will be equal to \u03c6 ( t ): \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = lim i \u2192 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e 2 i + ( i - 1 ) + \u2026 + l \ue8a0 [ h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i \ue89e \ue89e t ) * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 i - 1 \ue89e \ue89e t ) * \u2026 * h \ue89e \ue89e ( 2 \ue89e t ) ] ( 10 ) as such , \u03c6 ( t ) may be generated by successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in other words , h ( t ) is dilated and the result convolved with h ( t ). the result of the convolution is dilated and convolved with the result of the prior convolution , and so on . fig7 a , discussed further below , is a simplified functional representation of a single dilation by a factor of 2 . fig7 b is a simplified functional representation of successive dilations and convolutions of h ( t ). in a computer implementation , of course , the function h ( t ) will be represented by a set of discrete values . the implementation of the so - called continuous - time dilator is straight - forward . it is neither necessary nor possible to perform the iteration in fig7 b an infinite number of times . in the preferred method , we have found six iterations to be sufficient , although it is possible to use more . an advantage of the preferred method is that it is possible to compute the set of samples representing the function \u03c6 ( t ) once and not in real - time , although other implementations are possible . thus , a set of discrete values representing \u03c6 ( t ) may be stored in a non - volatile memory device of the target system if desired . a further advantage of the preferred method is that \u03c6 ( t ) is symmetric with respect to 0 . in addition , \u03c6 ( t ) is also symmetric with respect to 0 . 5 : \u03c6 ( t )+ \u03c6 ( 1 - t )= 1 when the variable t is between 0 and 1 . as a result , we need to store only one quarter of the function values , as the other three - quarters are easily determined . so , ultimately storing the function \u03c6 ( t ) takes 50 memory locations . in block 200 of fig6 a new sample of the signal is received . the frequency of the received signal includes a doppler shift component derived from the relative movement of the transmitter with respect to the receiver . in the preferred embodiment the signal is a radio wave . in other embodiments of this invention , this may be an acoustic signal . more generally there may be more than one receiver . the doppler shift component detected by each of the receivers will be different depending not only on the relative speed between the transmitter and each of the receivers , but also on the position of the transmitter with respect to the receivers , as shown illustrated in fig1 b . a receiver situated along the direction of movement will detect a large doppler shift component . a receiver situated perpendicular to the direction of movement detects a smaller doppler shift component . among those receivers which detect a large doppler shift component , the receivers which the transmitter is approaching will notice an increase of the frequency , whereas those receivers , from which the transmitter is moving away will detect decrease of the frequency . in block 300 of fig6 a doppler shift factor l / m is computed as follows : l m = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r ( 11 ) this corresponds to the sampling rate change factor of equation ( 1 ). here , \u03c6 t and \u03c6 r are the directions of travel of the transmitter and receiver , respectively . v t and v r are the velocities of the transmitter and receiver , respectively , while v is the propagation velocity of the signal . the step of block 400 of fig6 is the computation of one sample of the corrected signal x ^ \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = x ^ 1 \ue89e \ue89e ( m ) = \u2211 n = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e x 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( n ) \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 \ue89e \ue89e ( t - n ) ( 12 ) at the time instant t = l m \ue89e \ue89e n = v v + v t \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t - v r \ue89e \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 r = m ( 13 ) clearly this can be any time instant . due to the finite support of the function \u03c6 ( t ), the number of terms in this summation is finite . remarkably , in the preferred embodiment , the number of terms in the summation is only two , as illustrated in block 400 of fig6 . to establish this , we compute or interpolate a sample at the time instant m for which n p is the index of the actual sample immediately preceding the time instant m , and n a is the index of the actual sample immediately following the time instant m . in this case , n a = n p \u2212 1 . then equation ( 12 ) becomes : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= . . . + x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ + x 2 ( n p \u2212 1 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ))+ x 2 ( n p \u2212 2 ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 ))+ ( 14 ) now , the function \u03c6 ( t ) not only has finite support , but the support is equal to two . ( the support is the closed interval [\u2212 1 , 1 ]). in the above summation of products all but two products will be equal to zero . suppose that \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )\u2260 0 . then at most one of \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 1 ) ) or \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 1 ) will be different from zero . all the other values in equation ( 14 ) such as \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p \u2212 2 )), \u03c6 ( m \u2212( n p + 2 )), etc . will be equal to zero . as a result , in the preferred embodiment , the computation requires only two multiplications and one addition : { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( m )= x 2 ( n p ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n p )+ x 2 ( n a ) \u03c6 ( m \u2212 n a ). ( 15 ) the above equation may be implemented by computing the arguments m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p and using values for \u03c6 , computed as discussed above , closest to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p . in a preferred embodiment , previously stored values of \u03c6 which are the closest in time to m \u2212 n a and m \u2212 n p among all the stored samples may be retrieved from memory and used to evaluate equation ( 15 ). this is simple to implement on a digital signal processor . thus , the computational complexity of the preferred embodiment is just two multiplications and one addition per output sample . this is considerably more efficient compared with the cost of doing one forward and one inverse fft per block of samples , and even compared with the cost of doing time - domain filtering . the doppler corrected signal may then be stored for further processing , as illustrated in block 500 . then system is ready to accept a new input sample and calculate a new doppler shift component , which may be different from the one in the previous computation . because of the properties of the interpolation function \u03c6 ( t ), not only can we accept any values for the doppler shift , but any real - time changes in the doppler shift can be done without border distortions . the absence of border distortions is due to the small support of the function \u03c6 ( t ). in prior art approaches , border distortions are present whenever the doppler parameters change . this is because several calculated samples will be far from the precise values . as such , they require several samples to pass before the method adapts to the change and calculates more precise samples . such a transitional period is absent in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , because the summation is reduced to only two summations . furthermore , because of the reduced amount of processing steps required in the preferred embodiment , processing time delays may be reduced to provide a high quality real time doppler corrected signal . it should be noted that although in the preferred embodiment the function \u03c6 ( t ) was obtained starting from h \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 / 2 - 1 \u2264 t & lt ; 1 0 otherwise , ( 16 ) there are other functions which have similar properties . for example , starting from h a \ue89e \ue89e ( t ) = { 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e ( a - 1 ) if - ( a - 1 ) \u2264 t \u2264 a - 1 0 otherwise ( 17 ) we can obtain a family of functions with fourier transforms \u03c6 a \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 ) = \u220f l = 1 \u221e \ue89e \ue89e h \ue89e \ue89e ( \u03c9 a i ) . ( 18 ) in general , a may take any value . these functions can be used as interpolating functions , however , only if a is an integer strictly greater than 1 . thus , a can be 2 , 3 , 4 , and so on . in the preferred embodiment , \u03c6 ( t ) corresponds to a = 2 . in other embodiments the interpolating function will have support equal to 2 ( a \u2212 1 ). in those other embodiments , the support will be wider than the support of the preferred embodiment , thus requiring more computations . in a preferred embodiment , compensating the doppler effect may be implemented entirely using digital signal processing . with a preferred method , the doppler shift compensator uses as input the relative speed between the transmitter and receiver and the position of the transmitter . after the signal is processed according to the preferred method , the resulting signal is free of the distortion introduced by the doppler effect . in another embodiment , the doppler shift compensator may be used to insert a selected doppler shift into the resulting signal to produce simulated transmitter / receiver motion . this is equivalent to the process of compensating for a doppler shift in that in both types of processes the frequency content of the input signal is shifted . in this case , selecting the doppler shift merely requires specifying the parameters of equation ( 11 ) and ( 13 ), and the frequency content shift is carried out as described above . in preferred embodiments of the present invention , the method of the present invention allows for simultaneously much more precise , flexible , and computationally simple doppler compensation than the previously developed approaches . the preferred method is simple to implement using a digital signal processor , such as the 16 - bit fixed point processors tms320c54x , manufactured by texas instruments , inc . of dallas , tex . because of its lower computational cost , the preferred method advanced here also is less prone to errors due to the finite precision of the computations . suppose that \u03b4f = 250 hz , which is the doppler frequency shift experienced by a signal sent at 3 ghz if the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver is 25 m / s ( 55 . 9 miles per hour ) and the signal bandwidth is 4000 hz . without loss of generality it is assumed that the receiver is stationary and the transmitter is approaching the receiver ( \u03b8 = 0 ). the receiver will notice a frequency shift up by \u03b4f . the same doppler shift would be the result of moving at a speed of approximately 88 miles per hour at 1900 mhz . in other embodiments of the present invention , corresponding to sound signals and perhaps different propagation environments , the same doppler shift frequency would be obtained for different speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver . to perform a comparison using the above parameters we designed a filter with 25 coefficients and implemented the time - domain approach described in the above - mentioned u . s . pat . no . 5 , 719 , 944 , assigned to lucent technologies , inc . the filter was designed using the widely used parks - mcclellan algorithm for optimal in the minimax sense fir filters . fig8 illustrates the results of the conventional time - domain method . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed according to the time - domain method . while different filters will lead to slightly different results , fig8 is a good illustration of the outcome . while in theory it is possible to further optimize the filter taking into account the doppler effect and the signal being processed , this is not possible in real - time . we have compared the error between the true signal , x 1 ( n ), free of the doppler effect , and the computed signal { circumflex over ( x )} 1 ( n ) for both approaches . the example of fig8 is a carefully chosen example , in which the doppler effect corresponds to precise integer values of m and l . this is not the case in practice and consequently the method will be much less precise in real - time practical operation . note also that this method normally requires 13 multiplications and 25 additions per output sample , assuming the most efficient implementation of multirate filters . fig9 illustrates a result obtained using the present invention , and it is clearly a much more precise representation of the transmitted signal . the light dotted line is the true signal , without distortion due to the doppler effect . the dark solid line is the signal computed in accordance with a preferred method of the present invention . thus , the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an improved approach to change the sampling instances of digital signals . the preferred method is ideally suited to compensating the doppler effect in mobile communications . the present invention can also be directly used in other applications like radar , sonar , vehicle identification systems , the global positioning system ( gps ), and even teleconferencing applications in which the person speaking is moving . in all of these cases the received signal will be impaired by a doppler effect , the canceling of which will improve the quality of communications . in addition , it can also be used in situations where it is desirable to create a doppler effect . in one such embodiment , the doppler effect may be inserted in accordance with the present invention to simulate movement in a three dimensional sound system , using the same method . the preferred approach has the advantages , among others , of high - quality and simplicity . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above , many changes to these embodiments may be made without departing from the true scope and teachings of the present invention . the present invention , therefore , is limited only as claimed below and the equivalents thereof ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
66c6b010a072cc38517c8e0352c6b0308581b95cf809c97647de341864b4ed3d
| 0.010315 | 0.294922 | 0.037354 | 0.494141 | 0.152344 | 0.457031 |
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{"patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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{"patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
c65585af52622495ddd49837cc5d434ab6302463a929ce9110cb4f3761c1b92f
| 0.035156 | 0.004913 | 0.038574 | 0.003082 | 0.253906 | 0.095215 |
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{"patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
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c65585af52622495ddd49837cc5d434ab6302463a929ce9110cb4f3761c1b92f
| 0.004333 | 0.006897 | 0.126953 | 0.002625 | 0.225586 | 0.014038 |
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{"patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
c65585af52622495ddd49837cc5d434ab6302463a929ce9110cb4f3761c1b92f
| 0.149414 | 0.306641 | 0.34375 | 0.012817 | 0.273438 | 0.077148 |
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{"patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
c65585af52622495ddd49837cc5d434ab6302463a929ce9110cb4f3761c1b92f
| 0.035156 | 0.026733 | 0.038574 | 0.060059 | 0.253906 | 0.012817 |
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice ."}
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{"patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
c65585af52622495ddd49837cc5d434ab6302463a929ce9110cb4f3761c1b92f
| 0.349609 | 0.000969 | 0.914063 | 0.003174 | 0.660156 | 0.005371 |
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice ."}
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
c65585af52622495ddd49837cc5d434ab6302463a929ce9110cb4f3761c1b92f
| 0.160156 | 0.031128 | 0.267578 | 0.02002 | 0.441406 | 0.154297 |
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice ."}
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{"patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice .", "category": "Electricity"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
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c65585af52622495ddd49837cc5d434ab6302463a929ce9110cb4f3761c1b92f
| 0.353516 | 0.002258 | 0.914063 | 0.002258 | 0.660156 | 0.004761 |
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice ."}
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "latent thiol monomers are polymerizable monomers containing ; at least one functional group polymerizable to form a homopolymer or copolymerizable with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a copolymer ; and at least one protected thiol group . when the functional group is , for example , a vinyl group , the vinyl group either homopolymerizes or copolymerizes with at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer forming a copolymer . the protected thiol group on the latent thiol monomer does not react , or if it does react it only reacts to a limited extent , during the homopolymerization of the latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization with the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . after the polymerization or copolymerization , a polymer chain is formed with pendant protected thiol groups . examples of latent thiol monomers include compounds with the following structure ; ## str1 ## where r is a monovalent organic radical having polymerizable vinyl or olefinic groups ; specific examples of some latent thiol monomers include ; allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - benzoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoacetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - tetrahydropyranoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 -( 2 - methoxy - 2 - propoxy ) propyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , 2 , 3 - epithiopropyl 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 2 - mercapto - 3 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ), s - benzoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ) and s - 2 , 2 - dimethylpropanoyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). the more preferred latent thiol monomers are ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - acetoxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , and the even more preferred is ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate , it may be prepared by first reacting 3 - mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . this can then be reacted with acetic anhydride to form allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate thioacetate . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by first reacting thiolacetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of t - butylhydroperoxide catalyst to form a thioacetate functional alcohol . this thioacetate functional alcohol product can then react with methacrylic anhydride to form the monomer . when the latent thiol monomer is , for example , ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate , it may be prepared by reacting glycidyl methacrylate and thiolacetic acid . this reaction can be carried out in most solvents , but it is preferable to carry out the reaction in a 50 % by weight ethanol / water solvent system . purification of the monomer by removal of residual base catalyst leads to a more stable monomer . this can be accomplished by such techniques as , for example , vacuum treatment , flash chromatography on silica , and filtration through ion exchange resin . the more preferable technique is filtration through an ion exchange resin , preferably amberlite \u00ae irc - 50 ion exchange resin ( a registered trademark of the rohm and haas company ). the ethylenically unsaturated monomer useful in the copolymerization with the latent thiol monomer can be any ethylenically unsaturated monomer , for example ; acrylate esters and acids ; methacrylate esters and acids ; acrylonitrile ; methacrylonitrile ; acrolein ; methacrolein ; vinyl aromatic compounds such as styrene , substituted styrene , vinyl pyridine and vinyl naphthalene ; vinyl esters of organic acids , such as vinyl acetate ; n - vinyl compounds such as n - vinyl pyrrolidone ; unsaturated halogenated compounds such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride ; acrylamide , methacrylamide and substituted acrylamides and methacrylamides ; polymerizable sulfonic acids and salts thereof such as styrene sulfonic acid , sodium vinyl sulfonate , sulfoethyl acrylate , sulfoethyl methacrylate and acryloamidopropanesulfonic acid ( amps ); vinyl ethers ; or combinations thereof . the latent thiol monomers of the present invention can be homopolymerized or copolymerized in all types of polymerization reactions well known to those skilled in the art , for example in a solution or emulsion polymerization . it is preferable , when forming graft copolymers of the present invention to use an aqueous , two stage emulsion polymerization process . during the formation of the graft copolymer , the backbone portion of the copolymer is formed during a first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . the backbone is formed by either the homopolymerization of at least one latent thiol monomer or the copolymerization of the at least one latent thiol monomer and the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer . the latent thiol monomer is contained in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at a concentration of up to 100 %, more preferably up to about 20 %, even more preferably up to about 10 %, and even more preferably up to about 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers in stage one . the first stage emulsion polymerization should be run such that the protected thiol group from the latent thiol monomer remains substantially intact during the first stage polymerization . in addition , it is preferable to run the first stage emulsion polymerization reaction in an inert atmosphere , for example , in a nitrogen atmosphere . once the polymer chain with pendant protected thiol groups has been formed in the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization , the polymer is subjected to a deprotection reaction , for example a cleaving reaction or thermal heating , whereby the protected thiol groups ( latent thiol groups ) are deprotected , converting them into free thiol groups . when the protected thiol group of the polymer chains produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization are deprotected using a cleaving reaction , for example when the protected thiol group is thioacetate , any cleaving technique well known to those skilled in the art may be used . however , it is preferable to cleave the thioacetate group with , for example , ammonia , hydroxylamine , n - propylamine , diethylamine , morpholine , dimethylaminoethanol , and hydrazine . the more preferred cleaving agents are ammonia , dimethylaminoethanol and hydrazine and the even more preferred is hydrazine . generally , the cleaving reaction is run at a temperature of from about 15 \u00b0 to 95 \u00b0 c . and more preferably from about 65 \u00b0 to 75 \u00b0 c . once the protected thiol groups have been deprotected to form pendant thiol groups , the polymer chain produced in the first stage emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , used as is , or stored for further reaction at a later time . however , it is highly preferred that the second stage monomer emulsion be added directly to the polymer emulsion of stage one to form the graft copolymer . one of the key advantages of this process is that the polymer of stage one does not have to be isolated before reacting in stage two , and stage two can take place simply by adding stage two monomer . in stage two of the aqueous emulsion polymerization at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer , preferably in the form of an aqueous emulsion , is added to a reaction mixture containing the polymer chain formed during the first stage of the aqueous emulsion polymerization . because the polymer chain from the first stage is essentially a transfer agent containing pendant thiol groups , it is preferable to add all of the second stage monomer together at one time . however , if the second stage monomer is gradually added , some non - graft copolymer may form , yielding a mixture of graft copolymer and polymer derived from second stage monomer . this mixture may have some beneficial uses . the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer can be any of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers listed above for use as the at least one first ethylenically unsaturated first monomer . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization technique of the present invention is based on a two stage polymerization where the mode of monomer addition in the first stage is not critical and a single addition of monomer in the second stage is preferred . the aqueous emulsion copolymerization techniques used in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art . the temperature of the reaction in each of the two stages should be in the range of from about room temperature to about 150 \u00b0 c ., more preferably from about 50 \u00b0 c . to 90 \u00b0 c . an emulsifier can be used in the process of the present invention and can be of the general type of an anionic , cationic , or nonionic emulsifier . the more preferred emulsifiers are the anionic and the nonionic emulsifiers and the even more preferred are the anionic emulsifiers , such as sulfates and sulfonates , like sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate . the amount of emulsifier used may be from about 0 . 05to 10 %, and more preferably from about 0 . 3 to 3 %, based on the total weight of the monomers . many other emulsifiers can be used and are well known in the emulsion polymerization art . the latex particle size is controllable to be as small as from about 50 to 200 nanometers ( nm ) to as large as 800 nm or more by adjusting the type and level of emulsifier used . the particle size is preferably less than 500 nm . it is advantageous to initiate and catalyze the reaction in each of the two stages in a conventional manner . any commonly known free radical generating initiators can be used , such as persulfates , peroxides , hydroperoxides , peresters and azo compounds . specific examples are benzoyl peroxide , tert - butyl hydroperoxide , azodiisobutyronitrile and sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates . the more preferred are the sodium , potassium and ammonium persulfates which can be used by themselves , activated thermally , or in a redox system . when used in a redox system , reducing agents such as sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate , isoascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite can be used along with a promoter , such as for example iron or others well known to those skilled in the art . thermal initiation is more preferred . the amount of initiator will generally be in the range of from about 0 . 1 to 3 . 0 % by weight , based on the total weight of the monomers . the reaction conditions used in the second stage are dependant on the method of deprotection of the protected thiol group . for example , if a cleaving reaction utilizing ammonia is used to deprotect the protected thiol group , it is preferable to initiate the second stage polymerization thermally using ammonium persulfate or with redox initiators of tert - butylhydroperoxide and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate or isoascorbic acid . if hydroxylamine is used to deprotect the protected thiol group via a cleaving reaction , it is preferable to neutralize the amine with , for example , acetic acid , prior to the second stage polymerization . if hydrazine is used to cleave the protected thiol group , it is preferable to complex the hydrazine with 2 , 4 - pentanedione prior to the stage two emulsion polymerization . additional initiator or catalyst systems may be added after stage two polymerization to reduce any residual monomer . generally , the aqueous emulsion formed containing the graft copolymer has a solids level of from about 20 to about 60 %, based on the total weight of the aqueous composition . the graft copolymer products of this aqueous emulsion polymerization can be isolated , for example by spray drying , coagulation or other techniques well known to those skilled in the art . however , it is preferable to use the aqueous emulsion containing the copolymer as is . the invention will now be illustrated by the following non - limiting examples . table 1______________________________________reagents for example 1 - step 1______________________________________allyl alcohol 200 g . 3 . 44 mole3 - mercaptopropionic acid 250 g . 2 . 36 molemethoxy hydroquinone ( mehq ) 1 . 0 g . phenothiazine 0 . 5 g . p - toluenesulfonic acid 1 . 0 g . toluene 250 g . ______________________________________ the reagents shown in table 1 were mixed in a nitrogen flushed 1 liter flask fitted with a dean stark condenser , thermometer , and magnetic stirrer . the reaction mixture was heated to reflux until the theoretical amount of water had been collected . under a nitrogen atmosphere , the dean stark condenser was removed and replaced with a vigreaux column ( 24 &# 34 ;) with distillation head . allyl alcohol and toluene were removed from the reaction mixture at reduced pressure ( 20 mm hg ). the distillation was halted before the temperature reached 85 \u00b0 c ., the distillation temperature at reduced pressure of allyl 3 - mercaptopropionate . the reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled under nitrogen and then diluted with 200 g . of methylene chloride . then , 289 g . of acetic anhydride , along with a catalyst of 0 . 5 g . of 4 - dimethylaminopyridine , were added to the reaction mixture . the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at which time nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped aliquot indicated complete conversion to the desired thioacetate . the product was distilled at 132 \u00b0- 134 \u00b0 c . at 20 mm hg to yield 355 g . of product ( 80 %). table 2______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 1______________________________________thiolacetic acid 160 g . 2 . 1 moleallyl alcohol 150 g . 2 . 58 molet - butylhydroperoxide 1 . 8 g . ______________________________________ to a 500 ml 3 - neck flask equipped with thermometer , reflux condenser , addition funnel , and magnetic stirring was placed 130 g . of allyl alcohol . the addition funnel was charged with 130 g . thiolacetic acid and in a syringe was placed a solution of 1 . 8 g . t - butylhydroperoxide ( t - bhp ) in 20 g . allyl alcohol . initially , 15 g . of thiolacetic acid was added to the kettle along with 2 ml . of the t - bhp solution . a slow cofeed of the remaining thiolacetic acid was begun along with the slow addition of the remaining t - bhp solution so as to maintain a reaction temperature of between 45 \u00b0- 55 \u00b0 c . addition was complete in 1 hour . nmr analysis of an aliquot showed only the desired thioacetate alcohol along with residual allyl alcohol . silver nitrate titration for residual thiolacetic acid showed essentially complete conversion . the excess allyl alcohol was stripped by a rotary evaporator and the product was used directly in the next step . table 3______________________________________reagents for example 2 - step 2______________________________________thioacetate alcohol 280 g . 2 . 09 molemethacrylic anhydride 400 g . 2 . 59 moletetrahydrofuran ( thf ) 450 g . phenothiazine 2 . 0 g . 4 - dimethylaminopyridine 2 . 0 g . ______________________________________ the reagents listed in table 3 were added to a 2 liter round bottom flask and the mixture was heated to reflux for 5 hours . the product was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure ( 1 - 3 mm hg ) through an oldershaw column ( 30 in ). in the initial distillation the fraction boiling between 80 \u00b0- 105 \u00b0 c . was collected . this fraction was then distilled a second time with the material boiling at 87 \u00b0- 94 \u00b0 c . ( 2 mm hg ) being collected . nmr analysis of this fraction showed minor impurities ( 5 %) and the desired ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercaptopropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( 249 g . ; 60 % yield ). table 4______________________________________reagents for example 3______________________________________glycidyl methacrylate ( gma ) 300 g . 2 . 11 molethiolacetic acid 159 g . 2 . 09 moleethanol 350 g . water 300 g . butylated hydroxy toluene ( bht ) 2 . 0 g . ammonia ( 28 %) 0 . 5 g . ______________________________________ to a 2 liter 4 - neck flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer , thermocouple , and reflux condenser was added in the following order : 1 ) glycidyl methacrylate , 2 ) ethanol containing bht , 3 ) water , 4 ) thiolacetic acid and 5 ) ammonia . upon addition of the ammonia , the reaction began to exotherm slowly , the temperature rising at about 0 . 5 \u00b0 c ./ minute for the first 10 minutes , and increasing to 1 \u00b0 c ./ minute over the next 30 - 40 minutes . the reaction temperature peaked at 68 \u00b0- 72 \u00b0 c . and then began to cool . nmr analysis of a vacuum stripped sample showed essentially complete conversion to ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate . silver nitrate titration for unreacted thiolacetic acid indicated greater than 99 % conversion of the thiol . the product was pumped through a column of amberlite irc - 50 weakly acidic resin ( 100 g . dry weight ). the filtered product was stored at 5 \u00b0 c . where it exhibited less than 5 % decomposition in 1 month . table 5______________________________________allyl glycidyl ether 40 g 0 . 35 molethiolacetic acid 30 g 0 . 40 moletriethylamine 0 . 25 gtetrahydrofuran 100 g______________________________________ allyl glycidyl ether and thiolacetic acid where dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and the triethylamine catalyst was added . the mixture was heated to reflux for 40 minutes at which time nmr analysis indicated complete conversion to s - acetyl -( 1 - allyloxy - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropane ). preparation of emulsion copolymer of 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid to a 3 liter , 4 necked flask fitted with reflux condenser , thermometer and mechanical stirrer was added 570 g . of water and 7 g . of a 2 . 3 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate . a monomer emulsion was prepared consisting of ; 200 g . water ; 10 g . of a 23 % aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ; 675 . 5 g . of butyl acrylate ; 14 g . of ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate ( from example 3 ); and 10 . 5 g . of methacrylic acid . a portion of this monomer emulsion ( 91 g .) was added to the kettle and the reaction mixture was then heated to 80 \u00b0 c . a solution of 1 . 0 g . ammonium persulfate in 34 g . of water was then added . after the initial exotherm subsided , the monomer emulsion was added to the kettle over 2 . 5 hours . the kettle was maintained at 80 \u00b0 c . for an additional 30 minutes and then cooled to 60 \u00b0 c . then 0 . 4 g . of t - butylhydroperoxide in 10 g . of water followed by 0 . 3 g . of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in 10 g . of water was added . the theoretical yield was 45 . 5 % solids and the actual yield was 45 . 4 % solids . the stage one latex prepared above , 96 . 5 parts butyl acrylate / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts methacrylic acid ( 45 . 4 % total solids ) 400 g . solids , was placed in a 3 liter 4 - necked flask ( 8 g ., 0 . 037 mole of latent thiol groups present ). the apparatus was then flushed with nitrogen . hydrazine ( 2 . 0 g ., 0 . 0625 mole , 1 . 69 equiv .) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 \u00b0 c . after 1 hour , silver nitrate titration of a 0 . 25 g . solids aliquot showed quantitative liberation of thiol . then , 2 , 4 - pentanedione ( 6 . 88 g . 0 . 06875 mole ) was added to complex with the hydrazine . emulsion polymerization of 50 parts ( 96 . 5 parts ba / 2 parts ( s - acetyl - 3 - mercapto - 2 - hydroxypropyl )- 2 - methyl - 2 - propenoate / 1 . 5 parts maa )// 50 parts methyl methacrylate ______________________________________ mma 400 g . sipon wd 0 . 7 g . water 500 g . ______________________________________ the emulsion was added to the latex and the temperature allowed to return to 60 \u00b0 c . ferrous sulfate / edta solutions ( 1 ml of 0 . 15 % solution ) were added and the single shot polymerization was initiated by the addition of t - butylhydroperoxide ( 1 . 0 g . of a 70 % solution in 10 g . water ) followed by isoascorbic acid ( 1 . 37 g . in 10 g . water ). an exotherm of 27 \u00b0 c . was observed over a 10 minute period . the reaction was allowed to cool to 60 \u00b0 c . and then 0 . 3 g . of t - bhp solution / 5 g . water and 0 . 3 g . sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate / 5 g . water was added twice ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
c65585af52622495ddd49837cc5d434ab6302463a929ce9110cb4f3761c1b92f
| 0.160156 | 0.194336 | 0.267578 | 0.141602 | 0.441406 | 0.188477 |
null |
{"patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
69c39c2d722fa4cde456c4c9ebdc1549c0f4ebf2c57944aac0f94d4764f8d342
| 0.000231 | 0.063477 | 0.016357 | 0.068359 | 0.027954 | 0.225586 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims ."}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims ."}
|
Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
69c39c2d722fa4cde456c4c9ebdc1549c0f4ebf2c57944aac0f94d4764f8d342
| 0.033203 | 0.033203 | 0.112793 | 0.048096 | 0.031128 | 0.07373 |
null |
{"patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims ."}
|
Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
69c39c2d722fa4cde456c4c9ebdc1549c0f4ebf2c57944aac0f94d4764f8d342
| 0.000668 | 0.032471 | 0.029297 | 0.001366 | 0.002396 | 0.103516 |
null |
{"patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
69c39c2d722fa4cde456c4c9ebdc1549c0f4ebf2c57944aac0f94d4764f8d342
| 0.000231 | 0.644531 | 0.016357 | 0.19043 | 0.029297 | 0.402344 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims ."}
|
{"patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
69c39c2d722fa4cde456c4c9ebdc1549c0f4ebf2c57944aac0f94d4764f8d342
| 0.013245 | 0.003937 | 0.019409 | 0.019409 | 0.041504 | 0.078125 |
null |
{"patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
|
{"patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims .", "category": "Physics"}
|
Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
69c39c2d722fa4cde456c4c9ebdc1549c0f4ebf2c57944aac0f94d4764f8d342
| 0.002258 | 0.121094 | 0.053467 | 0.333984 | 0.014526 | 0.326172 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims ."}
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{"patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims .", "category": "Electricity"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
69c39c2d722fa4cde456c4c9ebdc1549c0f4ebf2c57944aac0f94d4764f8d342
| 0.013245 | 0.000969 | 0.019409 | 0.042725 | 0.043457 | 0.068359 |
null |
{"patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"patent": "referring to fig2 the cap 20 of the present invention generally includes a sleeve member 22 defining a first end 24 and second end 26 of the cap 20 . a first flange 28 is formed integrally with and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the first end 24 of the cap 20 , and a second flange 30 is formed integrally with the sleeve 22 and extends radially inwardly from the sleeve 22 at the second end 26 of the cap 20 . a valve body 32 is formed integrally with the first flange 28 and extends from the first end 24 toward the second end 26 of the sleeve member 22 . as may be seen in fig3 the valve body 32 includes an inlet end 34 located adjacent to the first sleeve end 24 and defined by a radially inner annular surface 33 of the flange 28 , and an outlet end 36 located intermediate the first and second ends 24 , 26 of the sleeve member 22 . the valve body 32 is formed as a tube - like member defining a fluid passage through the cap 20 . as may be seen in fig2 and 5 , the valve body 32 includes lip members 38 which extend radially from the center of the valve body 32 and which are circumferentially spaced from each other . the lip members 38 are each defined by a pair of web members 40 wherein the web members 40 of each of the lip members 38 converge from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 to meet and form a normally closed slit opening 42 at the outlet end 36 of the valve body 32 . as is best shown in fig2 the ends of the web members 40 define a substantially planar right angled cross - shaped surface at the outlet end of the valve body 32 and the slits 42 extend through the planar surface at the outlet end 36 and are configured to also form a right - angled cross at the outlet end 36 . as may be seen in fig4 and 5 , the web members 40 of adjacent lip members 38 intersect to form intersection lines 44 between the lip members 38 . each of the intersection lines 44 extends radially inwardly in a direction from the inlet end 34 toward the outlet end 36 ( see fig3 ). in addition , each of the lip members 38 is provided with an outer wall 46 connecting its respective pair of web members 40 and defining an outer circumferential extent of the valve body 32 , and at the intersection of the valve body 32 with the first flange 28 defines a circular intersection line 48 . it should be apparent that the configuration of the lip members 38 is such that the lip members 38 essentially form a configuration resembling a pair of intersecting duck bill valves such that increasing fluid pressure against the exterior of the web members 40 will cause the slit openings 42 to be firmly closed . when a needle or tube is inserted through the inlet end 34 it will contact the edges of the web members 40 defining the slit openings 42 to cause the outlet end 36 of the valve to open and allow passage of the needle or tube . it should be noted that the web members 40 are capable of providing a wide circumference opening whereby a tube having a circumference equal to the circumference of the surface 33 may be inserted without stretching , tearing or otherwise damaging the lip members 38 . in other words , the web members 40 form flexible gusset portions creased along the intersection lines 44 which may move radially outwardly in response to passage of a tube through the valve , and subsequently return to their original closed positions upon removal of the tube . the cap member is preferably formed from an elastomeric material such as medical grade silicon and , as may be seen in fig2 the sleeve 22 is formed with substantially cylindrical inner and outer walls 50 , 52 , respectively for facilitating engagement and sealing with the end of a cannula . in addition , the second flange 30 extends a lesser radial extent inwardly than the first flange 28 and includes an inner cylindrical surface 54 which is also designed to engage and form a seal with an outer wall of a cannula . referring to fig6 the cap 20 of the present invention is shown in position on an end portion of a cannula 56 . the cannula 56 includes a radially extending flange portion 58 . the cap is positioned such that the inner wall of the sleeve 22 engages and forms a seal with an outer surface of the flange 58 and the inner surface 54 of the second flange 30 engages and forms a seal with an outer wall portion 60 of the cannula 56 . as a result of the intersection line 48 being spaced from the inner sleeve wall 50 , the end of the cannula 56 may extend into engagement with an inner surface 62 of the first flange to complete the seal between the cannula 56 and the cap 20 . with the cap 20 thus in position , the valve body 32 will extend into the cannula 56 with the lip members 38 in spaced relation to the cannula 56 . the cannula 56 is preferably provided with an annular groove or indentation 64 adjacent to the lip members 38 such that a tube having a diameter substantialy equal to the interior diameter of the cannula 56 may be inserted and sufficient room will be provided for outward movement of the lip members 38 as the web members 40 move into the indentation 64 . it should also be noted that the circumference of the inner annular surface 33 is such that it will engage and form a seal with a tube inserted into the cannula 56 . thus , the cap 20 of the present invention provides two integrally formed seal portions wherein the web members 40 form an easily opened portion creating a seal when a tube is not passing through the valve , and opening to a large circumference in response to the passage of a tube through the valve . in addition , the inner surface 33 of the flange 28 forms a second seal about a tube inserted through the valve to prevent passage of fluids out of the cannula 56 when the lips 38 have been moved to an open position by the tube . in addition , as a result of using converging web members 40 configured to resemble intersecting duckbill valve members , any reverse fluid flow in a direction from the outlet end 36 toward the inlet end 34 causes an additional closing biasing force to firmly seal the slit areas 42 and prevent fluid leakage through the cap 20 when a tube is not present in the valve . further , it should be noted that additional lip members 38 may be provided while remaining within the scope of the invention . for example , five or more radially extending lips may be provided , each of the lips including a slit formed by adjoining web members . while the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
69c39c2d722fa4cde456c4c9ebdc1549c0f4ebf2c57944aac0f94d4764f8d342
| 0.002258 | 0.075684 | 0.052734 | 0.318359 | 0.014526 | 0.092773 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation ."}
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{"patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
253652b6e6a648d9c82ece138f4cbe2f5f416322af1c9e99dc3627e7740510e4
| 0.060059 | 0.000231 | 0.285156 | 0.00103 | 0.084961 | 0.000938 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation ."}
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{"patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
253652b6e6a648d9c82ece138f4cbe2f5f416322af1c9e99dc3627e7740510e4
| 0.056641 | 0.007111 | 0.25 | 0.062988 | 0.054199 | 0.08252 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation ."}
|
{"patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
|
Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
253652b6e6a648d9c82ece138f4cbe2f5f416322af1c9e99dc3627e7740510e4
| 0.056641 | 0.001244 | 0.25 | 0.005554 | 0.054199 | 0.012024 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation ."}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
253652b6e6a648d9c82ece138f4cbe2f5f416322af1c9e99dc3627e7740510e4
| 0.055908 | 0.014038 | 0.25 | 0.001984 | 0.054199 | 0.022949 |
null |
{"patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
253652b6e6a648d9c82ece138f4cbe2f5f416322af1c9e99dc3627e7740510e4
| 0.012024 | 0.163086 | 0.036865 | 0.15332 | 0.008606 | 0.152344 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation ."}
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{"patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
253652b6e6a648d9c82ece138f4cbe2f5f416322af1c9e99dc3627e7740510e4
| 0.056641 | 0.000203 | 0.25 | 0.00592 | 0.054199 | 0.004333 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation ."}
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{"patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation .", "category": "Physics"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
253652b6e6a648d9c82ece138f4cbe2f5f416322af1c9e99dc3627e7740510e4
| 0.027954 | 0.012817 | 0.072754 | 0.044678 | 0.028931 | 0.109863 |
null |
{"patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "fig4 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention , and fig5 through 7 are sectional views illustrating a process for manufacturing the semiconductor device , taken along line a - a \u2032 of fig4 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the top surface of a semiconductor substrate 20 , which is , for example , formed of a silicon single crystal , is divided into two regions : a cell region c , on which semiconductor memory devices will be formed , and a peripheral region p , which is formed around the cell region c and on which some control devices and dummy devices will be formed . a real active region 21 a , surrounded and defined by a device isolating region 22 , is formed in the cell region c . a plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded and defined by the device isolating region 22 , are formed in the peripheral region p . real active regions 21 b are also formed in the peripheral region p . when the peripheral region p is formed as a single device isolating region without forming the plurality of dummy active regions 21 c , chemical mechanical polishing cannot be performed smoothly due to a relatively large device isolating region when shallow trench isolation ( sti ) is applied in the peripheral region p , and thus a plurality of the dummy gates 21 c , which have no relevance to circuit operations , are formed in the peripheral region p . semiconductor devices such as a control device carrying out circuit operations , which is , for example , a transistor , may also be located in a certain area of the peripheral region p , and a plurality of real gate parts 24 b can also be formed on the real active region 21 b of the peripheral region p by having a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) therebetween . as shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 21 c formed in the peripheral region p extend linearly in the present embodiment . the device isolating region 22 is formed by forming a mask pattern defining the device isolating region 22 on the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20 , forming a trench by etching a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the mask pattern as an etch mask , and filling the trench with insulating materials , such as an oxide and / or a nitride , through a gap filling operation . after the device isolating region 22 is formed , a gate insulation layer ( not shown ) is formed over the semiconductor substrate 20 , a gate part forming material is formed to a predetermined thickness , and a gate part pattern is formed through a lithography operation . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the real gate parts 24 a are densely formed on the real active regions 21 a in the shape of line / space pattern in the cell region c . in the peripheral region p , the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed on the dummy active region 21 c having a linear shape in a stripe pattern . each of the dummy gate parts 24 c covers two of the dummy active regions 21 c in the present embodiment . however , the present invention is not limited to that configuration , and each of the dummy gate parts 24 c can cover two or more dummy active regions 21 c . for example , n dummy active regions and ( n \u2212 1 ) device isolating regions between the dummy active regions can be either bundled by using one of the dummy gate parts or bundled by a plurality of the dummy gate parts . as the single dummy gate part covers a plurality of the dummy active regions 21 c and device isolating regions 22 , density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in an overall area of the peripheral region p can be increased . while only one dummy gate part 24 c is shown in fig4 and 5 for simplicity of description , a plurality of the dummy gate parts 24 c may be formed adjacent to each other . after the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c are formed , ions are implanted to expose a portion of the semiconductor substrate 20 by using the real gate parts 24 a and 24 b and the dummy gate parts 24 c as an ion - implanting mask . therefore , it may be preferable for each of the dummy gate parts 24 c to completely cover the dummy active regions 21 c below the dummy gate part 24 c to prevent the dummy active regions 21 c from becoming conductive due to ions being implanted into the dummy active regions 21 in a subsequent ion - implanting operation . the number of dummy active regions corresponding to the number of dummy gate parts is increased to increase the area occupied by the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral area p , that is , to increase the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c , because each of the dummy gate parts 24 c corresponds to one of the dummy active regions 21 c in a semiconductor device having a dummy gate in the prior art . while either each of the dummy active regions , or the device isolating region 22 surrounding each of the dummy active regions 21 c needs to be minimized to increase the number of the dummy active regions 21 within the device isolating region having a limited area in the peripheral region p , there is a limit in making the patterns for the dummy active regions and the device isolating regions finer . also , the area of the device isolating region 22 between the dummy active regions 21 c become smaller as the number and area of the dummy active regions 21 c increase . furthermore , it becomes less suitable for performing sti to form the device isolating region 22 . however , since the dummy active regions 21 c and the dummy gate parts 24 c do not correspond to each other in a one - to - one basis , the density of the dummy active regions 21 c and the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c can be optimized separately . therefore , after the dummy active regions 21 c are formed in the density optimal for performing sti smoothly , the dummy gate parts 24 c can be formed in any density concerning the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c , where it is not necessary to concern the density of the dummy active regions 21 c . the term \u2018 density \u2019 here refers to a ratio of an area occupied by a certain component to the entire surface area . for example , the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c refers to the ratio of the area occupied by the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c to the entire surface area of the cell region c . referring to fig6 , a thick interlayer insulation layer 26 is formed over the real gate parts 24 a and the dummy gate parts 24 c on the semiconductor substrate , wherein the interlayer insulation layer 26 may be formed of , for example , an oxide or a nitride . at this point , the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the cell region c is formed evenly due to the densely concentrated real gate parts 24 a . since the dummy gate parts 24 c have a sufficient density , less of the material forming the interlayer insulation layer fills spaces between the dummy gate parts 24 c , and thus the interlayer insulation layer 26 in the peripheral region p can also be formed evenly . referring to fig7 , cmp is performed on the interlayer insulation layer 26 to even the surface of the interlayer insulation layer 26 . since the density of the real gate parts 24 a in the cell region c is not significantly different from the density of the dummy gate parts 24 c in the peripheral region p , the volumes of slurries used for the cmp are nearly same in both regions c and p , and thus the loading effect can be prevented . also , there is little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the evenness of entire surface is significantly improved . therefore , a circuit layer or other interlayer insulation layer ( not shown ), which is to be formed later , can be formed to be flat with little level difference between the cell region c and the peripheral region p , and thus the formation of circuit patterns on the layers can be performed successfully . fig8 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 34 and dummy gate parts 36 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig8 , while the dummy active regions 21 c , surrounded by the device isolating region 22 , are formed to extend linearly in the semiconductor device shown in fig4 , the dummy active regions 34 in the semiconductor device of the present embodiment are formed in island shapes by a device isolating region 32 , and a plurality of the dummy active regions 34 are formed in matrix shape in the peripheral region . as described in the previous embodiment , the density of the dummy active regions 34 may be set to an optimal density for smoothly performing sti to isolate devices in the peripheral region . thus , the sti can be performed smoothly without minimizing either size of the dummy active regions 34 or width of the device isolating region 36 between the dummy active regions 34 . the dummy active regions 34 arranged in matrix shape can be bundled by dummy gate parts 36 having appropriate sizes . although a case in which four dummy active regions 34 are bundled by one dummy gate part 36 is shown in fig8 , the present invention is not limited thereto . the dummy gate parts 36 can be arranged in various combinations as long as each dummy gate part 36 can cover any number of the dummy active regions 34 and the number of the dummy active regions 34 is two or more . also , it is advantageous that the dummy gate parts 36 are formed to have a specific size and arrangement such that a difference between the density of real gate parts in the cell region and the density of the dummy gate parts 36 is within a permissible range and is as small as possible to ensure surface evenness of an interlayer insulation layer , which is to be formed later , after performing cmp on the interlayer insulation layer . fig9 is a plan view showing a positional relationship between dummy active regions 44 and dummy gate parts 46 in a peripheral region of a semiconductor device according to another embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig9 , the dummy active regions 44 , defined by a device isolating region 42 , are arranged in a line and island pattern , and the dummy gate parts 46 are arranged in various patterns in correspondence to the pattern of the dummy active regions 44 . while the embodiments of the present invention have been particularly shown and described , the invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein . for example , the embodiments of the present invention have been described under an assumption that density of real gate parts in a cell region of a semiconductor device is greater than density of dummy gate parts in a peripheral region of the semiconductor device . however , when density of real gate parts in cell region of a semiconductor device is smaller than density of dummy gate parts in peripheral region of the semiconductor device , dummy gate parts can be further formed in the cell region to minimize density difference between the gate parts of both of the regions , and the dummy gate parts can be formed in various sizes and shapes in correspondence to dummy active regions , which may be formed in the cell region . furthermore , dummy active regions formed in a peripheral region of a semiconductor substrate and dummy gate parts formed on the dummy active regions are described in the embodiments of the present invention . however , if cmp is performed on a material layer within stacked layers of a semiconductor device as may be required , it is clear that dummy gate parts can be formed in a cell region and / or the peripheral region in various sizes and shapes according to the present invention prior to the cmp operation .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
253652b6e6a648d9c82ece138f4cbe2f5f416322af1c9e99dc3627e7740510e4
| 0.003479 | 0.072754 | 0.02124 | 0.132813 | 0.009155 | 0.108398 |
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept ."}
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
b993dfcbf4deb30d629bd202ba4abbd41052021d33fe6c341a3459d5e8ed07b9
| 0.048828 | 0.007111 | 0.060059 | 0.010986 | 0.269531 | 0.005554 |
null |
{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept ."}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
b993dfcbf4deb30d629bd202ba4abbd41052021d33fe6c341a3459d5e8ed07b9
| 0.019409 | 0.002716 | 0.014954 | 0.005554 | 0.242188 | 0.027954 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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{"patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
b993dfcbf4deb30d629bd202ba4abbd41052021d33fe6c341a3459d5e8ed07b9
| 0.015869 | 0.014038 | 0.021973 | 0.035645 | 0.157227 | 0.121094 |
null |
{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
b993dfcbf4deb30d629bd202ba4abbd41052021d33fe6c341a3459d5e8ed07b9
| 0.031738 | 0.078125 | 0.060059 | 0.138672 | 0.375 | 0.226563 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
b993dfcbf4deb30d629bd202ba4abbd41052021d33fe6c341a3459d5e8ed07b9
| 0.037354 | 0.004333 | 0.044678 | 0.00383 | 0.122559 | 0.019165 |
null |
{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept .", "category": "Physics"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
b993dfcbf4deb30d629bd202ba4abbd41052021d33fe6c341a3459d5e8ed07b9
| 0.050293 | 0.004333 | 0.05835 | 0.031982 | 0.269531 | 0.068359 |
null |
{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept ."}
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept ."}
|
Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
b993dfcbf4deb30d629bd202ba4abbd41052021d33fe6c341a3459d5e8ed07b9
| 0.048096 | 0.019409 | 0.060059 | 0.026733 | 0.269531 | 0.032471 |
null |
{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept ."}
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "fig1 is a schematic view of a prior art fluidic system of the type used in the above referenced u . s . ser . no . 11 / 688 , 863 . the operation of the system and its individual components are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 872 , 719 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference . briefly , the printer fluidic system has a printhead assembly 2 supplied with ink from an ink tank 4 via an upstream ink line 8 and waste ink is drained to a sump 18 via a downstream ink line 16 . a single ink line is shown for simplicity . in reality , the printhead has multiple ink lines for full colour printing . the upstream ink line 8 has a shut off valve 10 for selectively isolating the printhead assembly 2 from the pump 12 and or the ink tank 4 . the pump 12 is used to actively prime or flood the printhead assembly 2 . the pump 12 is also used to establish a negative pressure in the ink tank 4 . during printing , the negative pressure is maintained by the bubble point regulator 6 . the printhead assembly 2 is an lcp ( liquid crystal polymer ) molding 20 supporting a series of printhead ics 30 secured with an adhesive die attach film ( not shown ). the printhead ics 30 have an array of ink ejection nozzles for ejecting drops of ink onto the passing media substrate 22 . the nozzles are mems ( micro electromechanical ) structures printing at true 1600 dpi resolution ( that is , a nozzle pitch of 1600 npi ), or greater . the fabrication and structure of suitable printhead ic &# 39 ; s 30 are described in detail in u . s . ser . no . 11 / 246 , 687 the contents of which are incorporated by reference . the lcp molding 20 has a main channel 24 extending between the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 . the main channel 24 feeds a series of fine channels 28 extending to the underside of the lcp molding 20 . the fine channels 28 supply ink to the printhead ics 30 through laser ablated holes in the die attach film . above the main channel 24 is a series of non - priming air cavities 26 . these cavities 26 are designed to trap a pocket of air during printhead priming . the air pockets give the system some compliance to absorb and damp pressure spikes or hydraulic shocks in the ink . the printers are high speed pagewidth printers with a large number of nozzles firing rapidly . this consumes ink at a fast rate and suddenly ending a print job , or even just the end of a page , means that a column of ink moving towards ( and through ) the printhead assembly 2 must be brought to rest almost instantaneously . without the compliance provided by the air cavities 26 , the momentum of the ink would flood the nozzles in the printhead ics 30 . furthermore , the subsequent \u2018 reflected wave \u2019 can generate a negative pressure strong enough to deprime the nozzles . in the majority of cases , the air cavities 26 offer sufficient damping . however , the printhead can operate in modes that excite the ink to one of the resonant frequencies of the ink line . for example , printing black lines across a page at a particular spacing ( for a table , bar code or the like ) requires all the black nozzles to fire simultaneously for brief periods . this cyclic input to the ink line can quickly establish a standing wave oscillating at a resonant frequency . the peak to peak pressures of these standing waves can overwhelm the damping provided by the air cavities 26 and flood or deprime the nozzles . the volume of the air cavities would need to be greatly increased in order to accommodate the peak pressures of the standing waves . fig2 a , 2 b and 2 c , show the three lowest harmonics for printhead assembly shown in fig1 . it should be noted that the main channel responds as if it is a blind end even though it has the outlet 38 . because it is a closed end , the main channel resonates with a quarter wave harmonic , a three quarter wave harmonic , a 1 . 25 wave harmonic and so on . an open end would resonate at 0 . 5 wave , full wave , 1 . 5 wave and so on . the lowest harmonics have the highest amplitude standing waves and therefore , are the most problematic . if these harmonics occur at frequencies at which the printhead can operate , there is the potential for pressure pulses above the flooding threshold and below the deprime threshold . nozzle flooding or deprime occurs when the ink pressure exceeds the laplace pressure of the ink meniscus across the nozzle aperture . obviously , this will depend on nozzle geometry ( as well as other factors such as operating temperature ). fig2 a is the lowest frequency harmonic ; the quarter wave , in which the length l of the lcp main channel is one quarter the wavelength . testing on some of the applicant &# 39 ; s a4 printers has shown this to occur at about 12 hz and has a peak amplitude of about 9 kpa . the next harmonic is the 0 . 75 wave shown in fig2 b . it has a lower amplitude ( approx . 5 kpa ) and occurs at 36 hz . finally , the 1 . 25 wave is shown in fig2 c which has an amplitude of about 2 kpa at 60 hz . as the frequency of the harmonic increases , the amplitude of the wave rapidly attenuates . hence the higher frequency harmonics have peak pressures small enough for the non - priming air cavities to damp . fig3 a shows these pressure peaks as function of frequency . if the deprime and flood thresholds are set at , say , \u2212 3 kpa and 4 kpa respectively , it can be seen that the quarter wave and three quarter wave harmonics have peak pressures that will be problematic for printer operation . however , incorporating a damper that resonates at the quarter wave frequency does not solve the problem . fig3 b shows the change in the frequency response curves when a fluidic damper tuned to the quarter wave is added to the end of the main channel 24 ( see fig1 ). essentially the main channel now responds as if it were an open channel and the half wave , full wave etc harmonics become relevant . one or more of these harmonics may also generate excessive peak pressures . fig3 c shows the frequency response when the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency between the quarter and half wave harmonics . this attenuates both the quarter and half wave harmonics . the applicant has found that the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper is approximately the root mean square of the quarter wave frequency and the half wave frequency ; that is , the square root of the product of the quarter wave resonant frequency and the half wave resonant frequency . in reality , it is necessary to test several frequencies around the root mean square frequency to find to the optimum resonant frequency for the fluidic damper . irregularities such as ink filters , bends and elasticity in the ink supply line and so on shift the actual pressure response curves from the theoretical curves . fig4 is a schematic representation of the printhead assembly 2 according to the present invention . the lcp molding 20 has a fluidic damper 40 that resonates at a frequency selected to attenuate potentially problematic standing waves at any of the resonant frequencies of the main channel 24 . the fluidic damper 40 has a thin tube 32 filled with ink connecting the main channel 24 to a small cavity of compressible fluid 34 \u2014 most typically air . the thin tube of ink has an inertance proportional to its length , cross sectional area and density of the ink . the air cavity is a compliance against which the ink in the thin tube 32 can oscillate . in the printhead assembly shown , the fluidic damper is tuned to a frequency at or near the root mean square of the quarter wave and the half wave resonant frequency of the main channel 24 in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the impedance provided by the damper at the quarter and half wave harmonics is sufficient to keep both of them less than the predetermined pressure threshold . positioning the fluidic damper 40 adjacent the outlet 38 of the main channel 24 is most effective as it transmits the majority of the standing wave and the reflected wave is small . the invention will now be described with reference to the applicant &# 39 ; s printhead cartridge and print engine shown in fig5 and 6 . a printhead cartridge recognizes that individual ink ejection nozzles may fail over time and eventually there are enough dead nozzles to cause artifacts in the printed image . allowing the user to replace the printhead maintains the print quality without requiring the entire printer to be replaced . the print engine 3 is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes , ink tank locations and capacities , as well as different media feed and collection trays . fig5 shows a printhead cartridge 2 installed in a print engine 3 . the printhead cartridge 2 is inserted and removed by the user lifting and lowering the latch 126 . the print engine 3 forms an electrical connection with contacts on the printhead cartridge 2 and fluid couplings 120 are formed at the inlet and outlet manifolds , 48 and 50 respectively . fig6 shows the print engine 3 with the printhead cartridge removed to reveal the apertures 122 in the fluid couplings 120 . the apertures 122 engage spouts on the inlet and outlet manifolds ( 48 and 50 of fig5 ). the fluid couplings 120 connect the inlet manifold to an ink tank , and the outlet manifold to a sump . as discussed above , the ink tanks , media feed and collection trays have an arbitrary position and configuration relative to the print engine 3 depending on the design of the printer &# 39 ; s outer casing . fig7 shows the printhead assembly 2 as a printhead cartridge for user insertion and removal from the printer body ( see fig6 ). the printhead cartridge 2 has a top molding 44 and a removable protective cover 42 . the top molding 44 has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces 58 for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal . the base portion of the protective cover 42 protects the printhead ics ( not shown ) and line of contacts ( not shown ) prior to installation in the printer . caps 56 are integrally formed with the base portion and cover the ink inlets and outlets ( see 54 and 52 of fig9 ). fig8 shows the printhead assembly 2 with its protective cover 42 removed to expose the printhead ics on the bottom surface and the line of contacts 33 on the side surface . the protective cover is discarded to the recycling waste or fitted to the printhead cartridge being replaced to contain leakage from residual ink . fig9 is a partially exploded perspective of the printhead assembly 2 . the top cover 44 has been removed reveal the inlet manifold 48 and the outlet manifold 50 . the inlet and outlet shrouds 46 and 47 have been removed to better expose the five inlet and outlet conduits , 52 and 54 respectively . the inlet and outlet manifolds 48 and 50 form a fluid connection between each of the individual inlets and outlets and the corresponding main channel 24 ( see fig1 ) in the lcp molding 20 . as discussed above , the main channels extend beneath the line of non - priming air cavities 26 . fig1 is an exploded perspective of the printhead assembly without the inlet or outlet manifolds or the top cover molding . the main channels 24 for each ink color and their associated air cavities 26 are formed in the channel molding 68 and the cavity molding 72 . adhered to the bottom of the channel molding 68 is a die attach film 66 . as discussed above in relation to fig1 , the die attach film 66 mounts the printhead ics 30 to the channel molding such that the fine channels on the underside of the are in fluid communication with the printhead ics 30 via small laser ablated holes through the film . flex pcb 70 is adhered to the side of the air cavity molding 72 and wraps around to the underside of the channel molding 68 . the printer controller connects to the lines of contacts 33 . at the other side of the flex pcb 70 is a line of wire bonds 64 to electrically connect the conductors in the flex 70 to each of the printhead ics 30 . the wire bonds 64 are covered in encapsulant 62 which is profiled to have a predominantly flat outer surface . on the other side of the air cavity molding 72 is a paper guide 74 to direct sheets of media substrate past the printhead ics at a predetermined spacing . fig1 a , 1 b and 1 c show the outlet manifold 50 detached from the rest of the printhead cartridge . interface plate 76 has outlet spouts 54 for connection to the ink sump housed in the printer body . the coupling 60 connects to each of the main channels 24 in the channel molding 68 ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 b and 11c , the inner side of the interface plate 76 supports the thin inks tubes 32 and the air cavities 34 for the respective main channels . the ink line outlets 38 connect to the thin tubes 32 immediately before the air cavities 34 . the air cavities 34 and the thin tubes 32 are sealed from each other with the heat sealable foil 78 applied to the back of the outlet manifold 50 . the foil 78 is heat sealed around the entire perimeter of the five air cavities and ink tubes as it is essential that they are completely sealed from each other . to ensure the seal is not compromised during use , the heat seal resists internal pressure to 100 kpa . when the printhead assembly primes , the ink flows through the thin tube 32 as far the outlet 38 only . the length of the ink column in the thin tube , the diameter of the tube and the properties of the ink determine an inertance for the ink in the tube . the inertance is equates to the dash - pot in the equivalent mechanical damper and the inductor in an electrical damper . the volume of the air cavity is relatively small ; less than 0 . 4 ml , and typically between 0 . 15 ml and 0 . 3 ml . this provides to the spring in a mechanical damper or the capacitor in the corresponding electrical circuit . as the main channels 24 of the channel molding 68 have slightly different configurations , the resonant frequencies are likewise different . accordingly , the fluidic dampers for each main channel 24 are tuned to resonate at different frequencies for optimum damping of each ink line . the invention has been described herein by way of example only . skilled workers in this field will readily recognize many variations and modifications that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the broad inventive concept ."}
|
Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
b993dfcbf4deb30d629bd202ba4abbd41052021d33fe6c341a3459d5e8ed07b9
| 0.031738 | 0.382813 | 0.05835 | 0.550781 | 0.359375 | 0.392578 |
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{"patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
c67807a49f6a92bde9a2ee5f2bd36abcd3d635f2d4602abc03b876ecc19cc94c
| 0.002472 | 0.003372 | 0.025513 | 0.002975 | 0.106934 | 0.016357 |
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{"patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
c67807a49f6a92bde9a2ee5f2bd36abcd3d635f2d4602abc03b876ecc19cc94c
| 0.001137 | 0.01001 | 0.014038 | 0.007111 | 0.046631 | 0.300781 |
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims ."}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
c67807a49f6a92bde9a2ee5f2bd36abcd3d635f2d4602abc03b876ecc19cc94c
| 0.002808 | 0.001984 | 0.007568 | 0.003174 | 0.061768 | 0.010986 |
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{"patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
c67807a49f6a92bde9a2ee5f2bd36abcd3d635f2d4602abc03b876ecc19cc94c
| 0.000534 | 0.019775 | 0.003281 | 0.000607 | 0.041992 | 0.07373 |
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{"patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
c67807a49f6a92bde9a2ee5f2bd36abcd3d635f2d4602abc03b876ecc19cc94c
| 0.002472 | 0.046143 | 0.025513 | 0.757813 | 0.106934 | 0.445313 |
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims ."}
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
c67807a49f6a92bde9a2ee5f2bd36abcd3d635f2d4602abc03b876ecc19cc94c
| 0.00592 | 0.163086 | 0.011353 | 0.123535 | 0.238281 | 0.435547 |
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims ."}
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
c67807a49f6a92bde9a2ee5f2bd36abcd3d635f2d4602abc03b876ecc19cc94c
| 0.002808 | 0.006683 | 0.007568 | 0.014526 | 0.061768 | 0.007568 |
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{"patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "referring to the drawings in detail and , in particular , to fig1 an internal combustion engine 1 , such as a v - type internal combustion engine , equipped with a valve drive mechanism assembled by the method of the present invention is shown . the engine 1 includes a right or first cylinder bank ia and a left or second cylinder bank ib . the first and second cylinder banks ia and ib have first and second cylinder heads 3 and 4 mounted on a cylinder block 2 . the cylinder heads are disposed in a v - formation at a proper angle ( for instance , about 60 degrees ) relative to each other so as to form a v - shaped space v therebetween . the engine 1 has a plurality of cylinders disposed adjacent to one another and along the length of the cylinder banks 1a and 1b . each of these cylinders has four valves , namely , two intake valves and two exhaust valves . a pair of camshafts , namely , exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 , form a part of the valve drive mechanism . these camshafts are rotatably disposed parallel to each other on cylinder heads 3 and 4 . each of the pairs of camshafts 5 and 6 is rotatably connected to an engine crankshaft 7 by a timing belt 8 so as to be driven at approximate relative timings . in more detail , the crankshaft 7 , which extends out of one end of a lower portion of the cylinder block 2 , is provided , at its outer end , with a crankshaft pulley or sprocket 7a coaxial with the crankshaft 7 . the exhaust camshafts 5 , which extend out of first ends of the cylinder heads 3 and 4 , respectively , are provided , at their outer ends , with camshaft pulleys or sprockets 9 coaxial with the exhaust camshafts . these sprockets 7a and 9 are connected by the timing belt 8 . to apply a proper constant tension to the timing belt 8 , there are several idler pulleys 11a - 11d located at selected points . the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 and 6 are rotatably connected by an interconnecting gear train . the gear train includes an exhaust camshaft gear 12 , rotatably mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , and an intake camshaft gear 13 ( see fig3 ), mounted on the intake camshaft 6 so as to be rotated at an appropriate timing relative to the crankshaft 7 . the intake camshaft gear 13 is accompanied by a friction gear 17 ( see fig3 ) mounted on the intake camshaft 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is provided with two cams 5a for each cylinder , and the intake camshaft 6 is also provided with two cams ( not shown ) for each cylinder . these cams drive the intake and exhaust valves so that they open and close intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder at a proper timing . referring to fig2 and 3 , and specifically to the area around the exhaust camshaft 5 , there is disposed , between the camshaft pulley 9 and the exhaust camshaft 5 , a variable valve timing mechanism 16 for varying a timing of opening and closing the exhaust valves relative to the intake valves so as to vary valve opening overlap time between the intake and exhaust valves . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 by a generally cylindrically shaped mounting base 15 . the mounting base 15 is attached to the camshaft sprocket 9 by bolts at its front end and to the exhaust camshaft gear 12 by a lock nut 14 at its rear end . to mount the camshafts 5 and 6 on the cylinder head 3 in cooperation with an end bearing cap 18 and an intermediate bearing cap 19 , the cylinder head 3 is formed , on its top surface , with end bearings 21a and 21b for supporting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and intermediate bearings 22 for supporting intermediate journal portions of the camshafts 5 and 6 . the end bearing cap 18 is formed with a front cap extension 18a extending around a half portion of the camshaft sprocket 9 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is made as one integral piece and has three portions , namely , a front cylindrical flange portion with internal steps , one of which is attached with the camshaft pulley 9 through a cylindrical casing 25 , an intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a which is held by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , and a rear cylindrical with an externally threaded end 15b . the intermediate journal portion 15a has an external diameter smaller than the front flange portion and larger than the rear cylindrical portion so as to form front and rear external shoulders . the cylindrical mounting base 15 abuts , at the front shoulder , against the front end surface of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 . the exhaust camshaft gear 12 has a cylindrical boss 12a , abutting , at its front end , against the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and is fixedly supported between the rear shoulder of the intermediate journal portion 15a and the lock nut 14 threadingly fitted to the externally threaded end 15b of the rear cylindrical portion . the cylindrical boss 12a is further rotatably supported in a cylindrical space formed between annular shoulders g of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 so as to prevent the cylindrical mounting base 15 from thrust movement with respect to the end bearing 21a . there is a positioning means for adjusting the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined relative angular position . the positioning means includes a positioning pin 23 , radially projecting from the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 , and an internal axial slot 12b , formed in the exhaust camshaft gear 12 . the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 are formed with semi - circular grooves f , respectively , in which an oil sealing ring 24 is fitted . a timing belt cover 41 is attached to the front bearing cap extension 18a of the end bearing cap 18 to cover various elements , including the timing belt 8 , mounted directly and indirectly on the front end portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 . a head cover 42 is attached to the rear end of the end bearing cap 18 to cover the top surface of the cylinder head 3 and the camshafts 5 and 6 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is formed with a journal 5b , located at an axial position between the intermediate cylindrical journal portion 15a and the threaded end 15b of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the base 15 has an outer diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 extending within the cylindrical mounting base 15 and is in sliding contact with part of the inner surface of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the exhaust camshaft 5 is integrally formed with a hexagonal collar 5c for an open end wrench . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 is of the well known hydraulic type and is activated by oil supplied thereto through an oil passage ( not shown ) formed in the exhaust camshaft 5 by an oil pump ( not shown ) of the engine 1 according to an engine operating condition . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes the cylindrical casing 25 attached to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . a front end ring 26 with a cover 38 bolted thereto is threadingly fitted into the cylindrical casing 25 . a cylindrical spacer 27 is fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 through a washer 28 by a securing member 29 , such as a bolt , so as to attach the valve timing mechanism 16 securely to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes , between the casing 25 and the spacer 27 , a ring piston 30 having two cylindrical rings disposed in the axial direction . the rings are fixedly attached to each other by a plurality of fixing pins 31 , arranged at regular circumferential angular spacings . the ring piston 30 is formed , on its inner and outer surfaces , with helical splines directed in opposite directions . to threadingly engage the cylindrical casing 25 and the spacer 27 with the piston 30 , the cylindrical casing 25 is formed , on its inner surface , with helical splines . the spacer 27 is also formed , on its outer surface , with helical splines . the variable valve timing mechanism 16 includes a return coil spring 36 disposed between the cylindrical mounting base 15 and the ring piston 30 so as to force the ring piston 30 apart from the cylindrical mounting base 15 in the axial direction . to adjust the variable valve timing mechanism 16 to a preferred angular position relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , a knock pin 32 , extending from the end of the exhaust camshaft 5 , is fitted into an axial groove or slot 27a formed in the spacer 27 . in a variable valve timing unit 16 mounted in this way on the exhaust camshaft 5 , when pressurized oil is introduced through the oil passage in the exhaust camshaft 5 and the securing bolt 29 and applied to the piston 30 , the piston 30 is forced to the right , as viewed in fig2 against the return spring 36 . the spacer 27 , secured to the exhaust camshaft 5 , and the casing 25 , attached with the camshaft sprocket 9 , spline coupled to the piston 30 , are , therefore , turned in opposite directions relative to each other . this changes the relative phase of rotation between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the camshaft sprocket 9 . to assemble the valve drive mechanism to the cylinder head 3 of the engine 1 , after mounting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 on the front portion of the exhaust camshaft 5 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is placed on the end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . then , after adjusting the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to a predetermined phase of rotation relative to the intake camshaft gear 13 fixedly attached to the intake camshaft 6 , the intake camshaft 6 is placed on the front end bearing 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 of the cylinder head 3 . as is well known in the art , the adjustment of the relative phase of rotation between the camshaft gears 12 and 13 of the exhaust and intake camshafts 5 is performed by aligning a mark on one of the camshaft gears 12 and 13 with a mark on the other of these camshaft gears . the end bearing caps 18 and the intermediate bearing cap 22 are secured to the end bearings 21a and 21b and the intermediate bearing 22 , respectively , so as to rotatably hold the camshafts 5 and 6 . however , because no element of the variable valve timing unit 16 has yet been assembled in the valve drive mechanism , there remains a clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the inner surfaces of the end bearings 21a and the end bearing caps 18 . during securing of the camshafts 5 and 6 , the exhaust camshaft gear 12 and the lock nut 14 , which has been provisionally mounted on the exhaust camshaft 5 , are located rearward from the end bearing 21a of the cylinder head 3 . after securing the end bearing cap 18 to the end bearing 21a , the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is fitted in the annular groove g so that the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally held , by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , coaxially with the exhaust camshaft 5 . after ( or before ) fitting the boss 12a of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 in the annular groove g , the oil sealing ring 24 is press - fitted in the internal circular groove f of the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , which have been secured to each other , through the clearance . thereafter , the variable valve timing unit 16 is mounted on the exhaust camshaft in such a way as to fit the cylindrical mounting base 15 between the exhaust camshaft 5 and the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 through the clearance to some extent . the variable valve timing unit 16 is then turned so as to align the internal axial slot 12b of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 with the positioning pin 23 of the rear cylindrical portion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 . the cylindrical mounting base 15 is then forced axially until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 abuts the rear end surface of the spacer 27 . because the exhaust camshaft gear 12 is held coaxially with and by the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 , the insertion of the cylindrical mounting base 15 into the clearance between the exhaust camshaft 5 , the end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 is performed quite easily . then , exhaust camshaft gear 12 is provisionally fastened against the annular groove g of the front end bearing 21a and the end bearing cap 18 by the lock nut 14 . after provisional fastening of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , the exhaust camshaft 5 is turned by the use of a tool , such as an open end wrench fitted to the hexagonal collar 5c , until the knock pin 32 of the exhaust camshaft 5 is set to ( or aligned with ) the axial slot 27a of the spacer 27 . because the securing bolt 29 and the cover 38 are not yet attached to the variable valve timing unit 16 , the angular position of the exhaust camshaft 5 relative to the spacer 27 can be viewed and confirmed from the front side . the spacer 27 is then fastened to the front end of the exhaust camshaft 5 by the securing bolt 29 through the washer 28 . after locking the knock nut 14 against rotation with respect to the front end bearing 21a by the use of a tool or an extra jig , the securing bolt 29 is further turned with a predetermined torque by the use of a torque wrench so as to fixedly secure the variable valve timing unit 16 to the exhaust camshaft 5 . the lock nut 14 is further turned by the use of a special wrench so as to completely fasten the exhaust camshaft gear 12 to the cylindrical mounting base 15 . finally , the cover 38 is attached to the front end ring 26 of the variable valve timing unit 16 to complete the assembly of the valve drive mechanism . the variable valve timing unit 16 is activated , according to engine load and engine speed , in a well known manner . that is , when the engine is operated at higher engine loads and higher engine speeds , pressurized oil is introduced into the variable valve timing unit 16 and applied to the piston 30 . consequently , the piston 30 is forced in one axial direction , for instance to the right , as viewed in fig2 . the casing 25 , which is mechanically united to the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 as a whole , is turned through a predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 secured to the spacer 27 . as a result of the change in angular position of the exhaust camshaft gear 12 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to retard closing of the intake valves or to advance opening of the exhaust valves . an overlap time period , during which both of the intake and exhaust valves remain open , is thereby extended . on the other hand , when the engine is operated at lower engine loads and lower engine speeds , pressurized oil is removed from the variable valve timing unit 16 , so that the piston 30 returns to the left as viewed in fig2 . the camshaft sprocket 9 and the exhaust camshaft gear 12 , therefore , are returned , as a whole , through the predetermined angle relative to the exhaust camshaft 5 . as a result , the phase of rotation of the intake camshaft 6 relative tot he exhaust camshaft 5 changes , so as to advance closing the intake valves or to retard opening the exhaust valves . the overlap time period is thereby shortened . the valve drive mechanism , equipped with the variable valve timing unit 16 , may be assembled to the intake camshaft in the same manner as described above . it is to be understood that although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof , various other embodiments and variants may occur to those skilled in the art . any such other embodiments and variants which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the following claims ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
c67807a49f6a92bde9a2ee5f2bd36abcd3d635f2d4602abc03b876ecc19cc94c
| 0.001137 | 0.235352 | 0.014038 | 0.355469 | 0.046631 | 0.365234 |
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{"patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 ).", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 ).", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
013fe577bcd430d092380f576c92fd16e6006e0156d743c02cc20460dd5ba8e5
| 0.007355 | 0.000216 | 0.004608 | 0.000778 | 0.027222 | 0.042725 |
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 )."}
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{"patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 ).", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
013fe577bcd430d092380f576c92fd16e6006e0156d743c02cc20460dd5ba8e5
| 0.117676 | 0.000969 | 0.129883 | 0.004608 | 0.269531 | 0.025146 |
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 )."}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 )."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
013fe577bcd430d092380f576c92fd16e6006e0156d743c02cc20460dd5ba8e5
| 0.025513 | 0.031128 | 0.036133 | 0.054932 | 0.03418 | 0.359375 |
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{"patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 ).", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 )."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
013fe577bcd430d092380f576c92fd16e6006e0156d743c02cc20460dd5ba8e5
| 0.018555 | 0.149414 | 0.017456 | 0.003601 | 0.026001 | 0.094238 |
null |
{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 )."}
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{"patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 ).", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
013fe577bcd430d092380f576c92fd16e6006e0156d743c02cc20460dd5ba8e5
| 0.027588 | 0.055908 | 0.036133 | 0.02124 | 0.03418 | 0.12793 |
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{"patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 ).", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 ).", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
013fe577bcd430d092380f576c92fd16e6006e0156d743c02cc20460dd5ba8e5
| 0.018555 | 0.004456 | 0.017456 | 0.005219 | 0.026001 | 0.016357 |
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 )."}
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 )."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
013fe577bcd430d092380f576c92fd16e6006e0156d743c02cc20460dd5ba8e5
| 0.027588 | 0.222656 | 0.036133 | 0.12793 | 0.03418 | 0.671875 |
null |
{"patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 ).", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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{"patent": "reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout . the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene can be effected substantially by two different synthesis routes according to the following reaction schemes : the first reaction pathway i is effected via tetraarylcyclopentadienone as starting substance , whereas the second reaction pathway ii is effected via 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one as starting substance . i . synthesis route proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone the synthesis of pentaarylcyclopentadiene proceeding from tetraarylcyclopentadienone is based on the studies by ziegler and schnell ( ziegler et al ., liebigs ann . chem . 445 ( 1925 ), 266 ) and was modified in substantial processing . in a grignard reaction , proceeding from tetraarylcyclopenta - dienone and an excess of arylmagnesium bromide , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained . in further processing , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol is obtained not as described in ziegler by introducing a hydrogen bromide stream into a solution of the alcohol in glacial acetic acid , but by the reaction of the alcohol with acetyl bromide in toluene . this reaction proceeds particularly well with tertiary alcohols , for example triphenylmethanol . 46 . 2 g ( 0 . 12 mol ) of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone are reacted with 0 . 61 mol of phenylmagnesium bromide in 400 ml of ether to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dienol ( yield 50 . 8 g ( 87 %); m . p . : 177 - 179 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 175 - 176 \u00b0 c ., elemental analysis for c35h26o . found : c , 90 . 98 %; h , 5 . 59 %; calc . : c , 90 . 88 %; h , 5 . 66 %.) the pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol reacts with elimination of hydrogen bromide to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene 1 - acetate . this ester is unstable in the presence of hydrogen bromide . with elimination of acetic acid , this gives a 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopentadienyl cation , which is stabilized by accepting a bromide ion . with a reaction regime using an excess of acetyl bromide , the reaction proceeds quantitatively . 50 . 8 g ( 0 . 11 mol ) of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - dien - 5 - ol are suspended in 200 ml of toluene . within 20 minutes , 74 g ( 0 . 6 mol ) of acetyl bromide are added dropwise at room temperature and then the reaction mixture is boiled under reflux for 2 hours . towards the end of the reaction , another 2 ml of methanol are added dropwise . excess acetyl bromide and toluene are distilled off under reduced pressure . the remaining oil crystallized after addition of 100 ml of petroleum ether . the orange precipitate is filtered off with suction , washed with petroleum ether and dried ( m . p . : 183 - 185 \u00b0 c .). analytically pure orange products are obtained by recrystallization from toluene . ( yield : 52 . 7 g ( 91 %); m . p . : 189 - 190 \u00b0 c ., lit . : 188 - 189 \u00b0 c . ; elemental analysis for c35h25br . found : c , 80 . 2 %; h , 4 . 8 %; calc . : c , 80 . 00 %; h , 4 . 8 %). subsequently , the 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is reduced in ether with lithium aluminum hydride to give the pentaarylcyclopentadiene hydrocarbon ( according to houben - weyl 4 / 1d reduktion ii , methoden der organischen chemie ( 1981 ) page 397 ). added in portions to a suspension of 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 3 mol ) of li in 150 ml of ether while stirring is a suspension of 52 . 6 g ( 0 . 1 mol ) of 5 - bromo - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene in 300 ml of ether . the resultant pale yellow - gray suspension is boiled under reflux for another 2 hours to complete the reduction . after cooling to room temperature , excess li is hydrolyzed first with ice - water and then with dilute hydrochloric acid . the rotary evaporator is then used to distill all volatile organic constituents out of the reaction mixture . the pale yellow crude product is filtered off with suction and washed repeatedly with water . for further purification , it is dried azeotropically with toluene , filtered and then recrystallized ( yield 37 . 3 g ( 84 %); m . p . : 253 - 256 \u00b0 c . ( according to the batch ), lit . : 244 - 246 ; elemental analysis for c35h26 . found : c , 94 . 8 %; h , 5 . 8 %; calc . : c , 94 . 13 %; h , 5 . 87 %; 1 h nmr ( 200 mhz , cdcl3 , tms ): \u03b4 7 . 25 - 6 . 92 ( multiplet , 25 aromatic h ), 5 . 07 ( 1 acid h ); 13 c nmr ( broadband - decoupled , 50 mhz , cdcl 3 , tms ): 146 . 5 , 144 . 0 , 136 . 2 , 135 . 8 , 130 . 1 , 129 . 0 , 128 . 5 , 128 . 4 , 127 . 8 , 127 . 6 , 126 . 7 , 126 . 5 , 126 . 3 , 62 . 7 ( s , sp3 - c ); ms - ei spectrum corresponds to literature spectrum rmsd 5094 - 9 ). according to dielthey et al . ( dielthey , w ., quint , f ., j . prakt . chem . 2 ( 1930 ), 139 ), proceeding from benzoin and 1 , 3 - diphenylacetone ( dibenzyl ketone ), 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclo - penten - 2 - one is obtained as the condensation product . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraarylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of aryllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaarylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol , which is subsequently converted according to rio et al . ( rio , g . sanz , bull . soc . chim . france 12 ( 1966 ) 3375 ) with elimination of water to give very pure pentaarylcyclopentadiene . 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one reacts with an excess of phenyllithium to give 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene then forms through elimination of water . this method likewise gives very pure products . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene is prepared from 37 . 8 g ( 0 . 098 mol ) of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - tetraphenylcyclopenten - 2 - one and 0 . 5 mol of phenyllithium ( formed from 7 g ( 1 mol ) of li and 78 . 5 g ( 0 . 5 mol ) of bromobenzene ) in 300 ml of ether by a literature method of rio and sanz , and purified analogously to method i . the conversion of the 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclo - penta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol to 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 - pentaphenylcyclopenta - 1 , 3 - diene proceeds automatically within the conversion . this gives a yield of 34 . 9 g ( 80 %), and the product is identical to the c 5 hph 5 prepared by method i . about 100 mg of elemental cesium ( fluka ) are washed repeatedly with hexane in order to remove any adhering oils . 1 mmol of the cyclopentadiene compounds is dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in about 20 - 40 ml of thf . this solution was added to the purified cesium . there is evolution of hydrogen . the suspension is stirred ( about 2 - 4 h ) until coloring occurs or no further evolution of hydrogen is observed . the solution is filtered to remove excess cesium . by drawing off the solvent and subsequent sharp drying , the anhydrous cesium salts of the cyclopentadiene compound are obtained . deposited on an ito ( indium tin oxide = indium - doped tin oxide ) electrode by thermal evaporation is a 200 nm - thick layer of the electron conductor bcp ( 2 , 9 - dimethyl - 4 , 7 - diphenyl - 1 , 10 - phenanthroline ). the counterelectrode used is a 150 nm - thick aluminum layer . iv . 2 ) production of organic electrically conductive layers with cesium pentaphenylcyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a cesium pentaphenylcyclopenta - dienide is incorporated into the electrically conductive layer by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of the bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . iv . 3 production of organic electrically conductive layers with rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclopentadienide as dopant in three further experiments , a rubidium penta ( p - tolyl ) cyclo - pentadienide is incorporated by doping in concentrations of 2 %, 5 % and 10 % relative to the evaporation rate of bcp . in the course of a physical characterization , it is found for the current - voltage characteristics of the doped organic components that the current density of the doped layers is well above that of the comparative substrate at the same voltage . when the level of doping is sufficiently small , this effect is nearly proportional to the doping intensity . increasing current density therefore leads to the conclusion of an increase in the charge carrier density and / or mobility . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof and examples , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention covered by the claims which may include the phrase \u201c at least one of a , b and c \u201d as an alternative expression that means one or more of a , b and c may be used , contrary to the holding in superguide v . directv , 69 uspq2d 1865 ( fed . cir . 2004 ).", "category": "Electricity"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
013fe577bcd430d092380f576c92fd16e6006e0156d743c02cc20460dd5ba8e5
| 0.026733 | 0.003372 | 0.046143 | 0.004608 | 0.040283 | 0.013245 |
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims ."}
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{"patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
|
Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
fa2d2c1726f19e0a11b7fa7d524f950585d056462333b759658d65b7c0551630
| 0.022339 | 0.00383 | 0.00885 | 0.002182 | 0.036133 | 0.005371 |
null |
{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims ."}
|
{"patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
|
Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
fa2d2c1726f19e0a11b7fa7d524f950585d056462333b759658d65b7c0551630
| 0.015869 | 0.063477 | 0.003601 | 0.214844 | 0.016968 | 0.267578 |
null |
{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims ."}
|
{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims ."}
|
Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
fa2d2c1726f19e0a11b7fa7d524f950585d056462333b759658d65b7c0551630
| 0.022339 | 0.069336 | 0.00885 | 0.000969 | 0.036133 | 0.099609 |
null |
{"patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
|
{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims ."}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
fa2d2c1726f19e0a11b7fa7d524f950585d056462333b759658d65b7c0551630
| 0.008057 | 0.023682 | 0.002258 | 0.047363 | 0.079102 | 0.02002 |
null |
{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims ."}
|
{"patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
|
Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
fa2d2c1726f19e0a11b7fa7d524f950585d056462333b759658d65b7c0551630
| 0.024048 | 0.004456 | 0.00885 | 0.001137 | 0.036133 | 0.060059 |
null |
{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims ."}
|
{"category": "Physics", "patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims ."}
|
Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
fa2d2c1726f19e0a11b7fa7d524f950585d056462333b759658d65b7c0551630
| 0.014526 | 0.648438 | 0.003601 | 0.796875 | 0.014526 | 0.675781 |
null |
{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims ."}
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
fa2d2c1726f19e0a11b7fa7d524f950585d056462333b759658d65b7c0551630
| 0.015442 | 0.018555 | 0.00885 | 0.005066 | 0.01001 | 0.002716 |
null |
{"patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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{"patent": "the composition of this catalyst was suggested by our preliminary experiments in which we discovered the need of a pt / sno 2 catalyst for bound water to enhance its activity . these experimental results suggested that if the water were bound to the surface , this water would enhance and prolong catalyst activity for long time periods . since the catalyst is to be exposed to a laser gas mixture , and since a co 2 laser can tolerate only a very small amount of moisture therein , a hygroscopic support for the catalyst would provide the needed h 2 o into the gas . of all the hygroscopic materials that would be useful as support materials , silica gel is considered to be superior because of its property to chemisorb water on its surface over a wide range of moisture content . the equilibrium weight percent of water chemisorbed on silica gel ranges from 0 to over 40 percent when exposed to relative humidities of 0 to 100 percent , respectively . silica gel chemisorption characteristics result from its huge surface area , the highly porous nature of its particles , and its tendency toward hydration . the application of a very thin film of pt / sno 2 on the silica gel surface preserves a large fraction of this area and hence , control of the moisture content on the catalyst surface is attained . the catalyst of the present invention may be produced by first preparing a mixture of a commercially available , high - surface - area silica gel and an oxidizing agent . very beneficial results have been obtained using nitric acid as the oxidizing agent since it leaves no residue . it is also helpful if the silica gel is first deaerated by boiling in water to allow the entire surface to be coated . a metal , such as tin , is then dissolved in the oxidizing agent / support material mixture to yield , in the case of tin , metastannic acid . although tin has proven especially beneficial for use in a closed - cycle co 2 laser , in general any metal with multiple valence states may be used . the metastannic acid is adsorbed onto the high - surface - area silica gel and coats the surface thereof . any excess oxidizing agent is then evaporated , and the resulting metastannic acid - coated silica gel is dried , whereby the metastannic acid becomes tin ( iv ) oxide ( sno 2 ). the second step is accomplished by preparing an aqueous mixture of the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel and a soluble , chloride - free salt of at least one platinum group metal . extremely beneficial results have been obtained using chloride - free salts of platinum , palladium , or a combination thereof , such as tetraamine platinum ( ii ) hydroxide ( pt ( nh 3 ) 4 ( oh ) 2 ) or tetraamine palladium ( ii ) nitrate ( pd ( nh 3 ) 4 ( no 3 ) 2 ). it is also beneficial if the coated silica gel is first deaerated by boiling . the platinum group metal salt is adsorbed onto the high surface area and coats the surface . a chloride - free reducing agent is then added to the aqueous mixture whereby the platinum group metal is deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel . any reducing agent which decomposes to volatile products and water upon reaction or drying is preferred . formic acid , hydroxylamine ( nh 2 oh ), hydrazine ( n 2 h 4 ), and ascorbic acid are particularly advantageous . after the platinum group metal has been deposited onto the tin ( iv ) oxide coated silica gel , the solution is evaporated to dryness , whereby the desired catalyst is obtained . evaluating its performance , we found that the catalyst of the present invention has not only a high activity , i . e ., a pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 under ambient temperature conditions , but also a very long lifetime , exhibiting a half life of eight months . thus , the purpose of this invention , viz ., to formulate a catalyst composition with enhanced activity and long life for sealed co 2 laser applications , has been fulfilled because of the unique composition of this catalyst . an exemplary composition consisting of 6 . 7 % pt , 39 . 7 % sno 2 , and 53 . 6 % silica gel , was tested at 30 \u00b0 c . for a period of 106 days with an activity half life of eight months . the water content of this catalyst was determined to be 12 . 5 %. the silica gel employed in the instant composition can be in the form of granules , beads , pellets or monoliths . the size and shape of the particles can vary , although a uniform size and shape are desirable properties for good flow distribution through a bed or structure of these particles . the water content of the silica gel has varied up to 27 %. any other compound which can bind water to its structure can be substituted for silica gel in the instant catalyst composition . examples of other materials include , but are not limited to calcium chloride , magnesium sulfate , hydrated alumina , and magnesium perchlorate , as well as other metal oxides , hydroxides , salts and their hydrates . witteman supra has shown that the introduction of water into the gas phase of a sealed co 2 laser without a hygroscopic catalyst present can increase laser output by approximately 100 percent . however , this output decayed , whereas the hygroscopic properties of the catalyst of the present invention confers a long life at room temperature conditions : a half life of eight months with an initial pumping speed of 3 . 2 \u00d7 10 - 3 / s - 1 g - 1 without the introduction of moisture in the gas phase . no other catalyst known can compare with this performance . furthermore , introduction of moisture in the gas phase has been shown to have deleterious effects on the performance of some sealed co 2 lasers . the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments thereof . however , as is understood by those of skill in the art , variations and modifications in this detail can be made without any departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the hereto - appended claims .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
fa2d2c1726f19e0a11b7fa7d524f950585d056462333b759658d65b7c0551630
| 0.018799 | 0.055908 | 0.016357 | 0.080566 | 0.117676 | 0.057373 |
null |
{"patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
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bb16b37e5ea5486a1c10dd8a5d64b2fed66f49514931ccea92fa9da212b39832
| 0.015869 | 0.000231 | 0.373047 | 0.006287 | 0.470703 | 0.012451 |
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{"patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
bb16b37e5ea5486a1c10dd8a5d64b2fed66f49514931ccea92fa9da212b39832
| 0.133789 | 0.005219 | 0.449219 | 0.052734 | 0.308594 | 0.128906 |
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{"patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
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bb16b37e5ea5486a1c10dd8a5d64b2fed66f49514931ccea92fa9da212b39832
| 0.009155 | 0.016357 | 0.166016 | 0.014038 | 0.449219 | 0.178711 |
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong ."}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
bb16b37e5ea5486a1c10dd8a5d64b2fed66f49514931ccea92fa9da212b39832
| 0.824219 | 0.029297 | 0.621094 | 0.000179 | 0.976563 | 0.112793 |
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong ."}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
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bb16b37e5ea5486a1c10dd8a5d64b2fed66f49514931ccea92fa9da212b39832
| 0.921875 | 0.136719 | 0.976563 | 0.632813 | 0.992188 | 0.707031 |
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong ."}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
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bb16b37e5ea5486a1c10dd8a5d64b2fed66f49514931ccea92fa9da212b39832
| 0.863281 | 0.00592 | 0.949219 | 0.000778 | 0.992188 | 0.075684 |
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong ."}
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
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bb16b37e5ea5486a1c10dd8a5d64b2fed66f49514931ccea92fa9da212b39832
| 0.691406 | 0.443359 | 0.882813 | 0.765625 | 0.964844 | 0.949219 |
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong ."}
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "the present invention relates to a solid - state filter realized on a monolithic integrated circuit ( ic ). the ic is capable of physically realizing a broad class of filters over a wide frequency range . the filter class includes low pass , high pass , band pass , and band reject . the frequency range is either : audio , sub - audio , radio , video or hf , as well as uhf . an object of the invention is to physically realize filters without the need of inductors or capacitors , and instead , utilizes operational amplifiers ( op - amps ) and resistors ; hence the name op - r . starting with the inductance element , fig1 shows the equivalence of an op - amp 1 ( a 1 ) and an associated feedback resistor 2 ( r 2 ) to a lossy inductor composed of inductor 3 ( l 3 ) and its associated parallel resistor 4 ( r 4 ). both equivalent circuits are driven by the same voltage source 5 ( v 5 ). each circuit draws current 6 ( 16 ) and has a responding voltage 7 ( v 7 ). the equivalence of the two circuits is given in terms of the input impedance , seen by voltage source v 5 , and described in fig1 . in the equivalence , the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t emerges as the main control of the filter inductor l 3 , which from fig1 is defined by : next the capacitance element equivalence is shown in fig2 . here op - amp 8 ( a 8 ) and resistor 9 ( r 9 ) are equivalent to the capacitance 11 ( c 11 ) and its associated series resistor 10 ( r 10 ). again , both circuits are driven by voltage source voltage source 12 ( v 12 ) and respond with current 13 ( 113 ) resulting in voltage 14 ( v 14 ). again the op - amp gain - bandwidth \u03c9 t controls the capacitor c 11 in fig2 defined by : with both inductance and capacitor parameters established , fundamental first order low pass and high pass filters can be realized . fig3 shows high pass filter equivalence between op - r ( left ) and the passive high pass prototype ( right ). in the op - r high pass filter of fig3 voltage source 15 ( v 15 ) drives op - amp 16 ( a 16 ) through resistor 17 ( r 17 ). feedback resistor 18 ( r 18 ) realizes the equivalent inductor and the output is taken at node point 20 . the equivalent inductor shown in the passive high pass prototype is given as : for the values cited in fig3 the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = r \u2062 \u2062 17 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 19 = r \u2062 \u2062 17 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 18 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 1 \u2062 \u2062 m = 1 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 4 ) ] where the nominal value of the op - amp a 16 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is taken as 1 mhz . this value is for the lm741 op - amp shown selected for the audio range . fig4 shows the equivalence between the op - r and passive low pass prototype filter . here voltage source 26 ( v 26 ) drives op - amp 25 ( a 25 ) through resistor 22 ( r 22 ). resistor 23 ( r 23 ) realizes the equivalent capacitor 21 ( c 21 ) defined as : the output is taken at node point 24 . for the values cited , the cut - off frequency is given by : f c = \u2062 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 22 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 21 = \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 23 \u2062 \u2062 f t r \u2062 \u2062 22 = ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 k ) \u2062 ( 1 \u2062 \u2062 mhz ) 100 \u2062 \u2062 k = 10 \u2062 \u2062 khz [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 6 ) ] where again the nominal gain - bandwidth of a 25 is taken for the lm741 op - amp as 1 mhz . next we turn our attention to the band pass filter . fig5 shows the op - r and passive band pass prototype filter equivalence . this circuit combines the op - r &# 39 ; s inductor and capacitor in parallel . both contain lossy resistance elements as previously demonstrated in fig1 and fig2 . their parallel combination in series with a resistor 26 ( r 26 ) forms a 0 . 8 mhz band pass at 1 . 6 mhz center frequency . in this case the band pass is in the video range as contrasted to the previous low and high pass filters in the audio range . the reason for the higher frequency performance is the choice of op - amps 29 and 30 ( a 29 and a 30 ), namely the opa627 . the opa627 &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth is 16 mhz as compared to 1 mhz for the lm741 in the previous case . as the equivalent inductor / capacitor elements show a higher \u03c9 t indicates lower equivalent inductor and capacitor values , thereby yielding a higher cut - off frequency filter . the design equations follow from the passive prototype filter as : f o = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 7 ) ] bw = \u2062 f o q = f o \u2062 l \u2062 \u2062 29 / c \u2062 \u2062 30 r eq = \u2062 f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 27 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq = f t \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 r eq [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 8 ) ] r eq = r \u2062 \u2062 33 \u2062 ( 1 + q c 2 // r \u2062 \u2062 27 // r \u2062 \u2062 26 ; [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 9 ) ] q c = x c r = 1 2 \u2062 \u03c0 \u2062 \u2062 f o \u2062 c \u2062 \u2062 30 \u2062 r \u2062 \u2062 28 = f t f o [ equation \u2062 \u2062 ( 10 ) ] where equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) represent the center frequency , circuit 3 db bandwidth , equivalent parallel resistance , and quality factor , respectively . r 26 = 14 k\u03c9 r 27 = 40 k\u03c9 r 28 = 400\u03c9 f t = 16 mhz ( opa627 ) equations ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 9 ), and ( 10 ) are computed to be : in order to realize a broader class of filters , one being band reject , it will be necessary to employ floating impedances . fig6 shows an example of a passive band reject prototype filter and its lossy counterpart . the lossy counterpart anticipates the resistances naturally occurring in op - r equivalent circuits . in both circuits the inductor l 34 is a floating impedance element . the lossy band reject circuit is then realized by a floating impedance inverter ( fii ), which in turn is realized with a floating op - r circuit block . the technique to be employed in realizing floating impedance is to use otas ( operational transconductance amplifiers ). fig7 shows an fii circuit model in a quad ota configuration that realizes a scaled floating admittance y = g 2 z , where z is grounded impedance 45 . elements 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 represent a plurality of otas where g is the transconductance of any ota , all assumed to equal in value . a single ota block 48 is defined as ideal transconductance controlled source 49 , shown at the right of the fii circuit block in fig7 . the ota is chosen over a mosfet to realize a single transconductance source because it requires less circuitry to bias . the fii output is taken at node 46 . * ieee trans . on circuits & amp ; systems , theory & amp ; applications , vol . 43 , no . 6 , june 1996 . fig8 shows an equivalent passive equivalent circuit model of fig7 . for convenience , where the ota transconductances are assumed to be equal , i . e ., g 1 = g 2 = g 3 = g 4 = g . for example , the fii of fig8 then transforms the series r 53 - c 54 grounded impedance in the left part of fig9 into a floating lossy inductor in the equivalent circuit at the right part of fig9 . this can be termed an fii conversion or transform . the ideal transformer 50 in fig8 vanishes under the assumption that g 1 = g 4 = g . furthermore , the series impedance 51 simplifies to ( zg 2 ) \u2212 1 under the assumption that g 3 = g 4 = g . next the op - r realization for the series r 53 - c 54 results in the complete ic circuit of fig1 . we are now in a position to realize the lossy floating inductor l 34 in the band reject filter of fig6 employing the same fii technique . in addition , the grounded lossy capacitor comprised of c 35 and r 37 of fig6 are realized as previously derived in fig2 . combining designs for both floating and grounded elements results in the complete ic of fig1 . simulations run for all of the filter types demonstrated complete and accurate agreement with theory , thereby establishing the op - r technique as a viable and useful technique in filter design . filter design would be incomplete without an adjustment procedure often referred to as tunability . tunability is required because of component tolerances , also known as production spread , and temperature variations . the main parameter in op - r design that affects tunability is the op - amp &# 39 ; s gain - bandwidth parameter , f t . it is well known that for an op - amp that the gain - bandwidth is linearly related to transconductance g m and junction capacitance c j by : where i c is the collector current of an intermediate miller stage , \u03c6 t is the so - called thermal voltage , k is boltzman &# 39 ; s constant , q is the charge on an electron , and t is absolute temperature in degrees kelvin . it is easy to see that adjustment of the collector current will afford control of f t , if necessary . this is performed with a current mirror cm . the operation of a current mirror is as follows **: ** a short discussion of the operational transconductance amplifier ( ota ), eugene m . zumchak , url : http :// www . emusic - diy . org / references / ota , february 1999 . fig1 shows a simple current mirror , and an alternate form with a diode . an external resistor r e is connected between the positive rail , say + 12 volts , and the collector of q a . since the collector of q a is connected to its base there is just a diode drop from collector to emitter . let us assume that this diode drop is 0 . 6 volts . thus , if v \u2212 is at ground potential the voltage across resistor r e is 11 . 4 volts . otherwise , if it is at the negative rail , say \u2212 12 volts , then the voltage across resistor r e is 23 . 4 volts . in either case value of resistor can selected the to fix the current i \u2032. i \u2032 is the sum of the base current and the collector current ( beta times the base ) of q a , where the base current is defined by resistor r e . since transistors q a and q b are monolithic and matched , and their base - emitter junctions are in parallel , whatever collector current flows in q a defines the same collector current i in q b . we say that i is a mirror of i \u2032. also , since transistor q a acts like a diode , it is typically shown as a diode , as in the right side of fig1 . for our case , current i is the current that establishes g m and hence the gain - bandwidth f t . thus , the external resistor r e tunes f t and hence the equivalent op - r &# 39 ; s l and c components . furthermore , since the product of l and c yields a filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency f n or f c , while the ratio of l and c yield stage q , external resistor r e tunes the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequency while not affecting its q factors or frequency response shape . temperature acts to vary f t by the same mechanism that enables tunability , and thus will misadjust the filter &# 39 ; s critical frequencies . since \u03c6 t varies directly with temperature t it is necessary to increase collector current i c to keep f t constant , as can be seen by equation ( 11 ). one way of increasing i c with temperature is use the fact that the base - emitter voltage of a transistor , such as q a or a silicon zener diode , has a negative temperature coefficient ( tc ) of \u2212 2 . 2 mvolts /\u00b0 c . so if we insert a zener diode in series with the external resistor r e the potential difference across r e increases with temperature 4 . 4 mvolts /\u00b0 c . the current i \u2032 ( see fig1 ) increases by 0 . 0044 / r e amps /\u00b0 c . by current mirror action collector current i also increases with temperature thereby tracking the thermal voltage \u03c6 t . for example , it is well known that the temperature coefficient ( t . c .) of an op - amp &# 39 ; s f t is \u2212 0 . 0033 /. degree . c . to offset this variation with current tracking assume that a 5 . 6 volt zener in series with external resistor r e is connected between the positive 12 - volt rail and a grounded negative rail yielding a base current of : which is equivalent to collector current i by current mirror action , as shown in fig1 . thus , the fractional change in collector current is : \u03b4 i / i =[ 0 . 0044 / r e /\u00b0 c . ]/ 5 . 8 / r e = 0 . 0008 /\u00b0 c ., [ equation ( 13 )] which is too small to track the f t variation of \u2212 0 . 0033 /\u00b0 c . completely . by the same analysis the choice of larger zener breakdown of 10 . 07 volts completely tracks the f t variation . finally , it should be said that since op - r filters enjoy the same minimum sensitivity due to parameter variation as their passive counterpart filters , excellent filter performance should be expected with regard to production spread . even then f t trimming may still be required on a per stage basis for proper alignment . in addition to sensitivity , noise is also a prime consideration in filter design . here careful arrangement of filter section order minimizes output noise . for example , placing the lowest q stage closest to the output optimally reduces output noise . of course , component noise in passive filters is still superior , owing to the absence of active elements present in the active filter class , of which op - r filters belong ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
bb16b37e5ea5486a1c10dd8a5d64b2fed66f49514931ccea92fa9da212b39832
| 0.863281 | 0.578125 | 0.949219 | 0.679688 | 0.992188 | 0.511719 |
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{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
47c4b320b0c1dd98cbc74a267229c90b2f2c8846c3691f78dfb2732e51894e19
| 0.443359 | 0.000912 | 0.777344 | 0.000278 | 0.96875 | 0.000805 |
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{"patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
47c4b320b0c1dd98cbc74a267229c90b2f2c8846c3691f78dfb2732e51894e19
| 0.004211 | 0.078125 | 0.009399 | 0.055908 | 0.103516 | 0.146484 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results ."}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
47c4b320b0c1dd98cbc74a267229c90b2f2c8846c3691f78dfb2732e51894e19
| 0.451172 | 0.000075 | 0.777344 | 0.000587 | 0.96875 | 0.002045 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
47c4b320b0c1dd98cbc74a267229c90b2f2c8846c3691f78dfb2732e51894e19
| 0.003708 | 0.000404 | 0.010986 | 0.000116 | 0.126953 | 0.003082 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results ."}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results ."}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
47c4b320b0c1dd98cbc74a267229c90b2f2c8846c3691f78dfb2732e51894e19
| 0.431641 | 0.048096 | 0.789063 | 0.140625 | 0.949219 | 0.546875 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting", "patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results ."}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
47c4b320b0c1dd98cbc74a267229c90b2f2c8846c3691f78dfb2732e51894e19
| 0.002975 | 0.002121 | 0.009399 | 0.001244 | 0.103516 | 0.029785 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results .", "category": "Physics"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
47c4b320b0c1dd98cbc74a267229c90b2f2c8846c3691f78dfb2732e51894e19
| 0.238281 | 0.006287 | 0.490234 | 0.016357 | 0.910156 | 0.086426 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "fig1 shows the configuration of a receiver for receiving broadcasts transmitted using an fm / am hiboc system according to one embodiment of the present invention . an fm radio wave or an am radio wave received by an antenna 10 is first converted by a receiving section 12 or 14 , respectively , into an if signal , and then converted by an a / d converter 16 into a digital signal . of the if signal converted into the digital signal , an analog broadcast portion is demodulated by an analog demodulator 18 into a monaural signal ( l + r ). on the other hand , a digital broadcast portion is demodulated by a digital demodulator 20 , and pac ( perceptual audio coder ) decoding is performed in an iboc decoder 23 to recover the stereo signal ( l , r ). a blend processing section 21 , under control of an output selector 24 , selects the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 or the stereo signal output from the iboc decoder 23 . the selected monaural signal or stereo signal is converted by a da converter 26 into an analog signal , which is subjected to audio processing in an audio processor 28 to drive a speaker 30 . a reception condition detector 22 detects the reception condition , that is , whether the signal strength is weak or not , based on the cn ratio or the digital error rate or on a combination thereof . when it is determined by the reception condition detector 22 that the signal strength is weak , the output selector 24 causes the blend processing section 21 to switch the selection from the stereo signal reproduced from the digital broadcast to the monaural signal reproduced from the analog broadcast in accordance with the method to be described later . the analog demodulator 18 , the digital demodulator 20 , the reception condition detector 22 , the iboc decoder 23 , the blend processing section 21 , and the output selector 24 are implemented , for example , by a dsp ( digital signal processor ) and a software program that describes the operations of the dsp . fig2 shows the detailed configuration of the blend processing section 21 . the l and r signals from the iboc decoder 23 are respectively amplified by amplifiers 40 and 44 with an amplification factor a ( 0 \u2266 \u03b1 \u2266 1 ), and each amplifier output is supplied to one input of a corresponding one of adders 48 and 50 . the l + r signal from the analog demodulator 18 is amplified by amplifiers 42 and 46 with an amplification factor 1 \u2212 \u03b1 , and each amplifier output is supplied to the other input of a corresponding one of the adders 48 and 50 . the output of the adder 48 and the output of the adder 50 are supplied to the da converter 26 ( fig1 ) as the r signal and the l signal , respectively . accordingly , when \u03b1 is 0 , the monaural signal output from the analog demodulator 18 is selected , and when \u03b1 is 1 , the stereo signal output from the digital demodulator 20 is selected ; on the other hand , when 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , the two signals are blended together in a ratio proportional to the value of \u03b1 . fig3 shows one example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . in the illustrated example , the value of \u03b1 is determined by the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or by a combination thereof ; for example , when the analog signal level is sufficiently high , the value is set to 1 , and when the analog signal level drops below a predetermined value , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with decreasing analog signal level and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig3 . when the reception condition recovers , the process is reversed ; that is , the value of \u03b1 increases with increasing signal level and reaches 1 . fig4 shows another example illustrating how the blend processing section 21 is controlled in accordance with the value of \u03b1 . when it is decided to switch to the analog reception based on the analog signal level , cn value , or bit error rate ber or on a combination thereof , the value of \u03b1 decreases smoothly with time and reaches 0 , as shown by a curve in fig4 . if , thereafter , it is decided to switch to the digital reception , the value of \u03b1 increases smoothly with time and reaches 1 , as shown by the curve . here , during the switching process where 0 & lt ; \u03b1 & lt ; 1 , if the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the digital demodulator 20 is used instead of the monaural signal ( l + r ) output from the analog demodulator 18 , the same effect , as described above , can be obtained . fig5 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the time difference occurring between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . a timestamp is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts . the timestamp for the analog broadcast can be inserted , for example , as a 76 - khz l - msk modulated signal in the modulation spectrum in the same manner as when multiplexing digital data such as a weather forecast , traffic information , etc . in an fm teletext broadcast . the timestamp for the digital broadcast can be inserted , for example , as mps ( main program service ) data . a timestamp extractor 60 extracts these timestamps , based on which the amount of delay , of each of delay elements 62 and 64 , is controlled so as to eliminate the time difference between the analog and digital broadcasts . fig6 shows one example of a configuration for correcting the difference in sound level between an analog broadcast and a digital broadcast . sound level data is inserted in each of the analog and digital broadcasts in the same manner as when inserting the timestamps . a sound level extractor 66 extracts the sound level data , based on which sound level adjusters 68 and 70 are controlled so as to eliminate the difference in sound level between the analog and digital broadcasts . in one method of sound level adjustment , the sound levels of the respective broadcasts are measured at the same timing ( for a predetermined length of time ) by utilizing the timestamps , and the sound levels are adjusted based on the measurement results .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
47c4b320b0c1dd98cbc74a267229c90b2f2c8846c3691f78dfb2732e51894e19
| 0.004913 | 0.163086 | 0.012024 | 0.152344 | 0.109863 | 0.115723 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications ."}
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications ."}
|
Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
82073cf8b5092e1e1a836ddc37b0e05c4a5e2aeddf74af4820db0503274e6a99
| 0.902344 | 0.017944 | 0.964844 | 0.020996 | 0.855469 | 0.061768 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications .", "category": "Performing Operations; Transporting"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
82073cf8b5092e1e1a836ddc37b0e05c4a5e2aeddf74af4820db0503274e6a99
| 0.789063 | 0.10498 | 0.925781 | 0.589844 | 0.664063 | 0.169922 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy", "patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
82073cf8b5092e1e1a836ddc37b0e05c4a5e2aeddf74af4820db0503274e6a99
| 0.15918 | 0.006287 | 0.292969 | 0.016357 | 0.109863 | 0.004456 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
82073cf8b5092e1e1a836ddc37b0e05c4a5e2aeddf74af4820db0503274e6a99
| 0.832031 | 0.000004 | 0.474609 | 0.000149 | 0.425781 | 0.001984 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
82073cf8b5092e1e1a836ddc37b0e05c4a5e2aeddf74af4820db0503274e6a99
| 0.738281 | 0.025146 | 0.8125 | 0.046631 | 0.486328 | 0.273438 |
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{"patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
82073cf8b5092e1e1a836ddc37b0e05c4a5e2aeddf74af4820db0503274e6a99
| 0.061035 | 0.001755 | 0.050293 | 0.001099 | 0.228516 | 0.03418 |
null |
{"patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications .", "category": "Electricity"}
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{"category": "Physics", "patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications ."}
|
Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
82073cf8b5092e1e1a836ddc37b0e05c4a5e2aeddf74af4820db0503274e6a99
| 0.061035 | 0.12793 | 0.050293 | 0.061768 | 0.228516 | 0.291016 |
null |
{"category": "Electricity", "patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications ."}
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{"patent": "fig1 - 4 illustrate a first connector 10 and a second connector 12 in a separated condition . connectors 10 and 12 are substantially identical to one another , the exceptions lying in appendages which permit connectors 10 and 12 to be identified as a pair and releasably attached to one another as hereinafter described . both connectors 10 and 12 include a non - conductive , plastic body 14 of essentially rectangular shape . a locking arm 64 is attached to body 14 to extend substantially parallel with the surface of the body , and a hole 65 passes through the locking arm . connector 10 includes a hinged rear holder 15 which pivots about integral hinge 16 . hinge 16 permits rear holder 15 to pivot between a closed position and an open position for installation of metal contacts 24 as hereinafter described . fig1 illustrates rear holder 15 in the closed position . rear holder 15 on connector 10 includes a notch 42 located near the middle of the rear holder . connector 12 includes a rear holder 17 which is pivotally secured to the connector by using integral hinge 18 . rear holder 17 is pivotable between an open position and a closed position , similar to that of rear holder 15 . rear holder 17 on connector 12 includes a projection 44 extending outwardly from the middle of the rear holder . notch 42 on rear holder 15 and projection 44 on rear holder 17 are positioned such that the projection aligns with the notch when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together . therefore , no obstruction results from projection 44 in rear holder 17 . referring to fig3 and 4 , each of connectors 10 and 12 includes a substantially planar surface 19 proximate rear holders 15 , 17 . both connectors 10 and 12 also have an open portion 20 in the connector body 14 proximate the forward end thereof . open portion 20 is located adjacent mating surface 19 on the same side of the connector . a plurality of terminal slots 22 are located in both connectors 10 and 12 . terminal slots 22 are arranged parallel to one another and extend through body 14 from front to back . a plurality of electrical terminals 24 are inserted into terminal slots 22 from the back of the connector . rear holder 15 or 17 must be in the open position to permit insertion of terminals 24 into terminal slots 22 . after terminals 24 are inserted into the connector , the rear holder is pivoted from the open position to the closed and latched position , thereby securing the terminals within the connector . each terminal 24 has a wire 26 attached at one end which may be bundled together to form a wiring harness ( not shown ). when terminals 24 are fully inserted into slots 22 , a resilient electrical contact portion 25 of each terminal is exposed by open portion 20 in body 14 . therefore , contact portion 25 is unprotected and susceptible to damage during shipping and handling . to form the first part of a multi - point interconnection for connector bodies 10 and 12 , a first mating element 28 is positioned centrally along mating surface 19 on connector 10 . a second mating element 30 is disposed centrally along mating surface 19 of connector 12 . as shown in fig8 first mating element 28 includes a body portion 31 having a pair of support structures 34 extending downwardly and outwardly from the body portion . a cylindrical rail 32 is located at the distal end of each support structure 34 . cylindrical rails 32 are arranged in a substantially parallel manner . a lock projection 36 extends perpendicularly from body portion 31 of first mating element 28 at a position approximately midway between cylindrical rails 32 . second mating element 30 includes a body portion 37 having a pair of parallel , cylindrical channels 38 extending into the body portion , as illustrated in fig8 . the size , shape , and positioning of cylindrical channels 38 are complementary to cylindrical rails 32 and corresponding support structure 34 of first mating element 38 , such that cylindrical rails 32 and support structures 34 slide into cylindrical channels 38 when elements 28 , 30 are aligned with one another as shown in fig8 and urged into engagement . second mating element 30 further includes a retaining cavity 40 which aligns with and receives lock projection 36 when mating elements 28 and 30 are mated together . after cylindrical rails 32 begin to slide into channels 38 , lock projection 36 contacts body 37 between channels 38 . further urging of mating elements 28 , 30 toward engagement causes lock projection 36 to deflect upward sufficiently to slide over the upper surface of body 37 until the lock projection reaches retaining cavity 40 and snaps downward into detented engagement therewith . this interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 maintains mating elements 28 , 30 securely together . referring again to fig2 the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a pair of retaining ribs 46 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of corresponding retaining channels 54 are formed on mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are registrable with one another , such that when first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 , each retaining rib 46 is in alignment with a corresponding retaining channel 54 . fig7 illustrates a detailed view of the complementary retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 . retaining rib 46 has a generally convex shape defined by a pair of flat side walls 48 spaced apart from one another and arranged in a substantially parallel relationship . side walls 48 extend outwardly from and are continuous with mating surface 19 of first connector 10 . a pair of expanded arcuate portions 50 are continuous with and extend outwardly from side walls 48 . a flat planar surface 52 is located between expanded portions 50 and is continuous therewith . retaining channel 54 has a generally concave shape defined by a pair of support walls 56 extending outwardly from mating surface 19 of second connector 12 . support walls 56 include a pair of side walls 58 arranged in a parallel , spaced apart relationship . support walls 56 further include a pair of arcuate inner surfaces 60 , each being continuous with a side wall 58 . a planar surface 62 is located between and continuous with both arcuate inner surfaces 60 . as fig7 illustrates , arcuate inner surfaces 60 create an enlarged portion of channel 54 and is dimensioned such that retaining rib 46 can slidably enter retaining channel 54 . referring to fig1 , each connector 10 , 12 is matable with a mating receptacle 66 on a vehicle component . a flexible printed circuit 68 is secured to receptacle 66 . an aperture 70 in receptacle 66 receives connector 10 or 12 such that flexible printed circuit 68 makes electrical contact with contact surfaces 25 of terminals 24 . when connector 10 , 12 is fully inserted into receptacle 66 , a lock pawl 72 projecting into aperture 70 is in latching engagement with hole 65 in locking arm 64 to retain the connector in proper engagement . to remove connector 10 , 12 from engagement with receptacle 66 , locking arm 64 is pressed toward the surface of body 14 until lock pawl 72 is clear of hole 65 , thus allowing the connector to be withdrawn from the connector . it would also be possible to design a mating receptacle 66 including structures similar to retaining ribs 46 , retaining channels 54 , and mating elements 28 and 30 positioned to operatively engage the existing connector mating structures ( 46 , 54 , 28 and 30 ) to secure the connector within the receptacle . thus , the inventive mating structure may act to join connectors 10 and 12 during shipment as well as to secure the connectors to receptacle 66 . fig9 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention . the alternate embodiment includes a pair of connectors 10 &# 39 ;, 12 &# 39 ; each having an outer housing 14 and an open portion 20 . first connector 10 &# 39 ; includes a first mating element 28 and second connector 12 &# 39 ; includes a second mating element 30 . a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on first connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of first mating element 28 . similarly , a retaining rib 46 and a retaining channel 54 are disposed on second connector mating surface 19 on opposite sides of second mating element 30 . retaining rib 46 and retaining channel 54 on first connector 10 &# 39 ; are registrable with the corresponding channel 54 and rib 46 on second connector 12 &# 39 ; for mating the two connectors . an additional embodiment of the present invention ( not shown in the drawings ) includes a pair of retaining channels 54 disposed on first connector 10 and a corresponding pair of retaining ribs 46 disposed on second connector 12 . except for the different arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channel 54 , the remaining portions of connectors 10 and 12 are the same as described with respect to the above embodiments . in operation , a wiring harness ( not shown ) is constructed which includes connectors 10 and 12 populated with terminals 24 and corresponding wires 26 ( as shown in fig1 ). after all terminals 24 and wires 26 are inserted into the connectors , hinged rear holders 15 and 17 are pivoted from the open position to the closed position , thereby securing the terminals within connector housing 14 . typically , this assembly step is performed at a wiring harness assembly facility . once both connectors 10 and 12 have been populated with terminals 24 , the two connectors are identified as a complemental pair and are mated by juxtaposing the mating surfaces 25 of the connectors as shown in fig1 . in the juxtaposed relationship , electrical contact surfaces 25 are facing one another . as shown in fig6 all wires 26 are routed in the same direction , and mating elements 28 , 30 as well as retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 are facing one another . as connectors 10 and 12 are moved toward one another , first mating element 28 engages second mating element 30 while , at the same time , retaining ribs 46 engage retaining channels 54 . when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , lock projection 36 extending from first mating element 28 detentingly engages retaining cavity 40 , thereby securing the two connectors together . the interaction between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 prevents the two connectors from inadvertently separating from one another during subsequent shipping and handling . additionally , retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 prevent the connectors from rotating due to torque forces applied to the connectors . as shown in fig6 when connectors 10 and 12 are mated together , electrical contact portions 25 confront one another and are therefore protected by the opposing connector . since the opposing connector protects the electrical contact portions 25 , no protective housing or covering device is required . thus , when the wiring harness arrives at the vehicle assembly location and the connectors 10 and 12 are ready for installation into the vehicle , the two connectors are simply separated from one another and mated to the corresponding vehicle component . to separate connectors 10 and 12 , the connectors are urged in the opposite direction from that used to mate the connectors . to release the connectors , a sufficient force is required to overcome the engagement between lock projection 36 and retaining cavity 40 . once that interaction is overcome , rails 32 on first mating element 28 slide out of channels 38 on second mating element 30 . similarly , retaining ribs 46 slide out of retaining channels 54 . as shown in fig1 , after connectors 10 and 12 have been separated , either connector may then be mated to a complementary electrical connector such as receptacle 66 , thereby making electrical contact with flexible printed circuit 68 . the alternate embodiment of fig9 operates in a manner similar to that described above with reference to the preferred embodiment . the differences illustrated in fig9 are in the arrangement of retaining ribs 46 and retaining channels 54 . the interactions of the mating structures are similar to the interactions in the preferred embodiment . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described as used with a particular type of connector , it will be understood that the inventive concepts contained in the present invention are applicable to a variety of different connectors used in a variety of applications .", "category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
82073cf8b5092e1e1a836ddc37b0e05c4a5e2aeddf74af4820db0503274e6a99
| 0.832031 | 0.112793 | 0.474609 | 0.02002 | 0.425781 | 0.088867 |
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{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims ."}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
827c038d44e26e1722f56f3aa11be6b6667e721732754aeddcb4d16ddb032ef5
| 0.087402 | 0.034668 | 0.185547 | 0.161133 | 0.335938 | 0.154297 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims ."}
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{"patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
827c038d44e26e1722f56f3aa11be6b6667e721732754aeddcb4d16ddb032ef5
| 0.031738 | 0.000261 | 0.035156 | 0.001366 | 0.222656 | 0.02002 |
null |
{"patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims .", "category": "Textiles; Paper"}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
827c038d44e26e1722f56f3aa11be6b6667e721732754aeddcb4d16ddb032ef5
| 0.003937 | 0.002396 | 0.036133 | 0.002808 | 0.084961 | 0.005219 |
null |
{"patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
827c038d44e26e1722f56f3aa11be6b6667e721732754aeddcb4d16ddb032ef5
| 0.005066 | 0.111328 | 0.031128 | 0.566406 | 0.084961 | 0.396484 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims ."}
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{"patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims .", "category": "Mechanical Engineering; Lightning; Heating; Weapons; Blasting"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
827c038d44e26e1722f56f3aa11be6b6667e721732754aeddcb4d16ddb032ef5
| 0.031738 | 0.001984 | 0.035156 | 0.001503 | 0.222656 | 0.038574 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims ."}
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{"patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims .", "category": "Physics"}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
827c038d44e26e1722f56f3aa11be6b6667e721732754aeddcb4d16ddb032ef5
| 0.031982 | 0.017944 | 0.035156 | 0.014954 | 0.222656 | 0.158203 |
null |
{"category": "Human Necessities", "patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims ."}
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{"patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims .", "category": "Electricity"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
827c038d44e26e1722f56f3aa11be6b6667e721732754aeddcb4d16ddb032ef5
| 0.08252 | 0.003937 | 0.086426 | 0.015869 | 0.351563 | 0.038574 |
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{"patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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{"category": "General tagging of new or cross-sectional technology", "patent": "the multiple function animal furniture piece provides an animal owner with a system they may use for an animal throughout the life of the animal . the multiple function animal furniture piece may serve as a training cage to train small animals such as puppies for living indoors . a detachable mat on the floor of the multiple function animal furniture piece provides for ease in cleaning animal waste . a removable front cover such as a grill may restrict undesired movement of the animal in and out of the furniture piece . in addition , as an animal gets older and / or bigger , the animal may no longer dwell inside the multiple function animal furniture piece . at this point , the multiple function animal furniture piece may function as a storage structure . moreover , the multiple function animal furniture piece may have an attachable ramp member for use by an animal to climb to the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece structure . this ramp may be useful for smaller and older animals . the ramp may be stored inside the multiple function animal furniture piece when the ramp is not in use . the multiple function animal furniture piece may be portable and may be positioned adjacent the owner &# 39 ; s bed . in this arrangement , the animal may easily move to the owner &# 39 ; s bed . further , the owner may easily sit on the top of the multiple function animal furniture piece . when an animal dies , the structure may be converted into a container ( e . g ., coffin ) for burying the deceased animal . fig1 shows a general design of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other configurations such as those described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 11 / 121 , 797 to the same inventor may be implemented to achieve the same results as the design described in fig1 . as shown , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 has a top 10 , open front side 12 , a back side 14 , and multiple side walls 16 and 18 . the number of sides may vary with the particular design shape . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also contain a floor 20 . the front side 12 has an opening 22 , which covers a large portion of the front side 12 . this large opening 22 allows for animals to enter multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . without limitation , the opening 22 may also allow for insertion of toys , food and water trays into the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , smaller openings 24 and 26 may be disposed in the side walls 16 , 18 . without limitation , these openings 24 , 26 may improve ventilation in multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . the front side 12 also has a lip 28 that extends up from the base . without limitation , lip 28 may prevent toys such as balls from accidentally rolling out of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . in addition , a lip section ( not illustrated ) may also be attached to the top 10 . without limitation , such a lip section may serve as a restraining means to stabilize and keep a cushion stationary when an animal is resting on it . it is to be understood that side walls 16 , 18 may have one or more than one opening , respectively , and that side walls 16 , 18 are shown in fig1 with each side wall 16 , 18 having one opening each ( openings 24 , 26 ) for illustration purposes only . it is also to be understood that back side 14 may have no such openings or one or more such openings . in an alternative embodiment , one or more of the sides may have no such openings . openings in side walls 16 , 18 and back side 14 may have any shape , configuration , and size suitable for allowing ventilation and visibility into and out of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , such openings may have the shape of characters such as animals , cartoon figures , toys , lettering , numbering , symbols , and the like . without limitation , examples of animal shapes include dogs , cats , and the like . in addition , without limitation , examples of cartoon figures include mickey mouse ( which is a mark owned by disney enterprises , inc . ), superman ( which is a mark owned by dc comics warner communications inc . ), and the like . examples of toys include , without limitation , trucks , cars , airplanes , and the like . the character shape openings may be applied to the sides by any suitable process such as by a cutting apparatus , press , or the like . multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may be composed of any material suitable for the uses of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . for instance , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may include wood , mesh , wire , plastic , metal , and the like . in such an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may comprise wire , mesh , netting , weaving , and the like , preferably wire or mesh , and more preferably wire or wire - like material . moreover , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 may be composed of any porous material suitable for use as a side in an animal cage ( e . g ., porous metal or plastic siding ). in an embodiment , back side 14 and / or multiple side walls 16 and 18 are composed of a plastic , wood , metal , or the like wire or wire - like material . one or more of multiple side walls 16 and 18 ( preferably both side walls 16 , 18 ) may be composed of such materials . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), an outer covering may be disposed on the outside and / or inside surface of one or more of any side ( e . g ., front side 12 , back side 14 , side walls 16 and 18 , top 10 , floor 20 ) preferably an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface . in some embodiments , an outer covering is disposed on the outside surface of multiple side walls 16 and 18 , back side 14 and / or top 10 . the outer covering may cover any desired portion of a side . in addition , the outer covering may comprise any suitable covering for use with animals . for instance , the outer covering may be composed of natural or synthetic woods , veneers , vinyl , wicker , plastic , ceramic , and the like . in an embodiment top 10 and / or front side 12 may also be composed of such plurality of openings and / or alternatively may also include such an outer covering . in alternative embodiments , at least one side and / or wall of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a substantially solid material . fig2 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the top 10 extended in an upward position , which thereby opens up multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as shown , a bar 30 extends across the front side of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and may serve as a rest bar for the top 10 . hinges 32 and 34 attach the top 10 to the back side 14 and allow the top 10 side to open and close as desired . attached to the inside surface of the top 10 side is a rack member 36 for holding a ramp member when the ramp member is not in use . rack member 36 may have any suitable shape ( e . g ., an l - shape ) that fits with the shape of a rectangular ramp member . in an embodiment , rack member 36 is a groove with a generally u - shape in which the ramp member is placed . when the ramp member is placed in rack member 36 , a latch 38 secures the ramp in rack member 36 . fig3 shows a configuration of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with a detachable ramp 40 engaged at one side . in this configuration , an animal may climb to the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 without the need to climb up on a bed or other piece of furniture . depending on the height of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 , the length of the ramp 40 may vary such that the inclination angle formed by the engagement of the ramp 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 is not too steep for the animal to safely climb . fig4 shows the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 with the cushion material 42 positioned on the top 10 . as mentioned , the cushion material 42 may serve as a cushion on which an animal may rest or sleep . fig9 shows the cross - section of a typical cushion that may be used with multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . other types of cushions with varying shapes may also be implemented in a similar manner . fig5 shows a front view of the ramp member 40 . attached to this front side is a fiber - type material 44 such as a cloth or carpet material . fiber - type material 44 increases the friction of the ramp member 40 such that an animal may have improved traction as the animal climbs the ramp member 40 to the top 10 . fig6 shows a side cross - sectional view of the ramp member 40 . the ramp member 40 contains a lip 46 that engages the edge of the top side securing the ramp member 40 to multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . fig7 shows a view of the floor 20 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 covered by a mat material 48 . mat material 48 may be an elastic or rubber type of material or other type of water - proof material . the mat material 48 extends up the side walls of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 thereby covering substantially all of the floor 20 . this mat material 48 provides a way to easily clean multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . as mentioned , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may serve as a house for a smaller pet . typically , these pets are initially not house trained . any waste secreted by the animal may not penetrate to the floor . when cleaning , the owner may raise the top 10 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 and remove the mat material 48 . the owner may then clean the mat material 48 . fig8 shows the cross - section of the mat material 48 . the edge 50 of the mat 48 has a lip shape that prevents substances from escaping the mat material 48 surface . the mat material 48 may also have a ridged surface similar to fig9 for channeling liquid . fig1 shows the back side 14 of multiple function animal furniture piece 5 . attached to this back side 14 is a storage rack 52 similar to the rack member 36 . without limitation , storage rack 52 may hold grate 54 , which is shown in fig1 . storage rack 52 has a general shape that matches the shape of the grate 54 . fig1 shows a cross - section of the storage rack 52 . storage rack 52 has two sides 56 and 58 and a base 60 . the two sides 56 , 58 are perpendicularly attached to the base 60 . one side is also attached to the back side 14 . when the grate 54 is not in use , grate 54 may be slid into storage rack 52 . grate 54 may be used to cover front opening 22 . grate 54 may have different designs and may also be composed of screen material . in addition , other conventional materials such as plastic may be used as this front opening 22 cover . in an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage and a outer covering on the top side 10 , back side 14 , front side 12 , and sides 16 , 18 of the cage ( e . g ., on all sides of the cage ). in an alternative embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 also comprises an outer covering on bottom side ( e . g ., floor 20 ). fig1 illustrates a front view of such an embodiment showing front side 12 and top side 10 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a cage 100 and an outer covering 105 . cage 100 may comprise any suitable material for containing an animal . for instance , cage 100 may comprise metal , wood , plastic , ceramic , and the like . the sides of cage 100 may be attached by any suitable means . in an embodiment , top side 10 has a door 115 that is movably openable and closable . door 115 comprises a latching mechanism 120 by which door 115 may be secured to top side 10 and substantially prevented from movement . latching mechanism 120 may comprise any suitable mechanism for opening and closing door 115 and also suitable for securing door 115 against movement relative to top side 10 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in a closed position . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which door 115 is in an open position . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 105 on front side 12 has opening 125 by which cage 100 is exposed therethrough . in an embodiment , at least one side of outer covering 105 has an opening ; alternatively front side 12 , sides 16 , 18 , and back side 14 of outer covering 105 has such openings ; and alternatively all sides of outer covering 105 have an opening . fig1 ( a ) and 14 ( b ) show embodiments of sides of outer covering 105 having different opening configurations . for instance , fig1 ( a ) illustrates outer covering 105 having opening 125 therethrough . outer covering 105 having such opening 125 may be suitable as side 16 , side 18 , and / or back side 14 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may have more than one opening 125 . opening 125 may have any desirable shape and size . fig1 ( b ) illustrates an embodiment of front side 12 having outer covering 105 with opening 125 . in such an embodiment , opening 125 may be of sufficient size to allow a desirable animal to pass therethrough . further referring to fig1 , in an alternative embodiment , front side 12 of cage 100 may be movably attached to side 16 or 18 of cage 100 . in such an embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may be sufficiently movable to allow a desirable animal to pass through opening 125 in such front side 12 . in such an alternative embodiment , such front side 12 of cage 100 may also be sufficiently closable to prevent the desirable animal from passing through opening 125 in front side 12 . in an alternative embodiment ( not illustrated ), another side is openable to allow a desirable animal to pass through an opening 125 therein into multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 . in such an alternative embodiment , top side 10 may or may not be openable . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment of multiple functional animal furniture piece 5 comprising a cage 100 and no outer covering 105 . as shown in fig1 , front side 12 has movably attached door 115 with a latching mechanism 120 . it is to be understood that fig1 shows door 115 in the open position and disposed on top of top side 12 thereby providing opening 125 in cage 100 . it is to be understood that outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 or not secured to cage 100 . in an embodiment in which outer covering 105 is secured to cage 100 , outer covering 105 may be secured by any suitable method . for instance , outer covering 105 may be secured to cage 100 by one or more grooves in outer covering 105 . as an example , portions of cage 100 may be suitably secured into a groove disposed in outer covering 105 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of fig1 with the outer covering 105 of top side 10 removed to expose top side 10 of cage 100 . as shown , door 115 has latching mechanism 120 . the sides of outer covering 105 may be attached by any suitable method . for instance , the sides may be connected by magnets , glue , hooks , and the like . in an embodiment , the sides are connected by magnets . each side of outer covering 105 may have any number of magnets suitable to sufficiently secure one such side to another such side ( e . g ., by magnetic attraction to another side ). the magnets may be secured to the exterior of the outer covering 105 ( e . g ., by glue ) and / or may be embedded in the outer covering 105 . it is to be understood that each side of outer covering 105 may be separated from another side by applying sufficient force to overcome the force of the magnet . thereby , one or more sides of outer covering 105 may be removed to expose cage 100 . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which all sides of outer covering 105 have been removed . in an alternative embodiment , magnets disposed on the outer covering 105 may also be used to secure outer covering 105 to cage 100 . for instance , fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which magnets 130 on the outer covering 105 of door 115 secure such outer covering 105 of door 115 to the cage portion 105 of door 115 . as shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture system 5 may also comprise a detachable mat 140 . as mentioned , the structure and system of the multiple function animal furniture piece 5 provides the owner of an animal with the versatile means for providing care for the animal . this structure and system may accommodate activities for animals of all ages and sizes . the structure serves as both a dwelling for small animals as well as a training cage to teach certain behaviors . in addition , an internal storage capacity is provided . the ability to store the detachable components of the system within the structure facilitates managing this system . the portability of the structure enables the owner to position it at any location . as mentioned , owners may use it as a bed for the animal or as a means for the animal to climb into the owner &# 39 ; s bed . the attachable ramp may also facilitate animals of all ages and sizes in climbing the ramp to the top side of the structure . at the animal &# 39 ; s death , the structure may serve as a container coffin in which to bury the animal . it is to be understood that sides 12 , 14 , 16 , and 18 are for illustration and explanatory purposes and embodiments described for one of such particular sides may be suitable for one or more other of such sides . fig1 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple function animal furniture piece 5 comprises a base 500 and an outer covering 510 . cage 100 is not shown for illustration purposes . base 500 comprises any material suitable for use with an animal cage . without limitation , examples of suitable materials include plastic , ceramic , stainless steel , and the like . preferable materials include plastic . base 500 preferably comprises a similar configuration to that of outer covering 510 . in addition , base 500 has a width and length suitable for outer covering 510 to be disposed inside of base 500 . preferably , outer covering 510 is disposed within sufficient proximity to base 500 for magnets 515 disposed within base 500 and / or outer covering 510 to provide a desirable stability ( e . g ., lateral and vertical stability ) to outer covering 510 . base 500 may comprise any height suitable for providing strength and integrity to outer covering 510 . in an embodiment , the height of base 500 is less than the height of outer covering 510 . as shown in fig1 , outer covering 510 comprises magnets 515 . in alternative embodiments ( not illustrated ), base 500 and / or outer covering 510 comprise magnets 515 . magnets 515 may be attached to base 500 and / or outer covering 510 and / or may be embedded in base 500 and / or outer covering 510 . in such an embodiment , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may comprise any desired number and type of magnets . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), magnets 515 are disposed in base 500 . in such an embodiment , metal ( or like material that is attractive to a magnetic force ) may be attached to outer covering 510 in sufficient locations that when outer covering 510 is placed in base 500 , the magnets 515 secure outer covering 510 to base 500 . the metal may be attached to outer covering 510 by any suitable means such as by glue . for instance , the metal may be disposed in locations on outer covering 510 that correspond to locations on base 500 . the magnets 515 also may serve to laterally and vertically secure cage 100 . as further shown in fig1 , multiple function animal furniture piece 5 may also comprise a grate 520 . grate 520 comprises any suitable grate - like shape and configuration . without limitation , grate 520 comprises openings of a sufficient diameter to allow animal waste to fall through grate 520 . in another embodiment , a pan ( not illustrated ) is disposed beneath grate 520 . the pan may be comprised of any suitable material . without being limited by theory , animal waste that falls through grate 520 is captured by the pan . grate 520 and the pan are slidably insertable into base 500 . grate 520 and the pan may be inserted and removed from base 500 in the directions as illustrated by arrow 525 . in an embodiment ( not illustrated ), grate 520 and the pan are inserted into base 500 through an opening in base 500 . fig1 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of base 500 . in such an embodiment , base 500 comprises a plurality of drain holes 530 . without being limited by theory , drain holes 530 allow fluid such as water to pass into the pan . fig2 illustrates an embodiment of base 500 having a different configuration than that shown in fig1 . fig2 illustrates a cross sectional side view of an embodiment of base 500 having a lip 580 . in such an embodiment , lip 580 provides a cavity 540 in which grate 520 may be inserted . for instance , lip 580 comprises a raised portion of base 500 . the walls 570 and corners 560 of base 500 are disposed upon lip 580 , which provides cavity 540 for insertion of grate 520 . in such an embodiment , the pan is disposed beneath grate 520 , which provides spacing in cavity 540 between the grate 520 and the pan . lip 580 may also comprise one or more drain holes 530 . as further illustrated , magnets 515 may disposed on corner 560 and wall 570 . although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims ."}
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Is the category the most suitable category for the given patent?
| 0.25 |
827c038d44e26e1722f56f3aa11be6b6667e721732754aeddcb4d16ddb032ef5
| 0.000368 | 0.181641 | 0.009399 | 0.040771 | 0.061035 | 0.122559 |
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{"patent": "referring to figs . 1a and 1b , a stabilizing mechanism 10 embodying this invention is shown in radially expanded position relative to a well conduit 1 , which normally is a well casing . stabilizing mechanism 10 comprises a tubular housing 20 which is provided at its upper end with internal threads 20a for engagement with the bottom of a tool string . housing 20 is further provided with a plurality of peripherally spaced , vertically extending slots 20b . each slot receives a radially expandable linkage 22 comprising a pair of pivot arms 22a and 22b which are respectively pivotally mounted in the slots 20b by transverse pivot pins 20c and 20d . the medial portions of the pivot arms 22a and 22b are pivotally interconnected by a longitudinally extending link 22d which is secured to the pivot arms 22a and 22b by pivot pins 22e and 22f . the free ends of the links 22a and 22b respectively mount anti - friction devices , such as rollers 24a and 24b . an expansion link 22g is also secured at one end to the pivot pin 22f and the other end is pivotally secured to an axially shiftable force transmitting assemblage 26 by a pivot pin 22h . accordingly , when the force transmitting assemblage 26 is disposed in a downward position relative to the radially expansible linkages 22 , the linkages 22 are retracted to the position shown in fig2 a wherein all of the components of the linkage lie within the periphery of the housing 20 , and thus offer no opportunity for damaging contact with the conduit or casing wall as the stabilizer unit 10 is run into the well . a notch 22c in each link 22d clears pivot pin 20d in this position . each stabilizer linkage 22 is radially expanded to engage the rollers 24a and 24b with the bore wall of the casing 1 by upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 . such force transmitting assemblage comprises an upper sleeve 26a lower end by one or more shear screws 26b to an intermediate sleeve element 27 . sleeve element 27 is secured by threads 27a to an extension tube 26c which extends downwardly and abuts against an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36c provided on an annular spring anchor 36 . an inner sleeve 28 is threadably secured by external threads 20f to the lower end portion 20e of the housing 20 . such threads are secured by a set screw 20g . the inner sleeve 28 cooperates with the extension sleeve 26c to define an annular chamber 42 within which the lower portion of the lower sleeve element 27 is sealably mounted by seals 27b and 27c . a plurality of peripherally spaced ports 28b are provided in the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 to permit well fluids to freely enter the interior of the extension sleeve 28 and hence the bore of the housing 20 . the bottom end of the extension sleeve 28 is provided with internal threads 28a for the mounting thereto of a lower portion of the particular tool string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is to be incorporated or , in this case where the stabilizer mechanism is at the bottom of the tool string , a flow deflector 30 may be inserted and secured to the bottom of the extension sleeve 28 by threads 28a and set screw 28c . a spring anchor ring 32 is secured adjacent to the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 by a snap ring 32a to provide a seat for an actuator spring 34 . the top of actuator spring 34 engages an annular spring seat 36 which has a seal 36b engaging the lower end of the actuating sleeve extension 26c . as mentioned , the bottom end of actuating sleeve extension 26c abuts an upwardly facing shoulder 36c provided on the annular spring seat 36 . spring seat 36 is slidably and sealably mounted within the annulus 42 by an outer seal 36a and an inner seal 36b . thus , when no restraints are imposed upon upward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , the spring 34 moves the force transmitting assemblage 26 upwardly causing the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 to move outwardly to the position shown in fig . 1a where the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b are in engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit . to maintain the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 in a contracted position during run - in , fusible bolts 40 ( shown only in dotted lines ) abuts one of the links incorporated in one of the expansible linkages 22 and effectively secures all linkages 22 within the body of the housing 20 . for example , fusible bolts 40 are shown as abutting pivot arm 22a . the melting point of fusible bolts 40 is selected to produce melting within a reasonable time , say ten to thirty minutes , after the fusible bolts are exposed to the ambient well temperatures existing at the location of the stabilizer mechanism 10 in the well . thus , during the entire run - in of the stabilizer mechanism 10 , the linkages 22 are in their retracted positions and do not move into engagement with the bore wall of the casing 1 until the fusible bolts 40 have melted by exposure to the downhole well temperatures . to prevent the expansible linkages 22 from rapidly expanding into engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit and thus possibly damaging the anti - friction roller elements 24a and 24b , the annulus 42 between the sleeve extensions 26c and 28 is utilized to define a dash pot chamber immediately above the spring seat 36 . an internally projecting rib 28e is formed on extension sleeve 28 and lies within the dash pot chamber 42 . the dash pot chamber 42 is filled with an appropriate fluid through a plug fill port ( not shown ) formed in the internally projecting rib 28e . a check valve 44 is provided comprising a ring 44b mounting an o - ring 44a which is urged into sealing engagement between the lower end of the annular rib 28e and the adjacent external surface 26k of the actuating sleeve extension 26c by a light spring 46 . spring 46 abuts an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36d provided on the upper spring seat 36 . it will therefore be apparent that the dash pot chamber 42 in reality comprises two vertically spaced chambers 42a and 42b separated by the annular rib 28e and the check valve 44 . a constricted orifice passage 28f is formed in the annular rib 28e to permit fluid to flow at a controlled rate from the lower chamber 42a into the upper chamber 42b . thus the upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 , and hence the radial expansion of the stabilizer linkage 22 , will be controlled in accordance with the rate of fluid flow through the orifice passage 28f . on the other hand , when the tool string is withdrawn from the well , it is quite common for the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b to contact internal ribs or other constrictions or obstructions formed on the bore wall of the well conduit . the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b must be capable of rapid contraction movement in order to pass such obstructions without damage . this accomplished by the check valve 44 . when either anti - friction roller 24a or 24b encounters an obstruction , a downward force is applied to the force transmitting mechanism 26 . such downward force will cause a compression of the trapped fluid contained in the upper chamber 42b and the increased fluid pressure in such chamber will cause the check valve 44 to open to permit rapid fluid flow into lower chamber 42a and permit free downward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , hence permitting free contacting movement of the stabilizer linkages 22 . the rollers 24a and 24b thus function to firmly and accurately hold the stabilizer housing in alignment with the axis of the well conduit , hence providing a centralizing action for the tubing string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is incorporated . despite the provisions for permitting the collapse of the stabilizing linkages 22 when encountering an obstruction through the opening of the check valve 44a , it sometimes happens that the check valve 44a will not function and thus the stabilizing linkages 22 become stuck in the well . the stabilizing linkage 22 may also become stuck in the well for a number of other reasons , such as an accumulation of particulars within or between the operating components , deviations in the well bore configuration . regardless of the cause , the stabilizing units may be released from such stuck condition through the application of upward jarring forces to the tubing string in which the stabilizing mechanism 10 is incorporated . such upward forces produce an upwardly directed shearing force on the shear pins 26b and effect the separation of the upper sleeve 26a of the force transmitting assemblage 26 from the lower sleeve 27 . thus , as illustrated in fig2 a , the upper force transmitting sleeve 26a can move downwardly relative to the tubular body 20 and permit the stabilizing linkages 22 to assume a retracted position . this ability to effect the retraction of the stabilizing linkages when an obstruction is encountered and the normal releasing apparatus does not function is obviously a desirable adjunct to this tool . although the invention has been described in terms of specified embodiments which are set forth in detail , it should be understood that this is by illustration only and that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto , since alternative embodiments and operating techniques will become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosure . accordingly , modifications are contemplated which can be made without departing from the spirit of the described invention .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"patent": "referring to figs . 1a and 1b , a stabilizing mechanism 10 embodying this invention is shown in radially expanded position relative to a well conduit 1 , which normally is a well casing . stabilizing mechanism 10 comprises a tubular housing 20 which is provided at its upper end with internal threads 20a for engagement with the bottom of a tool string . housing 20 is further provided with a plurality of peripherally spaced , vertically extending slots 20b . each slot receives a radially expandable linkage 22 comprising a pair of pivot arms 22a and 22b which are respectively pivotally mounted in the slots 20b by transverse pivot pins 20c and 20d . the medial portions of the pivot arms 22a and 22b are pivotally interconnected by a longitudinally extending link 22d which is secured to the pivot arms 22a and 22b by pivot pins 22e and 22f . the free ends of the links 22a and 22b respectively mount anti - friction devices , such as rollers 24a and 24b . an expansion link 22g is also secured at one end to the pivot pin 22f and the other end is pivotally secured to an axially shiftable force transmitting assemblage 26 by a pivot pin 22h . accordingly , when the force transmitting assemblage 26 is disposed in a downward position relative to the radially expansible linkages 22 , the linkages 22 are retracted to the position shown in fig2 a wherein all of the components of the linkage lie within the periphery of the housing 20 , and thus offer no opportunity for damaging contact with the conduit or casing wall as the stabilizer unit 10 is run into the well . a notch 22c in each link 22d clears pivot pin 20d in this position . each stabilizer linkage 22 is radially expanded to engage the rollers 24a and 24b with the bore wall of the casing 1 by upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 . such force transmitting assemblage comprises an upper sleeve 26a lower end by one or more shear screws 26b to an intermediate sleeve element 27 . sleeve element 27 is secured by threads 27a to an extension tube 26c which extends downwardly and abuts against an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36c provided on an annular spring anchor 36 . an inner sleeve 28 is threadably secured by external threads 20f to the lower end portion 20e of the housing 20 . such threads are secured by a set screw 20g . the inner sleeve 28 cooperates with the extension sleeve 26c to define an annular chamber 42 within which the lower portion of the lower sleeve element 27 is sealably mounted by seals 27b and 27c . a plurality of peripherally spaced ports 28b are provided in the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 to permit well fluids to freely enter the interior of the extension sleeve 28 and hence the bore of the housing 20 . the bottom end of the extension sleeve 28 is provided with internal threads 28a for the mounting thereto of a lower portion of the particular tool string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is to be incorporated or , in this case where the stabilizer mechanism is at the bottom of the tool string , a flow deflector 30 may be inserted and secured to the bottom of the extension sleeve 28 by threads 28a and set screw 28c . a spring anchor ring 32 is secured adjacent to the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 by a snap ring 32a to provide a seat for an actuator spring 34 . the top of actuator spring 34 engages an annular spring seat 36 which has a seal 36b engaging the lower end of the actuating sleeve extension 26c . as mentioned , the bottom end of actuating sleeve extension 26c abuts an upwardly facing shoulder 36c provided on the annular spring seat 36 . spring seat 36 is slidably and sealably mounted within the annulus 42 by an outer seal 36a and an inner seal 36b . thus , when no restraints are imposed upon upward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , the spring 34 moves the force transmitting assemblage 26 upwardly causing the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 to move outwardly to the position shown in fig . 1a where the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b are in engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit . to maintain the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 in a contracted position during run - in , fusible bolts 40 ( shown only in dotted lines ) abuts one of the links incorporated in one of the expansible linkages 22 and effectively secures all linkages 22 within the body of the housing 20 . for example , fusible bolts 40 are shown as abutting pivot arm 22a . the melting point of fusible bolts 40 is selected to produce melting within a reasonable time , say ten to thirty minutes , after the fusible bolts are exposed to the ambient well temperatures existing at the location of the stabilizer mechanism 10 in the well . thus , during the entire run - in of the stabilizer mechanism 10 , the linkages 22 are in their retracted positions and do not move into engagement with the bore wall of the casing 1 until the fusible bolts 40 have melted by exposure to the downhole well temperatures . to prevent the expansible linkages 22 from rapidly expanding into engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit and thus possibly damaging the anti - friction roller elements 24a and 24b , the annulus 42 between the sleeve extensions 26c and 28 is utilized to define a dash pot chamber immediately above the spring seat 36 . an internally projecting rib 28e is formed on extension sleeve 28 and lies within the dash pot chamber 42 . the dash pot chamber 42 is filled with an appropriate fluid through a plug fill port ( not shown ) formed in the internally projecting rib 28e . a check valve 44 is provided comprising a ring 44b mounting an o - ring 44a which is urged into sealing engagement between the lower end of the annular rib 28e and the adjacent external surface 26k of the actuating sleeve extension 26c by a light spring 46 . spring 46 abuts an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36d provided on the upper spring seat 36 . it will therefore be apparent that the dash pot chamber 42 in reality comprises two vertically spaced chambers 42a and 42b separated by the annular rib 28e and the check valve 44 . a constricted orifice passage 28f is formed in the annular rib 28e to permit fluid to flow at a controlled rate from the lower chamber 42a into the upper chamber 42b . thus the upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 , and hence the radial expansion of the stabilizer linkage 22 , will be controlled in accordance with the rate of fluid flow through the orifice passage 28f . on the other hand , when the tool string is withdrawn from the well , it is quite common for the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b to contact internal ribs or other constrictions or obstructions formed on the bore wall of the well conduit . the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b must be capable of rapid contraction movement in order to pass such obstructions without damage . this accomplished by the check valve 44 . when either anti - friction roller 24a or 24b encounters an obstruction , a downward force is applied to the force transmitting mechanism 26 . such downward force will cause a compression of the trapped fluid contained in the upper chamber 42b and the increased fluid pressure in such chamber will cause the check valve 44 to open to permit rapid fluid flow into lower chamber 42a and permit free downward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , hence permitting free contacting movement of the stabilizer linkages 22 . the rollers 24a and 24b thus function to firmly and accurately hold the stabilizer housing in alignment with the axis of the well conduit , hence providing a centralizing action for the tubing string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is incorporated . despite the provisions for permitting the collapse of the stabilizing linkages 22 when encountering an obstruction through the opening of the check valve 44a , it sometimes happens that the check valve 44a will not function and thus the stabilizing linkages 22 become stuck in the well . the stabilizing linkage 22 may also become stuck in the well for a number of other reasons , such as an accumulation of particulars within or between the operating components , deviations in the well bore configuration . regardless of the cause , the stabilizing units may be released from such stuck condition through the application of upward jarring forces to the tubing string in which the stabilizing mechanism 10 is incorporated . such upward forces produce an upwardly directed shearing force on the shear pins 26b and effect the separation of the upper sleeve 26a of the force transmitting assemblage 26 from the lower sleeve 27 . thus , as illustrated in fig2 a , the upper force transmitting sleeve 26a can move downwardly relative to the tubular body 20 and permit the stabilizing linkages 22 to assume a retracted position . this ability to effect the retraction of the stabilizing linkages when an obstruction is encountered and the normal releasing apparatus does not function is obviously a desirable adjunct to this tool . although the invention has been described in terms of specified embodiments which are set forth in detail , it should be understood that this is by illustration only and that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto , since alternative embodiments and operating techniques will become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosure . accordingly , modifications are contemplated which can be made without departing from the spirit of the described invention .", "category": "Human Necessities"}
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Is the patent correctly categorized?
| 0.25 |
465094361005a119007ce33a6b1646bab0ae049224d0b5bb570a09b860375321
| 0.185547 | 0.001205 | 0.488281 | 0.02478 | 0.494141 | 0.012024 |
null |
{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "referring to figs . 1a and 1b , a stabilizing mechanism 10 embodying this invention is shown in radially expanded position relative to a well conduit 1 , which normally is a well casing . stabilizing mechanism 10 comprises a tubular housing 20 which is provided at its upper end with internal threads 20a for engagement with the bottom of a tool string . housing 20 is further provided with a plurality of peripherally spaced , vertically extending slots 20b . each slot receives a radially expandable linkage 22 comprising a pair of pivot arms 22a and 22b which are respectively pivotally mounted in the slots 20b by transverse pivot pins 20c and 20d . the medial portions of the pivot arms 22a and 22b are pivotally interconnected by a longitudinally extending link 22d which is secured to the pivot arms 22a and 22b by pivot pins 22e and 22f . the free ends of the links 22a and 22b respectively mount anti - friction devices , such as rollers 24a and 24b . an expansion link 22g is also secured at one end to the pivot pin 22f and the other end is pivotally secured to an axially shiftable force transmitting assemblage 26 by a pivot pin 22h . accordingly , when the force transmitting assemblage 26 is disposed in a downward position relative to the radially expansible linkages 22 , the linkages 22 are retracted to the position shown in fig2 a wherein all of the components of the linkage lie within the periphery of the housing 20 , and thus offer no opportunity for damaging contact with the conduit or casing wall as the stabilizer unit 10 is run into the well . a notch 22c in each link 22d clears pivot pin 20d in this position . each stabilizer linkage 22 is radially expanded to engage the rollers 24a and 24b with the bore wall of the casing 1 by upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 . such force transmitting assemblage comprises an upper sleeve 26a lower end by one or more shear screws 26b to an intermediate sleeve element 27 . sleeve element 27 is secured by threads 27a to an extension tube 26c which extends downwardly and abuts against an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36c provided on an annular spring anchor 36 . an inner sleeve 28 is threadably secured by external threads 20f to the lower end portion 20e of the housing 20 . such threads are secured by a set screw 20g . the inner sleeve 28 cooperates with the extension sleeve 26c to define an annular chamber 42 within which the lower portion of the lower sleeve element 27 is sealably mounted by seals 27b and 27c . a plurality of peripherally spaced ports 28b are provided in the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 to permit well fluids to freely enter the interior of the extension sleeve 28 and hence the bore of the housing 20 . the bottom end of the extension sleeve 28 is provided with internal threads 28a for the mounting thereto of a lower portion of the particular tool string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is to be incorporated or , in this case where the stabilizer mechanism is at the bottom of the tool string , a flow deflector 30 may be inserted and secured to the bottom of the extension sleeve 28 by threads 28a and set screw 28c . a spring anchor ring 32 is secured adjacent to the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 by a snap ring 32a to provide a seat for an actuator spring 34 . the top of actuator spring 34 engages an annular spring seat 36 which has a seal 36b engaging the lower end of the actuating sleeve extension 26c . as mentioned , the bottom end of actuating sleeve extension 26c abuts an upwardly facing shoulder 36c provided on the annular spring seat 36 . spring seat 36 is slidably and sealably mounted within the annulus 42 by an outer seal 36a and an inner seal 36b . thus , when no restraints are imposed upon upward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , the spring 34 moves the force transmitting assemblage 26 upwardly causing the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 to move outwardly to the position shown in fig . 1a where the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b are in engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit . to maintain the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 in a contracted position during run - in , fusible bolts 40 ( shown only in dotted lines ) abuts one of the links incorporated in one of the expansible linkages 22 and effectively secures all linkages 22 within the body of the housing 20 . for example , fusible bolts 40 are shown as abutting pivot arm 22a . the melting point of fusible bolts 40 is selected to produce melting within a reasonable time , say ten to thirty minutes , after the fusible bolts are exposed to the ambient well temperatures existing at the location of the stabilizer mechanism 10 in the well . thus , during the entire run - in of the stabilizer mechanism 10 , the linkages 22 are in their retracted positions and do not move into engagement with the bore wall of the casing 1 until the fusible bolts 40 have melted by exposure to the downhole well temperatures . to prevent the expansible linkages 22 from rapidly expanding into engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit and thus possibly damaging the anti - friction roller elements 24a and 24b , the annulus 42 between the sleeve extensions 26c and 28 is utilized to define a dash pot chamber immediately above the spring seat 36 . an internally projecting rib 28e is formed on extension sleeve 28 and lies within the dash pot chamber 42 . the dash pot chamber 42 is filled with an appropriate fluid through a plug fill port ( not shown ) formed in the internally projecting rib 28e . a check valve 44 is provided comprising a ring 44b mounting an o - ring 44a which is urged into sealing engagement between the lower end of the annular rib 28e and the adjacent external surface 26k of the actuating sleeve extension 26c by a light spring 46 . spring 46 abuts an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36d provided on the upper spring seat 36 . it will therefore be apparent that the dash pot chamber 42 in reality comprises two vertically spaced chambers 42a and 42b separated by the annular rib 28e and the check valve 44 . a constricted orifice passage 28f is formed in the annular rib 28e to permit fluid to flow at a controlled rate from the lower chamber 42a into the upper chamber 42b . thus the upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 , and hence the radial expansion of the stabilizer linkage 22 , will be controlled in accordance with the rate of fluid flow through the orifice passage 28f . on the other hand , when the tool string is withdrawn from the well , it is quite common for the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b to contact internal ribs or other constrictions or obstructions formed on the bore wall of the well conduit . the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b must be capable of rapid contraction movement in order to pass such obstructions without damage . this accomplished by the check valve 44 . when either anti - friction roller 24a or 24b encounters an obstruction , a downward force is applied to the force transmitting mechanism 26 . such downward force will cause a compression of the trapped fluid contained in the upper chamber 42b and the increased fluid pressure in such chamber will cause the check valve 44 to open to permit rapid fluid flow into lower chamber 42a and permit free downward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , hence permitting free contacting movement of the stabilizer linkages 22 . the rollers 24a and 24b thus function to firmly and accurately hold the stabilizer housing in alignment with the axis of the well conduit , hence providing a centralizing action for the tubing string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is incorporated . despite the provisions for permitting the collapse of the stabilizing linkages 22 when encountering an obstruction through the opening of the check valve 44a , it sometimes happens that the check valve 44a will not function and thus the stabilizing linkages 22 become stuck in the well . the stabilizing linkage 22 may also become stuck in the well for a number of other reasons , such as an accumulation of particulars within or between the operating components , deviations in the well bore configuration . regardless of the cause , the stabilizing units may be released from such stuck condition through the application of upward jarring forces to the tubing string in which the stabilizing mechanism 10 is incorporated . such upward forces produce an upwardly directed shearing force on the shear pins 26b and effect the separation of the upper sleeve 26a of the force transmitting assemblage 26 from the lower sleeve 27 . thus , as illustrated in fig2 a , the upper force transmitting sleeve 26a can move downwardly relative to the tubular body 20 and permit the stabilizing linkages 22 to assume a retracted position . this ability to effect the retraction of the stabilizing linkages when an obstruction is encountered and the normal releasing apparatus does not function is obviously a desirable adjunct to this tool . although the invention has been described in terms of specified embodiments which are set forth in detail , it should be understood that this is by illustration only and that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto , since alternative embodiments and operating techniques will become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosure . accordingly , modifications are contemplated which can be made without departing from the spirit of the described invention ."}
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{"category": "Performing Operations; Transporting", "patent": "referring to figs . 1a and 1b , a stabilizing mechanism 10 embodying this invention is shown in radially expanded position relative to a well conduit 1 , which normally is a well casing . stabilizing mechanism 10 comprises a tubular housing 20 which is provided at its upper end with internal threads 20a for engagement with the bottom of a tool string . housing 20 is further provided with a plurality of peripherally spaced , vertically extending slots 20b . each slot receives a radially expandable linkage 22 comprising a pair of pivot arms 22a and 22b which are respectively pivotally mounted in the slots 20b by transverse pivot pins 20c and 20d . the medial portions of the pivot arms 22a and 22b are pivotally interconnected by a longitudinally extending link 22d which is secured to the pivot arms 22a and 22b by pivot pins 22e and 22f . the free ends of the links 22a and 22b respectively mount anti - friction devices , such as rollers 24a and 24b . an expansion link 22g is also secured at one end to the pivot pin 22f and the other end is pivotally secured to an axially shiftable force transmitting assemblage 26 by a pivot pin 22h . accordingly , when the force transmitting assemblage 26 is disposed in a downward position relative to the radially expansible linkages 22 , the linkages 22 are retracted to the position shown in fig2 a wherein all of the components of the linkage lie within the periphery of the housing 20 , and thus offer no opportunity for damaging contact with the conduit or casing wall as the stabilizer unit 10 is run into the well . a notch 22c in each link 22d clears pivot pin 20d in this position . each stabilizer linkage 22 is radially expanded to engage the rollers 24a and 24b with the bore wall of the casing 1 by upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 . such force transmitting assemblage comprises an upper sleeve 26a lower end by one or more shear screws 26b to an intermediate sleeve element 27 . sleeve element 27 is secured by threads 27a to an extension tube 26c which extends downwardly and abuts against an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36c provided on an annular spring anchor 36 . an inner sleeve 28 is threadably secured by external threads 20f to the lower end portion 20e of the housing 20 . such threads are secured by a set screw 20g . the inner sleeve 28 cooperates with the extension sleeve 26c to define an annular chamber 42 within which the lower portion of the lower sleeve element 27 is sealably mounted by seals 27b and 27c . a plurality of peripherally spaced ports 28b are provided in the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 to permit well fluids to freely enter the interior of the extension sleeve 28 and hence the bore of the housing 20 . the bottom end of the extension sleeve 28 is provided with internal threads 28a for the mounting thereto of a lower portion of the particular tool string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is to be incorporated or , in this case where the stabilizer mechanism is at the bottom of the tool string , a flow deflector 30 may be inserted and secured to the bottom of the extension sleeve 28 by threads 28a and set screw 28c . a spring anchor ring 32 is secured adjacent to the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 by a snap ring 32a to provide a seat for an actuator spring 34 . the top of actuator spring 34 engages an annular spring seat 36 which has a seal 36b engaging the lower end of the actuating sleeve extension 26c . as mentioned , the bottom end of actuating sleeve extension 26c abuts an upwardly facing shoulder 36c provided on the annular spring seat 36 . spring seat 36 is slidably and sealably mounted within the annulus 42 by an outer seal 36a and an inner seal 36b . thus , when no restraints are imposed upon upward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , the spring 34 moves the force transmitting assemblage 26 upwardly causing the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 to move outwardly to the position shown in fig . 1a where the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b are in engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit . to maintain the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 in a contracted position during run - in , fusible bolts 40 ( shown only in dotted lines ) abuts one of the links incorporated in one of the expansible linkages 22 and effectively secures all linkages 22 within the body of the housing 20 . for example , fusible bolts 40 are shown as abutting pivot arm 22a . the melting point of fusible bolts 40 is selected to produce melting within a reasonable time , say ten to thirty minutes , after the fusible bolts are exposed to the ambient well temperatures existing at the location of the stabilizer mechanism 10 in the well . thus , during the entire run - in of the stabilizer mechanism 10 , the linkages 22 are in their retracted positions and do not move into engagement with the bore wall of the casing 1 until the fusible bolts 40 have melted by exposure to the downhole well temperatures . to prevent the expansible linkages 22 from rapidly expanding into engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit and thus possibly damaging the anti - friction roller elements 24a and 24b , the annulus 42 between the sleeve extensions 26c and 28 is utilized to define a dash pot chamber immediately above the spring seat 36 . an internally projecting rib 28e is formed on extension sleeve 28 and lies within the dash pot chamber 42 . the dash pot chamber 42 is filled with an appropriate fluid through a plug fill port ( not shown ) formed in the internally projecting rib 28e . a check valve 44 is provided comprising a ring 44b mounting an o - ring 44a which is urged into sealing engagement between the lower end of the annular rib 28e and the adjacent external surface 26k of the actuating sleeve extension 26c by a light spring 46 . spring 46 abuts an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36d provided on the upper spring seat 36 . it will therefore be apparent that the dash pot chamber 42 in reality comprises two vertically spaced chambers 42a and 42b separated by the annular rib 28e and the check valve 44 . a constricted orifice passage 28f is formed in the annular rib 28e to permit fluid to flow at a controlled rate from the lower chamber 42a into the upper chamber 42b . thus the upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 , and hence the radial expansion of the stabilizer linkage 22 , will be controlled in accordance with the rate of fluid flow through the orifice passage 28f . on the other hand , when the tool string is withdrawn from the well , it is quite common for the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b to contact internal ribs or other constrictions or obstructions formed on the bore wall of the well conduit . the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b must be capable of rapid contraction movement in order to pass such obstructions without damage . this accomplished by the check valve 44 . when either anti - friction roller 24a or 24b encounters an obstruction , a downward force is applied to the force transmitting mechanism 26 . such downward force will cause a compression of the trapped fluid contained in the upper chamber 42b and the increased fluid pressure in such chamber will cause the check valve 44 to open to permit rapid fluid flow into lower chamber 42a and permit free downward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , hence permitting free contacting movement of the stabilizer linkages 22 . the rollers 24a and 24b thus function to firmly and accurately hold the stabilizer housing in alignment with the axis of the well conduit , hence providing a centralizing action for the tubing string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is incorporated . despite the provisions for permitting the collapse of the stabilizing linkages 22 when encountering an obstruction through the opening of the check valve 44a , it sometimes happens that the check valve 44a will not function and thus the stabilizing linkages 22 become stuck in the well . the stabilizing linkage 22 may also become stuck in the well for a number of other reasons , such as an accumulation of particulars within or between the operating components , deviations in the well bore configuration . regardless of the cause , the stabilizing units may be released from such stuck condition through the application of upward jarring forces to the tubing string in which the stabilizing mechanism 10 is incorporated . such upward forces produce an upwardly directed shearing force on the shear pins 26b and effect the separation of the upper sleeve 26a of the force transmitting assemblage 26 from the lower sleeve 27 . thus , as illustrated in fig2 a , the upper force transmitting sleeve 26a can move downwardly relative to the tubular body 20 and permit the stabilizing linkages 22 to assume a retracted position . this ability to effect the retraction of the stabilizing linkages when an obstruction is encountered and the normal releasing apparatus does not function is obviously a desirable adjunct to this tool . although the invention has been described in terms of specified embodiments which are set forth in detail , it should be understood that this is by illustration only and that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto , since alternative embodiments and operating techniques will become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosure . accordingly , modifications are contemplated which can be made without departing from the spirit of the described invention ."}
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Does the category match the content of the patent?
| 0.25 |
465094361005a119007ce33a6b1646bab0ae049224d0b5bb570a09b860375321
| 0.189453 | 0.054932 | 0.601563 | 0.243164 | 0.324219 | 0.597656 |
null |
{"category": "Fixed Constructions", "patent": "referring to figs . 1a and 1b , a stabilizing mechanism 10 embodying this invention is shown in radially expanded position relative to a well conduit 1 , which normally is a well casing . stabilizing mechanism 10 comprises a tubular housing 20 which is provided at its upper end with internal threads 20a for engagement with the bottom of a tool string . housing 20 is further provided with a plurality of peripherally spaced , vertically extending slots 20b . each slot receives a radially expandable linkage 22 comprising a pair of pivot arms 22a and 22b which are respectively pivotally mounted in the slots 20b by transverse pivot pins 20c and 20d . the medial portions of the pivot arms 22a and 22b are pivotally interconnected by a longitudinally extending link 22d which is secured to the pivot arms 22a and 22b by pivot pins 22e and 22f . the free ends of the links 22a and 22b respectively mount anti - friction devices , such as rollers 24a and 24b . an expansion link 22g is also secured at one end to the pivot pin 22f and the other end is pivotally secured to an axially shiftable force transmitting assemblage 26 by a pivot pin 22h . accordingly , when the force transmitting assemblage 26 is disposed in a downward position relative to the radially expansible linkages 22 , the linkages 22 are retracted to the position shown in fig2 a wherein all of the components of the linkage lie within the periphery of the housing 20 , and thus offer no opportunity for damaging contact with the conduit or casing wall as the stabilizer unit 10 is run into the well . a notch 22c in each link 22d clears pivot pin 20d in this position . each stabilizer linkage 22 is radially expanded to engage the rollers 24a and 24b with the bore wall of the casing 1 by upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 . such force transmitting assemblage comprises an upper sleeve 26a lower end by one or more shear screws 26b to an intermediate sleeve element 27 . sleeve element 27 is secured by threads 27a to an extension tube 26c which extends downwardly and abuts against an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36c provided on an annular spring anchor 36 . an inner sleeve 28 is threadably secured by external threads 20f to the lower end portion 20e of the housing 20 . such threads are secured by a set screw 20g . the inner sleeve 28 cooperates with the extension sleeve 26c to define an annular chamber 42 within which the lower portion of the lower sleeve element 27 is sealably mounted by seals 27b and 27c . a plurality of peripherally spaced ports 28b are provided in the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 to permit well fluids to freely enter the interior of the extension sleeve 28 and hence the bore of the housing 20 . the bottom end of the extension sleeve 28 is provided with internal threads 28a for the mounting thereto of a lower portion of the particular tool string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is to be incorporated or , in this case where the stabilizer mechanism is at the bottom of the tool string , a flow deflector 30 may be inserted and secured to the bottom of the extension sleeve 28 by threads 28a and set screw 28c . a spring anchor ring 32 is secured adjacent to the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 by a snap ring 32a to provide a seat for an actuator spring 34 . the top of actuator spring 34 engages an annular spring seat 36 which has a seal 36b engaging the lower end of the actuating sleeve extension 26c . as mentioned , the bottom end of actuating sleeve extension 26c abuts an upwardly facing shoulder 36c provided on the annular spring seat 36 . spring seat 36 is slidably and sealably mounted within the annulus 42 by an outer seal 36a and an inner seal 36b . thus , when no restraints are imposed upon upward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , the spring 34 moves the force transmitting assemblage 26 upwardly causing the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 to move outwardly to the position shown in fig . 1a where the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b are in engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit . to maintain the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 in a contracted position during run - in , fusible bolts 40 ( shown only in dotted lines ) abuts one of the links incorporated in one of the expansible linkages 22 and effectively secures all linkages 22 within the body of the housing 20 . for example , fusible bolts 40 are shown as abutting pivot arm 22a . the melting point of fusible bolts 40 is selected to produce melting within a reasonable time , say ten to thirty minutes , after the fusible bolts are exposed to the ambient well temperatures existing at the location of the stabilizer mechanism 10 in the well . thus , during the entire run - in of the stabilizer mechanism 10 , the linkages 22 are in their retracted positions and do not move into engagement with the bore wall of the casing 1 until the fusible bolts 40 have melted by exposure to the downhole well temperatures . to prevent the expansible linkages 22 from rapidly expanding into engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit and thus possibly damaging the anti - friction roller elements 24a and 24b , the annulus 42 between the sleeve extensions 26c and 28 is utilized to define a dash pot chamber immediately above the spring seat 36 . an internally projecting rib 28e is formed on extension sleeve 28 and lies within the dash pot chamber 42 . the dash pot chamber 42 is filled with an appropriate fluid through a plug fill port ( not shown ) formed in the internally projecting rib 28e . a check valve 44 is provided comprising a ring 44b mounting an o - ring 44a which is urged into sealing engagement between the lower end of the annular rib 28e and the adjacent external surface 26k of the actuating sleeve extension 26c by a light spring 46 . spring 46 abuts an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36d provided on the upper spring seat 36 . it will therefore be apparent that the dash pot chamber 42 in reality comprises two vertically spaced chambers 42a and 42b separated by the annular rib 28e and the check valve 44 . a constricted orifice passage 28f is formed in the annular rib 28e to permit fluid to flow at a controlled rate from the lower chamber 42a into the upper chamber 42b . thus the upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 , and hence the radial expansion of the stabilizer linkage 22 , will be controlled in accordance with the rate of fluid flow through the orifice passage 28f . on the other hand , when the tool string is withdrawn from the well , it is quite common for the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b to contact internal ribs or other constrictions or obstructions formed on the bore wall of the well conduit . the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b must be capable of rapid contraction movement in order to pass such obstructions without damage . this accomplished by the check valve 44 . when either anti - friction roller 24a or 24b encounters an obstruction , a downward force is applied to the force transmitting mechanism 26 . such downward force will cause a compression of the trapped fluid contained in the upper chamber 42b and the increased fluid pressure in such chamber will cause the check valve 44 to open to permit rapid fluid flow into lower chamber 42a and permit free downward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , hence permitting free contacting movement of the stabilizer linkages 22 . the rollers 24a and 24b thus function to firmly and accurately hold the stabilizer housing in alignment with the axis of the well conduit , hence providing a centralizing action for the tubing string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is incorporated . despite the provisions for permitting the collapse of the stabilizing linkages 22 when encountering an obstruction through the opening of the check valve 44a , it sometimes happens that the check valve 44a will not function and thus the stabilizing linkages 22 become stuck in the well . the stabilizing linkage 22 may also become stuck in the well for a number of other reasons , such as an accumulation of particulars within or between the operating components , deviations in the well bore configuration . regardless of the cause , the stabilizing units may be released from such stuck condition through the application of upward jarring forces to the tubing string in which the stabilizing mechanism 10 is incorporated . such upward forces produce an upwardly directed shearing force on the shear pins 26b and effect the separation of the upper sleeve 26a of the force transmitting assemblage 26 from the lower sleeve 27 . thus , as illustrated in fig2 a , the upper force transmitting sleeve 26a can move downwardly relative to the tubular body 20 and permit the stabilizing linkages 22 to assume a retracted position . this ability to effect the retraction of the stabilizing linkages when an obstruction is encountered and the normal releasing apparatus does not function is obviously a desirable adjunct to this tool . although the invention has been described in terms of specified embodiments which are set forth in detail , it should be understood that this is by illustration only and that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto , since alternative embodiments and operating techniques will become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosure . accordingly , modifications are contemplated which can be made without departing from the spirit of the described invention ."}
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{"patent": "referring to figs . 1a and 1b , a stabilizing mechanism 10 embodying this invention is shown in radially expanded position relative to a well conduit 1 , which normally is a well casing . stabilizing mechanism 10 comprises a tubular housing 20 which is provided at its upper end with internal threads 20a for engagement with the bottom of a tool string . housing 20 is further provided with a plurality of peripherally spaced , vertically extending slots 20b . each slot receives a radially expandable linkage 22 comprising a pair of pivot arms 22a and 22b which are respectively pivotally mounted in the slots 20b by transverse pivot pins 20c and 20d . the medial portions of the pivot arms 22a and 22b are pivotally interconnected by a longitudinally extending link 22d which is secured to the pivot arms 22a and 22b by pivot pins 22e and 22f . the free ends of the links 22a and 22b respectively mount anti - friction devices , such as rollers 24a and 24b . an expansion link 22g is also secured at one end to the pivot pin 22f and the other end is pivotally secured to an axially shiftable force transmitting assemblage 26 by a pivot pin 22h . accordingly , when the force transmitting assemblage 26 is disposed in a downward position relative to the radially expansible linkages 22 , the linkages 22 are retracted to the position shown in fig2 a wherein all of the components of the linkage lie within the periphery of the housing 20 , and thus offer no opportunity for damaging contact with the conduit or casing wall as the stabilizer unit 10 is run into the well . a notch 22c in each link 22d clears pivot pin 20d in this position . each stabilizer linkage 22 is radially expanded to engage the rollers 24a and 24b with the bore wall of the casing 1 by upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 . such force transmitting assemblage comprises an upper sleeve 26a lower end by one or more shear screws 26b to an intermediate sleeve element 27 . sleeve element 27 is secured by threads 27a to an extension tube 26c which extends downwardly and abuts against an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36c provided on an annular spring anchor 36 . an inner sleeve 28 is threadably secured by external threads 20f to the lower end portion 20e of the housing 20 . such threads are secured by a set screw 20g . the inner sleeve 28 cooperates with the extension sleeve 26c to define an annular chamber 42 within which the lower portion of the lower sleeve element 27 is sealably mounted by seals 27b and 27c . a plurality of peripherally spaced ports 28b are provided in the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 to permit well fluids to freely enter the interior of the extension sleeve 28 and hence the bore of the housing 20 . the bottom end of the extension sleeve 28 is provided with internal threads 28a for the mounting thereto of a lower portion of the particular tool string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is to be incorporated or , in this case where the stabilizer mechanism is at the bottom of the tool string , a flow deflector 30 may be inserted and secured to the bottom of the extension sleeve 28 by threads 28a and set screw 28c . a spring anchor ring 32 is secured adjacent to the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 by a snap ring 32a to provide a seat for an actuator spring 34 . the top of actuator spring 34 engages an annular spring seat 36 which has a seal 36b engaging the lower end of the actuating sleeve extension 26c . as mentioned , the bottom end of actuating sleeve extension 26c abuts an upwardly facing shoulder 36c provided on the annular spring seat 36 . spring seat 36 is slidably and sealably mounted within the annulus 42 by an outer seal 36a and an inner seal 36b . thus , when no restraints are imposed upon upward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , the spring 34 moves the force transmitting assemblage 26 upwardly causing the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 to move outwardly to the position shown in fig . 1a where the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b are in engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit . to maintain the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 in a contracted position during run - in , fusible bolts 40 ( shown only in dotted lines ) abuts one of the links incorporated in one of the expansible linkages 22 and effectively secures all linkages 22 within the body of the housing 20 . for example , fusible bolts 40 are shown as abutting pivot arm 22a . the melting point of fusible bolts 40 is selected to produce melting within a reasonable time , say ten to thirty minutes , after the fusible bolts are exposed to the ambient well temperatures existing at the location of the stabilizer mechanism 10 in the well . thus , during the entire run - in of the stabilizer mechanism 10 , the linkages 22 are in their retracted positions and do not move into engagement with the bore wall of the casing 1 until the fusible bolts 40 have melted by exposure to the downhole well temperatures . to prevent the expansible linkages 22 from rapidly expanding into engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit and thus possibly damaging the anti - friction roller elements 24a and 24b , the annulus 42 between the sleeve extensions 26c and 28 is utilized to define a dash pot chamber immediately above the spring seat 36 . an internally projecting rib 28e is formed on extension sleeve 28 and lies within the dash pot chamber 42 . the dash pot chamber 42 is filled with an appropriate fluid through a plug fill port ( not shown ) formed in the internally projecting rib 28e . a check valve 44 is provided comprising a ring 44b mounting an o - ring 44a which is urged into sealing engagement between the lower end of the annular rib 28e and the adjacent external surface 26k of the actuating sleeve extension 26c by a light spring 46 . spring 46 abuts an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36d provided on the upper spring seat 36 . it will therefore be apparent that the dash pot chamber 42 in reality comprises two vertically spaced chambers 42a and 42b separated by the annular rib 28e and the check valve 44 . a constricted orifice passage 28f is formed in the annular rib 28e to permit fluid to flow at a controlled rate from the lower chamber 42a into the upper chamber 42b . thus the upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 , and hence the radial expansion of the stabilizer linkage 22 , will be controlled in accordance with the rate of fluid flow through the orifice passage 28f . on the other hand , when the tool string is withdrawn from the well , it is quite common for the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b to contact internal ribs or other constrictions or obstructions formed on the bore wall of the well conduit . the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b must be capable of rapid contraction movement in order to pass such obstructions without damage . this accomplished by the check valve 44 . when either anti - friction roller 24a or 24b encounters an obstruction , a downward force is applied to the force transmitting mechanism 26 . such downward force will cause a compression of the trapped fluid contained in the upper chamber 42b and the increased fluid pressure in such chamber will cause the check valve 44 to open to permit rapid fluid flow into lower chamber 42a and permit free downward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , hence permitting free contacting movement of the stabilizer linkages 22 . the rollers 24a and 24b thus function to firmly and accurately hold the stabilizer housing in alignment with the axis of the well conduit , hence providing a centralizing action for the tubing string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is incorporated . despite the provisions for permitting the collapse of the stabilizing linkages 22 when encountering an obstruction through the opening of the check valve 44a , it sometimes happens that the check valve 44a will not function and thus the stabilizing linkages 22 become stuck in the well . the stabilizing linkage 22 may also become stuck in the well for a number of other reasons , such as an accumulation of particulars within or between the operating components , deviations in the well bore configuration . regardless of the cause , the stabilizing units may be released from such stuck condition through the application of upward jarring forces to the tubing string in which the stabilizing mechanism 10 is incorporated . such upward forces produce an upwardly directed shearing force on the shear pins 26b and effect the separation of the upper sleeve 26a of the force transmitting assemblage 26 from the lower sleeve 27 . thus , as illustrated in fig2 a , the upper force transmitting sleeve 26a can move downwardly relative to the tubular body 20 and permit the stabilizing linkages 22 to assume a retracted position . this ability to effect the retraction of the stabilizing linkages when an obstruction is encountered and the normal releasing apparatus does not function is obviously a desirable adjunct to this tool . although the invention has been described in terms of specified embodiments which are set forth in detail , it should be understood that this is by illustration only and that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto , since alternative embodiments and operating techniques will become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosure . accordingly , modifications are contemplated which can be made without departing from the spirit of the described invention .", "category": "Chemistry; Metallurgy"}
|
Is the categorization of this patent accurate?
| 0.25 |
465094361005a119007ce33a6b1646bab0ae049224d0b5bb570a09b860375321
| 0.162109 | 0.000504 | 0.458984 | 0.026367 | 0.5 | 0.003708 |
null |
{"patent": "referring to figs . 1a and 1b , a stabilizing mechanism 10 embodying this invention is shown in radially expanded position relative to a well conduit 1 , which normally is a well casing . stabilizing mechanism 10 comprises a tubular housing 20 which is provided at its upper end with internal threads 20a for engagement with the bottom of a tool string . housing 20 is further provided with a plurality of peripherally spaced , vertically extending slots 20b . each slot receives a radially expandable linkage 22 comprising a pair of pivot arms 22a and 22b which are respectively pivotally mounted in the slots 20b by transverse pivot pins 20c and 20d . the medial portions of the pivot arms 22a and 22b are pivotally interconnected by a longitudinally extending link 22d which is secured to the pivot arms 22a and 22b by pivot pins 22e and 22f . the free ends of the links 22a and 22b respectively mount anti - friction devices , such as rollers 24a and 24b . an expansion link 22g is also secured at one end to the pivot pin 22f and the other end is pivotally secured to an axially shiftable force transmitting assemblage 26 by a pivot pin 22h . accordingly , when the force transmitting assemblage 26 is disposed in a downward position relative to the radially expansible linkages 22 , the linkages 22 are retracted to the position shown in fig2 a wherein all of the components of the linkage lie within the periphery of the housing 20 , and thus offer no opportunity for damaging contact with the conduit or casing wall as the stabilizer unit 10 is run into the well . a notch 22c in each link 22d clears pivot pin 20d in this position . each stabilizer linkage 22 is radially expanded to engage the rollers 24a and 24b with the bore wall of the casing 1 by upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 . such force transmitting assemblage comprises an upper sleeve 26a lower end by one or more shear screws 26b to an intermediate sleeve element 27 . sleeve element 27 is secured by threads 27a to an extension tube 26c which extends downwardly and abuts against an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36c provided on an annular spring anchor 36 . an inner sleeve 28 is threadably secured by external threads 20f to the lower end portion 20e of the housing 20 . such threads are secured by a set screw 20g . the inner sleeve 28 cooperates with the extension sleeve 26c to define an annular chamber 42 within which the lower portion of the lower sleeve element 27 is sealably mounted by seals 27b and 27c . a plurality of peripherally spaced ports 28b are provided in the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 to permit well fluids to freely enter the interior of the extension sleeve 28 and hence the bore of the housing 20 . the bottom end of the extension sleeve 28 is provided with internal threads 28a for the mounting thereto of a lower portion of the particular tool string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is to be incorporated or , in this case where the stabilizer mechanism is at the bottom of the tool string , a flow deflector 30 may be inserted and secured to the bottom of the extension sleeve 28 by threads 28a and set screw 28c . a spring anchor ring 32 is secured adjacent to the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 by a snap ring 32a to provide a seat for an actuator spring 34 . the top of actuator spring 34 engages an annular spring seat 36 which has a seal 36b engaging the lower end of the actuating sleeve extension 26c . as mentioned , the bottom end of actuating sleeve extension 26c abuts an upwardly facing shoulder 36c provided on the annular spring seat 36 . spring seat 36 is slidably and sealably mounted within the annulus 42 by an outer seal 36a and an inner seal 36b . thus , when no restraints are imposed upon upward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , the spring 34 moves the force transmitting assemblage 26 upwardly causing the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 to move outwardly to the position shown in fig . 1a where the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b are in engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit . to maintain the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 in a contracted position during run - in , fusible bolts 40 ( shown only in dotted lines ) abuts one of the links incorporated in one of the expansible linkages 22 and effectively secures all linkages 22 within the body of the housing 20 . for example , fusible bolts 40 are shown as abutting pivot arm 22a . the melting point of fusible bolts 40 is selected to produce melting within a reasonable time , say ten to thirty minutes , after the fusible bolts are exposed to the ambient well temperatures existing at the location of the stabilizer mechanism 10 in the well . thus , during the entire run - in of the stabilizer mechanism 10 , the linkages 22 are in their retracted positions and do not move into engagement with the bore wall of the casing 1 until the fusible bolts 40 have melted by exposure to the downhole well temperatures . to prevent the expansible linkages 22 from rapidly expanding into engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit and thus possibly damaging the anti - friction roller elements 24a and 24b , the annulus 42 between the sleeve extensions 26c and 28 is utilized to define a dash pot chamber immediately above the spring seat 36 . an internally projecting rib 28e is formed on extension sleeve 28 and lies within the dash pot chamber 42 . the dash pot chamber 42 is filled with an appropriate fluid through a plug fill port ( not shown ) formed in the internally projecting rib 28e . a check valve 44 is provided comprising a ring 44b mounting an o - ring 44a which is urged into sealing engagement between the lower end of the annular rib 28e and the adjacent external surface 26k of the actuating sleeve extension 26c by a light spring 46 . spring 46 abuts an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36d provided on the upper spring seat 36 . it will therefore be apparent that the dash pot chamber 42 in reality comprises two vertically spaced chambers 42a and 42b separated by the annular rib 28e and the check valve 44 . a constricted orifice passage 28f is formed in the annular rib 28e to permit fluid to flow at a controlled rate from the lower chamber 42a into the upper chamber 42b . thus the upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 , and hence the radial expansion of the stabilizer linkage 22 , will be controlled in accordance with the rate of fluid flow through the orifice passage 28f . on the other hand , when the tool string is withdrawn from the well , it is quite common for the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b to contact internal ribs or other constrictions or obstructions formed on the bore wall of the well conduit . the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b must be capable of rapid contraction movement in order to pass such obstructions without damage . this accomplished by the check valve 44 . when either anti - friction roller 24a or 24b encounters an obstruction , a downward force is applied to the force transmitting mechanism 26 . such downward force will cause a compression of the trapped fluid contained in the upper chamber 42b and the increased fluid pressure in such chamber will cause the check valve 44 to open to permit rapid fluid flow into lower chamber 42a and permit free downward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , hence permitting free contacting movement of the stabilizer linkages 22 . the rollers 24a and 24b thus function to firmly and accurately hold the stabilizer housing in alignment with the axis of the well conduit , hence providing a centralizing action for the tubing string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is incorporated . despite the provisions for permitting the collapse of the stabilizing linkages 22 when encountering an obstruction through the opening of the check valve 44a , it sometimes happens that the check valve 44a will not function and thus the stabilizing linkages 22 become stuck in the well . the stabilizing linkage 22 may also become stuck in the well for a number of other reasons , such as an accumulation of particulars within or between the operating components , deviations in the well bore configuration . regardless of the cause , the stabilizing units may be released from such stuck condition through the application of upward jarring forces to the tubing string in which the stabilizing mechanism 10 is incorporated . such upward forces produce an upwardly directed shearing force on the shear pins 26b and effect the separation of the upper sleeve 26a of the force transmitting assemblage 26 from the lower sleeve 27 . thus , as illustrated in fig2 a , the upper force transmitting sleeve 26a can move downwardly relative to the tubular body 20 and permit the stabilizing linkages 22 to assume a retracted position . this ability to effect the retraction of the stabilizing linkages when an obstruction is encountered and the normal releasing apparatus does not function is obviously a desirable adjunct to this tool . although the invention has been described in terms of specified embodiments which are set forth in detail , it should be understood that this is by illustration only and that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto , since alternative embodiments and operating techniques will become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosure . accordingly , modifications are contemplated which can be made without departing from the spirit of the described invention .", "category": "Fixed Constructions"}
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{"category": "Textiles; Paper", "patent": "referring to figs . 1a and 1b , a stabilizing mechanism 10 embodying this invention is shown in radially expanded position relative to a well conduit 1 , which normally is a well casing . stabilizing mechanism 10 comprises a tubular housing 20 which is provided at its upper end with internal threads 20a for engagement with the bottom of a tool string . housing 20 is further provided with a plurality of peripherally spaced , vertically extending slots 20b . each slot receives a radially expandable linkage 22 comprising a pair of pivot arms 22a and 22b which are respectively pivotally mounted in the slots 20b by transverse pivot pins 20c and 20d . the medial portions of the pivot arms 22a and 22b are pivotally interconnected by a longitudinally extending link 22d which is secured to the pivot arms 22a and 22b by pivot pins 22e and 22f . the free ends of the links 22a and 22b respectively mount anti - friction devices , such as rollers 24a and 24b . an expansion link 22g is also secured at one end to the pivot pin 22f and the other end is pivotally secured to an axially shiftable force transmitting assemblage 26 by a pivot pin 22h . accordingly , when the force transmitting assemblage 26 is disposed in a downward position relative to the radially expansible linkages 22 , the linkages 22 are retracted to the position shown in fig2 a wherein all of the components of the linkage lie within the periphery of the housing 20 , and thus offer no opportunity for damaging contact with the conduit or casing wall as the stabilizer unit 10 is run into the well . a notch 22c in each link 22d clears pivot pin 20d in this position . each stabilizer linkage 22 is radially expanded to engage the rollers 24a and 24b with the bore wall of the casing 1 by upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 . such force transmitting assemblage comprises an upper sleeve 26a lower end by one or more shear screws 26b to an intermediate sleeve element 27 . sleeve element 27 is secured by threads 27a to an extension tube 26c which extends downwardly and abuts against an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36c provided on an annular spring anchor 36 . an inner sleeve 28 is threadably secured by external threads 20f to the lower end portion 20e of the housing 20 . such threads are secured by a set screw 20g . the inner sleeve 28 cooperates with the extension sleeve 26c to define an annular chamber 42 within which the lower portion of the lower sleeve element 27 is sealably mounted by seals 27b and 27c . a plurality of peripherally spaced ports 28b are provided in the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 to permit well fluids to freely enter the interior of the extension sleeve 28 and hence the bore of the housing 20 . the bottom end of the extension sleeve 28 is provided with internal threads 28a for the mounting thereto of a lower portion of the particular tool string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is to be incorporated or , in this case where the stabilizer mechanism is at the bottom of the tool string , a flow deflector 30 may be inserted and secured to the bottom of the extension sleeve 28 by threads 28a and set screw 28c . a spring anchor ring 32 is secured adjacent to the bottom end of extension sleeve 28 by a snap ring 32a to provide a seat for an actuator spring 34 . the top of actuator spring 34 engages an annular spring seat 36 which has a seal 36b engaging the lower end of the actuating sleeve extension 26c . as mentioned , the bottom end of actuating sleeve extension 26c abuts an upwardly facing shoulder 36c provided on the annular spring seat 36 . spring seat 36 is slidably and sealably mounted within the annulus 42 by an outer seal 36a and an inner seal 36b . thus , when no restraints are imposed upon upward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , the spring 34 moves the force transmitting assemblage 26 upwardly causing the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 to move outwardly to the position shown in fig . 1a where the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b are in engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit . to maintain the radially expansible stabilizer linkages 22 in a contracted position during run - in , fusible bolts 40 ( shown only in dotted lines ) abuts one of the links incorporated in one of the expansible linkages 22 and effectively secures all linkages 22 within the body of the housing 20 . for example , fusible bolts 40 are shown as abutting pivot arm 22a . the melting point of fusible bolts 40 is selected to produce melting within a reasonable time , say ten to thirty minutes , after the fusible bolts are exposed to the ambient well temperatures existing at the location of the stabilizer mechanism 10 in the well . thus , during the entire run - in of the stabilizer mechanism 10 , the linkages 22 are in their retracted positions and do not move into engagement with the bore wall of the casing 1 until the fusible bolts 40 have melted by exposure to the downhole well temperatures . to prevent the expansible linkages 22 from rapidly expanding into engagement with the bore wall of the well conduit and thus possibly damaging the anti - friction roller elements 24a and 24b , the annulus 42 between the sleeve extensions 26c and 28 is utilized to define a dash pot chamber immediately above the spring seat 36 . an internally projecting rib 28e is formed on extension sleeve 28 and lies within the dash pot chamber 42 . the dash pot chamber 42 is filled with an appropriate fluid through a plug fill port ( not shown ) formed in the internally projecting rib 28e . a check valve 44 is provided comprising a ring 44b mounting an o - ring 44a which is urged into sealing engagement between the lower end of the annular rib 28e and the adjacent external surface 26k of the actuating sleeve extension 26c by a light spring 46 . spring 46 abuts an upwardly facing internal shoulder 36d provided on the upper spring seat 36 . it will therefore be apparent that the dash pot chamber 42 in reality comprises two vertically spaced chambers 42a and 42b separated by the annular rib 28e and the check valve 44 . a constricted orifice passage 28f is formed in the annular rib 28e to permit fluid to flow at a controlled rate from the lower chamber 42a into the upper chamber 42b . thus the upward movement of the force transmitting assemblage 26 , and hence the radial expansion of the stabilizer linkage 22 , will be controlled in accordance with the rate of fluid flow through the orifice passage 28f . on the other hand , when the tool string is withdrawn from the well , it is quite common for the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b to contact internal ribs or other constrictions or obstructions formed on the bore wall of the well conduit . the anti - friction rollers 24a and 24b must be capable of rapid contraction movement in order to pass such obstructions without damage . this accomplished by the check valve 44 . when either anti - friction roller 24a or 24b encounters an obstruction , a downward force is applied to the force transmitting mechanism 26 . such downward force will cause a compression of the trapped fluid contained in the upper chamber 42b and the increased fluid pressure in such chamber will cause the check valve 44 to open to permit rapid fluid flow into lower chamber 42a and permit free downward movement of the force transmitting mechanism 26 , hence permitting free contacting movement of the stabilizer linkages 22 . the rollers 24a and 24b thus function to firmly and accurately hold the stabilizer housing in alignment with the axis of the well conduit , hence providing a centralizing action for the tubing string in which the stabilizer mechanism 10 is incorporated . despite the provisions for permitting the collapse of the stabilizing linkages 22 when encountering an obstruction through the opening of the check valve 44a , it sometimes happens that the check valve 44a will not function and thus the stabilizing linkages 22 become stuck in the well . the stabilizing linkage 22 may also become stuck in the well for a number of other reasons , such as an accumulation of particulars within or between the operating components , deviations in the well bore configuration . regardless of the cause , the stabilizing units may be released from such stuck condition through the application of upward jarring forces to the tubing string in which the stabilizing mechanism 10 is incorporated . such upward forces produce an upwardly directed shearing force on the shear pins 26b and effect the separation of the upper sleeve 26a of the force transmitting assemblage 26 from the lower sleeve 27 . thus , as illustrated in fig2 a , the upper force transmitting sleeve 26a can move downwardly relative to the tubular body 20 and permit the stabilizing linkages 22 to assume a retracted position . this ability to effect the retraction of the stabilizing linkages when an obstruction is encountered and the normal releasing apparatus does not function is obviously a desirable adjunct to this tool . although the invention has been described in terms of specified embodiments which are set forth in detail , it should be understood that this is by illustration only and that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto , since alternative embodiments and operating techniques will become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosure . accordingly , modifications are contemplated which can be made without departing from the spirit of the described invention ."}
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Does the patent belong in this category?
| 0.25 |
465094361005a119007ce33a6b1646bab0ae049224d0b5bb570a09b860375321
| 0.071777 | 0.07373 | 0.145508 | 0.001549 | 0.375 | 0.289063 |
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