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sciq | sciq_01_09904 | When the helium is gone, the stars become what? | [
"yellow dwarfs",
"white dwarfs",
"red giants",
"comets"
] | B | When the helium is gone, the stars become white dwarfs. |
openbookqa | obqa_02_04265 | A cat's body temperature would be highest if immersed in | [
"apple juice",
"lava",
"liquid nitrogen",
"water"
] | B | an island is formed by lava cooling on the ocean floor over time |
sciq | sciq_01_01191 | What is the term for polyatomic ligands with two or more donor atoms? | [
"polyamines",
"proteins",
"chelates",
"angiosperms"
] | C | Transition metals form metal complexes, polyatomic species in which a metal ion is bound to one or more ligands, which are groups bound to a metal ion. Complex ions are electrically charged metal complexes, and a coordination compound contains one or more metal complexes. Metal complexes with low coordination numbers generally have only one or two possible structures, whereas those with coordination numbers greater than six can have several different structures. Coordination numbers of two and three are common for d10 metal ions. Tetrahedral and square planar complexes have a coordination number of four; trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal complexes have a coordination number of five; and octahedral complexes have a coordination number of six. At least three structures are known for a coordination number of seven, which is generally found for only large metal ions. Coordination numbers of eight and nine are also found for larger metal ions. The stability of metal complexes with first-row transition metals in a +2 oxidation state varies inversely with their ionic radius. Lewis bases can be hard bases, which have small, relatively nonpolarizable donor atoms, orsoft bases, with larger, relatively polarizable donor atoms. Hard acids have the highest affinity for hard bases, and soft acids have the highest affinity for soft bases. Soft metals and soft bases form complexes that are more stable than would be predicted based on electrostatic arguments, which suggests that metal-to-ligand π bonding is important. Ligands that are strong bases form the most stable complexes with metal ions that are hard acids. Exceptionally stable complexes are formed by chelates, which are polyatomic ligands with two or more donor atoms; this enhanced stability is known as the chelate effect. Many metal complexes formisomers, which are two or more compounds with the same formula but different arrangements of atoms. Structural isomers differ in which atoms are bonded to one another, while geometrical isomers differ only in the arrangement of ligands around the metal ion. Ligands adjacent to one another are cis, while ligands across from one another are trans. |
openbookqa | obqa_02_00586 | What is safest to breathe around? | [
"coal plant",
"Union Carbide plant",
"windmill",
"automobile"
] | C | a windmill does not create pollution |
sciq | sciq_01_02470 | What are the two types of fatty acids? | [
"saturated and biodegradable",
"saturated and endogenous",
"saturated and unsaturated",
"hydrochloric and carboxylic"
] | C | A lipid is an organic compound such as fat or oil. Organisms use lipids to store energy, but lipids have other important roles as well. Lipids consist of repeating units called fatty acids. There are two types of fatty acids: saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. |
math_qa | mathqa_03_02288 | a sum of money at simple interest amounts to rs . 800 in 3 years and to rs . 850 in 4 years . the sum is : | [
"rs . 670",
"rs . 690",
"rs . 600",
"rs . 625"
] | C | "explanation : s . i . for 1 year = rs . ( 850 - 800 ) = rs . 50 . s . i . for 3 years = rs . ( 50 x 3 ) = rs . 150 . principal = rs . ( 800 - 150 ) = rs . 600 . answer : option c" |
sciq | sciq_01_09570 | What is defined as the product of a force times the distance over which the force acts? | [
"energy",
"matter",
"work",
"motion"
] | C | Work is defined as the product of a force times the distance over which the force acts. The force and the distance must act along the same line; if the angle between them is not (or ) then you must use the component of force; hence the in the equation. |
openbookqa | obqa_02_00239 | Small, usually red plastic squares are often placed on transporters such as bicycles in order to | [
"create light",
"show color",
"identify drivers",
"shine light"
] | D | a reflector is used to reflect light especially on vehicles |
math_qa | mathqa_03_04436 | a rectangular lawn of dimensions 80 m * 50 m has two roads each 10 m wide running in the middle of the lawn , one parallel to the length and the other parallel to the breadth . what is the cost of traveling the two roads at rs . 3 per sq m ? | [
"a",
"b",
"c",
"d"
] | D | "explanation : area = ( l + b – d ) d ( 80 + 50 – 10 ) 10 = > 1200 m 2 1200 * 3 = rs . 3600 answer : option d" |
math_qa | mathqa_03_01280 | by selling 8 pencils for a rupee a man loses 60 % . how many for a rupee should he sell in order to gain 60 % ? | [
"8",
"9",
"2",
"6"
] | C | "40 % - - - 8 160 % - - - ? 40 / 160 * 12 = 2 answer : c" |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_04525 | Fincham test differentiates cataract from | [
"Conjunctivitis",
"Iridocyclitis",
"Open angle glaucoma",
"Acute congestive glaucoma"
] | D | The colored halos in glaucoma must be differentiated from those found in acute purulent conjunctivitis and early cataractous changes. In conjunctivitis, the halos can be eliminated by irrigating the discharge. The halos of glaucoma and immature cataract may be differentiated by Fincham&;s test in which a stenopaeic slit is passed across the pupil. During this test glaucomatous halo remains intact, while a halo due to cataract is broken up into segments.Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg. 228 |
math_qa | mathqa_03_03730 | there are 3 vessels of equal capacity . vessel a contains milk and water in the ratio 7 : 3 ; vessel b contains milk and water in the ratio 2 : 1 and vessel c contains milk and water in the ratio 3 : 2 . if the mixture in all the 3 vessels is mixed up . what will be the ratio of milk and water ? | [
"59 : 31",
"3 : 2",
"118 : 126",
"193 : 122"
] | A | 7 : 3 = > 7 x + 3 x = 10 x 2 : 1 = > 2 y + 1 y = 3 y 3 : 2 = > 3 z + 2 z = 5 z 10 x = 3 y = 5 z take lcm of 10 , 3,5 = 30 or simply ; x = 3 y = 10 z = 6 so , ratio of milk : water = ( 7 x + 2 y + 3 z ) / ( 3 x + y + 2 z ) = 59 / 31 ans : a |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_00590 | RAAS mechanism is mainly regulated by: | [
"Beta stimulation",
"Alpha blocker",
"Aldosterone antagonism",
"Na+ K+ ATPase"
] | A | Ans. (a) Beta stimulationRef: Harrison 19th ed. /1613* The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System(R.A.AS) contributes to the regulation of arterial pressure primarily via the vasoconstrictor properties of angiotensin II and the sodium-retaining properties of aldosterone.There are Three Primary Stimuli for Renin Secretion* Decreased NaCl transport in the distal portion of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle that abuts the corresponding afferent arteriole (macula densa).* Decreased pressure or stretch within the renal afferent arteriole (baroreceptor mechanism)* Sympathetic nervous system stimulation of rennin- secreting cells via b1 adrenoreceptors.Conversely, RAAS can be Inhibited by* Increased NaCl transport in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle* Increased stretch within the renal afferent arteriole* b1 receptor blockade.Above 3 factors are major regulators of R.A.A.S system. |
sciq | sciq_01_10024 | In their pure form, all elements have an oxidation number of what? | [
"3",
"zero",
"2",
"7"
] | B | All elements have an oxidation number of zero in their pure form. |
openbookqa | obqa_02_02319 | Which activity would most increase atmospheric CO2? | [
"gardening",
"walking",
"speedboat driving",
"planting trees"
] | C | carbon dioxide concentrations in the air have increased over the last decade dramatically |
math_qa | mathqa_03_02937 | what could be the range of a set consisting of odd multiples of 3 ? | [
"21",
"24",
"35",
"62"
] | B | "range = the difference between the greatest and the smallest numbers in the sequence . our sequence is odd and is a multiple of 7 . every number in that sequence can be represented like this : 3 * ( 2 n + 1 ) where n is any positive integer . range = 3 * ( 2 m + 1 ) - 3 * ( 2 n + 1 ) = 3 * 2 * ( m - n ) = 6 * ( m - n ) . m , n - any positive integers the answer must be divisible by 6 , which is only 24 . the correct answer is b" |
sciq | sciq_01_04174 | Kidney stones can form anywhere in what system? | [
"urinary",
"digestive",
"respiratory",
"intestinal"
] | A | A kidney stone. The stones can form anywhere in the urinary system. |
openbookqa | obqa_02_03678 | humans sometimes eat | [
"plant reproduction vessels",
"unicorns",
"lava",
"clouds"
] | A | humans sometimes eat seeds |
math_qa | mathqa_03_04275 | a 300 m long train crosses a platform in 40 sec while it crosses a signal pole in 18 sec . what is the length of the platform ? | [
"288",
"350",
"889",
"367"
] | D | "speed = 300 / 18 = 50 / 3 m / sec . let the length of the platform be x meters . then , ( x + 300 ) / 40 = 50 / 3 3 x + 900 = 2000 = > x = 367 m . answer : d" |
sciq | sciq_01_08387 | What limits the growth or development of an organism, population, or process? | [
"mutation factor",
"limiting membrane",
"decreasing factor",
"limiting factor"
] | D | In the predator-prey example, one factor limits the growth of the other factor. As the prey population decreases, the predator population begins to decrease as well. The prey population is a limiting factor. A limiting factor limits the growth or development of an organism, population, or process. |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_03755 | HIV virus has : | [
"Single stranded DNA",
"Single stranded RNA",
"Double stranded DNA",
"Double stranded RNA"
] | B | Classification of HIV ( = HTLV III)
Family – Retroviridae
Subfamily – Lentivirus
Genome – SS RNA positive sense.
• Virion contain lipoprotein envelope and nucleocapsid is icosahedral in shape.
• Characteristic feature of retrovirus is presence of reverse transcriptase enzyme.
– Viral RNA is transcribed by this enzyme first into SS DNA then to ds DNA which gets integrated with host cell.
– Thus in contrast to central dogma flow of information is RNA → DNA → RNA |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_03222 | For the first 2hrs after delivery, the temperature should be recorded | [
"Every 5 mins",
"Every 15 mins",
"Every 30 mins",
"Hourly"
] | B | Care after delivery: For 2hrs after delivery, BP and pulse should be taken every 15 min. Temperature assessed every 4 hrs for the first 8hrs and then 8 hourly subsequently Amount of vaginal bleeding should be monitored Fundus of uterus palpated to ensure that it is well contracted. Ref: Williams 24e pg 675. |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_02686 | Which of the following is a features of tympanic membrane perforation - | [
"Tinnitus",
"Vertigo",
"Conductive deafness",
"Fullness in ear"
] | C | Tympanic membrane perforation is associated with a conductive hearing loss of 10-40 dB. |
ARC-Easy | arc_04_00985 | Which is an example of a chemical change? | [
"sand separated from water by filtering",
"water evaporating from a puddle",
"a rock being eroded by wind",
"a nail rusting in water"
] | D | null |
openbookqa | obqa_02_01285 | At a campsite one night we all gather round a fire to roast marshmallows; this is an example of | [
"dinner",
"fusion",
"maillard reaction",
"competition"
] | C | cooking causes a chemical reaction |
openbookqa | obqa_02_02060 | In NYC, what would you expect during December? | [
"less day light",
"less rain",
"less weather",
"less moonlight"
] | A | when the season changes , the amount of daylight will change |
math_qa | mathqa_03_00420 | simple interest on a certain sum of money for 3 years at 8 % per annum is half the compound interest on rs . 4000 for 2 years at 10 % per annum . the sum placed on simple interest is | [
"rs 1650",
"rs 1750",
"rs 1850",
"rs 1950"
] | B | "explanation : c . i . = ( 4000 × ( 1 + 10 / 100 ) 2 − 4000 ) = 4000 ∗ 11 / 10 ∗ 11 / 10 − 4000 = 840 so s . i . = 840 / 2 = 420 so sum = s . i . ∗ 100 / r ∗ t = 420 ∗ 100 / 3 ∗ 8 = rs 1750 option b" |
sciq | sciq_01_02121 | What is the diffusion of water known as? | [
"electrolysis",
"evaporation",
"osmosis",
"hemostasis"
] | C | Osmosis is the special case of the diffusion of water. It's an important means of transport in cells because the fluid inside and outside cells is mostly water. Water can pass through the cell membrane by simple diffusion, but it can happen more quickly with the help of channel proteins. Water moves in or out of a cell by osmosis until its concentration is the same on both sides of the cell membrane. |
openbookqa | obqa_02_04519 | There is more friction the more rough a surface being touched has, so the most friction would be found in | [
"river stones smashing",
"hands clapping",
"mirrors pressing together",
"stone falling"
] | A | friction occurs when two object 's surfaces move against each other |
sciq | sciq_01_05632 | What causes a small scrap of paper placed on top of the water droplet to float , although the object is denser (heavier) than the water? | [
"diffusion",
"transfusion",
"van der waals force",
"surface tension"
] | D | a small scrap of paper onto a droplet of water, the paper floats on top of the water droplet, although the object is denser (heavier) than the water. This occurs because of the surface tension that is created by the water molecules. Cohesion and surface tension keep the water molecules intact and the item floating on the top. It is even possible to “float” a steel needle on top of a glass of water if you place it gently, without breaking the surface tension (Figure 2.11). |
sciq | sciq_01_06280 | What type of learning is done from past experiences and reasoning? | [
"consequence learning",
"rational learning",
"insight learning",
"transformation learning"
] | C | Insight learning is learning from past experiences and reasoning. It usually involves coming up with new ways to solve problems. Insight learning generally happens quickly. An animal has a sudden flash of insight. Insight learning requires relatively great intelligence. Human beings use insight learning more than any other species. They have used their intelligence to solve problems ranging from inventing the wheel to flying rockets into space. |
sciq | sciq_01_07236 | What nucleic acid stores the genetic information? | [
"dna",
"Ribosomes",
"Nucleus",
"molecule"
] | A | Nucleic acids are large polymers formed by linking nucleotides together and are found in every cell. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the nucleic acid that stores genetic information. If all the DNA in a typical mammalian cell were stretched out end to end, it would extend more than 2 m. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the nucleic acid responsible for using the genetic information encoded in DNA to produce the thousands of proteins found in living organisms. |
sciq | sciq_01_00451 | Molecules in the gas phase can collide with the liquid surface and reenter the liquid via what? | [
"condensation",
"fermentation",
"liquidation",
"combustion"
] | A | pressure above the liquid. Molecules in the gas phase can collide with the liquid surface and reenter the liquid via condensation. Eventually, a steady state is reached in which the number of molecules evaporating and condensing per unit time is the same, and the system is in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Under these conditions, a liquid exhibits a characteristic equilibrium vapor pressure that depends only on the temperature. We can express the nonlinear relationship between vapor pressure and temperature as a linear relationship using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. This equation can be used to calculate the enthalpy of vaporization of a liquid from its measured vapor pressure at two or more temperatures. Volatile liquids are liquids with high vapor pressures, which tend to evaporate readily from an open container; nonvolatile liquids have low vapor pressures. When the vapor pressure equals the external pressure, bubbles of vapor form within the liquid, and it boils. The temperature at which a substance boils at a pressure of 1 atm is its normal boiling point. |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_03906 | Structure passing deep to flexor retinaculum is | [
"Post tibial aery",
"Long saphenous vein",
"Tibialis anterior tendon",
"Peroneus teius"
] | A | The flexor retinaculum is a thickened band of deep fascia on the posteromedial aspect of ankle. The deep relations of flexor retinaculum from above downwards or medio laterally are tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus , posterior tibial aery , tibial nerve ,flexor hallucis longus. Reference: clinical anatomy for students a problem-solving approach, Neeta v Kulkarni, page no. 865 |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_02879 | A 42-year-old woman presents to the emergency depament at 8 PM, mildly somnolent and complaining of the "worst headache of her life," which began at 6 AM on the same day, awakening her. She took acetaminophen (Tylenol) twice during the day, with some relief. At noon she staed to have nausea with vomiting, and by 3 PM she had developed right arm and leg weakness. She denies any head trauma. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis | [
"Epilepsy",
"Hypoglycemia",
"Transient ischemic attack",
"Subarachnoid hemorrhage"
] | D | Spontaneous SAH often is due to aneurysmal rupture. These headaches are described as the worst headache of the patient's life. They frequently are misdiagnosed as migraine or tension headaches or viral illness. The clinical presentation consists of one or more of the following: decreased level of consciousness, increasing headache, or focal motor deficit. Ref:- Harsha Mohan textbook of Pathology |
openbookqa | obqa_02_00306 | Webbed feet aid in what | [
"penguins laying eggs on ice",
"fish hiding in coral reefs",
"gulls dive bombing fish from the sea",
"ducks chasing prey underwater"
] | D | webbed feet are used for moving faster through water by aquatic animals |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_03462 | Which of the following is not spread by Aedes mosquito - | [
"Dengue fever",
"Chickungunya",
"Japanese encephalitis",
"Yellow fever"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Japanese encephalitis |
math_qa | mathqa_03_03603 | 15 litres of mixture contains 20 % alcohol and the rest water . if 3 litres of water be mixed with it , the percentage of alcohol in the new mixture would be ? | [
"16.67 %",
"23 %",
"18.3 %",
"19.75 %"
] | A | "alcohol in the 15 litres of mix . = 20 % of 15 litres = ( 20 * 15 / 100 ) = 3 litres water in it = 15 - 3 = 12 litres new quantity of mix . = 15 + 3 = 18 litres quantity of alcohol in it = 3 litres percentage of alcohol in new mix . = 3 * 100 / 18 = 50 / 3 = 16.67 % answer is a" |
sciq | sciq_01_10065 | Pressure and vibration are examples of what type of stimuli? | [
"thermal",
"chemical",
"physical",
"atmospheric"
] | C | Functional Receptor Types A third classification of receptors is by how the receptor transduces stimuli into membrane potential changes. Stimuli are of three general types. Some stimuli are ions and macromolecules that affect transmembrane receptor proteins when these chemicals diffuse across the cell membrane. Some stimuli are physical variations in the environment that affect receptor cell membrane potentials. Other stimuli include the electromagnetic radiation from visible light. For humans, the only electromagnetic energy that is perceived by our eyes is visible light. Some other organisms have receptors that humans lack, such as the heat sensors of snakes, the ultraviolet light sensors of bees, or magnetic receptors in migratory birds. Receptor cells can be further categorized on the basis of the type of stimuli they transduce. Chemical stimuli can be interpreted by a chemoreceptor that interprets chemical stimuli, such as an object’s taste or smell. Osmoreceptors respond to solute concentrations of body fluids. Additionally, pain is primarily a chemical sense that interprets the presence of chemicals from tissue damage, or similar intense stimuli, through a nociceptor. Physical stimuli, such as pressure and vibration, as well as the sensation of sound and body position (balance), are interpreted through a mechanoreceptor. Another physical stimulus that has its own type of receptor is temperature, which is sensed through a thermoreceptor that is either sensitive to temperatures above (heat) or below (cold) normal body temperature. |
sciq | sciq_01_02665 | The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond is its what? | [
"hardness",
"weight",
"electronegativity",
"brightness"
] | C | |
openbookqa | obqa_02_04404 | An object converts electrical energy into sound on a | [
"iphone",
"soft carpet",
"outside wall",
"wooden table"
] | A | sound can travel through air |
sciq | sciq_01_00400 | What is the term for a random change in allele frequencies that occurs in a small population? | [
"speciation",
"genetic drift",
"evolution",
"mutation"
] | B | Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies that occurs in a small population. When a small number of parents produce just a few offspring, allele frequencies in the offspring may differ, by chance, from allele frequencies in the parents. |
math_qa | mathqa_03_02756 | carmen made a sculpture from small pieces of wood . the sculpture is 2 feet 10 inches tall . carmen places her sculpture on a base that is 4 inches tall . how tall are the sculpture andbase together ? | [
"3.17 feet'",
"3.2 feet'",
"3.3 feet'",
"3.4 feet'"
] | A | we know 1 feet = 12 inch then 2 feet = 24 inch 24 + 10 = 34 then 34 + 4 = 38 38 / 12 = 3.17 feet answer : a |
sciq | sciq_01_00270 | More than half of all known organisms are what? | [
"enzymes",
"mammals",
"spiders",
"insects"
] | D | The majority of arthropods are insects (Class Insecta). In fact, more than half of all known organisms are insects. There may be more than 10 million insect species in the world, although most of them have not yet been identified. In terms of their numbers and diversity, insects clearly are the dominant animals in the world. |
openbookqa | obqa_02_02843 | The organ most made of muscle is the | [
"one pumping blood",
"brain",
"liver",
"kidney"
] | A | the heart is mostly made of muscle |
sciq | sciq_01_00503 | What force is responsible for erosion by flowing water and glaciers? | [
"gravity",
"kinetic",
"weight",
"electromagnetic"
] | A | Gravity is responsible for erosion by flowing water and glaciers. That’s because gravity pulls water and ice downhill. These are ways gravity causes erosion indirectly. But gravity also causes erosion directly. Gravity can pull soil, mud, and rocks down cliffs and hillsides. This type of erosion and deposition is called mass wasting . It may happen suddenly. Or it may occur very slowly, over many years. |
sciq | sciq_01_03836 | The digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems of amphibians share a body cavity called what? | [
"stoma",
"urethra",
"cloaca",
"anus"
] | C | All amphibians have digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. All three systems share a body cavity called the cloaca. Wastes enter the cloaca from the digestive and excretory systems, and gametes enter the cloaca from the reproductive system. An opening in the cloaca allows the wastes and gametes to leave the body. |
sciq | sciq_01_11091 | The spectrum is made up of discrete lines representing transitions of the hydrogen electron between specific energy levels within what? | [
"a rainbow",
"the molecule",
"an element",
"the atom"
] | D | The emission spectrum of hydrogen is discontinuous. The spectrum is made up of discrete lines representing transitions of the hydrogen electron between specific energy levels within the atom. |
sciq | sciq_01_03164 | Air flows into the lungs largely due to a difference in what? | [
"thrust",
"gravity",
"resistance",
"pressure"
] | D | Pulmonary Ventilation The difference in pressures drives pulmonary ventilation because air flows down a pressure gradient, that is, air flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. Air flows into the lungs largely due to a difference in pressure; atmospheric pressure is greater than intra-alveolar pressure, and intra-alveolar pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure. Air flows out of the lungs during expiration based on the same principle; pressure within the lungs becomes greater than the atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary ventilation comprises two major steps: inspiration and expiration. Inspiration is the process that causes air to enter the lungs, and expiration is the process that causes air to leave the lungs (Figure 22.17). A respiratory cycle is one sequence of inspiration and expiration. In general, two muscle groups are used during normal inspiration: the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles. Additional muscles can be used if a bigger breath is required. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly toward the abdominal cavity, creating a larger thoracic cavity and more space for the lungs. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles moves the ribs upward and outward, causing the rib cage to expand, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. Due to the adhesive force of the pleural fluid, the expansion of the thoracic cavity forces the lungs to stretch and expand as well. This increase in volume leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure, creating a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure. As a result, a pressure gradient is created that drives air into the lungs. |
openbookqa | obqa_02_00300 | Humans are | [
"Air",
"Sunlight",
"Water",
"Plants"
] | C | animals require water for survival |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_04834 | Multiple punched out lesions on X-ray is seen in: | [
"Paget's disease",
"Craniopharyngioma",
"Multiple myeloma",
"Eosinophilic granuloma"
] | C | Ans. Multiple myeloma |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_02550 | Best blood product to be given in a patient of multiple clotting factor deficiency with active bleeding: | [
"Whole blood",
"Packed RBCs",
"Fresh frozen plasma",
"Cryoprecipitate"
] | C | Ans. c. Fresh frozen plasma (Ref: Harrison 19/e p138 e-3 18/e p953. Sabiston 19/e p588)Best blood product to be given in a patient of multiple clotting factor deficiency with active bleeding is fresh frozen plasma."FFP contains stable coagulation factors and plasma proteins: fibrinogen, antithrombin, albumin, as well as proteins C and S. Indications for FFP include correction of coagulopathies, including the rapid reversal of warfarin: supplying deficient plasma proteins: and treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. "--Harrison 19/e p138 e-3Fresh-frozen Plasma (FFP)FFP is produced from the separation of plasma from donated bloodQ.Stored at -18degC and has a shelf life of 1 yearQ.Each unit contains 400 mg of fibrinogen and 1 unit activity of each of the clotting factorsQ,Most labile clotting factors (V & VIII) may be diminishedQ proportional to shelf life.FFP contains stable coagulation factors & plasma proteins: fibrinogen, antithrombin, albumin, proteins C & SQ.Indications for FFP* Correction of coagulopathies:* Rapid reversal of warfarinQ* Supplying deficient plasma proteinsQ* Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraQPatients who are IgA-deficient and require plasma support should receive FFP from IgA-deficient donors to prevent anaphylaxis.FFP should not be routinely used to expand blood volumeQ.FFP: An acellular component & does not transmit intracellular infections, e.g., CMV.Characteristics of Selected Blood ComponentsComponentVolume (mL)ContentClinical ResponseWhole Blood450 +- 45* No elements removed* Contains RBCs. WBCs, plasma & platelets (WBCs & platelets may be non-functionalQ)* Not for routine use* Used for acute massive bleeding, open heart surgery & neonatal total exchangePacked RBCs180-200* RBCs with variable leukocyte content & small amount of plasma* Increase Hb 1 gm/dL & hematocrit 3%cPlatelets50-70* 5.5 x 1010/RD unit* Increase platelet count 5000-10,000/uL0FFP200-250* Plasma proteins: Coagulation factors, proteins C & S, antithrombin0* Increases coagulation factors about 2%Cryoprecipitate10-15* Cold-insoluble plasma proteins, fibrinogen, factor VIII, vWFdeg* Topical fibrin glue, also 80 IU factor VIIIQCryoprecipitateCryoprecipitate is a source of fibrinogenQ, factor VIIIQ and von Willebrand factor (vWF)Q.It is ideal for supplying fibrinogen to the volume-sensitive patient.Stored at < -18degC1 unit of cryoprecipitate contains 80-145 units of Factor VIII & 250 mg of fibrinogenQ.Cryoprecipitate is pooled from many donors, so there are maximum chances of disease transmission among all blood productsQ.Cryoprecipitate may also supply vWF to patients with dysfunctional (type II) or absent (type III) von Willebrand disease. |
math_qa | mathqa_03_03348 | how many integers from 0 to 44 , inclusive , have a remainder of 1 when divided by 3 ? | [
"13",
"16",
"17",
"18"
] | A | "explanation : 1 also gives 1 remainder when divided by 3 , another number is 4 , then 7 and so on . hence we have an arithmetic progression : 1 , 4 , 7 , 10 , . . . . . 43 , which are in the form 3 n + 1 . now we have to find out number of terms . tn = a + ( n - 1 ) d , where tn is the nth term of an ap , a is the first term and d is the common difference . so , 43 = 1 + ( n - 1 ) 3 or , ( n - 1 ) 3 = 42 or , n - 1 = 12 or , n = 13 a" |
sciq | sciq_01_08148 | What type of light sensing organs do scaophopoda have? | [
"antennae",
"setae",
"cilia",
"radula"
] | D | Members of class Scaphopoda (“boat feet”) are known colloquially as “tusk shells” or “tooth shells,” as evident when examining Dentalium, one of the few remaining scaphopod genera (Figure 28.27). Scaphopods are usually buried in sand with the anterior opening exposed to water. These animals bear a single conical shell, which has both ends open. The head is rudimentary and protrudes out of the posterior end of the shell. These animals do not possess eyes, but they have a radula, as well as a foot modified into tentacles with a bulbous end, known as captaculae. Captaculae serve to catch and manipulate prey. Ctenidia are absent in these animals. |
ARC-Challenge | arc_04_02795 | Some water use is consumptive. Instead of returning to its source, the water evaporates from reservoirs or transpires from crops. How does this type of use most likely affect the hydrosphere? | [
"by reducing the total amount of water on Earth",
"by altering the paths of the water through the Earth system",
"by shifting water to different stages in the water cycle",
"by affecting climate in a way that alters the water cycle"
] | C | null |
sciq | sciq_01_01388 | What occurs when two opposite charges are separated by some amount of distance? | [
"radioactivity",
"particle",
"dipole",
"diffusion"
] | C | A dipole occurs when two opposite charges are separated by some amount of distance. We have already seen dipoles in the form of polar bonds. For example, each O-H bond in water is an example of a dipole; the partial positive charge on hydrogen is separated from the partial negative charge on oxygen by the length of the bond. A molecular dipole is the geometric sum of all the individual bond dipoles in a molecule. In order for a molecule to have a dipole, it must have at least one polar bond. However, not all molecules with polar bonds have an overall molecular dipole. Sometimes the dipoles within a molecule will effectively cancel each other out, giving a zero net molecular dipole. This is often seen in symmetrical molecules. |
ARC-Challenge | arc_04_02839 | An engineer can choose from four different materials to make a heat-resistant handle for a stirring spoon. Which material is least likely to get hot when the spoon is placed in boiling water? | [
"Ceramic",
"Wood",
"Glass",
"Iron"
] | B | null |
sciq | sciq_01_09381 | The outer planets are made of hydrogen and helium, so they are termed what? | [
"light giants",
"helium giants",
"hydrogen giants",
"gas giants"
] | D | The outer planets are made of hydrogen and helium, so they are called gas giants. |
sciq | sciq_01_02187 | Which organ secretes estrogen? | [
"the ovaries",
"the thyroid",
"the kidney",
"the testes"
] | A | The ovaries release the eggs and secrete estrogen. |
sciq | sciq_01_01052 | Surface tension is a property of matter that is in what state? | [
"Base",
"mixture",
"liquid",
"water"
] | C | Molecules within a liquid are pulled equally in all directions by intermolecular forces. However, molecules at the surface are pulled downwards and sideways by other liquid molecules, but not upwards away from the surface. The overall effect is that the surface molecules are pulled into the liquid, creating a surface that is tightened like a film. This phenomenon is referred to as surface tension . Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces, like the hydrogen bonding in water, exhibit the greatest surface tension. Table below shows surface tension values for various common liquids. |
sciq | sciq_01_04141 | Fractures, osteoarthritis, and rickets are problems of which body system? | [
"circulatory system",
"digestive system",
"skeletal system",
"cardiovascular system"
] | C | Skeletal system problems include fractures, osteoarthritis, and rickets. |
sciq | sciq_01_01587 | What structures of the cardiovascular system help regulate body processes by either constricting or dilating? | [
"cartilage",
"blood vessels",
"muscles",
"capillaries"
] | B | Blood vessels help regulate body processes by either constricting (becoming narrower) or dilating (becoming wider). These actions occur in response to signals from the autonomic nervous system or the endocrine system. Constriction occurs when the muscular walls of blood vessels contract. This reduces the amount of blood that can flow through the vessels (see Figure below ). Dilation occurs when the walls relax. This increases blood flows through the vessels. |
openbookqa | obqa_02_03301 | Clapping in an auditorium will yield this for a few moments afterwards: | [
"solar flares",
"urine",
"indignant",
"echo"
] | D | when a sound is produced inside of a room , there is sometimes an echo after the sound |
openbookqa | obqa_02_01150 | in order for utility of a tool to occur, what has to happen first? | [
"it needs to be cleaned",
"none of these",
"it needs to be baptized",
"it needs to be invented"
] | D | inventing a tool allows that tool to be used |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_04515 | Which of the following is not a feature of paralytic ileus? | [
"Hypoactive bowel sounds",
"Presence of gas in rectum",
"Colicky pain",
"Dilated bowel loops with multiple air fluid levels on X-ray"
] | C | Paralytic ileus Failure of transmission of peristaltic waves due to neuromuscular failure. Etiology: Abd Sx Intra-abdominal infection Dyselectrolytemia Drugs Clinical presentation Abdominal distention Vomiting Dilated bowel loops No mechanical obstruction Paralytic ileus Mechanical obstruction Pain is not a feature of paralytic ileus and if present a steady, diffuse discomfo Bowel sounds are hypoactive or absent Presence of gas in colon & rectum in paralytic ileus on abdominal X-ray Pain is colicky in mechanical obstruction Hyperactive bowel sounds in mechanical obstruction Absence of gas in colon & rectum in mechanical (complete) small bowel obstruction |
openbookqa | obqa_02_01704 | An example of something that contains sugar is | [
"air",
"cats",
"wind",
"Peppers"
] | D | carbohydrates are made of sugars |
sciq | sciq_01_10824 | Although they are as different as deserts and wetlands, all of these ecosystem units have populations of interacting species? | [
"zoos",
"corals",
"continents",
"biomes"
] | D | Biomes as different as deserts and wetlands share something very important. All biomes have populations of interacting species. Species interact in the same basic ways in all biomes. For example, all biomes have some species that prey on others for food. |
math_qa | mathqa_03_03560 | a man can swim in still water at 9 km / h , but takes twice as long to swim upstream than downstream . the speed of the stream is ? | [
"1.7",
"1.9",
"3",
"1.5"
] | C | "m = 9 s = x ds = 9 + x us = 9 - x 9 + x = ( 9 - x ) 2 9 + x = 18 - 2 x 3 x = 9 x = 3 answer : c" |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_01138 | NMDA blocker used as antitussive is | [
"Pholcodeine",
"Dextromethorphan",
"Diphenhydramine",
"Aprepitant"
] | B | Dextromethorphan is a NMDA blocker which is a less potent antitussive. Side effects include addiction liability & hallucination. |
sciq | sciq_01_11267 | What substances digest the food in the vacuole of an ingestive protist? | [
"hormones",
"carbohydrates",
"lipids",
"enzymes"
] | D | Ingestive protists ingest, or engulf, bacteria and other small particles. They extend their cell wall and cell membrane around the food item, forming a food vacuole. Then enzymes digest the food in the vacuole. |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_01806 | Which drug can be given as a nail lacquer treatment in onychomycosis? | [
"Fluconazole",
"Nystatin",
"Itraconazole",
"Terbinafine"
] | D | Ciclopirox olamine(nail lacquer) is most effective topical drug for Rx of mild to moderate onychomycosis Drug for Rx onychomycosis Dose Terbinafine 250 mg/day for 6 and 12 wks in fingernail and toenail onychomycosis respectively. Itraconazole Pulse therapy: 200 mg twice daily for 1 wk/month for 2 and 3 consecutive months for finger and toenail onychomychosis respectively. Continuous regimen: 200 mg/day for 6 wks. Fluconazole 150 mg wkly for maximum period of 12 months |
ARC-Challenge | arc_04_02498 | Both hurricanes and tornadoes always ___. | [
"cause flooding",
"are hundreds of miles wide",
"have high winds",
"produce light snow"
] | C | null |
openbookqa | obqa_02_04631 | If a rock has been exposed to prolonged heat, what might the effect be? | [
"Shrinking",
"Breaking",
"Erosion",
"Melting"
] | C | being exposed to heat can cause erosion of rocks |
sciq | sciq_01_02885 | What term is used to describe the parts of the brain involved in the reception and interpretation of sensory stimuli collectively? | [
"glial cells",
"neurons",
"medulla oblongata",
"sensorium"
] | D | Sensorium Those parts of the brain involved in the reception and interpretation of sensory stimuli are referred to collectively as the sensorium. The cerebral cortex has several regions that are necessary for sensory perception. From the primary cortical areas of the somatosensory, visual, auditory, and gustatory senses to the association areas that process information in these modalities, the cerebral cortex is the seat of conscious sensory perception. In contrast, sensory information can also be processed by deeper brain regions, which we may vaguely describe as subconscious—for instance, we are not constantly aware of the proprioceptive information that the cerebellum uses to maintain balance. Several of the subtests can reveal activity associated with these sensory modalities, such as being able to hear a question or see a picture. Two subtests assess specific functions of these cortical areas. The first is praxis, a practical exercise in which the patient performs a task completely on the basis of verbal description without any demonstration from the examiner. For example, the patient can be told to take their left hand and place it palm down on their left thigh, then flip it over so the palm is facing up, and then repeat this four times. The examiner describes the activity without any movements on their part to suggest how the movements are to be performed. The patient needs to understand the instructions, transform them into movements, and use sensory feedback, both visual and proprioceptive, to perform the movements correctly. |
sciq | sciq_01_01460 | What happens to meteors as they fall through the mesosphere? | [
"they burn",
"they bounce",
"they grow",
"they stop suddenly"
] | A | Did you ever see a meteor shower, like the one in Figure below ? Meteors burn as they fall through the mesosphere. The space rocks experience friction with the gas molecules. The friction makes the meteors get very hot. Many meteors burn up completely in the mesosphere. |
sciq | sciq_01_02600 | What do we call water that has been used for cleaning, washing, flushing, or manufacturing? | [
"Grey water",
"groundwater",
"wastewater",
"sewage"
] | C | Fresh water is also preserved by purifying wastewater. Wastewater is water that has been used for cleaning, washing, flushing, or manufacturing. It includes the water that goes down your shower drain and that is flushed down your toilet. Instead of dumping wastewater directly into rivers, wastewater can be purified at a water treatment plant ( Figure below ). When wastewater is recycled, waterborne diseases caused by pathogens in sewage can be prevented. What are some ways you can save water in your own house?. |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_00113 | A 50-year-old obese woman has long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin and pioglitazone. Insulin glargine (15 units subcutaneously at bedtime) has recently been started because of a hemoglobin A1C level of 8.4. Over the weekend, she develops nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea after exposure to family members with a similar illness. Afraid of hypoglycemia, the patient omits the insulin for 3 nights. Over the next 24 hours, she develops lethargy and is brought to the emergency room. On examination, she is afebrile and unresponsive to verbal command. Blood pressure is 84/52. Skin turgor is poor and mucous membranes dry. Neurological examination is nonfocal; she does not have neck rigidity.Laboratory results are as follows:Na: 126 mEq/LK: 4.0 mEq/LCl: 95 mEq/LHCO3: 22 mEq/LGlucose: 1100 mg/dLBUN: 84 mg/dLCreatinine: 3.0 mg/dLWhich of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's coma? | [
"Diabetic ketoacidosis",
"Hyperosmolar nonketotic state",
"Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion",
"Drug-induced hyponatremia"
] | B | This woman with poorly controlled diabetes has developed hyperglycemia and lethargy during an episode suggestive of viral gastroenteritis. Her presentation is most consistent with hyperosmolar nonketotic state. This condition typically occurs in type 2 diabetics who become volume depleted and develop renal insufficiency. Glucose is no longer able to spill out into the urine, the blood glucose skyrockets, and severe hypertonicity leads to brain dysfunction and coma. Serum osmolarity is calculated by the formula:18Plasmaglucose +2(Na++K+)+2.8bloodureanitrogen This patient's serum osmolarity is as follows:181100 +(126+4)+2.884 =61+260+30=351Thus, the serum osmolarity is greater than 350 mOsm/L. Although the serum sodium is usually the main determinant of osmolarity, extreme hyperglycemia contributes significantly to this patient's hypertonicity. Osmotically active particles in the extracellular fluid space pull water out of the intracellular space. This causes cellular dehydration in the brain and consequently the patient's CNS changes.Diabetic ketoacidosis would be associated with a much lower serum bicarbonate level and with an elevated anion gap. This patient's anion gap is 9 mEq/L (126-), which is well within the normal range. This patient's hyponatremia is minimal and is related to the osmotic effects of hyperglycemia. Patients with SIADH have an inappropriate production of ADH, leading to water retention and consequent hypotonicity (not hypertonicity, as in this case). The diagnosis of SIADH or drug-induced hyponatremia cannot be made in the setting of severe hypovolemia. Although the oral hypoglycemic chlorpropamide can cause drug-induced hyponatremia, this patient was not taking a sulfonylurea. Although meningitis can be associated with hyponatremia, this patient's hypertonicity and lack of meningeal signs point toward hyperosmolar nonketotic state as the cause of her illness. |
openbookqa | obqa_02_01054 | What could a person eat to avoid starvation? | [
"Akvavit",
"Jeggings",
"Carmex",
"Floss"
] | A | lack of food causes starvation |
openbookqa | obqa_02_01876 | What can you use to protect your eyes from the sun? | [
"shoes",
"pants",
"nails",
"sheet of paper"
] | D | looking directly at an eclipse of the Sun causes harm to the eyes |
sciq | sciq_01_02664 | What is the reproductive part of the plant? | [
"the flower",
"the leaf",
"the core",
"the stem"
] | A | |
sciq | sciq_01_07544 | What type of interspecies relationship involves one party being actively harmed? | [
"parasitism",
"mosaicism",
"mutualism",
"symbiosis"
] | A | Symbiosis is a close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is not affected. Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species (the parasite) benefits while the other species (the host) is harmed. |
math_qa | mathqa_03_01695 | mr . hernandez , who was a resident of state x for only 9 months last year , had a taxable income of $ 42,500 for the year . if the state tax rate were 4 percent of the year ’ s taxable income prorated for the proportion of the year during which the taxpayer was a resident , what would be the amount of mr . hernandez ’ s state x tax for last year ? | [
"$ 900",
"$ 1275",
"$ 1200",
"$ 1300"
] | B | total tax for the year = 42,500 x 4 % = 1700 as stated annual tax is prorated as per the duration of stay . prorated tax = 1700 ( 9 / 12 ) = 1275 answer b |
sciq | sciq_01_10309 | What is the nervous tissue in the brain and in the rest of the nervous system made up of? | [
"plastic",
"neurons",
"ions",
"electrons"
] | B | Nervous tissue is made up of neurons , or nerve cells, that carry electrical messages. Nervous tissue makes up the brain and the nerves that connect the brain to all parts of the body. |
openbookqa | obqa_02_00505 | What United States unit of measurement would be most comparable to a meter stick | [
"Mile Marker",
"ruler",
"Tape Measurer",
"Yardstick"
] | D | a meter stick is used to measure length |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_04204 | Bottle mouth syndrome is most frequently seen in : | [
"Deciduous maxillary incisors.",
"Deciduous mandibular incisors.",
"Deciduous maxillary molars.",
"Deciduous mandibular molars."
] | A | Nursing bottle caries is also known as Bottle mouth syndrome. |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_00846 | Which of the following is consistent with diagnosis of De-Quervain thyroiditis? | [
"45 year female with 2 week history of painful thyroid gland with elevated T4, T3 and low TSH. RAIU shows increased uptake",
"25 year female with painless enlarged thyroid with elevated T4,T3 and undetectable TSH. RAIU shows increased uptake",
"45 year female with fatigue and low T4, T3 and Low TSH",
"45 year male with painful thyroid 8 weeks ago with low free T4, T3 and elevated TSH"
] | D | De Quervain thyroiditis is characterised by fever, constitutional symptoms and painful enlarged thyroid due to viral etiology. Initially T4 and T3 are elevated due to damage to follicles. RAIU uptake is reduced. Subsequently hypothyroid phase sets in and RAIU becomes normal. Option A is wrong due to increased RAIU uptake which is never possible in viral thyroiditis. Option B is consistent with Grave's disease with increased RAIU. Option C indicates Central hypothyroidism. Option D indicates late phase of De Quervain thyroiditis. |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_02761 | Which of the following diseases is appropriately treated with combined heart-lung transplantation? | [
"Primary pulmonary hypertension",
"Cystic fibrosis",
"End-stage emphysema",
"Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy with long-standing secondary pulmonary hypertension"
] | D | Many causes of end-stage lung disease have been appropriately treated with lung transplantation. Whether one lung or both lungs are replaced at the time of transplantation depends on recipient factors. Patients with restrictive processes like primary pulmonary fibrosis do well with a single lung transplant. For patients with primary pulmonary hypertension, unloading of the right ventricle with single lung transplantation has been adequate and replacement of both lungs has not been necessary in most cases. Cystic fibrosis patients do well after lung transplantation but double lung transplant is frequently necessary because of chronic infections. Secondary pulmonary hypertension is due to left ventricular failure with concomitant increases in pulmonary pressures secondary to increases in left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. Reactive secondary pulmonary hypertension is best treated with heart transplantation. Long-standing secondary pulmonary hypertension that is chiefly fixed is best treated with combined heart-lung transplantation. |
openbookqa | obqa_02_00272 | Seasons of the year highly impact what? | [
"Moods",
"Environment",
"Behavior",
"Consumption"
] | B | seasons cause change to the environment |
math_qa | mathqa_03_00056 | what is the value of ( p + q ) / ( p - q ) if p / q is 4 ? | [
"5 / 3",
"2 / 3",
"2 / 6",
"7 / 8"
] | A | "( p + q ) / ( p - q ) = [ ( p / q ) + 1 ] / [ ( p / q ) - 1 ] = ( 4 + 1 ) / ( 4 - 1 ) = 5 / 3 = 5 / 3 answer : a" |
sciq | sciq_01_06329 | Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a what? | [
"genes",
"molecule",
"DNA",
"nucleus"
] | B | Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule. The molecular geometry, or shape, of a molecule is an important factor that affects the physical and chemical properties of a compound. Those properties include melting and boiling points, solubility, density, and the types of chemical reactions that a compound undergoes. In this lesson, you will learn a technique to predict molecular geometry based on a molecule’s Lewis electron dot structure. |
sciq | sciq_01_06979 | Canoe paddles, nutcracker, and hammer are examples of what type of simple machine? | [
"lock",
"pivot",
"lever",
"handle"
] | C | The canoe paddles, nutcracker, and hammer that you read about in this lesson have something in common. All three are examples of a type of simple machine called a lever. |
ARC-Easy | arc_04_01064 | Which process causes the leaves of a plant to become larger? | [
"repair",
"growth",
"decomposition",
"germination"
] | B | null |
math_qa | mathqa_03_01732 | the diagonals of a rhombus are 14 cm and 18 cm . find its area ? | [
"176",
"190",
"150",
"126"
] | D | "1 / 2 * 14 * 18 = 126 answer : d" |
sciq | sciq_01_10090 | Normal blood is comprised of nearly half erythrocytes, which is another word for what cells? | [
"white blood cells",
"monocytes",
"red blood cells",
"plateletes"
] | C | Composition of Blood You have probably had blood drawn from a superficial vein in your arm, which was then sent to a lab for analysis. Some of the most common blood tests—for instance, those measuring lipid or glucose levels in plasma—determine which substances are present within blood and in what quantities. Other blood tests check for the composition of the blood itself, including the quantities and types of formed elements. One such test, called a hematocrit, measures the percentage of RBCs, clinically known as erythrocytes, in a blood sample. It is performed by spinning the blood sample in a specialized centrifuge, a process that causes the heavier elements suspended within the blood sample to separate from the lightweight, liquid plasma (Figure 18.2). Because the heaviest elements in blood are the erythrocytes, these settle at the very bottom of the hematocrit tube. Located above the erythrocytes is a pale, thin layer composed of the remaining formed elements of blood. These are the WBCs, clinically known as leukocytes, and the platelets, cell fragments also called thrombocytes. This layer is referred to as the buffy coat because of its color; it normally constitutes less than 1 percent of a blood sample. Above the buffy coat is the blood plasma, normally a pale, strawcolored fluid, which constitutes the remainder of the sample. The volume of erythrocytes after centrifugation is also commonly referred to as packed cell volume (PCV). In normal blood, about 45 percent of a sample is erythrocytes. The hematocrit of any one sample can vary significantly, however, about 36–50 percent, according to gender and other factors. Normal hematocrit values for females range from 37 to 47, with a mean value of 41; for males, hematocrit ranges from 42 to 52, with a mean of 47. The percentage of other formed elements, the WBCs and platelets, is extremely small so it is not normally considered with the hematocrit. So the mean plasma percentage is the percent of blood that is not erythrocytes: for females, it is approximately 59 (or 100 minus 41), and for males, it is approximately 53 (or 100 minus 47). |
medmcqa | medmcqa_05_03945 | Before the onset of pubey, the GnRH neurons are under the inhibitory control of: | [
"Glycine",
"Glutamate",
"Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)",
"Beta-endorphin"
] | C | The transition to a reproductive state (during pubey) requires maturation of the entire hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Before this maturation occurs, plasma LH and FSH levels are diminished despite low concentrations of gonadal steroids and inhibin. GnRH neurons are said to be under inhibitory influence of GABAergic neurons. Additional inhibition comes from NPY, endorphins, and nocturnal melatonin secretion. Hence, option C is more appropriate. |
sciq | sciq_01_00852 | What two elements do chloroplasts split water into? | [
"vaporize and oxygen",
"Carbon and water",
"hydrogen and oxygen",
"Salt and sodium"
] | C | |
sciq | sciq_01_09285 | The air bubbles resulting from cavitation expand and block water channels of the what? | [
"heart",
"respiration",
"ectoderm",
"xylem"
] | D | |
openbookqa | obqa_02_03184 | which of these days would lead to a suspension of regular activities? | [
"a very sunny day",
"a very beautiful day",
"a very bright day",
"a day with a blizzard"
] | D | snowy means a large amount of snow |
math_qa | mathqa_03_03655 | an escalator is descending at constant speed . a walks down and takes 50 steps to reach the bottom . b runs down and takes 90 steps in the same time as a takes 10 steps . how many steps are visible when the escalator is not operating ? | [
"80",
"90",
"100",
"110"
] | C | lets suppose that a walks down 1 step / min and escalator moves n steps / min it is given that a takes 50 steps to reach the bottom in the same time escalator would have covered 50 n steps so total steps on escalator is 50 + 50 n . again it is given that b takes 90 steps to reach the bottom and time taken by him for this is equal to time taken by a to cover 10 steps i . e 10 minutes . so in this 10 min escalator would have covered 10 n steps . so total steps on escalatro is 90 + 10 n again equating 50 + 50 n = 90 + 10 n we get n = 1 hence total no . of steps on escalator is 100 . answer : c |
sciq | sciq_01_08296 | The kidneys help control acid-base balance by excreting _____ and generating bicarbonate that helps maintain blood plasma ph within a normal range? | [
"hydrogen ions",
"lithium ions",
"magnesium ions",
"sodium ions"
] | A | Buffer Systems in the Body The buffer systems in the human body are extremely efficient, and different systems work at different rates. It takes only seconds for the chemical buffers in the blood to make adjustments to pH. The respiratory tract can adjust the blood pH upward in minutes by exhaling CO2 from the body. The renal system can also adjust blood pH through the excretion of hydrogen ions (H+) and the conservation of bicarbonate, but this process takes hours to days to have an effect. The buffer systems functioning in blood plasma include plasma proteins, phosphate, and bicarbonate and carbonic acid buffers. The kidneys help control acid-base balance by excreting hydrogen ions and generating bicarbonate that helps maintain blood plasma pH within a normal range. Protein buffer systems work predominantly inside cells. |
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