id
stringlengths 36
36
| question
stringlengths 7
1.22k
| opa
stringlengths 1
175
| opb
stringlengths 1
247
| opc
stringlengths 1
240
| opd
stringlengths 1
195
| cop
class label 4
classes | choice_type
stringclasses 2
values | exp
stringlengths 1
15k
⌀ | subject_name
stringclasses 21
values | topic_name
stringclasses 840
values | found_keywords
sequencelengths 1
10
| local_id
int64 4
183k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ed25c215-5e1e-4a69-8a31-dccd99d92cb5 | which of the following is used in the managemnt of ECT | succinyl choline | cefepime | clozapine | chlorpromazine | 0a
| single | HISTORY * Medunna ====IM injection of camphor to induce seizures * Ugo cerletti and lucio bini==== ECT in a catatonic patient INDICATIONS * DEPRESSION SUICIDAL IDEAS-------------- first choice * CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA * SCHIZOPHRENIA * MANIA * ELECTRODE PLACEMENT * Most commonly used=== bi fronto temporal * More cognitive side effects==bi fronto temporal * Less cognitive side effect======bi frontal * SIDE EFFECTS * RETROGRADE AMNESIA * BODY ACHE * MEDICATIONS USED IN THE PROCEDURE * ANAESTHETIC======Thiopentone / ethosuximide * MUSCLE RELAXANT====Succynyl choline CURARE IN PSEUDOCHOLINEESTERASE DEFICIENCY * ANTICHOLINERGIC=====Atropine CONTRA INDICATIONS * NO ABSOLUTE Contra indication * RELATIVE -----------------Brain tumour / arrythmia Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pg 1065 | Anatomy | Treatment in psychiatry | [
"chlorpromazine",
"clozapine"
] | 66,296 |
552efc01-beab-4779-896d-fc314c56d5c9 | What is the dosage of a single dose of Albendazole prescribed to a child of 10yrs for treatment of roundworm infestation? | 200 mg | 400 mg | 1 g | 2 g | 1b
| single | Single dose Albendazole is used to control infection caused by soil transmitted Heliminthic infection. Its a effective therapy for infections with GI nematodes including Ascaris Lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms. Two different dosages are used in two different age groups: 200mg - used in childrens less than 2yrs of age. 400mg - used in childrens above 2yrs of age and adults. Its a effective therapy for infections with GI nematodes including Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms. A 3-day regime of Albendazole outperforms single-dose treatments against hookworm and T. trichiura infections Albendazole is the drug of choice for chemotherapy of Cystic Hydatid disease due to Echinococcus granulosus. Albendazole also is the preferred treatment of Neurocysticercosis caused by larval forms of Taenia solium. Albendazole has been combined with DEC, ivermectin or DEC + ivermectin in programs directed toward controlling Lymphatic filariasis (update) | Pharmacology | Anti-Parasitic Drugs | [
"albendazole"
] | 66,298 |
32f652f2-4885-42e2-a838-a6bf047c6f2d | A known case of COPD is on treatment with theophylline. Which of the following side effect will be commonly seen due to inhibition of PDE4? | Headache | Diuresis | Cardiac arrhythmias | Epileptic seizures | 0a
| single | The most common side effects are headache, nausea, and vomiting (due to inhibition of PDE4), abdominal discomfo, and restlessness. There may also be increased acid secretion (due to PDE inhibition) and diuresis (due to inhibition of adenosine A1 receptors). At high concentrations, cardiac arrhythmias may occur as a consequence of inhibition of cardiac PDE3 inhibition and antagonism of cardiac A1 receptors. At very high concentrations, seizures may occur due to central A1 receptor antagonism. Ref: Barnes P.J. (2011). Chapter 36. Pulmonary Pharmacology. In L.L. Brunton, B.A. Chabner, B.C. Knollmann (Eds), Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e. | Pharmacology | null | [
"theophylline"
] | 66,326 |
b4fc1930-aba4-46ae-a73a-9219c1626917 | A-65, year old farmer presents with sweating, hypothermia and pulse rate of <50/min treatment is - | Physostigmine | Neostigmine | Atropine | Pilocarpine | 2c
| single | null | Medicine | null | [
"pilocarpine",
"atropine",
"physostigmine",
"neostigmine"
] | 66,338 |
3f08036c-b33a-4cc3-b4fa-23534bdccc1b | Which of the following drug is implicated in the causation of osteomalacia of the bone? | Phenytoin | Steroids | Heparin | Estrogen | 0a
| single | Phenytoin inhibit the hepatic production of 25 hydroxy vitamin D and also directly inhibit bone mineralization and thus may result in osteomalacia. Steroids and heparin result in osteoporosis not osteomalacia. Impoant drugs causing osteomalacia are: Phenytoi Carbamazepine Valproate Phenobarbitone Bisphosphonates | Pharmacology | Osteoporosis, Sex Hormones and OCPs | [
"phenytoin"
] | 66,352 |
8941c591-2963-45b7-b590-9d81b5737202 | Desmopressin can be used for all of the following conditions EXCEPT: | Neurogenic diabetes insipidus | Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus | Bed wetting in children | Bleeding due to hemophilia | 1b
| multi | Desmopressin is the agent of choice for central diabetes insipidus. It has no role in nephrogenic DI (because ADH is already present in this condition). Pituitary DI and that due to head trauma are examples of central DI. Li induced DI is nephrogenic. Drug of choice for this condition is amiloride. | Pharmacology | Kidney | [
"desmopressin"
] | 66,368 |
46d4b9ef-a884-414a-946d-d119392b14ab | Drug that decreases LpA in blood ? | Statin | Nicotinic acid | Ezetimibe | CETP inhibitors | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Nicotinic acid Nicotinic acid reduces Lp(a) while statins do not have any effect on Lp(a). | Pharmacology | null | [
"ezetimibe"
] | 66,370 |
d607d1d4-20c8-4ec6-9e6b-2e743d17cfc0 | Which one of the following drugs does not produce central anticholinergic syndrome? | Atropine sulphate | Glycopyrrolate | Antihistamines | Tricyclic antidepressants | 1b
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"atropine"
] | 66,380 |
e18eb472-a114-4d01-a162-53351814f86f | DOC for CML is : | Crizotinib | Ibrutinib | Imatinib | Gilterinib | 2c
| single | Imatinib is a BCR - ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which is the drug of choice for CML(Chronic myeloid Leukemia). | Pharmacology | null | [
"imatinib"
] | 66,384 |
455a7df3-63c0-40a7-9e96-156c7220d438 | In alcohol withdrawal, drug of choice is | TEP | Chlormethazole | Chlordiazepoxide | Buspirone | 2c
| single | The usual duration of uncomplicated withdrawal syndrome is 7-14 days. The aim of detoxification is the symptomatic management of emergent withdrawal symptoms. The drugs of choice for detoxification are usually benzodiazepines. Chlordiazepoxide (80-200 mg/day in divided doses) and diazepam (40-80 mg/day in divided doses) are the most frequently used benzodiazepines. The higher limit of the normal dose range is used in delirium tremens. A typical dose of Chlordiazepoxide in moderate alcohol dependence is 20 mg QID (four times a day) on day 1, 15 mg QID on day 2, 10 mg QID on day 3, 5 mg QID on day 4, 5 mg BD on day 5 and none on day 6. However, in more severe dependence, higher doses are needed for longer periods (up to 10 days). These drugs are used in a standardised protocol, with the dosage steadily decreasing every day before being stopped, usually on the tenth day. Ref: A Sho Textbook of Psychiatry, Niraj Ahuja, 7th Edition, pg. no.40 | Psychiatry | Substance abuse | [
"chlordiazepoxide"
] | 66,408 |
00f9a768-a951-41e8-a9d2-e3fed85b471f | True regarding Conivaptan is - | Vasopressin Antagonist | V2 selective action | Given orally | Used in the treatment of hypernatremia | 0a
| multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Vasopressin Antagonist ADH (Vasopressin) receptors VtaV1b (also called V3) o Release of vWF & Factor VIIIo Blood vessels - vasoconstrictiono Anterior pitutary -from endotheliumo Visceral smooth muscle - contractionrelease of ACTH o Liver - glycogenolysis o Platelet - aggregation o V receptors are more sensitive to ADH than V, receptors.VAPTANSo A new class of medication, the "vaptan drugs", act by inhibiting the action of vasopressin on it receptors (VIA, V1B and V2) ?Vasopressin receptor antagonists.VIA receptor antagonisto As already explained, V1 A receptors are involved in vasoconstriction ? V1 A antagonist can be used when total peripheral resistance is increased, e.g. in CHF and hypertension.Example - RelcovaptanVI B receptor antagonisto VI B receptors are expressed in brain and pituitary gland ? VI B antagonist can be used as psychiatric drugs.Example - NelivaptanV2 receptor antagonistso V2 receptors are mainly responsible for increase water permeability in kidney ? V2 antagonists can be used when there is excessive ADH induced fluid retention as in SI ADH.Examples - Lixivaptan.satavaptan, mozavaptan, Tolvaptano Tolvaptan is currently the only oral V2 antagonist approved by the U.S. FDA.Non-selective (mixed V1A/V2)o Can be used in CHF (hypervolemic hyponatremia)Examples -Conivaptan | Pharmacology | Diuretic | [
"vasopressin"
] | 66,411 |
cf15b0af-f8ca-45f5-8371-8bfd4b96b98e | The treatment of gestational diabetes comprise of: | Glibenclamide | Chlorpropamide | Glipizide | Insulin | 3d
| single | Gestational diabetes is defined as "glucose intolerance first detected during pregnancy which returns to normal following termination of pregnancy". It is associated with 2 to 3-fold increase in perinatal mortality. It is frequently associated with macrosomia, stillbirth and polyhydramnios. To restrict the plasma glucose levels around 100 mg % insulin may be required.
Sulfonylureas cross the placental barrier and are likely to exert their action on fetal pancreas.
It is better to use human insulin or monocomponent purified insulins, as they are less antigenic. | Pharmacology | null | [
"glipizide",
"chlorpropamide"
] | 66,419 |
6b7c95bf-83f2-4a1d-b639-437d2badb31a | Filtration fraction can be best determined by: | Inulin and mannitol | PAH and Inulin | Inulin and creatinine | PAH and mannitol | 1b
| single | To calculate the filtration fraction, which is the fraction of plasma that filters through the glomerular membrane, one must first know the RPF (PAH clearance) and the GFR (inulin clearance). FILTRATION FRACTION = GFR(inulin clearance)/RPF(PAH clearance) Inulin and mannitol measure ECF volume Inulin and creatinine both measures GFR, but creatinine is secreted in the tubules hence GFR estimated by creatinine is falsely higher. | Physiology | Excretory System (Kidney, Bladder) Acid-Base Balance | [
"mannitol"
] | 66,429 |
e3fca6d7-50dd-4f90-b4e0-35f61689bb6e | The skeletal muscle relaxant, vecuronium, acts at cholinergic receptors where it exhibits: | Affinity but no efficacy | Efficacy but no affinity | Receptor upregulation | Affinity and efficacy | 0a
| single | Vecuronium is a curare-like drug classified as a nondepolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant. It exhibits pharmacologic antagonism by competing with acetylcholine for available N2-nicotinic receptors on the motor end plate. In this reversible mechanism, vecuronium exhibits affinity, or the ability to bind with a paicular receptor. Vecuronium does not elicit a response in the muscle cell it lacks efficacy, or effectiveness, the ability to produce an effect relative to a given number of drug-receptor complexes. Vecuronium prevents depolarization, thereby preventing the muscle cell from contracting. It has no effect on the regulation of receptor numbers at synapses. Ref: Hibbs R.E., Zambon A.C. (2011). Chapter 11. Agents Acting at the Neuromuscular Junction and Autonomic Ganglia. In L.L. Brunton, B.A. Chabner, B.C. Knollmann (Eds), Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e. | Pharmacology | null | [
"vecuronium"
] | 66,435 |
5aef8dc0-1c81-4235-9049-19c1b9db62a1 | All are alkylating agents except | 5 flurouracil | Melphalan | Cycloohosphamide | Chlorambucil | 0a
| multi | Refer Katzung 11/e p945 5 flurouracil is an Antimetabolite whereas Melphalan Cyclophosphamide .chlorambucil These are alkylating agents | Pharmacology | Chemotherapy | [
"chlorambucil"
] | 66,439 |
37c36bce-2a5a-4ab2-b161-426d521e97e1 | Which of the following GLP - 1 analogue is cardioprotective? | Exenatide | Lixisenatide | Liraglutide | Teduglutide | 2c
| single | Liraglutide is cardioprotective and it is also used to treat obesity. | Pharmacology | null | [
"exenatide",
"liraglutide"
] | 66,451 |
77a1b2a4-1ed2-4cf5-8161-4b17eb45e75c | Round worm infection is best treated with : | Metronidazole | Mebendazole | Albendazol | Pyrantel pamoate | 2c
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"metronidazole",
"mebendazole"
] | 66,472 |
69de19c0-d46a-4e71-8745-4b6baa320e9f | What is the mechanism of action of Nevirapine? | It is a Protease inhibitor | It is a Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | It is a Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | It is a Fusion inhibitor | 2c
| single | Nevirapine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It directly inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase without the need for intracellular phosphorylation. It can induce cytochrome P450 enzymes and can induce their own metabolism as well as other drugs. Side effects includes rashes, nausea headache fever and elevation of liver enzymes. Nevirapine, Delavirdine and Eirenz are NNIs. Ref: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, 5th Edition, Pages 725-31 | Pharmacology | null | [
"nevirapine"
] | 66,478 |
9e4ec274-f14d-4f70-9e9d-ffb39f6dd717 | Primary objective of use of atropine in anterior uveitis | Rest to the ciliary muscle | Increase supply of antibody | Increase blood flow | Prevents posterior synechia formation | 0a
| single | A i.e. Rest to the ciliary muscle In inflamatory glaucoma (glaucoma with uveitis) pilocarpine (miotic) & prostaglandin analogue e.g. latanoprost are contraindicated Q because - Pilocarpine 1/t development of posterior synechiae - Prostaglandin analogue enhance breakdown of aqueous barrier and exacerbate cystoid macular edema. | Ophthalmology | null | [
"atropine"
] | 66,483 |
336749cf-5028-4b29-a275-888ebdf7f985 | Drug of choice to treat Toxoplasmosis in first-trimester of pregnancy is | Spiramycin | Pyrimethamine-Sulphonamide | Atovaquone | Ivermectin | 0a
| single | Compound Drug class Route Mechanism of action Clinical use Comment Spiramycin Macrolide Oral Blocks proteinsynthesis Toxoplasmosis Used to treat pregnantwomen Ref : Paniker's textbook of Medical Parasitology Pgno : 241,242 | Microbiology | parasitology | [
"ivermectin"
] | 66,495 |
0516c31d-1a76-4521-8df1-ab0aef55adff | A drug that blocks the hea rate effect of a slow intravenous infusion of Phenylephrine is | Atenolol | Prazosin | Atropine | Propranolol | 2c
| single | . | Pharmacology | All India exam | [
"propranolol",
"atenolol",
"atropine",
"phenylephrine",
"prazosin"
] | 66,529 |
226bbd34-de5e-48af-89e1-209bea812918 | Not used in the treatment of glaucoma is - | Latanoprost | Atropine | Brinzolamide | Mannitol | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Atropine Pharmacological agents used for POAGA) Topical drugso b-blockers:- Timolol, betaxolol, levobunolol, carteolol.o Prostaglandin analogues:- Latanoprost, bimatoprost, travoprost.o Alpha agonists:- Non-selective (epipherine, dipivefrine); selective a2 (Apraclonidine, Brimonidine).o Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors:- Dorzolantide, brinzolamide.o Cholinomimetic agents:- Pilocarpine, physostigmine, echothiophate, carbachol.B) Systemic drugso Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors:- Acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, methazolamide.o Hyperosmotic agents:- Mannitol, glycerol. | Ophthalmology | Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Related Conditions | [
"latanoprost",
"atropine",
"mannitol"
] | 66,539 |
c1cc2039-43c5-469d-ad9d-f11203cae132 | Vancomycin is obtained from | Staphyloccus species | Aspergillus niger | Streptococcus orientalis | Bacillus anthracis | 2c
| single | Vancomycin is produced by Streptomyces orientalis. It is poorly absorbed from the intestine. Vancomycin is markedly bactericidal for staphylococci, some clostridia, and some bacilli. The drug inhibits early stages in cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis. Vancomycin is markedly bactericidal for staphylococci, some clostridia, and some bacilli. The drug inhibits early stages of cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis.Undesirable side effects are thrombophlebitis, skin rashes, nerve deafness, leukopenia, and perhaps kidney damage when used in combination with an aminoglycoside.Ref: Chapter 28; Jawetz Medical Microbiology; 27th edition; Antimicrobial Chemotherapy; Page no: 388 | Microbiology | Bacteriology | [
"vancomycin"
] | 66,557 |
63295097-25d3-414a-8d7c-951867df9e6c | An AIDS patient develops symptoms of pneumonia, and Pneumocystis carinii is suspected as the causative organism. Bronchial lavage is performed. Which of the following stains would be most helpful in demonstrating the organism's cysts on slides made from the lavage fluid? | Alcian blue | Hematoxylin and eosin | Methenamine silver | Prussian blue | 2c
| single | The appropriate stain is methenamine silver, and the requisition slip when submitting the wash fluid should have a reference to either Pneumocystis or methenamine silver, since routine hematoxylin and eosin does not adequately demonstrate the organisms. The cysts, when stained with methenamine silver, have a characteristic cup or boat shape; the trophozoites are difficult to demonstrate without electron microscopy. It is also woh knowing that sputum samples are not nearly as effective as bronchial washes in demonstrating the organisms.Alcian blue is good for demonstrating mucopolysaccharides.Hematoxylin and eosin is the routine tissue stain used in pathology laboratories. Prussian blue is good for demonstrating iron. | Anatomy | null | [
"methenamine"
] | 66,561 |
4be0f2a5-5c09-455a-85f2-c4534743a7ca | Which of the following inhibits the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase? | Citrate | Glucagon | High-carbohydrate, low-fat diet | Insulin | 1b
| single | The key thing to remember here is that acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of fatty acid synthesis. If you got that far, you could have figured out which of the choices would inhibit the synthesis of fatty acids. Ceainly glucagon, a catabolic hormone released in response to low blood glucose, would be a likely candidate to inhibit the synthesis of fatty acids. In fact, glucagon inhibits fatty acid synthesis by a cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Conversely, glucagon stimulates fatty acid oxidation. Citrate is a key player in fatty acid synthesis (citrate shuttle). Therefore, the presence of citrate would stimulate, not inhibit, acetyl-CoA carboxylase. A high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet (would stimulate, not inhibit, the synthesis of fatty acids. In contrast to glucagon, insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes fatty acid synthesis and therefore would stimulate acetyl-CoA carboxylase. It does so by dephosphorylating the enzyme. Ref: Botham K.M., Mayes P.A. (2011). Chapter 23. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids & Eicosanoids. In D.A. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.A. Weil, P.J. Kennelly, R.K. Murray, V.W. Rodwell (Eds), Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 29e. | Biochemistry | null | [
"glucagon"
] | 66,570 |
3ea717c0-c0b1-42d4-b1bc-08c93172993b | A Hemophiliac patient has rheumatoid arthritis. Which drug might be prescribed to relieve the pain? | Acetaminophen | Acetylsalicylic acid | Phenylbutazone | Naproxen | 0a
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"naproxen"
] | 66,583 |
192558fb-2218-4450-85fe-e4c465be27cb | Antihypeensive of choice in a pregnant lady is: September 2011 | Methyldopa | Frusemide | Nitroprusside | ACE inhibitors | 0a
| single | Ans. A: Methyldopa Methyldopa is usually safe and preferred as an antihypeensive agent in pregnancy Methyldopa/ L-alpha-Methyl-3, 4-DihydrOxyPhenylAlanine It is an alpha-adrenergic agonist (selective for alpha-2-adrenergic receptors) psychoactive drug used as a sympatholytic or antihypeensive. It continues to have a role in otherwise difficult to treat hypeension and gestational hypeension (also known as pregnancy-induced hypeension (PIH)). Methyldopa is used in the clinical treatment of the following disorders: - Hypeension - Gestational hypeension (or pregnancy-induced hypeension) and pre-eclampsia Methyldopa has a dual mechanism of action: - It is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase, also known as aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, which conves L-DOPA into dopamine. - Dopamine is a precursor for norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and subsequently epinephrine (adrenaline). - This inhibition results in reduced dopaminergic and adrenergic neurotransmission in the peripheral nervous system. - This effect may lower blood pressure and cause central nervous system effects such as depression, anxiety, apathy, anhedonia, and parkinsonism. - It is conveed to alpha-methylnorepinephrine by dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). - Alpha-methylnorepinephrine is an agonist of presynaptic central nervous system alpha-2-adrenergic receptors. - Activation of these receptors in the brainstem appears to inhibit sympathetic nervous system output and lower blood pressure. This is also the mechanism of action of clonidine. Methyldopa exhibits variable absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is metabolized in the liver and intestines and is excreted in urine. Side effects may include: - Psychological Depression and/or even suicidal ideation, as well as nightmares Decreased aleness, awareness, and wakefulness Cognitive and memory impairment Derealization and/or depersonalization, as well as mild psychosis Physiological Miosis Xerostomia Gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhea and/or constipation Myalgia or muscle aches, ahralgia or joint pain, and/or paresthesia ("pins and needles") Restless legs syndrome (RLS) Parkinsonian symptoms such as muscle tremors, rigidity, hypokinesia, and/or balance or postural instability Akathisia, ataxia, dyskinesia as well as even tardive dyskinesia, and/or dystonia Bell's palsy or facial paralysis Sexual dysfunction consisting of impaired erectile dysfunction and/or anorgasmia Hyperprolactinemia or excess prolactin, gynecomastia/breast enlargement in males, and/or amenorrhoea or absence of menstrual cycles in females Bradycardia Ohostatic hypotension (also known as postural hypotension) Hepatitis, hepatotoxicity Pancreatitis Haemolytic anaemia Myelotoxicity or bone marrow suppression Lichenoid reactions such as skin lesions and/or rashes | Pharmacology | null | [
"methyldopa",
"nitroprusside"
] | 66,584 |
53b23e83-36eb-411c-8f2a-1e0488691e8b | All the following drugs are teratogenic EXCEPT: | Alcohol | Phenytoin | Warfarin | Metoclopramide | 3d
| multi | ANSWER: (D) MetoclopramideREF: KDT 6th edition, page 909, internet resourcesSee APPENDIX-32 below for list of "Teratogens"FDA pregnancy category B lists Metoclopramide is not expected to be harmful to an unborn babyFDA lists phenytoin in Pregnancy Category DUnited States FDA Pharmaceutical Pregnancy CategoriesPregnancy Category AAdequate and well-controlled human studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters).Pregnancy Category BAnimal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and w'ell-controlled studies in pregnant women OR Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in any trimester.Pregnancy Category CAnimal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.Pregnancy Category DThere is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.Pregnancy Category XStudies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.Following are few category-X drugs:ANTIEMETIC: DomperiodoneANALGESIC: MorphineANTIBIOTICS: Fluoroquinolones, Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Chloramphenicol, streptomycin, Kanamycin, TobramycinANTITUBERCULAR: StreptomycinANTIAMOEBIC: TinidazoleANTIMALARIAL: Quinine, Sulfadoxine, PrimaquineANTIHELMINTHIC: Mebendazole, DECANTIFUNGAL: Amphotericin -B, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, GriesofulvinANTIVIRAL: Ganciclovir, Foscarnet, Amantadine, <2-interferonANTIHYPERTENSIVE: ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin antagonistANTIDIABETIC: Sulfonylurea, Acarbose, Metformin . ANTICOAGULANT: WarfarinOTHERS: Thalidomide, Alcohol, Radioactive iodine, Isotretinoin, Cytotoxic drugs APPENDIX - 32TeratogensTeratogenGroupCritical periodEffectThalidomidesedative34-51 days after LMPExternal ear deformity (earliest), PHOCOMELIA (MC- four groups: 4-limb phocomelia, Upper limb phocomelia, Predominantly Upper-limb phocomelia, Predominantly lower limb defects), Facial Hemangioma, Esophageal atresia, TOF, Renal agenesisRetinoic AcidVitamin3-5 weekcranio-facial abnormalitiesMicrotia/Anotia (deafness)Missing jaw or one that is too smallDisorders of jaw formation (split jaw)Disorders of formation of aortic archThymic aplasia/hvpoplasiaDeformities in the CNS (mc-hydrocephalus)Diethvlstil-boestrolHormone vaginal adenosis, erosions of the cervix and transversal cleavages in the vaginaAlcohol {fetal alcohol syndrome)Recreational LBW, microcephaly, maxillary hypoplasia, flat nasal bridge, micrognathia, microphthalmia, hypoplastic upper lip, broad lower lip.CocaineRecreational/Narcotic addiction in the child, retarded growth, to malformations of the circulatory systemLithiumAntipsychotic3-8 -weeksEbstein anomaly (me), cleft palate in experimental animalsStreptomycinAminoglycosides4-8 weeksdamage of the 8th cerebral nerve- deafnessWarfarinAnticoagulant1st trimesterHypoplastic nasal bridge , chondrodysplasia 2nd trimesterCNS malformation 3rd trimesterRisk of bleedingRubellaViral1st trimestercardiac defects, cataracts and deafnessCytomegalovirusViralspontaneous miscarriage in 1st trimester, anomalies from 2nd trimesterRetarded growth, changes in the CNS (microcephaly, cerebral atrophy, hydrocephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, chorioretinitis, atrophy of the eyes) and hepatosplenomegalyHerpes SimplexViralAs a rule, HSV occurs in late pregnancyMental deficiency, Microcephaly, Myocardiopathy, Spasticity, Retinal dysplasiaVaricellaViralOnly up to the 20th week.muscle atrophy, hypoplasia of the limbs and fingers, abnormalities of the eyes and the brain (mental deficiency)Toxoplasmosis(ToxoplasmaGondi.)intracellularparasite cerebral calcification, microcephaly, microphthalmia, chorioretinitis, microphthalmia, hydrocephalusCongenitalSyphilis Mental deficiency, hydrocephalus, deafness, blindness, bone malformations, Hutchinson's teeth (pathognomic)Critical Period:Before the 14th day an insult (injury) to the embryo will not cause an abnormality because the embryo either repairs the damage or dies (spontaneous miscarriage)Embryonic period, during which numerous mitotic divisions and organogenesis occur, the embryo is very vulnerable and most congenital abnormalities happen thenFetopathies are the abnormalities that occur after the 8th week and up to delivery. The sensibility to injurious substances is clearly reduced in the last two trimesters of pregnancy.In infectious etiology critical period might not coincide with the effects they cause as there critical period might be different from the incidence of infection in the pregnancy trimester. | Pharmacology | Pregnancy | [
"metoclopramide",
"warfarin",
"phenytoin"
] | 66,589 |
dd9660a4-0fc1-4fd8-9f36-3eab6a39927c | Surfactant accelerated by | Thyroxine | Glucocorticoids | Carbamazepine | Iodine | 1b
| single | (Glucocorticoids) (657-Ganong 22nd) (442-A.K. Jain 3rd) (598-Ganong 23rd)* Maturation of surfactant in the lungs is accelerated by glucocorticoid hormones. Fetal and maternal cortisol increases near term and the lungs are rich in glucocorticoid receptors* Nomally after birth, the infant makes several strong inspiratory movements and the lung expand. Surfactant keeps them from collapsing again. But due to deficiency of surfactant in this disease, surface tension in the lungs of these infants is very high, and there are many areas in which alveoli are collapsed (At electasis) also pulmonary oedema occurs and infants dies of pulmonary insufficiency. Infants with RDS show low thyroid hormone and cortisol levels in their plasma. | Physiology | Respiratory System | [
"carbamazepine",
"thyroxine"
] | 66,594 |
1c54073b-0166-4d34-8232-6926fdd72720 | which of the following tri cyclic antidepressent used in the management of OCD | imipramine | amitriptilline | amoxapine | clomipramine | 3d
| single | TCA * MECHANISM This is an antidepressant with three rings. It acts by blocking the transpoers of neurotransmitters resulting in increased neurotransmitters in synapse DRUGS AMITRYPTILLINE IMIPRAMINE CLOMIPRAMINE DESIPRAMINE NORIPTILLINE DOXEPINE * USE AMITRYPTILLINE========PAIN WITH DEPRESSION IMIPRAMINE==========CHILDHOOD ENEURESIS CLOMIPRAMINE========OCD * SIDE EFFECTS ANTI HISTAMINERGIC==== sedation, weight gain ANTI MUSCURANIC=======dryness of mouth ANTI ADRENERGIC========hypotension, giddiness SWITCH TO MANIA when used in BIPOLAR DEPRESSION Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition,955 | Anatomy | Pharmacotherapy in psychiatry | [
"clomipramine",
"amoxapine",
"imipramine"
] | 66,597 |
a74e5da4-efa5-48e7-9551-eee5ceef4bb1 | Concentration of epinephrine used in neonatal resuscitation is | 0.111111111 | 0.736111111 | 1 : 10000 | 1 : 100000 | 2c
| single | Medications: indication, dosage and effects MedicationIndicationEffectsConcentration administeredDose of prepared solutionRouteEpinephrine (1:1000)HR <60 / min after 30 sec of effective PPV and chest compressions Inotropic; chronotropic; peripheral vasoconstrictor 1:100000.1-0.3 ml/kgIV; through umbilical vein (endotracheal route if no IV access) Normal salineRinger lactateAcute bleeding with hypovolemia Increased intravascular volume improves perfusion 10 ml/kgUmbilical vein Naloxone (0.4 mg/ml) Respiratory depression with maternal history of narcotic use within 4 hr of bihNarcotic antagonist 0.4 mg/ml 0.25 ml/kgIV preferred; delayed onset of action with intramuscular use; administer only after restoring ventilationSodium bicarbonate is administered only if prolonged asphyxia is associated with metabolic acidosis despite use of epinephrine and volume expanders.IV intravenous; PPV positive pressure ventilation Ref: Paediatrics; O.P. Ghai; 8th edition; Page no: 132 | Pediatrics | New born infants | [
"epinephrine"
] | 66,600 |
c6785914-c4fc-47a8-9856-584c8758e493 | Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity may be the side effect of: March 2012 | Vancomycin | Azithromycin | Clindamycin | Penicillin | 0a
| single | Ans: A i.e. Vancomycin Drugs and side-effects Vancomycin can cause plasma concentration dependent nerve deafness which may be permanent. Kidney damage is also dose related. Side-effects of azithromycin are mild gastric upset, abdominal pain (less than erythromycin), headache and dizziness Side effects of clindamycin are rashes, uicaria, abdominal pain, but the major problem is diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis due to Cl. Difficile superinfection which is potentially fatal. Adverse effects of penicillin include local irritancy and direct toxicity, hypersensitivity, superinfections and JarischHerxheimer reaction (in syphilitic patient) | Pharmacology | null | [
"azithromycin",
"vancomycin",
"clindamycin"
] | 66,605 |
36eda334-6ed6-404b-86fb-2bc478f41623 | Shivering is observed in the early pa of postoperative period is due to | Chloroform | Halothane | Truchloroethylene | Ether | 1b
| single | Halothane Post operative shivering and hypothermia is maximum with Halothane Pethidine is used for treatment of this condition Refer Ajay yadav 2/e p 61 | Pharmacology | Anesthesia | [
"halothane"
] | 66,614 |
1b9f758e-0009-4bb3-a047-fdfd9243562b | Wof alkylating agent is known to cause disulfiram like reaction | Melphalan | Procarbazine | Carmustine | Ifosfamide | 1b
| single | Procarbazine It is a weak MAO inhibitor; It produces sedation and other CNS effects, and can interact with foods and drugs. Alcohol causes hot flushing and a disulfiram-like reaction in patients taking procarbazine. Males may suffer sterility. Vomiting, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia are the prominent toxicities. Ref:- kd tripathi; pg num:-861 | Pharmacology | Chemotherapy | [
"disulfiram",
"procarbazine"
] | 66,631 |
813dd7be-23ba-431f-9131-8ca8cc4157e7 | A 52 year old woman presents to her physician for a check-up. She is recovering from a wrist fracture after a fall. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry of the hip had shown her to have osteoporosis. She became menopausal at age 50 and did not begin hormone replacement therapy because of a strong family history of breast cancer. She now fears a future hip fracture and would like to begin a bone loss prevention regime.Which of the following pharmaceutical agents is most appropriate for this patient? | Calcitonin nasal spray | Oral conjugated estrogen | Raloxifene | Tamoxifen | 2c
| multi | Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that helps prevent osteoporosis by lessening bone resorption and reducing bone turnover. It lowers risk for veebral fractures by 40% to 50%. It is a bone-preserving alternative for women who prefer to avoid estrogen. Raloxifene does not cause breast pain and may lessen the risk for breast cancer in menopausal women. There is also a orable effect on LDL and cholesterol. Calcitonin nasal spray is an osteoclastic bone resorption inhibitor that modestly increases bone mineral density and reduces the incidence of veebral fracture. Although it is an estrogen alternative for bone preservation, its impact on hip fracture is not known. It is also lacks the anti-breast cancer propeies of raloxifene. Oral conjugated estrogen and transdermal estradiolare not the best choices, as this patient wants to avoid estrogen because of a strong family history of breast cancer. The route of administration of estrogen has been shown to have similar effects on bone preservation, even though the transdermal dosage is generally half that of the oral dosage. Breast cancer risk, however, is slightly increased with the unopposed higher dosage oral estrogen replacement. Tamoxifen , while indicated in the long-term care of breast cancer patients, is not alone useful for treatment or prevention of osteoporosis. Tamoxifen is an anti-estrogen agent that competes with estrogen for binding sites. Ref: Shoback D. (2013). Chapter 58. Osteoporosis & Glucocoicoid-Induced Osteoporosis. In J.B. Imboden, D.B. Hellmann, J.H. Stone (Eds), CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Rheumatology, 3e. | Pharmacology | null | [
"raloxifene",
"tamoxifen"
] | 66,632 |
ee5a0894-ac2e-4837-a75e-20ab519e66c3 | Podophyllin is used to treat which type of wa ? | Plantar wa | Genital wa | Verruca Wa | All of the above | 1b
| multi | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Genital wa | Pharmacology | null | [
"podophyllin"
] | 66,644 |
66b7040d-45cf-4dcc-bff2-b2b3397e72f5 | A child presents with sepsis. Bacteria isolated showed beta-hemolysis on blood agar, resistance to bacitracin, and a positive CAMP test. The most probable organism causing infection is | Streptococcus pyogenes | Streptococcus agalacitae | Enterococcus | Streptococcus Pneumoniae | 1b
| single | Streptococcus agalactiae is a beta-hemolytic and most common cause of neonatal infection. Two types of infection are caused: early onset and late onset, commonly early-onset type presents as meningitis or septicemia and is often fatal. Acquired from the maternal vagina during bih. Shows a positive CAMP test, demonstrated as an accentuated zone of hemolysis when streptococcus agalactiae is inoculated perpendicular to a streak of Staphylococcus aureus grown on blood agar. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 218 | Microbiology | Bacteriology | [
"bacitracin"
] | 66,646 |
8d314640-c721-4fea-899c-1b772d1b8a6d | Which one the following drugs is a Parenteral Direct Thrombin Inhibitor ? | Enoxaparin | Apixaban | Dabigatran | Argatroban | 3d
| single | INJECTABLE DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS: HIRUDIN LEPIRUDIN BIVALURIDIN ARGATROBAN MELAGATRAN ORAL DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITOR: DABIGATRAN Argatroban : A synthetic compound based on the structure of L-Arginine, binds reversibly to the active site of Thrombin . Its is administered Intravenously and has a T1/2 of 40-50 min. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the bile. In patients with renal impairment, but dose reduction is required for patients with hepatic insufficiency. Argatroban is licensed for the prophylaxis or treatment of patients with, or at risk of developing, Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia . It prolongs both aPTT and PT, which can complicate the transitioning of patients from argatroban to warfarin. A factor X assay can be used instead of the PT to monitor warfarin in these patients. | Pharmacology | Hematology | [
"enoxaparin",
"apixaban"
] | 66,647 |
53f1d3f6-1677-4224-b8ae-e0f52e5ffa13 | Induction agent for Day care Surgery is : | Ketamine | Diazepam | Thiopentone | Propofol | 3d
| single | Ans. is 'd' i.e. . Propofol "Propofol is used as in inducing agent for day care surgery because residual impairment is less marked and incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting is Cow." - KDT, 4/e, p 352Also remember Day care anaesthesia - isoflurane* Day care analgesic - Afentanyl*. | Anaesthesia | Miscellaneous General Anesthesia | [
"ketamine",
"diazepam",
"propofol"
] | 66,650 |
b97a9303-c18a-4708-b4f1-1f5528342bcc | TRUE statement regarding vancomycin is: | It is bcteriostatic | It has the advantage of high oral bioavailability | It is not susceptible to penicillinases | Staphylococcal enterocolits occurs commonly with its use | 2c
| multi | (Ref: KDT 6/e p732) Vancomycin is a glycopeptide bactericidal antibiotic that is administered by parenteral route. It is penicillinase resistant, thus can be used in MRSA infections. It is also used for the treatment of pseudomembranous colitis. Vancomycin is ineffective against pseudomonas. | Pharmacology | Other topics and Adverse effects | [
"vancomycin"
] | 66,682 |
7a5308c0-b548-4cc4-9a39-0450c7c7fb31 | Systemic vascular resistance is twice that of normal, treatment should be: | Adrenaline | Nor-adrenaline | Sodium nitroprusside | Isoprenaline | 2c
| single | Ans. (C) Sodium nitroprusside(Ref: KDT 8th/e p613)Increase in systemic vascular resistance means vasoconstriction, thus a vasodilator drug like nitroprusside should be used. Adrenaline and nor-adrenaline act as vasopressors whereas isoprenaline increases systolic blood pressure by acting on heart. | Pharmacology | C.V.S | [
"nitroprusside"
] | 66,696 |
0a7c149e-a41b-475e-b24e-87e434dacdcf | Drug that is used for fetal lung maturity is | Dexamethasone | Folic acid | eclomethasone | one | 0a
| single | * Betamethasone and dexamethasone are coicosteroids, also called glucocoicoids, that are given before bih (antenatally) to speed up a preterm fetuses lung development. * Either is used when a mother is in preterm labor and bih may occur in 24 to 48 hours REF : DUTTA BOOK OF OBESTETRICS | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | All India exam | [
"dexamethasone"
] | 66,698 |
1c60c74b-f14a-468f-9407-291bcb0497ec | A 38-year-old woman presents with repeated episodes of sore throat. She is on no medications, does not use ethanol, and has no history of renal disease. Physical examination is normal. Hb is 9.0 g/dL, MCV is 85 fL (normal), white blood cell count is 2000/mL, and platelet count is 30,000/mL. Which of the following is the best approach to diagnosis? | Erythropoietin level | Serum B12 | Bone marrow biopsy | Liver spleen scan | 2c
| single | This patient has an unexplained pancytopenia. If all three elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) are affected, the cause is usually in the bone marrow (although peripheral destruction from hypersplenism can cause pancytopenia as well). In this patient without a history of liver disease or palpable splenomegaly on physical examination, a bone marrow production problem is the most likely culprit. Although B12 deficiency can cause pancytopenia, usually a macrocytic anemia is the most prominent feature; a serum B12 level would be reasonable, but the most productive approach would be to examine the bone marrow. Leukemia can present without leukocytosis (so-called aleukemic leukemia), but the most likely diagnosis would be aplastic anemia. In the elderly patient, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) may present with pancytopenia. Decreased levels of erythropoietin can cause decreased RBC production but will not cause pancytopenia. A corticosteroid trial is not warranted until a diagnosis is established. | Medicine | Oncology | [
"erythropoietin"
] | 66,713 |
ab09a9eb-5997-4412-b473-5647bced4052 | The patient develops myelopathy post-trauma. What dose of methyl prednisolone is to be given? | 30mg/kg within 3hrs. | 45mg/kg within 6 hrs. | 60mg/kg within 9 hrs. | 75mg/kg within 12 hrs. | 0a
| single | The most appropriate answer here is 30 mg/kg within 3 hrs.
Patients who have a confirmed acute spinal cord injury and have no contraindications for administration of a corticosteroid may be treated with a protocol of methylprednisolone administration consisting of a bolus dose of 30mg/kg body weight administered over 15 minutes, followed by a 45-minute pause, and then a 23 hour continuous infusion of 5.4 mg/kg/h. | Orthopaedics | null | [
"prednisolone"
] | 66,728 |
5aad222b-08a7-432b-bcbe-ce909edcc770 | Disulfiram like interaction with alcohol is seen with all of the following drugs except : | Metronidazole | Cefoperazone | Griseofulvin | Satranidazole | 3d
| multi | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"disulfiram",
"metronidazole",
"cefoperazone",
"griseofulvin"
] | 66,736 |
3e7f6bbb-8f80-4992-a2f3-dab4138dbfcf | Cycloxygenase enzyme is not inhibited by : | Aspirin | Warfarin | Phenylbutazone | Diclofenac | 1b
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"diclofenac",
"warfarin"
] | 66,754 |
c586849f-6b37-47c7-9d9f-285075d2cdd2 | When a patient is already on atropine and i.v. administration of norepinephrine to him will lead to: | Decrease in heart rate | Increase in heart rate | Decrease in pupil size | Decrease in peripheral resistance | 0a
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"atropine"
] | 66,758 |
703f2b92-6af3-4913-9b47-16514c0fd94a | Hepatotoxic agent is | Ketamine | Ether | N2O | Halothane | 3d
| single | The first modern halogenated volatile anesthetic, halothane, was introduced in 1955. Clinical exposure to halothane is associated with two distinct types of hepatic injury. Subclinical hepatotoxicity occurs in 20% of adults who receive halothane. It is characterized by mild postoperative elevations in alanine aminotransferase and aspaate aminotransferase, but is reversible and innocuous. Anaerobic halothane reduction by CYP2A6 to a 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethyl radical is thought to mediate this mild hepatic injury. The fulminant form of hepatotoxicity, commonly known as halothane hepatitis, It is characterized by elevated alanine aminotransferase, aspaate aminotransferase, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase levels, and massive hepatic necrosis following the administration of halothane. Halothane hepatitis is rare (1 in 5000 to 35,000 administrations in adults), but is fatal in 50% to 75% of these cases. Because of the potential for fatal hepatitis, halothane is no longer used in adult patients in many countries. Halothane hepatitis is caused by a hypersensitivity reaction associated with the oxidative metabolism of halothane. The highly reactive trifluoroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane oxidation can react with nearby liver proteins. In most patients who developed hepatic necrosis after halothane anesthesia, antibodies against TFA-modified proteins were detected, suggesting that the hepatic damage is linked to an immune response against the modified protein, which acts as a neoantigen. Accordingly, patients who develop halothane hepatitis often have a history of prior exposures to halothane or other volatile anesthetics, together with symptoms suggestive of immune reactivity, such as fever, rash, ahralgia, and eosinophilia. A current hypothesis is that TFA-protein adducts induce a cytotoxic T cell reaction in sensitized individuals, which leads to liver damage. However, the immune responses observed in halothane hepatitis might not mediate liver injury. Ref: Miller's anesthesia 8th edition Ref: Morgan & Mikhail's clinical anesthesiology 6e | Anaesthesia | General anaesthesia | [
"ketamine",
"halothane"
] | 66,779 |
35ab0766-e944-4f2c-b604-61310247bc32 | Iris cyst are induced by | Atropine | Pilocarpine | Phenylephrine | Ecothiopate | 3d
| single | D i.e. Ecothiopate | Ophthalmology | null | [
"pilocarpine",
"atropine",
"phenylephrine"
] | 66,781 |
332648d6-0148-4a3b-af75-9372b923bcd1 | The following are all residual insecticides except- | Pyrettmim | DDT | Gamma HHC | Malathion | 0a
| multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pyrethrum | Social & Preventive Medicine | null | [
"malathion"
] | 66,793 |
5a750189-f00a-458c-bb54-8c9db930a070 | All of the following are CNS stimulants except | Amphetamines | Cocaine | Methylphenidate | Benzodiazepines | 3d
| multi | CNS stimulants are amphetamine, methylphenidate, atomoxetine, modafinil, cocaine, pemoline and caffeine. | Pharmacology | null | [
"methylphenidate"
] | 66,812 |
caecff39-a804-4335-92b9-51e07f0739a7 | All of the following Drugs are used in treatment of chronic gout, except:- | Allopurinol | Benzbromarone | Pegloticase | Methotrexate | 3d
| multi | Answer is D (Methotrexate): To Lower Uric Acid Levels (Hypouricemic Therapy) To decrease production of uric acid (Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors) Allopurinol(Purine analogue) Febuxostat (Non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase) To increase the excretion of uric acid (Uricosurics) Probenecid Sulfinpyrazone Benzbromarone To increase conversion of Uric acid to Allantoin which is far more soluble (Uricase) Pegloticase | Surgery | null | [
"methotrexate",
"allopurinol",
"pegloticase"
] | 66,827 |
1a74fd59-75a8-4c7f-8e17-601cf2b3f5b2 | In a hindsight study, the progeny of woman who took diethylstilbestrol had an increased risk for developing which of the following cancers? | Bladder cancer | Endometrial carcinoma | Ovarian carcinoma | Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma | 3d
| single | Diethylstilbestrol, or DES, is an estrogen analog that was prescribed in the 1950s-1970s for prevention of spontaneous aboion. The progeny of woman taking DES were often diagnosed with clear cell vaginal or cervical adenocarcinoma, which is rarely seen in unexposed women. Bladder cancer is often seen in individuals exposed to beta-naphthalene dyes or phenacetin. Endometrial carcinoma is seen in individuals on long-term estrogen therapy, but was not seen in the progeny of DES-treated women. Ovarian carcinoma is increased in nulliparous women, and in those with a family history of the disorder. Ref: Cunningham F.G., Leveno K.J., Bloom S.L., Hauth J.C., Rouse D.J., Spong C.Y. (2010). Chapter 14. Teratology and Medications That Affect the Fetus. In F.G. Cunningham, K.J. Leveno, S.L. Bloom, J.C. Hauth, D.J. Rouse, C.Y. Spong (Eds), Williams Obstetrics, 23e. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | [
"diethylstilbestrol"
] | 66,829 |
cbeb9f14-b884-4731-a713-01d41ea9065a | True about naltrexone is all except | Acts on opioid receptors | Is used in treatment of alcohol dependence | Is used to reduce craving in dependence | Is a opioid agonist | 3d
| multi | Ans. d (Is a opioid agonist). (Ref. Pharmacology by KD Tripathi - 6th pg. 467)Agonist-antagonists (K analgesics)Nalorphine, Pentazocine, ButorphanolPartial/weak m-agonist + k antagonistBuprenorphinePure antagonistsNaloxone, Naltrexone, NalmefeneNALTREXONE# Pure opioid antagonist, chemically related to naloxone.# Orally active and long duration of action (1-2 days) makes it suitable for 'opioid blockade' Rx in post-addicts.# It is more potent than naloxone.# Alcohol craving is also reduced by naltrexone; it is being used to prevent relapse of heavy drinking# HepatotoxicNewly developed opioid antagonist Nalmefene:# Hepatotoxic# Has higher oral bioavailability &# Is long acting. | Pharmacology | C.N.S | [
"naltrexone"
] | 66,835 |
8da5c9f8-0585-4180-911b-1034a5da9422 | Chronic hypokalemia leads to development of? | Metabolic acidosis | Metabolic alkalosis | Brugada pattern in ECG | Vasopressin resistant DI | 1b
| single | Chronic Hypokalemia- through H+ - K+ ATPase- K+ reabsorption | & | H+ excretion- Loss of H+ in urine of pt. | Metabolic alkalosis | Medicine | Electrolyte Imbalance | [
"vasopressin"
] | 66,889 |
ef8a1aad-863f-4956-8bcb-8523b1809797 | Amoxycillin is better than ampicillin due to : | Better bioavailability if taken with food | Lesser bioavailability if taken with food | Incidence of diarrhea is higher | More active against Shigella and H. influenza | 0a
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"ampicillin"
] | 66,896 |
25fd9653-714b-46b1-8d85-97adcd6b9aa5 | Dose of streptokinase to be used in Ml is ? | 0.15 Million units | 1.5 Million units | 15 Million units | 150 Million units | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., 1.5 Million units o The adult dose of streptokinase for Acute Myocardial Infarction is 1.5 million UIV over 60 minutes. (Given in 50 ml of 5% dextrose in water -D5 W)Preferred thrombolytic regimens for acute ST elevation mvocardial infarctionDrugRecommended IV regimensAdvantages and LimitationsAlteplase(acceleratedregimin15 mg bolus- Then 0.75 mg/kg (maximum 50 mg) over 30 minutes- Then 0.5 mg/kg (maximum 35 mg over the next 60 minutes)Better outcomes than streptokinase in GUSTO-1 (30-Day mortality? 6.3 versus 7.3 percent); costlier than streptokinase more difficult to administer because of short half-life.TenecteplaseSingle bolus over five to ten seconds based upon body weight- < 60 kg: 30mg- 60 to 69 kg: 35 mg- 70 to 79 Kg : 40 mg- 80 to 89 kg : 45 mg- > 90 kg : 50 mgAs effective as alteplase in ASSENT-2 with less noncerebral bleeding and need for transfusion; easier to admins is ter (single bolus due to longer half- life) both in and out of hospital; these advantages make tenecteplase the drug of choice in many US. hospitalsReteplase10 units over two minutes then repeat10 unit bolus at 30 minutesSimlar outcomes as alteplase but easier to administerStreptokinase1.5 million units over 30 to 60 minutesGenerally a much less costly option than other fibrinolytics but outcomes are inferior. Neutralizing antibodies develop, which can diminish efficacy of subsequent use. Elevated risk of hypersensitivity reaction with repeated doses. Used extensively outside North America due to lower cost.(Not available in US or CAN). | Medicine | Drugs | [
"streptokinase"
] | 66,926 |
acc77345-d95a-409d-b644-2c7e512b1b96 | Which of the following drugs is used for Narcoanalysis? | Atropine | Phenobarbitone | Scopolamine | Pethidine | 2c
| single | For the purpose of investigation, the application of forensic medicine plays a vital role. Nacro analysis is one of the methods used for lie detection. Scopolamine is one of the drugs used in Narcoanalysis. The truth serum drugs used in narcoanalysis are : 1. Scopolamine 2. Sodium Pentathal 3. Sodium Amytal 4. Sodium Seconal Ref: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology By Dr. K. S. Narayan Reddy, 27th Edition, Pages 435-436. | Forensic Medicine | null | [
"pethidine",
"atropine",
"scopolamine"
] | 66,932 |
86801850-7326-46b7-b76d-53648374c378 | Agent causing malignant h erthermia – | Succinyl choline | Dantrolene | Gallamine | Ketamine | 0a
| multi | null | Anaesthesia | null | [
"ketamine",
"dantrolene",
"gallamine"
] | 66,935 |
b2a8e1b1-97f0-4a7a-a317-a71a48a1e4dd | In carcinoma cheek what is the best drug for single drug chemotherapy - | Vincristine | Cyclosphosphamide | Cisplatin | Daunorubicin | 2c
| single | Single-agent chemotherapy is used as palliative therapy in head and neck cancers with the recurrent or metastatic form of cancer. The drugs which are used are -
Cisplatin
Methotrexate
5 Fu
Paclitaxel
Docetaxel
Sometimes combinations of these drugs are used.
Remember these basic points about the t/t of head and neck cancers and one can apply them to all tumors of head and neck.
a) Treatment of localized head and neck cancers -
These tumors are treated with curative intent either with surgery or radiotherapy.
The choice of modality differs according to anatomic location and institutional expertise. In early laryngeal cancer generally, radiotherapy is done to preserve voice while in early oral cavity cancers, surgery is preferred to avoid the long-term complication of radiation such as xerostomia and dental decay.
b) Locally or advanced regional disease -
Combined modality therapy including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy is used. Concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy appear to be most effective.
c) Recurrent or metastatic disease -
chemotherapy is used.
Management of neck lymph nodes
The neck lymph nodes should be treated when there are clinically positive nodes or the risk for occult disease is high based on the location and stage of the primary lesion.
The decision to perform neck dissection or irradiate the neck is related to the treatment of the primary lesion.
If the primary tumor is being treated with radiation and the neck is N0 or N1, the nodes are usually treated with irradiation.
For surgically treated primary lesions, N0 or N1 neck disease may be treated surgically as well (Radical neck dissection/Modified neck dissection/Selective neck dissection). Negative prognostic factors such as extracapsular spread of tumor, perineural invasion, vascular invasion, fixation to surrounding structures, and multiple positive nodes are indicators for postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy.
For N2 or N3 neck disease, neck dissection with planned postoperative radiation therapy is performed. | Surgery | null | [
"vincristine",
"cisplatin"
] | 66,939 |
d83fb1a9-5e1e-46f3-9f71-c19f300f1afb | In the presence of a drug that blocks all effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine on the heart, the autonomic nervous system can: | Raise the heart rate above its intrinsic rate | Lower the heart rate below its intrinsic rate | Raise and lower the heart rate above and below its intrinsic rate | Neither raise nor lower the heart rate from its intrinsic rate | 1b
| multi | Ans. B. Lower the heart rate below its intrinsic rateActivation of parasympathetic nerves to the heart would lower the heart rate below its intrinsic rate. However, with all effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine blocked, the sympathetic nervous system cannot raise the heart rate above its intrinsic rate. The withdrawal of parasympathetic nerve tone could only raise the heart rate to the intrinsic rate. | Physiology | Heart, Circulation, and Blood | [
"epinephrine"
] | 66,956 |
c95875c1-d0ec-41c4-b1d2-68822348903f | Drug of choice in treatment of partial complex seizures | Carbamazepine | Sodium valproate | Ethosuximide | Phenytoin | 0a
| single | Ans. a (Carbamazepine). (Ref. Harrison, Internal Medicine, 16th ed., 1848)Type of seizurePrimary generalized tonic clonic seizurePartial complex seizuresAbsence seizureAtypical absence;Myoclonic; Atonic* First line treatmentValproic acidCarbamazepineEthosuximideValproic acidPhenytoin Valproic acid Valproic acid Lamotrigine * Valproate is broad spectrum anti-epileptic. | Pharmacology | C.N.S | [
"valproate",
"carbamazepine",
"phenytoin"
] | 66,962 |
94ca3fc8-2bd3-43fe-9539-80e456052812 | Which of the following statements are True /False? A. Listeria monocytogenes is a food borne pathogen B. Humans are probably accidental hosts for this microorganism C. Case-fatality rate of listeria meningitis is repoed to be 15-26% D. Granulomatosis infantiseptica is an overwhelming listerial fetal infection with miliary micro abscesses and granulomas E. Adults should receive IV ampicillin at high doses (2grams every 4hours) | A,B,D True & C,E False | B,C,D,E True & A False | B,E True & A,C,D False | A,B,C,D & E True, None False | 3d
| multi | All of the statements are true. Ref: Harrisons Principles of Medicine, 18th Edition, Pages 1194-95 | Medicine | null | [
"ampicillin"
] | 66,966 |
9516e7af-e8c3-4429-836e-d2c03389e384 | Drug used in glaucoma is – | Propranolol | Atenolol | Timolol | Pindolol | 2c
| single | Topical β-blockers used for POAG are Timolol, betaxolol, levobunolol, carteolol. | Ophthalmology | null | [
"propranolol",
"atenolol",
"timolol",
"pindolol"
] | 66,970 |
c98c3ac0-8b96-4a36-8320-25d0fd09cbc8 | Nitroprusside active metabolite acts by: | Phosphokinase 1,2 | Guanylyl cyclase | Phospholipase A | Phospholipase B | 1b
| single | Ans. B. Guanylyl cyclase* Nitrovasodilator (arteriodilator + venodilator)* Sodium nitroprusside is metabolized into nitric oxide, which activates guanylyl cyclase (directly or through release of NO) which leads to increase in cyclic GMP levels* Cyclic GMP activates protein kinase G which dephosphorylates MLCP (myosin light chain phosphorylase) and relaxes the smooth muscles of blood vessels* Vasodilatation occurs* Dose: 0.3mcg/kg/min* Onset of action: 30 sec* Therapeutic uses: Severe hypertension with acute myocardial infarction or left ventricular failure | Pharmacology | C.V.S | [
"nitroprusside"
] | 66,971 |
0715d130-be2c-4102-b002-f70e422b2db9 | All of the following drugs can cause gynaecomastia except:- | Digoxin | Amiloride | Cimetidine | Ketoconazole | 1b
| multi | IMPOANT DRUGS CAUSING GYNAECOMASTIA: DI: DIgoxin S: Spironolactone C: Cimetidine O: Ketoconazole | Pharmacology | CHF, Angina Pectoris and Myocardial Infarction | [
"cimetidine",
"digoxin",
"ketoconazole"
] | 66,979 |
1728ebf5-3bef-4d80-a501-e9eb489190a8 | Which one of the following muscle relaxant has the maximum duration of action? | Atracurium | Vecuronium | Rocuronium | Doxacurium | 3d
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"atracurium",
"vecuronium",
"rocuronium"
] | 66,995 |
cd3d344d-7ea1-421b-a485-f5ab3ad9876d | Which of the following is active against atypical mycobacteria - | Clarithromycin | Rifabutin | Ciprofloxacin | All of the above | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' All of the above Regimen for MAC infection o Intensive phase (2-6 months) --> Clarithromycin/Azithromycin + ethambutol + rifabutin + one FQ (ciprofloxacin)/ clofazimine. o Maintenance phase (12 months) -4 Clarithromycin/ azithromycin + ethambutol/one FQ/rifabutin. | Pharmacology | null | [
"clarithromycin",
"ciprofloxacin"
] | 67,010 |
617bc155-7750-4f2d-a618-611d86a69ccc | Lutein cysts are associated with all except | Gestational trophoblastic tumours | Clomiphene administration | Bilaterality | Use of OCP's | 3d
| multi | null | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | [
"clomiphene"
] | 67,019 |
26d6682f-51d5-4099-8df9-e28524717ad3 | In Addison's disease drug to be given is | Hydrocoisone | Betamethasone | Prednisolone | DOCA | 0a
| single | Refer KDT 6/e p 283 In chronic adrenal insufficiency or Addinsons disease, hydrocoisone given orally IA the drug of choice Hydrocoisone is a glucocoicoid with maximum mineralocoicoid action | Pharmacology | Endocrinology | [
"prednisolone"
] | 67,025 |
094026d4-ed29-4fac-b81a-062e2acc9c5f | Lary ngoscopes are sterilized by - | Glutaraldehyde | Formalin | povidone-iodine | Boiling | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Glutaraldehyde o Laryngoscope should be cleaned before and after use with spirit.o Disinfection can be done once a day by removing the bulb and immersing the blade in 2% cidex (glutaraldehyde) for 10 minutes.o They should be sterilized once a week by immersing in cidex for 10 hours or by autoclaving. | Microbiology | General | [
"glutaraldehyde",
"betadine"
] | 48,763 |
019fe1f6-37b6-4bfd-94ad-b11c6106f7df | Positive fluorescein dye disappearance test indicates that watering eye is due to: | Atonia of the sac | Mechanical obstruction in the lacrimal passages | Both of the above | None of the above | 2c
| multi | Ans. Both of the above | Ophthalmology | null | [
"fluorescein"
] | 48,782 |
e75e7867-b670-4768-8e1c-ccaa271ea3df | The drug which does not cause myopathy is : | Chloroquine | Betamethasone | Chloramphenicol | Zidovudine | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' Chloramphenicol Drugs Causing MyopathyAmphotericin BCarbenoxoloneCimetidineChloroquineClofibrateGlucocorticoidGrowth hormoneZidovudineOral contraceptivesHMG COA reductase inhibitors.InfliximabInterferon alpha | Pharmacology | Adverse Drug Effect | [
"chloramphenicol",
"chloroquine",
"zidovudine"
] | 48,811 |
d44fdb2f-cb94-4cdc-b0ff-547cd83e47a0 | Which of the following supplements is used in the treatment of multiple carboxylase deficiency? | Biotin | Pyridoxin | Thiamine | Folic acid | 0a
| single | Biotin is a water soluble vitamin that is a cofactor for all carboxylase enzymes. Multiple carboxylase deficiency results from deficient carboxylase activity and is treated by biotin. Ref: Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics 17th Edition, Page 412; Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics, Volume 1 By A. Y. Elzouki, F. B. Stapleton, R. J. Whitley, William Oh, H. A. Harfi, H. Nazer, 2011, Page 457 | Biochemistry | null | [
"biotin"
] | 48,816 |
b937f0c2-6060-4ec7-b6cc-2712fa55d973 | A-female patint of childbearing age is on valproate for JME. Whichk drug should be used to replace valproate and can be prescribed as montherapy? | Levetiracetam | Zonisamide | Carbamazepine | Phenytoin | 0a
| single | It is known to cause serious abnormalities in the baby if taken during pregnancy. Because of this it is not typically recommended in women of childbearing age who have migraines. Common side effects include sleepiness, dizziness, feeling tired, and aggression. Severe side effects may include psychosis, suicide, and allergic reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and anaphylaxis. It is unclear if use is safe during pregnancy but it appears okay when breastfeeding.It is the S-enantiomer of etiracetam.How it works is not clear Ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 1036 With respect to major congenital malformations (MCM), levetiracetam taken in monotherapy can be considered a safer alternative to valproate for women with epilepsy of childbearing age as per studies Ref Harrison20th edition pg 2345 | Medicine | C.N.S | [
"valproate",
"zonisamide",
"carbamazepine",
"phenytoin"
] | 48,821 |
b5c74b47-8318-445e-9d56-eda7993d45bb | The tricyclic antidepressant with LEAST autonomic and cardiotoxic effects: March 2004 | Amitriptyline | Desipramine | Lofepramine | Protriptyline | 2c
| single | Ans. C i.e. Lofepramine | Psychiatry | null | [
"amitriptyline",
"desipramine"
] | 48,825 |
9ebeb51e-0756-48b8-9641-597070a313f4 | Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex contains all except | Biotin | NAD | FAD | CoA | 0a
| multi | Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex--thiamin diphosphate, lipoate, NAD+, FAD, and CoA Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 163 | Biochemistry | Metabolism of carbohydrate | [
"biotin"
] | 48,830 |
31f78e60-285f-4f4d-a72d-4999e2214b24 | Most characteristic arrhythmia seen with Digoxin toxicity is | Ventricular Extrasystoles | Ventricular bigemini | Atrial tachycardia with AV nodal block | Atrial flutter | 2c
| single | Atrial tachycardia (because of increase intracellular calcium levels) and AV nodal blockade (because of parasympathomimetic activity) is the most characteristic arrhythmia seen with Digoxin toxicity.
But Ventricular bigeminy is the most common arrythmia seen with Digoxin toxicity. | Pharmacology | null | [
"digoxin"
] | 48,840 |
ff02cf15-fe9d-4a2d-95b6-f48bdf033bea | Treatment of transverse lies at labour is | Artificial rupture of membrane | Oxytocin infusion | Caesarean section | Forceps delivery | 2c
| single | (Caesarean section): Ref: 393, 397-DTRANSVERSE LIE: - When the long axis of the fetus lies perpendicularly to the maternal spine or centralized uterine axis it is called transverse lies* In dorso-posterior, chance of fetal extension is common with increased risk of arm prolopse, left one being common than right* Dorso-anterior is the commonest (60%) positionManagement of Transverse lie at labourEarly labourLate labour* External cephalic version* Caesarian section is the preferred method of delivery, if version fails or contraindicated* Baby alive - caesarean section prefer* Internal version - Not only it might inflect injury to the uterus (rupture uterus) but the fetal mortality is increased to the extent of about 50%In modem obstetric practice internal version is not recommended except in the case of second twin* Baby dead - caesarean section is prefer.* There is no mechanism of labour in transverse lie | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Miscellaneous (Gynae) | [
"oxytocin"
] | 48,842 |
6d631fc9-0630-4f69-b84b-aee48feae4ef | All drugs decrease the moality in hea failure except: | Metoprolol | Enalapril | Telmisaan | Digoxin | 3d
| multi | Digoxin is used in acute CHF as well as maintenance therapy but do not retard cardiac remodelling or prolong survival in CHF patients Drugs that decrease the cardiac remodeling in a patient with CHF decrease the moality. They are: Beta blockers (metoprolol, bisoprolol) ACE inhibitors (enalapril) ARB (telmisaan) Aldosterone antagonist (spironolactone) Note Telmisaan is an ARB which has PPAR gamma agonist activity | Pharmacology | Hematology and CVS | [
"digoxin",
"metoprolol",
"enalapril"
] | 48,856 |
3d4bbe15-a6f2-4dff-85c6-04cb23c3fc44 | Which of the following drug is given for pulmonary hypeension? | Carboprost | Mispoprostol | Indomethacin | Bosentan | 3d
| single | Endothelin Antagonists (DOC) - Bosentan - Ambresenton - Macisentan If these are not effective then drugs used are Phosphodiesterase inhibitors like sildenafil and tadalafil. Prostaglandins - Iloprost (Not given orally) Selexipag (Prostacyclin Agonist) - PGI2 Agonist - Given orally | Pharmacology | Histamine, 5-HT and PGs | [
"carboprost",
"indomethacin",
"bosentan"
] | 48,879 |
cdb94e0e-f82e-41a2-ab55-0fb27cff201e | Exenatide is drug prescribed for which disease: | Osteoporosis | Diabetes | Hyperthyroidism | Infertility | 1b
| single | Ans. B. DiabetesExenatide is new drug which is a GLP -1 analogue. It delays the gastric emptying, has a role in appetite control and also release of insulin. It controls post prandial hyperglycemia. | Pharmacology | Endocrinology | [
"exenatide"
] | 48,902 |
3944273a-7e50-44f8-bc42-59622f4f8aa6 | Interaction of theophylline with ciprofloxacin is : | Ciprofloxacin increases theophylline metabolism | Ciprofloxacin decreases theophylline metabolism | Theophylline increases ciprofloxacin metabolism | Theophylline decreases ciprofloxacin metabolism | 1b
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"theophylline",
"ciprofloxacin"
] | 48,909 |
3a35a82b-5025-4286-97ae-d5556651f4c7 | How to differentiate between psychological and organic erectile dysfunction? | Nocturnal penile tumescence | PIPE test | Sildenafil-induced erection | Squeeze technique | 0a
| single | Presence of early morning erections and erection during REM sleep (nocturnal erection) are suggestive of psychogenic erectile dysfunction as there is no anxiety. Whereas, a patient with organic erectile dysfunction (due to vascular or neurological causes) would not have erections even during sleep. Investigations, such as penile plethysmography and nocturnal penile intumescence (NPT) can be used to record nocturnal erections. | Psychiatry | Sexual Disorders | [
"sildenafil"
] | 48,913 |
09192c6f-03ce-4d8c-8343-1f51fbfc404a | Drugs used in migraine prophylaxis are all except: | Flunarizine | Propanolol | Cyproheptadine | Sumatriptan | 3d
| multi | Drugs used for migraine prophylaxis: - A : Antiepileptic drug- B : Beta blocker : Propranolol, botulinum toxin- C : CCB: flunarizine, cyproheptadine, clonidine For acute migraine attack : We give sumatriptan and ergotamine.Triptans are contraindicated in patient with coronary aery disease due to it's vasospasm effect. | Pharmacology | Histamine, 5-HT and PGs | [
"sumatriptan",
"cyproheptadine"
] | 48,919 |
ebeae449-4bdc-489e-a470-7b75ef9a160e | Opiate withdrawal is treated with - | CPZ | Nalorphine | Pethidine | Methadone | 3d
| single | Treatment of opioid (Morphine or heroin) withdrawal (detoxification):- Methadone is the DOC. Alternatives are clonidine, clonidine with naltrexone with or without BZDs, Lofexidine, dextropropoxyphene, diphenoxylate. | Psychiatry | null | [
"pethidine",
"methadone"
] | 48,926 |
94d6faaf-7382-41f0-9f06-437956ba9f04 | Most common mode of treatment of a 1 year old child with asthma is - | Inhaled sho acting beta 2 agonist | Oral sho acting theophylline | Oral ketotifen | Leukotriene agonist | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Inhaled sho acting beta 2 agonists Treatment ofAsthma a Treatment of asthma can be divided into ? A) Treatment of chronic asthma B) Treatment of acute excarhation ? a) Treatment of mild, moderate or severe exacerbation b) Treatment of life threatening exacerbation (status asthmaticus) Treatment of chronic asthma o Treatment of chronic asthma is given to control the asthma and to prevent acute exacerbation. o Severity of asthma is classified on the basis of ? 1) Frequency of daytime symptoms 3) Degree of airflow obstruction (FEV,) 2) Frequency of night time symptoms 4) Peak expiratory flow (PEF) variability o For children less than 5 years of age, severity is classified on the basis of (1) and (2) only because young children cannot perform the maneuver required for lung function measurment ((3) & (4)). 1) Mild intermittent 2) Mild persistent Symptoms for 2 days/week Symptoms > 2days / week Symptoms for 2 night/month Symptoms >2 night / months FEV1 80% FEV I 80% PEF variability < 20% PEF variability 20-30% 3) Moderate persistent 4) Severe persistent Day symptoms daily Continuous day symptoms Symptoms > 1 night/week Frequent night symptoms FEV1 > 60% - < 80% FEVI 60% PEF variability >30% PEF variability >30% o A stepwise pharmacological therapy is indicated. | Pediatrics | null | [
"ketotifen",
"theophylline"
] | 48,930 |
ba795a1c-0fce-45d8-b955-ee88cb1b1051 | Alcohol, salicylates and pilocarpine can be used as: Odisha 11 | Chelating agents | Diaphoretics | Purging | Forced alkaline diuresis | 1b
| single | Ans. Diaphoretics | Forensic Medicine | null | [
"pilocarpine"
] | 48,940 |
d3d7d5c6-d948-4bbc-ba2a-ba94afdd29db | Opioid with rnonoarnine action is? | Tramadol | Pentazocine | Pethidine | Meperidine | 0a
| single | Tramadol REF: Principles and practice of palliative care and suppoive oncology By Ann M. Berger, John L. Shuster, Jamie H. Von Roenn page 51 "Tramadol is synthetic analog of codeine that binds to the MOR (Mu opioid receptor) and blocks reuptake of serotonin and nor epinephrine. As a result of monoamine action naloxone cannot completely reverse its respiratory depression" | Pharmacology | null | [
"pentazocine",
"pethidine",
"tramadol"
] | 48,954 |
b1330de3-5c18-4cda-9947-3b5fd695eb34 | Following drug interact with cefotaxime - | Digoxin | Paracetamol | Loop diuretics | Nifedipine | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Loop diuretics o Nephrotoxicity of cephalosporins is accentuated by concurrent administration of a loop diuretic. | Pharmacology | null | [
"cefotaxime",
"paracetamol",
"nifedipine",
"digoxin"
] | 48,977 |
c28eef3e-db44-4c59-a8b2-6bf401163708 | Which of the following induction agent is used to produce a `street-fit' person following surgery – | Midazolam | Propofol | Alfentanyl | Thiopentone | 1b
| single | Amongst the given options only propofol & thiopentone are inducing agents.
Propofol is the inducing agent of choice for day care surgery (street-fit following surgery). | Anaesthesia | null | [
"midazolam",
"propofol"
] | 49,010 |
1e9fcec4-3362-4a71-b213-5f100dfc7789 | Which of the following is a Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) inhibitor? | Pyrimethamine | Trimethoprim | Methotrexate | Dapsone | 3d
| single | Dapsone, PAS, Sulphonamide > inhibit DHPS enzyme Pyrimethamine, Methotrexate, Trimethoprim - acts by inhibiting DHFR (Dihydrofolate reductase) enzyme. | Pharmacology | null | [
"methotrexate",
"trimethoprim",
"dapsone"
] | 49,028 |
7a9cbd01-ea0a-4d28-8896-02df79aefb23 | In the management of patients with Vincent's infection, the preferred therapeutic agents are | Hydrogen peroxide mouthwash and metronidazole | Cephalosporins and hydrogen peroxide mouthwash | Chtorhexidine mouthwash and metronidazole | Crystalline penicillin and chlorhexidine mouthwash | 0a
| multi | null | Dental | null | [
"metronidazole",
"chlorhexidine"
] | 49,035 |
317fbdf9-6524-4867-9f5b-74d24966767f | The prophylactic antibiotic indicated to prevent infection in lymphoedema is : | Vancomycin | Penicillin | Amikacin | Quinolones | 0a
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"amikacin",
"vancomycin"
] | 49,038 |
8ba3627e-87cf-49ca-b379-a8c67bde3718 | Shortest acting mydriatic and cycloplegic: | Cyclopentolate | Atropine | Homatropine | Tropicamide | 3d
| single | Ans. D. TropicamideMydriatic action is useful for fundus examination and cycloplegic is useful for correct measurement of refractive error.Atropine is longest acting and tropicamide is shortest acting drug Anticholinergic drugs are contraindicated in Glaucoma. | Pharmacology | Gram-Positive Infections - Corynebacterial Infections | [
"atropine",
"tropicamide"
] | 49,048 |
fd583bec-af86-47e2-9263-79e1d1811aaa | Rituximab is used in all EXCEPT : | Non Hodgkins lymphoma | Paroxysomal nocturnal hemoglobinurea | Rheumatoid arthritis | Systemic lupus erythematosis | 1b
| multi | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"rituximab"
] | 49,055 |
00ccbfce-7492-4853-8dba-42b7569f0564 | The Antiepileptic drug, Phenytoin therapeutic blood level is | 0-9 mcg/ml | 10-19 mcg/ml | 20-29 mcg/ml | 30-39 mcg/ml | 1b
| single | (B) 10-19 mcg/ml# SERUM PHENYTOIN LEVELS:> Therapeutic range is 10-20 mcg/mL.# Total phenytoin levels (mcg/mL) - Typical corresponding Signs & Symptoms: Lower than 10- Rare Between 10 and 20 - Occasional mild nystagmus Between 20 and 30 - Nystagmus Between 30 and 40 - Ataxia, slurred speech, nausea, and vomiting Between 40 and 50 - Lethargy and confusion Higher than 50 - Coma and seizures | Medicine | Miscellaneous | [
"phenytoin"
] | 49,081 |
d7567844-92df-4024-9f8f-fca65a75b1f4 | Which is the diuretic of choice in patients of pulmonary edema- | Furosemide | Thiazide | Spironolactone | Amiloride | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Furosemide Pharmacological treatment of acute pulmonary edema* Acute left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema is a medical emergency.* In acute left ventricular failure, there is accumulation of fluid in lungs - acute pulmonary edema.* Loop diuretics (Furosemide) is the DOC for acute pulmonary edema.* In acute left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema, furosemide has benefical effect because of venodilatory action (not because of diuretic action).* Intravenous furosemide causes promt increase in systemic venous capacitance and decreases left ventricular filling pressure even before the diuretic action becomes apparent.I.V. Furosemide|Venodilation|| Venous capacitance|| Preload|| Lt. ventricle filling pressure|| Pulmonary pressurei| Pulmonary edema* In contrast, diuretic action of Furosemide is responsible for symptomatic improveml in chronic heart failure.* Other drugs used for acute pulmonary edema1. Morphine | is a transient venodilator that reduces preload while relieving dysnea and anxiety.2. Nitrates - Act by decreasing preload and L. V. filling pressure.3. ACE inhibitors - Act by reducing both afterload and preload.* Recommended in hypertensive patients.4. Recombinant BNP (Nesiritide) - Acts by reducing preload and afterload.5. Inotropic agents (Dopamine, dobutamine, milirinone)* They act by stimulating cardiac contractility.* They are indicated in patients with acute pulmonary edema with severe left ventricular dysfunction.6.Digitalis glycosides* Once a mainstay of treatment because of their inotropic action, digitalis glycosides are rarely used at present.* However, they may be useful for control of ventricular rate in patients with rapid atrial fibrillation or flutter and LV dysfunction, since they do not have negative inotropic effects of other drugs that inhibit AV node conuction. | Pharmacology | Diuretic | [
"spironolactone",
"furosemide"
] | 49,082 |
2e1eaed6-f949-4b98-820e-b2af653288a0 | Syringes and glassware are sterilized by? | Irradiation | Autoclave | Hot air oven | Glutaraldehyde | 2c
| single | Hot air oven REF: Ananthnarayan 8th e p. 35 Procedures of sterilization of some impoant materials Glasswares, syringes, petridishes, test tubes, flasks, surgical instruments, oily fluids and powders Hot air oven Serum, body fluids, bacterial vaccines Waterbath , vaccine bath Milk Pasteurization at 63deg c x 30 mins or 72deg c x 20 mins Cystoscope and endoscope Glutaraldehyde (cidex) or ethylene oxide Most culture media Autoclaving Culture media containing egg, serum, sugar Tyndallisation Rubber, plastic, polythene tubes, disposable syringes Glutaraldehyde , ethylene oxide gas Dressings, aprons, gloves, catheters, surgical instruments except sharps Autoclaving Sharps 5% cresol Suture material except cat gut Autoclaving Catgut Radiation Rubber or plastic disposable goods, disposable syringes, bone and soft tissue grafts, dressings Radiation Faeces, urine, vomitus, sputum Bleaching powder, cresol, formalin, burning, autoclaving, boiling Sterlisation of operation theatre Formaldehyde Wards and laboratory or operation theatre floor space Formaldehyde gas or cresol Skin Tincture iodine, spirit (70% ethanol ), savlon | Surgery | null | [
"glutaraldehyde"
] | 49,099 |
f9e02e89-e8ca-4c35-bc36-d6653ac50db2 | Drug of choice for poisoning with Amanita muscaria | Atropine | Physostigmine | Diazepam | Pencillin | 2c
| single | Amanita muscaria signs and symptoms are mainly related to anxiety and insomnia which can be treated best with benzodiazepines like diazepam Atropine is contraindicated but for amanita inocybe poisoning atropine is drug of choice Ref: KDT 6th ed pg 98 | Pharmacology | Autonomic nervous system | [
"atropine",
"physostigmine",
"diazepam"
] | 49,113 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.