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751191b9-0364-49c7-9c39-971ad9bf3f6d | Drug of choice for prophylaxis of TB is?(DNB 2012-section-1) | Rifampicin | Isoniazid | Pyrizinamide | Streptomycin | 1b
| single | Ans. (b) IsoniazidRef .KDT 6/e / 740-743 | Pharmacology | D.O.C | [
"isoniazid"
] | 52,158 |
56c7678e-a2d0-4abb-9f14-7084e256af77 | Use of morphine should be avoided in all of the following patients EXCEPT ? | Ischemic heart disease patients | Bronchial asthma patients | Elderly male patients | Biliary colic patients | 0a
| multi | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"morphine"
] | 52,182 |
37a83689-4760-431c-a7f5-763661bbf9f5 | The following drugs have significant drug interaction with digoxin, except - | Cholestyramine | Thiazide diuretics | Quinidine | Amlodipine | 3d
| multi | Ans. is `d' i.e., Amlodipine Diuretics, amphotericin B' and coicosteroids cause hypokalemia can precipitate digitalis induced arrhythmias. Quinidine reduces binding of digoxin to tissue proteins as well as its renal and biliary clearance T Plasma concentration of digoxin toxicity can occur. Cholestyramine, sucralfate, neomycin, sulfasalazine, antacids and kaolin-pectin reduce absorption of digoxin. | Pharmacology | null | [
"digoxin",
"quinidine",
"amlodipine"
] | 52,184 |
1c5ae3ac-31c2-46a3-9a5a-39d4e826001d | The following angiotensin conveing enzyme inhibi tor can reduce cardiac contractility | Captopril | Lisinopril | Enalapril | Perindopril | 1b
| single | Lisinopril:- It is the lysine derivative of enalaprilat; does not require hydrolysis to become active ACE inhibitor. Pharmacokinetics:- Its oral absorption is slow (making first dose hypotension less likely) and incomplete, but unaffected by food. The duration of action is considerably longer, permitting single daily dose and ensuring uniform hypotensive action round the clock. A reduction in venous return, cardiac contractility and cardiac output has been noted after few weeks of lisinopril use. Ref:- kd tripathi; pg num:-503 | Pharmacology | Cardiovascular system | [
"captopril",
"lisinopril",
"enalapril"
] | 52,189 |
8ef2c761-5a43-4694-ad75-02db6d583a66 | Conventional drug used in the treatment of delirium is? | Haloperidol | Lithium | SSRIs | Morphine | 0a
| single | Ans. A. HaloperidolDrugs used for delirium:Typical antipsychotics: - Haloperidol (Doc), Thioridazine, chlorpromazine.Atypical antipsychotics: - Risperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine.Benzndiazepines (for delirium tremens): - Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam, Lorazepam, Clonazepam. | Psychiatry | null | [
"morphine"
] | 52,199 |
6f1f13d9-9f3a-4880-a976-ede84c5625ea | Drug of choice for bipolar syndrome: | Lithium | Imipramine | Phenytoin | Clozapine | 0a
| single | Ans. A. LithiumLithium is mood stabilizer which is drug of choice for bipolar syndrome. It has narrow therapeutic index. (8-1.2ng/dl). It is known to cause tremor, nephrotoxicity, hypothyroidism and Ebstein anomaly. Other drugs like SSRI, valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine can also be given in bipolar disease. | Pharmacology | C.N.S | [
"clozapine",
"phenytoin",
"imipramine"
] | 52,207 |
36de0c07-4cd6-4a13-8d5b-778d0a71dafc | Best treatment for a patient with first-degree hea block who presented with complaints of dizziness | Atropine | Isoprenaline | Adrenaline | Pacemaker | 3d
| single | In general, no treatment is indicated for asymptomatic isolated first-degree atrioventricular (AV) hea block. For patients with marked first-degree AV block (PR interval > 300 msec), however, several uncontrolled trials have demonstrated symptomatic improvement with placement of a dual-chamber pacemaker, though there is little evidence suggesting improved survival. in patients with severe bradycardia or those with the possibility of progression to higher-degree AV block, medications (eg, atropine, isoproterenol) can be used in anticipation of inseion of a cardiac pacemaker. Ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 455 | Medicine | C.V.S | [
"atropine"
] | 52,214 |
b9193538-52ae-432c-955b-625c9d64cbe1 | Naloxone for opioid receptor acts as: | Pure agonist | Pure antagonist | Paial agonist | Agonist antagonist | 1b
| single | Naloxone is a pure antagonist and is preferred over older weak agonist-antagonist agents that had been used primarily as antagonists, eg, nalorphine and levallorphan. Ref: Katzung, 11th edition, Chapter 31. | Pharmacology | null | [
"naloxone"
] | 52,217 |
ad4d2590-1991-459f-8bc5-6bbbc7d1b8d3 | A 42-year-old male has fatigue, pale skin, and shortness of breath with exercise. Blood test shows a macrocytic, hyperchromic anemia with hyper-segmented neutrophils and normal folate levels. The patient has been taking omeprazole for over 3 years to treat gastric reflux disease. One method to treat this patient is to do which one of the following? | Give injections of vitamin B6 | Give injections of intrinsic factor | Give injections of vitamin B12 | Give oral folic acid | 2c
| single | The patient is displaying megaloblastic anemia caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 . The use of omeprazole to reduce acid production in the stomach also reduces the ability of B12 , bound to ingested proteins, to be released by the proteins to be bound by intrinsic factor for effective absorption into the blood. Providing injections of B12 will bypass the need for separation of B12 from its binding proteins and will allow B12 to circulate throughout the body and reach its intracellular targets and proteins. Oral B12 would also work under these conditions. The patient is unlikely to have an intrinsic factor problem (owing to his age), and intrinsic factor cannot be given orally or via injection (because it needs to work in the intestine). For lack of intrinsic factor, injections of B12 are also required. The patient has normal folate levels, so giving more folate will not help the anemia, and vitamin B6 is not involved in these reactions. | Biochemistry | Proteins and Amino Acids | [
"omeprazole"
] | 52,232 |
d1a0afd3-2c44-473d-81d0-fe7c6b1369c1 | Omeprazole is a | Antihistamine | Proton pump inhibitor | Ulcer protective | Ulcer healing drug | 1b
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"omeprazole"
] | 52,239 |
74c3b9bd-50d5-40ad-8232-8de4701e369a | Drug of choice for delirium tremens is | Acamprosate | Barbiturates | Benzodiazepines | Naltrexone | 2c
| single | Alcohol Withdrawal: * when there is Cessation of (or reduction in) alcohol use that has been heavy and prolonged. Two (or more) of the following, develop increased hand tremor insomnia Anxiety grand mal seizures nausea vomiting psychomotor agitation hallucinations or illusions transient visual, tactile,auditory autonomic hyperactivity The classic sign of alcohol withdrawal is tremulousness Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium(Delirium Tremens*): alcohol intoxication/withdrawal is associated with agitated confusion, tactile or visual hallucinations, delusions, seizures. *Rum Fits -During withdrawal causes one or several grand mal convulsions. Treatment of delirium tremens: benzodiazepines, antipsychotic agents(haloperidol). Reference: P.396 397 chap 12.2 - Alcohol-Related DisordersSuicide Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry, 10th Edition | Psychiatry | All India exam | [
"naltrexone"
] | 52,250 |
756376b0-5afd-4568-a369-0f018c9e091c | Mycoplasma pneumonia is characterised by all except? | Diagnosed by serum cold antibody | Treatment is erythromycin | Cannot be cultured from sputum | Raised ESR | 2c
| multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Can not be cultured from sputum . Laboratory diagnosis of mycoplasmal primary atypical pneumonia may be established either by isolation of the mycoplasma or by serological methods. . Mycoplasma can be cultured in fluid or solid media. A widely used isolation medium is PPLO broth. . Specimens are : Throat swabs 3. Inflammatory exudates Sputum 4. Respiratory secretions Treatment of Mycoplasma pneumonia About other options . In a patient with a compatible clinical picture, a cold agglutinin titre of 1 : 32 suppos the diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumonia. . Cold agglutinins are nonspecific but develop within the first 7 to 10 days. . The test can also be performed at the bedside. . ESR, may be raised in 50% of the patients. | Microbiology | null | [
"erythromycin"
] | 52,251 |
71b05007-23ca-43bf-a383-4484b1e0024a | Streptokinase and Urokinase are contraindicated in: | Intracranial malignancy | Pulmonary Embolism | AV fistula | Thrombophlebitis | 0a
| single | Answer is A (Intracranial malignancy) Malignant Intracranial Neoplasm is an absolute contraindication for Thrombolysis (Streptokinase / Urokinase). Contraindications and Cautions for Fibrinolytic Use in STEMI: Absolute Contraindications Relative Contraindications * Any prior intracranial hemorrhage * History of chronic severe poorly controlled hypeension * Known structural cerebral vascular lesion * Severe uncontrolled hypeension on presentation (e.g., aeriovenous malformation) (SBP > 180 Hg or DBP > 110 Hg) * Known malignant intracranial neoplasm * History of prior ischemic stroke > 3 months, dementia, or known (primary or metastatic) intracranial pathology not covered in contraindications * Ischemic stroke within 3 months * Traumatic or prolonged (>10 min) CPR or major surgery (<3 wk) (Except acute inschemic stroke within 3 hr.) * Recent (within 2-4 week) internal bleeding * Suspected aoic dissection * Non compressible vascular punctures * Active bleeding diathesis (excluding menses) * For streptokinase/anistreplase: prior exposure (>5 days ago) or * Significant closed head or facial trauma within 3 mo. prior allergic reaction to these agents * Pregnancy * Active peptic, ulcer * Current use of anticoagulants (the higher the INR, the higher the risk of bleeding) | Medicine | null | [
"streptokinase"
] | 52,252 |
0ab2ef48-849b-49f0-9854-04e749887a25 | Glucose fever is related with which hormone? | Glucagon | Parathyroid | Growth Hormone | Aldosterone | 3d
| single | Hypoglycemia in Addison disease is managed with hydrocoisone/dexamethasone. Administration of I.V. glucose in Addison leads to development of fever and is called as Glucose fever. The etiology however remains unknown. | Medicine | Disorders of Adrenal Gland | [
"glucagon"
] | 52,274 |
59dd6024-dca2-4ec1-a3ca-e26839c18328 | Which of the following statements about Mycophenolate Mofetil is not true: | Most common adverse effect is Nephrotoxicity | Used in Transplant Rejection | It is a prodrug and conveed to Mycophenolic acid | Is not used with Azathioprine | 0a
| multi | Most prominent adverse effect associated with mycophenolate mofetil are vomiting, diarrhea and leucopenia. Nephrotoxicity is not associated with its use. Ref: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology By KD Tripathi, 5th Edition, Page 789; KDT 6th Edition, Page 841; Goodman And Gillman's Manual of Pharmacology, 2007, Page 916. | Pharmacology | null | [
"azathioprine"
] | 52,277 |
04f0c9fb-420c-4c78-bf76-7b6696882fb2 | Lofexidine has been approved recently for the withdrawal of | Alcohol | Morphine | Cocaine | Cannabis | 1b
| single | Lofexidine is a first nonopioid approved for the mitigation of withdrawal symptoms to facilitate abrupt discontinuation of opioids in adults. While Lofexidine may lessen the severity of withdrawal symptoms, it may not completely prevent them and is only approved for treatment for up to 14 days. | Pharmacology | All India exam | [
"morphine"
] | 52,279 |
3a73c56c-c7cf-479b-8a96-dadaec815e85 | Thick pus of streptococci is conveed thin by enzyme - | DNAase | Streptokinase | RNAase | C5a peptidase | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e.,DNAase Deoxyribonuclease (DNAase) of streptococcus is also called as streptodornase.They cause depolymerization of DNA. They liquefy highly viscous DNA that accumulates in thick pus.This is responsible for the thin serous character of streptococcal exudates. | Microbiology | null | [
"streptokinase"
] | 52,280 |
1759b7f4-7d65-41fc-8bba-a181a952c2f0 | A HIV infected patient develops multibacillary leprosy. What is the recommended treatment? | No anti leprosy drug should be given | Rifampicin, dapsone and clofazimine | Rifampicin and dapsone | Rifampicin only | 1b
| single | Multi drug therapy for leprosy is not contraindicated in HIV infection. WHO recommends the following drugs for treatment of multibacillary leprosy Rifampicin: 600 mg once monthly Dapsone: 100 mg daily Clofazimine: 300 mg once monthly supervised; and 50 mg daily, self administered. Ref: Park 21st edition, page 297. | Social & Preventive Medicine | null | [
"clofazimine",
"dapsone"
] | 52,285 |
36e1e626-3b23-4b05-95d4-8e0b40de2ada | A patient presented in emergency with tachycardia,hypehermia,bronchial dilation and constipation.The person is likely to be suffering from overdose of | Atropine | organophosphorus compound | Mushroom | Paracetamol | 0a
| single | Ref:KD Tripathi pharmacology 7th edition (page.no: 114,115) Actions of Muscarinic antagonist (atropine) CNS stimulation CVS: the prominent effect is tachycardia by abbretes refractory period of AV node and facilitate AV conduction Gland; decrease salivary, tracheobronchial and lacrimatory secretion, gastric secretions Smooth muscle: decrease tone and contraction, bronchodilatation, constipation Eye; mydriasis by contraction of longitudinal ciliary muscle Rise in body temperature (hypehermia) | Pharmacology | Autonomic nervous system | [
"paracetamol",
"atropine"
] | 52,299 |
07bc934e-bd34-4161-b874-a5a8206af08b | Methadone is used in the management of opioid addiction because: | Its analgesic activity is less than that of morphine | It is an opioid receptor antagonist | It is not addictive | It is longer acting and causes milder withdrawal symptoms | 3d
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"morphine",
"methadone"
] | 52,319 |
f51b7d52-7bcc-4a89-9730-5f0154303f81 | Intra ocular pressure rises in | Intubation & laryngoscopy | LMA | Infusion of IV propofol | Bag and mask ventilation | 0a
| single | Laryngoscopy and intubation of trachea can dramatically increase intraocular pressure to a value as high as 40mm Hg.Administration of intravenous lignocaine prior to intubation has been found to prevent an increase in IOPIOP changes with LMA inseion are less than those following tracheal intubation.(Refer: Morgan and Mikhail's Clinical Anaesthesiology, 5th edition, pg no 325-331) | Anaesthesia | All India exam | [
"propofol"
] | 52,330 |
1c47c1b7-dc1c-486c-9ab0-bbb9f0670036 | Econazole is useful for the treatment of all except | Tinea corporis | Histoplasma capsulatum | Cutaneous candidiasis | Tinea pedis | 1b
| multi | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Histoplasma capsulatum o Econazole is used only topically for dermatophytosis and Candida infection,o It is not used systemicaliy for deep infections,AZOLESo Azoles (imidazoles and triazoles) have broad spectrum antifungal activity, covering dermatophytes, Candida, other fungi involved in deep mycosis (except mucor). nocardia. some gram positive and anaerobic bacteria, e.g. staph aureus, strep fecalis. bac fragilis and leishmania.o Azoles are presently the most extensively used antifungal drugs.o Amongst imidazoles, ketoconazole is used systemicaliy as well as topically, while other four (clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole, oxiconazole) are used only topically,o Triazoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, variconazole) are used only systemicaliy.o Azoles act by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis.o Ketoconazole decreases androgen production from testis and it displaces testosterone from protein binding sites - gynaecomastia, loss of libido and hair, oligozoospermia.o Ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole inhibit CYP3AY - dangerous arrhythmias with terfenadine. Astemizole and cisapride. Fluconazole causes ventricular tachycardia with cisapride (relatively safe),o Amongst azoles, fluconazole has best penetration into CSF - Preferred azole for cryptococcal meningitis.o Voriconazole has the widest spectrum, it is the DOC for invasive aspergillosis.o The specific side effects of voriconazole are visual disturbances like blurred vision, photophobia & altered color perception.o Posaconazole is the only azole active against mucormycosis. | Pharmacology | Anti Microbial | [
"econazole"
] | 52,332 |
d5a3e1bf-dad2-490e-93b0-3fda378c199e | Drugs used in management of migraine include the following except? | Valproate | Ethosuximide | Topiramate | Verapamil | 1b
| multi | *Drugs that have been approved by the FDA for prophylactic treatment of migraine are propranolol,timolol,valproate,topiramate and methysergid Ref Harrison20th edition pg 2134 | Medicine | C.N.S | [
"valproate",
"topiramate",
"verapamil"
] | 52,342 |
31fb6247-f0ce-4b66-b2aa-442c25bd609d | Which of the follwing statements regarding drugs used in leprosy is FALSE? | Single intramuscular injections of acedapsone maintain inhibitory levels of dapsone in tissues for upto 3 months | Monthly doses of rifampicin delay the emergence of resistance to dapsone | Clofazimine should not be given to patients who are intolerant to dapsone or who fail to improve during treatment with dapsone | Clofazimine may cause changes in the skin colour | 2c
| multi | (Ref: KDT 6/e p752, 753) Acedapsone is a repository form od dapsone. Single i,m. injection of acedapsone keep on releasing the drug for 3 months. Rifampicin is used once in a month (supervised dose) for the treatment of leprosy. It prevents the emergence of resistance to dapose. Clofazimine can result in skin pigmentation, disclolouration of secretions and dryness of skin (icthyosis). Clofazimine has no cross-allergenicity with dapsone. | Pharmacology | Other topics and Adverse effects | [
"clofazimine",
"dapsone"
] | 52,343 |
c64a64a5-58a0-47db-8d33-f710f1d6ab4c | Treatment of nodulocystic acne ? | Erythromycin | Isoretinonine | Tetracycline | Steroids | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Isoretinonine | Skin | null | [
"erythromycin",
"tetracycline"
] | 52,345 |
7fe9f604-bd31-4fc2-877c-a36a8d079a20 | Antihypertensive which can be used in patients with gout and diabetes mellitus is: | Thiazide | Enalapril | Propranolol | Diazoxide | 1b
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"propranolol",
"enalapril"
] | 52,346 |
970502ed-a609-454f-8909-1c940b7e32b5 | Pure opiate antagonists are all of the following except: | Naloxone | Nalorphine | Nalmefene | Naltrexone | 1b
| multi | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"naloxone",
"naltrexone"
] | 52,364 |
4e69e2fa-5e8c-493e-a4ef-656cd46a342b | Which of the following antihypertensives causes sedation: | Clonidine | Hydralazine | Losartan | Amlodipine | 0a
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"losartan",
"hydralazine",
"amlodipine",
"clonidine"
] | 52,392 |
90a7ef9f-f44d-4573-8ddd-58b0619b2341 | A six year old child is posted for elective urology surgery under general anaesthesia. He refuses to allow the anaesthesiologist an I.V. access. The best inhalational agent of choice for induction of anaesthesia is – | Sevoflurane | Methoxyflurane | Desflurane | Isoflurane | 0a
| multi | Unlike desflurane, sevoflurane poses no problem in induction, acceptability is good even in pediatric patients.
Therefore, sevoflurane is the inhalational agent of choice for induction. | Anaesthesia | null | [
"methoxyflurane",
"isoflurane",
"sevoflurane",
"desflurane"
] | 52,398 |
16d149e1-ad4e-43e2-a60b-4372c64654f3 | Anesthetic agent causing bradycardia is? | Gallamine | Vecuronium | Ketamine | Morphine | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Morphine * Bradycardia is caused by - Succinylcholine, propofol, opioids anaesthetics (Morphine, fentanyl and its cogneres).* Tachycardia is caused by - Gallamine, Pancuronium, Rocuronium, Ketamine, Thiopentone, Methohexitone. | Anaesthesia | Complications Of Anaesthesia | [
"ketamine",
"vecuronium",
"morphine",
"gallamine"
] | 52,407 |
bf23a5f8-08e9-472f-bc4b-93ea7e8a7cd1 | Action of scoline is potentiated by– | Nitrous oxide | Sevoflurane | Isoflurane | Halothane | 0a
| single | The mean dose of scoline producing 95% blockade (ED95) at the adductor pollicis is 0.30 - 0.35 mg/kg with opioid-nitrous oxide anesthesia. In the absence of nitrous oxide, the ED 95 is increased to 0.5 mg/kg. | Anaesthesia | null | [
"isoflurane",
"sevoflurane",
"halothane"
] | 52,415 |
0cb3d22c-3387-4801-a2f4-aba698132e76 | Following are seen in polycythemia vera except: September 2011 | Most common cause of polycythemia | Increased erythropoietin | Erythropoietin independent growth of red cell progenitors | Intrinsic abnormality of hematopoietic precursors | 1b
| multi | Ans. B: Increased erythropoietin The combination of iron deficiency anemia, glossitis and esophageal dysphagia usually related to the webs is known as the Plummer Vinson syndrome or Paterson Kelly syndrome. Plummer-Vinson syndrome/PVS/Paterson-Brown-Kelly syndrome/sideropenic dysphagia It presents as a triad of dysphagia (due to esophageal webs), glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia. In primary polycythemia, there may be 8 to 9 million and occasionally 11 million erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of blood (a normal range for adults is 4-6), and the hematocrit may be as high as 70 to 80%. In addition, the total blood volume sometimes increases to as much as twice normal. | Pathology | null | [
"erythropoietin"
] | 52,420 |
4c5bd1f9-f533-433f-b893-6778e8fe43cb | Which of the following drug toxicity can be seen in Crigler Najjar syndrome? | Tenofovir | Zidovudine | Atazanavir | Nevirapine | 2c
| single | Ans. C. Atazanavira. In Crigler-Najjar syndrome there is a deficiency/absence of glucuronyl transferase and hence there can be toxicity of drugs metabolized by glucuronidation.b. Drugs metabolized by glucuronidation with established toxicity in case of Crigler-Najjar syndrome are irinotecan and atazanavir | Pharmacology | Anti Microbial | [
"nevirapine",
"zidovudine"
] | 52,439 |
02f2b583-4f12-4e8d-bb25-d5ce0b7cbecf | Mechanism of action of Montelukast is: | Inhibition of leukotriene production | Inhibits alpha receptors | Beta receptor agonist | Phosphodiesterase inhibition | 0a
| single | Inhibition of leukotriene production | Pharmacology | null | [
"montelukast"
] | 52,449 |
d68a241d-3587-4620-85da-22e77e9265a7 | Which of the following is not used in acute gout - | Allopurinol | NSAIDs | Corticosteroid | Colchicine | 0a
| multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Allopurinol o NSAIDs are the drug of choice for acute gout -They are prefered over colchicine because they are better toleratedo Indomethacin is often chosen because of its strong anti-inflammatory action and efficacy. - Laurence 9th/e 297Drugs used in acute gouti) NSAIDs - Drug of choiceii) Colchicineiii) Corticosteroidso Allopurinol and uricosuric drugs (sulfinpyrazone, probenacid) are not effective in acute gout because they will not relieve symptoms as they dont have antiinflammatory property. | Pharmacology | Adverse Drug Effect | [
"allopurinol",
"colchicine"
] | 52,460 |
b64c11f6-c0a2-4507-a6b7-860708d2ae1b | All of the following drugs are used for the treatment of congestive hea failure except | Nitroglycerin | Spironolactone | Nesiritide | Trimetazidine | 3d
| multi | Ref-CMDT-2010/362-364 Trimetazidine Is a paially fatty acid oxidation inhibitor used for angina pectoris | Pharmacology | Cardiovascular system | [
"nesiritide",
"nitroglycerin",
"spironolactone"
] | 52,478 |
8a462ef2-e05f-4e44-8a72-65ba85431104 | A 25yr old women with myoclonic seizures is well controlled on valproate. she indicates that she is intrested in conceiving in next year. With respect to her antiepileptic medication, wof should be considered | Leave her on current therapy | Switch to lamotrigine | Decrease valproate dose | None of the above | 1b
| multi | Lamotrigine Mech of action:- Lamotrigine is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic. It modifies maximal electric shock and decreases electrically evoked as well as photic after-discharge duration. Prolongation of Na+ channel inactivation and suppression of high frequency firing has been demonstrated. In addition, it may directly block voltage sensitive Na+ channels, thus stabilizing the presynaptic membrane and preventing release of excitatory neurotransmitters, mainly glutamate and aspaate. This may account for its broader-spectrum of antiseizure efficacy. uses:- Absence and myoclonic or akinetic epi-lepsy cases have also been successfully treated. Reduction in seizure frequency or complete control is obtained as frequently as with carbamazepine. Pharmacokinetics:- Lamotrigine is well absorbed orally and metabolized completely in liver. Its t 1/2 is 24 hr, but is reduced to ~16 hr in patients receiving phenytoin, carbamazepine or phenobarbitone. On the contrary valproate inhibits glucuronidation of lamotrigine and doubles its blood level, but valproate levels are lowered by lamotrigine. Reduce the dose of lamotrigine to half in patients taking valproate. However, metabolism of other anticonvulsants and oral contraceptives is not altered. Ref:- kd tripathi;pg num:-419 | Pharmacology | Central Nervous system | [
"valproate",
"lamotrigine"
] | 52,482 |
bf3af056-e137-4660-a223-39787608a5f1 | A 35-year-old pregnant female at 40 weeks gestational age presents with pain and regular uterine contractions every 4-5 min. ON arrival, the patient is in a lot of pain and requesting relief immediately. Her cervix is 5 cms dilated. What is the most appropriate method of pain control for this patient? | Intramuscular morphine | Pudendal block | Local block | Epidural block | 3d
| single | When complete relief of pain is needed throughout labor, epidural analgesia is safest and simplest. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | [
"morphine"
] | 52,488 |
a4aee9a2-585c-4ab2-a860-47793c8af23d | A two year old boy presents with fever for 3 days which responded to administration of paracetamol. Three days later he developed acute renal failure, marked acidosis and encephalopathy. His urine showed plenty of oxalate crystals. The blood anion gap and osmolal gap were increased. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis ? | Paracetamol poisoning | Diethy glycol poisoning | Severe malaria | Hanta virus infection | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Diethyl glycol poisoning ETHYLENE GLYCOL POISONING Ethylene glycol is metabolized by Alcohol dehydrogenate in the liver to - Glycoaldehyde Glyoxalic acid --> Oxalic acid o Toxicity is caused by oxalic acid o Toxicity occurs in 3 stages Early symptoms (1-12 hr) - Gastric irritation, nausea, Vomitting, drowsiness, metabolic acidosis begins to develop. Symptoms at 12-24 hours - Cardiac dysrrhythmia, muscle pain, tetany due to hypocalcemia which occur due to binding and calcium with oxalic acid. Later stage (After 24 hrs) - Cardiac failure, seizure, cerebral edema and renal failure. Renal failure is caused due to deposition of calcium oxalate crystal in renal tubules. Calcium oxalate crystals are commonly seen in urine on microscopy. Management - Intravenous sodium bicarbonate at doses of 1-2 mEq/Kg. Ethanol and/or Fomepizole to inhibit metabolism of ethylene glycol. Hemodialysis effectively removes ethylene glycol. | Pediatrics | null | [
"paracetamol"
] | 52,512 |
7190bd00-c8af-4a69-a6c6-4a50f2c330fc | Which of the following is the drug of choice for OCD? | Haloperidol | Clozapine | Doxapine | Clomipramine | 3d
| single | Two approaches which are indicated in the treatment of OCD are use of SSRIs and Cognitive behavioral therapy. Drugs which are approved for the treatment of OCD are clomipramine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and sealine. Reference: Current Diagnosis and Treatment : Psychiatry 2nd edition chapter 18. | Psychiatry | null | [
"clozapine",
"clomipramine"
] | 52,530 |
f268eb43-13db-4e34-a0ab-e3fc70ad88ee | All of the following statement about vincristine are true except | It is cell cyclic specific and kills cells in the S phase | Its toxicity primarily affects bone marrow and epithelial structure | Folic acid reverses its toxic effects | It is a drug of choice for choriocarcinoma | 3d
| multi | Ref-KDT 6/e 824,825 Vincristine is a vinca allkaloid. It acts in M-phase of cell cycle by inhibiting the formation of spindle. It is a marrow sparing drug and causes peripheral neuropathy as a prominent adverse effect. It is used for the treatment of hematological malignancies like Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemias.It is ineffective against solid tumors. | Anatomy | Other topics and Adverse effects | [
"vincristine"
] | 52,533 |
336df744-3780-43ad-be20-b4140eea5d2f | Which drug has ceiling effect - | Morphine | Pethidine | Fentanyl | Buprenorphine | 3d
| single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Buprenorphine Ceiling effects o A paicular effect of drug increases with increasing the dose of drug. However, with some opioids (paicularly agonist-antagonist) when the ceiling (roof) is reached fuher increment in dose not result in increase in effect. Ceiling effect is paicularly seen on respiratory depression, i.e., higher doses do not produce fuher respiratory depression. | Pharmacology | null | [
"morphine",
"pethidine",
"fentanyl"
] | 52,535 |
fcefe08e-dd55-4f2f-93c6-78bb849a32b3 | Which of the following increases cerebral oxygen consumption: | Propofo | Ketamine | Thiopentone | Alfentantanil | 1b
| single | Ketamine | Anaesthesia | null | [
"ketamine"
] | 52,540 |
d2f0585b-8681-4de8-9017-16f35b567833 | A 50-year-old woman with SLE presents to the emergency depament with complaints of headache and fatigue. Her past manifestations of SLE have been ahralgias, haemolytic anaemia, malar rash, and mouth ulcers, and she is known to have high titres of antibodies to dsDNA. She currently is taking prednisone, 5 mg daily, and hydroxychloroquine, 200 mg daily. On examination, she is found to have a BP 190/110 mmHg with a HR 98 bpm. A urinalysis shows 25 RBCs per HPF with 2+ proteinuria. No RBC casts are identified. Her BUN is 90 mg/dL, and creatinine is 2.8 mg/dL (baseline 0.8 mg/dL). She has not previously had renal disease related to SLE and is not taking NSAIDs. She denies any recent illness, decreased oral intake, or diarrhoea. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient? | Initiate cyclophosphamide, 500 mg/m2 body surface area intravenously (IV), and plan to repeat monthly for 3-6 months. | Initiate haemodialysis. | Initiate high-dose steroid therapy (IV methylprednisolone, 1000 mg daily for 3 doses, followed by oral prednisone, 1 mg/kg daily) and mycophenolate mofetil, 2 g daily. | Initiate plasmapheresis | 2c
| multi | This patient is presenting with acute lupus nephritis. It is Immune complex mediated disease. M/C/C of death in patients of SLE. The urinalysis shows evidence of active nephritis with hematuria and proteinuria. Even in the absence of red blood cell (RBC) casts, therapy should not be withheld to await biopsy results. Factors Governing progression to Lupus Nephritis: Increased Progression Decreased Progression Hypeension Proteinuria Increase dsDNA titer Low C3 complement Thrombocytopenia 1. Anti RO antibody 2. Anti LA antibody The mainstay of treatment for any life-threatening or organ threatening manifestation of SLE is high-dose systemic glucocoicoids. Addition of immunosuppressive agents (cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil) is recommended to treat serious complications of SLE, but their effects are delayed for 3-6 weeks after initiation of therapy, whereas the effects of glucocoicoids begin within 24 hours. Thus, these agents alone should not be used to treat acute serious manifestations of SLE. | Medicine | Systemic Lupus Erythematous | [
"methylprednisolone",
"cyclophosphamide",
"hydroxychloroquine",
"prednisone"
] | 52,541 |
804cab85-65a8-4bca-9c5e-07611d3e1522 | The following statements are related to clear cell carcinoma of the vagina except: | Common to those whose mothers were given diethylstilbestrol during early pregnancy | Vaginal adenosis may progress to this conditions | The middle one-third is the commonest site | May be multicentric and may involve even the cervix as well | 2c
| multi | null | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | [
"diethylstilbestrol"
] | 52,549 |
76778e12-53a4-4596-b94b-ed74dcc318f3 | Extrapyramidal symptoms is best treated with - | Procyclidine | Metochlopramide | Haloperidol | Trihexyphenidyl | 3d
| single | null | Medicine | null | [
"trihexyphenidyl"
] | 52,555 |
5d294d29-1282-4146-ac40-17bbe7221937 | The citric acid cycle is inhibited by which of the following? | Fluoroacetate | Fluorouracil | Arsenic | Aerobic conditions | 0a
| single | Fluoroacetate can be conveed to fluorocitrate, which is an inhibitor of aconitase. Arsenic is not a direct inhibitor, but arsenite is an inhibitor of lipoic acid-containing enzymes such as a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Malonate, not malic acid, is an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. The citric acid cycle requires oxygen and would be inhibited by anaerobic, not aerobic, conditions. Fluorouracil is a suicide inhibitor of thymidylate synthase and blocks deoxythymidylate synthesis. Ref: Bender D.A., Mayes P.A. (2011). Chapter 17. The Citric Acid Cycle: The Catabolism of Acetyl-CoA. In D.A. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.A. Weil, P.J. Kennelly, R.K. Murray, V.W. Rodwell (Eds), Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 29e. | Biochemistry | null | [
"fluorouracil"
] | 52,580 |
c7129d54-de4b-43d8-809e-fa942cf13360 | The best possible intervention for acute myocardial infarction is: | Streptokinase | Streptokinase and aspirin | Early primary coronary intervention | Streptokinase and heparin | 2c
| single | Answer is C (Early Primary coronary intervention) Streptokinose (Thrombolysis) is a form of Reperfusion therapy that is indicated for only ST Elevation MI (STEM). Its use is contraindicated in cases of Non ST Elevation MI (NSTEMI) Early Primary Coronary Intervention (Early PCI) can be used as a form of Reperfusion therapy for both STEM! and NSTEMI. Early Primary Caronary Intervention is therefore the single best answer of choice amongst the options provided. | Medicine | null | [
"streptokinase"
] | 52,581 |
56e3b418-173b-47bf-a6dd-40864f1c17cd | All are true about warfarin except | It inhibits the activation of vitamin K dependent clotting factors | It's half life is 36hrs | It can cross placenta | It's dose is increased in liver disease | 3d
| multi | Refer Katzung 11/e p595 Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the gamma carboxylation of glutamate residues in vitamin K dependent clotting factors It has a long half life It readily crosses the placenta Liver disease reduces the synthesis of clotting factors thus increases the effect of warfarin | Pharmacology | Respiratory system | [
"warfarin"
] | 52,600 |
ab7df08f-27ac-4aa2-996a-33fe4c8224ee | Cardiomyopathy is caused by which monoclonal antibody? | Trastuzumab | Infliximab | Eternacept | Adalimumab | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Trastuzumab o Trastuzumab, a HER2/neu receptor blocker and is used in breast carcinoma causes dilated cardiomyopathy. | Pharmacology | null | [
"infliximab"
] | 52,605 |
203dc3a8-f9ec-4cc3-9ec0-88a9a8a06fdd | After staing your patient on imipramine, his hea rate rises to 120/min and he has blurred vision. These effects can be explained by the fact imipramine: | Is a muscarinic antagonist | Potentiates epinephrine | Is a ganglionic blocker | Is a potent a-adrenergic blocker | 0a
| single | (Ref: KDT 6/e p444) These symptoms are of anticholinergic drugs. Tricyclic antidepressants have powerful anticholinergic propeies and can lead to these symptoms. | Anatomy | Other topics and Adverse effects | [
"epinephrine",
"imipramine"
] | 52,606 |
a7a60822-e381-4812-aa0c-52916baeccda | Cetuximab (an EGFR antagonist) can be used in : | Palliation in head and neck cancer | Anal canal carcinoma | Gastric carcinoma | Lung carcinoma | 0a
| multi | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"cetuximab"
] | 52,607 |
4da9bdc1-219a-4c7c-9b00-3fc85feae27f | Antifolate cancer drugs are: (PGI Nov 2009) | Methotrexate | Azathioprine | Cyclosporin | Vincristne | 0a
| single | Ans:A (Methotrexate) Folate AntagonistMethotrexate'-'Trimethoprim4Pyrimethamine4PemetrexedMethotrexate (MTX) It is a folic acid antagonistQ that binds to the active catalytic site of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFRQ, interfering with the synthesis of the reduced form that accepts one-carbon units. Lack of this cofactor interrupts the de novo synthesis of thymidylate, purine nucleotides, and the amino acids serine and methionine, thereby interfering with the formation of DNA, RNA, and key cellular proteins.PemetrexedIt is a pyrrolopyrimidine antifolate analogue'Jwifh activity in the S phase of the cell cycle. As in the case of MTX, it is transported into the cell via the reduced folate carrier and requires activation by the enzyme FPGS to yield higher polyglutamate forms.While this agent targets DHFR and enzymes involved in de novo purine nucleotide synthesis, its main site of action is via inhibition of thymidylate synthase.At present, this anti folate is approved for use in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of mesothelioma - and as a single agent in the second-line therapy of non-small cell lung cancer.Cisplatin# Although the precise mechanism of action of cisplati n is still undefined, it is thought to exert its cytotoxic effects in the same manner as alkylating agents.It kills cells in all stages of the cell cycle, binds DNA through the formation of intrastrand and interstrand cross-links, and inhibits DNA synthesis and function. The primary binding site is the iY7 position of guanine1) but covalent interaction with adenine and cytosine also occursDrug Acting Directly on Cells (Cytotoxic Drugs)1. Alkylating eventsNitrogen mustardQMechlorethamine (Mustine HC])CyclophosphamideQIfosfamideQChlorambucilMelphalanQ# Ethyleninine:Thio-TEPA # Alkyl sulfonate:BusulfanQ# Nitrosoureas:Carmustine (BCNU),Lomustine (CCNU]# Triazine:Dacarbazine (DT1C)2. Antimetabolites#Folate antagonistMethotrexate (Mtx)# Purine antagonist6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP)6-Thioguanine (6-TG)AzathioprineQFludarabineQ# Pyrimidine antagonist5-FlurouracilQ (5-FU),Cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside)3. Vinca alkaloidsVincristine (Oncovin],Vinblastine4. TaxanesQPaclitaxelQDocetaxei5. Epipodophyllo toxinQEtoposideQ6. Camptothecin analoguesTopotecanQIrinotecanQ7. AntibioticsQActinomycin DQ(Dactinomycin)DoxorubicinQDaunorubicinQ (Rubidomycin)Mitoxantrone8. MiscellaneousHydroxyureaQProcarbazine,L-Asparaginase,CisplatinQCarboplatinImatinibQ | Pharmacology | Anti-Neoplastic Agents | [
"methotrexate",
"azathioprine"
] | 52,630 |
3f4be887-9c0c-4ae1-9be6-6ed0470d6d8e | Double base smokeless gun powder contains: AIIMS 12 | Nitrocellulose and nitroguanidine | Potassium nitrate and sulphur | Potassium nitrate and charcoal | Nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin | 3d
| single | Ans. Nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin | Forensic Medicine | null | [
"nitroglycerin"
] | 52,632 |
359ac4ce-2d3e-414a-9ce4-5d19e8787e78 | Least blood gas paition coeficient anesthetic agent: | Desflurane | Nitrous oxide | Halothane | Ether | 0a
| single | A i.e. Desflurane | Anaesthesia | null | [
"halothane",
"desflurane"
] | 52,641 |
cae137a9-8bd1-4e6e-81f7-ed1c86412ccf | The drug being given is | Ethacrydine lactate (0.1%) | 20% mannitol | 50% Urea | Misoprostol | 0a
| single | Ethacridine lactate (0.1%) is used only extra - amniotically. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | General obstetrics | [
"misoprostol",
"mannitol"
] | 52,649 |
0ff7170b-74f3-4b87-9902-bfbc3e3efb7c | Which of the following drug is used in SIADH? | Tolvapatan | Desmopressin | Vwb factor | Terlipressin | 0a
| single | Ans. A. TolvaptanTolvaptan:Vasopressin antagonists.Orally active nonpeptide selective V2 receptor antagonist.Metabolized by CYP3A4 - Not given to patients receiving this isoenzyme inhibitor.Given once daily.t 1/2 : 6-8 hours.Actions:Increases free water clearance by kidney (aquaretic).Corrects lower plasma Na+ levels.Uses:Useful for hyponatremia treatment.Hyponatremia caused by CHF, cirrhosis of liver or syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH).Side effect:Thirst & dry mouth (most frequent).Fever, G.I. upset & hyperglycaemia. | Pharmacology | null | [
"desmopressin"
] | 52,664 |
eafc49e6-c82b-45f8-8f1b-5c8970e2b9e4 | Coarse tremors, polyuria and hypothyroidism are adverse effects of | Lithium | Haloperidol | Imipramine | Valproate | 0a
| single | Bipolar Disorder - Drug of Choice (in general)- Lithium - Drug of Choice (In pregnancy)-Atypical Antipsychotic drugs Lithium L - Leucocyte I - Increase T - Tremors (most common) H - Hypothyroidism I - Increase U - Urine M- Mother (Avoided in pregnancy as it causes Ebstein anomaly in baby i.e. Congenital tricuspid atresia) | Pharmacology | Psychiatric Illness | [
"valproate",
"imipramine"
] | 52,674 |
3da56799-ac8c-4f8f-82c1-96659ad03f61 | Sensory neuropathy is caused by all except- | Lead | Pyridoxine | Cisplatin | Paraneoplastic | 0a
| multi | Harrison's principles of internal medicine * In case of lead ( ninpharmaceutucal toxins) motor involvement and CNS involvement is greater Ref Harrison20th edition pg 2345 | Medicine | C.N.S | [
"cisplatin"
] | 52,678 |
320dba2e-0b2a-4a98-b390-e4272316dd3d | PFOR inhibitor used in angina | Nifedipine | Trimetazidine | Atenolol | Fasudil | 1b
| single | Trimetazidine, ranolazine is paial fatty acid oxidation inhibitors used in angina as they prevent free radicle formation and decrease myocardial oxygen demand. Ref: HL Sharma 3rd ed. | Pharmacology | Cardiovascular system | [
"atenolol",
"nifedipine"
] | 52,712 |
31c5c0f3-9718-4dba-a89d-567e832ca6ed | All of the following are CNS stimulants except? | Amphetamines | Benzodiazepines | Cocaine | Methylphenidate | 1b
| multi | Ans. is `b' i.e., Benzodiazepines CNS stimulants are amphetamine, methylphenidate, atomoxetine, modafinil, cocaine, pemoline and caffeine. | Pharmacology | null | [
"methylphenidate"
] | 52,724 |
843c91f3-a3d6-4e82-a395-28956b2bbbeb | IOC for removascular hypertension | IVP | Captopril induced radio nucleotide scan | Spiral CT | MR angiography | 3d
| single | IOC for Renovascular hypertension - MR angio.
Catopril renal scintigraphy - preferred screening test.
Spiral CT : Most sensitive and specific screening (after angio). | Radiology | null | [
"captopril"
] | 52,725 |
9760cc02-628a-47f5-af02-fc9ede58a71c | Montelukast is | Selective antagonists of leukotrienes receptor | Lipooxygenase inhibitor | H1 antagonist | H3 antagonist | 0a
| single | Montelukast and zafirlukast is selective antagonists of the CysLT1 receptor for leukotrienes. Competetively inhibit the bronchoconstictor effects of leukotrienes. Basic and clinical pharmacology Katzung 13th edition pg 324 | Pharmacology | Respiratory system | [
"montelukast"
] | 52,732 |
600187d1-8f7b-41f4-8571-47412875168a | The anticoagulant of choice for anticoagulation testing is | Heparin | EDTA | Sodium oxalate | 3.2% trisodium citrate | 3d
| single | MOA - Removes calcium Preferred uses - platelets studies, coagulation studies, ESR Advantages - preserves labile coagulation factors | Pathology | General pathology | [
"edta"
] | 52,733 |
bdd7747d-8189-4ddd-be7f-28f03c434620 | An anaesthetic agent with a boiling temperature more than 75°C is: | Ether | Halothane | Cyclopropane | Methoxyflurane | 3d
| single | Boiling point of methoxyflurane is 104.7°C whereas other fluorinated inhalational anesthetics have boiling point between 50°C to 60°c (except desflurane: 22.9°C) | Pharmacology | null | [
"methoxyflurane",
"halothane"
] | 52,764 |
0c845637-ca27-4978-abb6-d4b7bdfd300d | Once weekly administration of which of the following antibiotics has prophylactic activity against bacteraemia caused by M.avium complex in AIDS patient | Azithromycin | Clarithromcycin | Isoniazide | Rifabutin | 0a
| single | (Ref: KDT 6/e p730, 731) The regimen used for the treatment of Mycobacteriun avi complex in AIDS patients is REC (Rifabutin, ethambutol and clarithromycin). These drugs are given once daily. Clarithromycin can be replaced with azithromycin which is long acting and can be administered once a week. | Anatomy | Other topics and Adverse effects | [
"azithromycin"
] | 52,793 |
15c49efb-96e8-4c37-bcfd-3c18eaa68e1b | Treatment of choice for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is: | Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | Erythromycin | Ofloxacin | Tetracycline | 0a
| single | null | Medicine | null | [
"erythromycin",
"ofloxacin",
"tetracycline",
"trimethoprim"
] | 52,825 |
2d000c9d-6200-44a5-831c-9ab92d64000c | All are cholinergic agents except I | Galantamine | Donepezil | Tacrine | Memantine | 3d
| multi | Refer kDT 6/e p 472,473 Donepazil, rivastigmine, gallantamine and tacrine are cholinergic drugs( due to inhibition of cholenesterase enzyme)useful for Alzheimer's disease Memantine is an NMDA blocker, used for Alzheimer's disease | Pharmacology | Autonomic nervous system | [
"donepezil",
"memantine",
"galantamine"
] | 52,842 |
10bf8be5-9484-415a-b2e8-350fba7fa165 | Topical antifungal used in corneal fungal infection - | Silver sulfadiazine | Neomycin | Natamycin | Griseofulvin | 2c
| single | Topical antifungal eyedrops should be used for long period(6-8 weeks),these include:Natamycin,Amphotericin B and either fluconazole or miconazole. Reference:Comprehensive ophthalmology,AK Khurana,6th edition,page no.107 | Ophthalmology | Cornea and sclera | [
"griseofulvin"
] | 52,861 |
cd14d75e-e0f7-4ea5-8a58-713f43094803 | A patient came to the casualty with acute bronchial asthma after treatment for glaucoma. The probable drug may be - | Timolol | Betaxolole | Latanoprost | Anticholinesterase | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Timolol o As you all know b, receptors cause bronchodilatation, blockade of b, mediated bronchodilatation can precipitate bronchospasm and acute attack of asthma. o Timolol is a non-selective b -blocker (blocks pi and b 2 receptors). Therefore, it can precipitate acute attack of asthma. o Betaxolo is also a b -blocker. But it is a cardioselective b -blocker (blocks ft, receptors, not (32). | Pharmacology | null | [
"latanoprost",
"timolol"
] | 52,868 |
cff8c406-625b-4cd8-9554-b9759f9ba7cc | A 25-year old man with a psychotic illness, was treated with haloperidol 30mg/day. On the third day he developed pacing, and inability to sit still at one place. The medication likely to be helpful is: | Phenytoin | Propranolol | Methylphenidate | Trihexyphenedyl | 1b
| single | B i.e. Propranolol | Psychiatry | null | [
"propranolol",
"methylphenidate",
"phenytoin"
] | 52,870 |
7563a252-584d-43d5-ac8c-e76a943503a0 | All of the following statements about treatment of migraine are true, except: | Narotriptan has slower onset and longer t1/2 than sumatriptan | Rizatriptan is more efficacious than sumatriptan | Sumatriptan is a selective 5-HT 1B/1D agonist | Sumatriptan is used for chronic migraine | 3d
| multi | Acute management of a migraine with 5HT1agonist Rizatriptan and eletriptan are the most efficacious of the triptans currently available Triptans are selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists. Sumatriptan used in acute conditions, not for chronic. Ref - Harrison's internal medicine 20e pg 3098 | Medicine | All India exam | [
"rizatriptan",
"sumatriptan"
] | 52,876 |
0cb2cc88-1375-4547-8ed9-b24170de008b | Which of the following drugs inhibit platelet cyclooxygenase reversibly ? | Alprostadil | Aspirin | Ibuprofen | Prednisolone | 2c
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"prednisolone",
"ibuprofen",
"alprostadil"
] | 52,891 |
987aeddc-ddc6-4e52-95ff-720397bf1e07 | Clonidine is indicated in each of the following conditions except | Cardiac arrhythmias | Morphine withdrawal | Migraine | Hypeension | 0a
| multi | Uses of Clonidine As an antihypeensive drug Treatment of neuropathic pain, opioid detoxification, sleep hyperhidrosis, and as a veterinary anesthetic drug. Used in the treatment of Tourette syndrome (specifically for tics) Use of clonidine either as an adjunct to traditional stimulant therapy or as a monotherapy in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Used to ease withdrawal symptoms associated with the long-term use of narcotics, alcohol, and nicotine (smoking). Allete opioid withdrawal symptoms by reducing the sympathetic nervous system response such as tachycardia and hypeensionUsed for migraine headaches and hot flashes associated with menopause.To treat psychiatric disorders including stress, sleep disorders, and hyperarousal caused by post-traumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, and other anxiety disorders.(Refer: Rang and Dale's Clinical Pharmacology, 7th edition, pg no: 182, 597, 276- 277) | Anatomy | All India exam | [
"morphine",
"clonidine"
] | 52,898 |
dedb011b-27a4-46cd-86dd-b8f58bd50a1b | All are antiemetic except ? | Ondansetran | Metoclopramide | Chlorpromazine | Bismuth | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Bismuth Antiemetic drugs Anticholinergics - Hyoscine, Dicyclomine. H1 antihistaminics - Promethazine, cyclizine, Cinnarizine, etc. Neuroleptics (D2 blockers) - Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol, Droperidole etc. Prokinetics drugs - Metoclopramide, Domperidone, cisapride, Mosapride, Tegaserod. 5-HT3 antagonists - Ondansetron, Granisetron. Adjuvant antiemetics - Dexamethasone, BZDs, Cannabinoids, Clonidine & ephedrine. | Pharmacology | null | [
"chlorpromazine",
"metoclopramide"
] | 52,940 |
ea3968a6-01f6-483b-8981-d763c8692a78 | Cyt-P-450 is inhibited by- | Phenobarbitone | Cimetidine | Phenytoin | CCI4 | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Cimetidine | Pharmacology | null | [
"cimetidine",
"phenytoin"
] | 52,944 |
6525dd7a-fe34-4f54-aa76-5a9c7be87157 | A 26-year-old female presents with a rash on the back, elbows, buttocks and knees. The rash began acutely, associated with severe pruritis and burning sensation. Biopsy was done that shows immunofluorescence granular deposition of IgA in the papillary dermis, along the epidermal basement membrane zone and neutrophilic dermatitis within dermal papillae. So, what will be the course of management? | Prednisone 40 mg daily | Gluten-free diet | Dapsone 100 mg daily | 2 and 3 | 3d
| single | Dermatitis herpetiformis is an immunologic skin disease characterized by itchy papulovesicular lesions of the extremities, knees, elbows and buttocks. On immunofluorescence, there is granular deposits of IgA that is found in the papillary dermis and along with the epidermal basement membrane. Majority of these patients have associated gluten-sensitive enteropathy, that may be clinically unrecognized. Patients with DH can be managed by two complementary methods: - Medications: Dapsone (50-200 mg / daily), and it shows remarkable improvement within 1-2 days - Gluten free diet | Medicine | Malabsorbtion Syndrome | [
"prednisone",
"dapsone"
] | 52,949 |
0061269d-0b08-4b9e-a808-1985ffe6d8fc | Initial drug of choice in a child with status epilepticus - | Lorazepam | Phenobarbitone | Valproate | Phenytoin | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lorazepam o Drug used are Lorazepam, Clonazepam, Diazepam, Phenytoin, Phenobarbitone, Thiopentol, Propofol, Midazolam. 0 Lorazepam i.v. is now the preferred initial choice. | Pediatrics | null | [
"valproate",
"lorazepam",
"phenytoin"
] | 52,966 |
88e1c9aa-d957-4602-9e2b-f898a8762b01 | Which of the following drugs is recommended for the treatment of Heparin Induced thrombocytopenia | Abciximab | Lepirudin | Warfarin | Alteplase | 1b
| single | Answer is B (Lepirudin) Lepirudin (direct thrombin inhibitor) is a recommended agent for Heparin induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Currently Recommended Agents for Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia Lepirudin (Direct Thrombin Inhibitor) Argatroban (Direct Thrombin Inhibitor) Danaparoid (Mixture of Non Heparin Glycosaminoglycans) Bivalirudin (Direct thrombin inhibitor) is under evaluation for HIT Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia is an impoant complication / adverse effect of Heparin administration that necessitates use of alternative agents to treat or prevent thrombus formation HIT is usually seen as a complication of the use of unfractionated heparin but may also be seen with the use of LMWH HIT may be non immune mediated (Type I, Mild) or immune mediated due to development of antibodies (Type 2/ Significant) Type I Non immune mediated Benign Mild Thrombocytopenia Heparin Therapy may be continued Type II Immune mediated Severe Significant thrombocytopenia Heparin must be discontinued immediately Heparin Induced thrombocytopenia Type II is a serious form of HIT that can result in serious complications The diagnosis of Immune mediated HIT depends on clinical criteria with confirmation by specific laboratory tests Clinical Criteria for Immune Mediated (Type II) HIT Thrombocytopenia < 150, 000/111 or a 50% decrease from pretreatment values Thrombocytopenia follows heparin exposure by at least 5 days (Time taken to form antibodies) Reasonable exclusion of other clinical causes of thrombocytopenia Onset of new thrombotic event or extension of previous thrombosis Management of HIT (Immune mediated) Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Lepirudin and Argobatran along with Danaparoid are the recommended alternative anticoagulants for patients with Heparin Induced thrombocytopenia. Direct thrombin inhibitors (Lepirudin and Argobatram) are usually preferred but all three drugs are effective anticoagulants and the choice of drug depends on personal experience and patient characteristics like hepatic or renal insufficiency and desired route of administration Heparin administration should be stopped immediately. Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) should not be substituted because it may cross react with and-heparin antibodies Warfarin should not be used until the thrombocytopenia is resolved and the patient is adequately anticoagulated with another agent. Warfarin may precipitate venous limb gangrene or multicentric skin necrosis in patients with HIT Comparison of Danaproid, Lepirudin, and Argatroban for the treatment of Heparin induced Thrombocytopenia Danaproid Lepirudin Aragtroban Mechanism of action Primarily inhibits Xa in a complex with Antithrombin III Directly inhibits thrombin Directly inhibits thrombin Administration IV or SC IV IV Half-life 24 hours 13 hours 30 minutes Reversible No No No Monitoring Anti-Xa activity using a danaproid standard aPTT aPTT Use in pregnancy Several repoed cases No repoed experience .No repoed experience Dose adjustment for renal failure Yes, monitor Xa activity dosely in patients with renal insufficiency Yes, monitor Xa activity closely in patients with renal insufficiency No Special considerations Cross- reacts with heparin-induced antibodies in some cases Antibodies may develop to lepirudin and prolong the half -life All three drugs are anticoagulant in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The choice of drug depends on personal experience and patient characteristics such as renal or hepatic insufficiency, desired route of administration. | Medicine | null | [
"abciximab",
"warfarin",
"alteplase"
] | 52,986 |
d587247c-c342-4c33-9f9a-3197afd894b0 | Which of the following drug is not effective by oral route? | Erythromycin | Ciprofloxacin | Streptomycin | Albendazole | 2c
| single | Aminoglycosides like streptomycin are not effective orally because these are polar molecules and are not absorbed from GIT | Pharmacology | Protein Synthesis Inhibitors | [
"erythromycin",
"albendazole",
"ciprofloxacin"
] | 52,990 |
03299207-f196-4842-91f5-fe496d6c0884 | Bromocriptine: | Inhibits prolactin release | Inhibits adrenalin synthesis | Inhibits insulin synthesis | Inhibits thyroid synthesis | 0a
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"bromocriptine"
] | 53,000 |
fafbd992-eb10-49c9-b915-63f3e2c989a8 | Which of the following is not true about clozapine? | Was retracted in phase 4 clinical trial | Used in Treatment resistant schizophrenia | Has a narrow therapeutic window | Can cause seizures at doses more than 300mg/day | 2c
| multi | Rest all are true about clozapine, Drugs with narrow therapeutic window, Lithium, Noryptaline | Anatomy | All India exam | [
"clozapine"
] | 53,001 |
3d796135-2e8d-443f-b2bb-c2a74555fe60 | All antiretroviral drugs produce peripheral neuropathy except ? | Stavudine | Zalcitabine | Didanosine | lndinavir | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Indinavir Characteristic side effects of impoant antiretroviral drugs Lamivudin - Nausea, headache, fatigue. Stavudine - Peripheral neuropathy, lipodystrophy, hyperlipidemia, pancreatitis, rapidly progressive ascending neuromuscular weakness. Didanosine - Peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, diarrhea, nausea, hyperuricemia. Zalcitabine - Peripheral neuropathy, oral ulceration, pancreatitis. Zidovudin - Macrocytic anemia, neutropenia, nausea, headache, insomnia, asthenia. Tenofovir - Asthenia, headache, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, flatulance, renal insufficiency. Eirenz - CNS effects, rash, T liver enzymes. Nevirapine - Rash, hepatitis, nausea, headache. Indinavir - Nephrolithiasis, nausea, indirect hyperbilirubinemia, headache, blurred vision, asthenia. | Pharmacology | null | [
"stavudine"
] | 53,009 |
382dd632-c275-48ca-a175-01377a17bf2e | A 60-year-old woman has been hospitalized for three weeks with widely metastatic ovarian adenocarcinoma, and she becomes septic with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. What is the mechanism of vancomycin resistance in this organism? | Acetylation of antibiotic | Altered drug-binding protein | Beta-lactamase production | Formation of novel cell wall peptide bridges | 3d
| multi | The antibiotic propey of vancomycin depends upon its ability to bind D-ala-D-ala, which is vital in the synthesis of peptidoglycan peptide bridges. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci instead utilize D-lactic acid in their peptide bonds, and thus are resistant to the action of vancomycin. Enzymatic deactivation of antibiotics is a common mode of resistance to aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and sulfonamides. The most common chemical modifications are acetylation, adenylation, and phosphorylation. Penicillin that has penetrated the cell membrane is kept in place by binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). Penicillin resistance may be conferred through altered PBP affinity or number. Vancomycin resistance does not depend on PBPs. beta-lactamase is a bacterial enzyme that inactivates some of the penicillins and cephalosporins, but has no activity on vancomycin. Ref: MacDougall C. (2011). Chapter 55. Protein Synthesis Inhibitors and Miscellaneous Antibacterial Agents. In L.L. Brunton, B.A. Chabner, B.C. Knollmann (Eds), Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e | Microbiology | null | [
"vancomycin"
] | 53,014 |
88fb445f-8a38-4cbb-badd-7424c50842a5 | Which drug can cause macular toxicity when given intravitreally ? | Gentamicin | Vancomycin | Dexamethasone | Ceftazidime | 0a
| multi | Gentamycin causes macular infarction (retinotoxic). Preferably the aminoglycosides should be avoided intravitreally. Ref : Khurana page no. 169 | Ophthalmology | Miscellaneous | [
"ceftazidime",
"gentamicin",
"dexamethasone",
"vancomycin"
] | 53,015 |
4e368eaa-6d04-4087-b20d-8b240b26b6c5 | Treatment of opium poisoning includes all except | Stomach wash | Purgatives | Naloxone | Digitalis | 3d
| multi | Opium/Afim : * Opium (poppy) is derived from Papaver somniferum. * Toxic pa: Unripe fruit capsule, latex juice. * Marquis test: to detect opium * Antidote: Nalaxone sodium * Treatment for morphine withdrawal: Methadone * Along with routine viscera, brain, blood and bile to be preserved. | Forensic Medicine | Toxicology - 2 | [
"naloxone"
] | 53,039 |
18955cfd-6c71-4575-ae2f-7cf2281186ee | All are used in painful diabetic neuropathy, except- | Phenytoin | Local use of capsicum | Dextroamphetamine | Amitriptyline | 2c
| multi | Chronic, painful diabetic neuropathy is difficult to treat but may respond to the following: * Intensive insulin therapy (strict glycaemic control) * Anticonvulsants (gabapentin, pregabalin, carbamazepine, phenytoin) * Other antidepressants (duloxetine) * Tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, imipramine) * Substance P depleter (capsaicin--topical) * Opiates (tramadol, oxycodone) * Membrane stabilisers (mexiletine, intravenous lidocaine) * Antioxidant (alpha-lipoic acid) Reference : page 833 Davidson's Principles and practice of Medicine 22nd edition | Medicine | Endocrinology | [
"amitriptyline",
"phenytoin",
"dextroamphetamine"
] | 53,042 |
31c0217c-03d7-4795-bf25-058dae37b935 | Alteplase differs from streptokinase as it: | Is longer acting | Is derived from human kidney | Is cheap | Activates plasminogen bound to fibrin | 3d
| single | Ans. (D) Activates plasminogen bound to fibrin(Ref: KDT 8/e p674)Fibrinolytics are the drugs which activate plasminogen to form plasmin and thus help in lysis of thrombus. These drugs can cause bleeding as the major adverse effect due to lysis of physiological thrombi as well as due to excessive amount of plasmin generated in the circulation. | Pharmacology | Antiplatelets and Fibrinolytics | [
"streptokinase",
"alteplase"
] | 53,043 |
c6be0be0-4016-45db-b0bf-26d33a5c2160 | The behaviour therapeutic falls in management of enuresis, The pharmacological drug of choice for this case in | Phenytoin | Diazepalm | Imipramine | Alprax | 2c
| multi | Enuresis Defined as normal, complete evacuation of the bladder at a wrong place and time at least twice a month after 5 year of age. More than 85% children attain complete diurnal and nocturnal control by 5 years of age. Enuresis is primary when the child has never been dry and secondary when bed wetting stas after a minimum period of six months of dryness at night. It is said to be monosymptomatic if not accompanied by any lower urinary tract infection and nocturnal if it occurs during sleep. It has to be differentiated from continuous or intermittent incontinence or dribbling.The bed is usually soaking wet in enuresis, compared to incontinence in which there is loss of urine without normal emptying of bladder. ETIOLOGY:- 1. Maturation delay is most likely cause. 2. Anxiety producing episodes during the 2 nd to 5 th years, the time for development of nocturnal bladder control, are associated with increased risk of enuresis. 3. Lack of circadian rhythm of ADH or impaired response of kidneys to ADH. 4. Secondary enuresis can be precipitated by acute stressful condition or traumatic experience. Bladder irritability due to urinary tract infection or severe constipation with the full rectum impinging on the bladder can cause enuresis. 5. Conditions causing polyuria, spina bifida, ectopic ureter and giggle and stress incontinence are other causes. Treatment:- General advice given to all enurectic children but active treatment need not begin before 6 years of age. Caffeinated drinks like tea , coffee, sodas should be avoided in evening. Adequate fluid intake during day as 40% in morning, 40% in afternoon and 20% in evening is recommended. First line of treatment is usually non pharmacological, comprising motivational therapy and use of alarm devices. Motivational therapy:- Successful in curing enuresis upto 25%. The child is reassured and provided emotional suppo.Every attempt is made to remove any feeling of guilt. The child is encouraged to assume active responsibility, including keeping a dry night diary, voiding urine before going to bed, and changing wet clothes and bedding. Dry nights should be credited with praise.punishments and angry parenteral response should be avoided. Child is encouraged both to void frequently enough to avoid urgency and daytime incontinence and to have daily bowel movement. Alarm therapy: Involves the use of device to elicit a conditioned response of awakening to the sensation of full bladder. Best used afteemr seven years if age. Successful in two third cases without much recurrence. The alarm device consists of a small sensor attached to child&;s underwear or a mat under the bed sheet and an alarm attached to the childs collar or at bedside. When the child stas wetting, sensors are activated thus causing the alarm to ring. Pharmacotherapy:- Used if enuresis persists despite alarm therapy, regular voiding habits, exclusion or treatment of constipation, exclusion of post voidal residual urine. Imipramine works by aleing the arousal sleep mechanism. It gives satisfactory initial response at dise of 1-2.5 mg/ kg/ day. Relapse rate after discontinuation of therapy seen. Cardiac arrythmia is a serious adverse effect. Anticholinergic drugs reduce uninhibited bladder contractions and are useful in children who have significant daytime urge incontinence besides nocturnal enuresis. Usual dose is 5 mg for oxybutynin, 2 mg for tolterodine. Desmopressin works by reducing volume of urine. Reference: GHAI Essential pediatrics, 8th edition | Pediatrics | Growth and development | [
"phenytoin",
"imipramine"
] | 53,047 |
c66bc4ba-2808-471f-8a47-42447d4c9016 | Diethylstilbestrol induced reproductive tract abnormalities includes all except | T-shaped uterus | Clear cell adenocarcinoma cervix | Vaginal Adenosis | None of above | 3d
| multi | In - utero exposure to DES results in all of the above. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | [
"diethylstilbestrol"
] | 53,055 |
4415b829-b80a-471f-a4e0-be75af8b588c | A 15-month-old girl has a history of poor oral fluid intake, occasional vomiting, rapid breathing, and decreased urine output. Physical examination reveals a pulse of 150/min, BP of 120/80, and a respiratory rate of GO/min. There are bibasilar rales, and the liver is palpable. All procedures might be helpful in evaluating the oliguria EXCEPT | Giving a fluid challenge with isotonic saline, 20 ml/kg | Determining the urine sodium concentration | Determining the BUN and serum creatinine levels | Giving a dose of intravenous furosemide | 0a
| multi | Despite the history of poor intake of oral fluid, this infant presents with signs of congestive heart failure and fluid overload. In view of these findings, a fluid challenge could be dangerous, and it is unlikely that she would respond. If the oliguria is the result of congestive heart failure and poor renal perfusion, the urine sodium concentration and fractional excretion of sodium should be low, the blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine should be normal or slightly elevated, and the child may respond well to furosemide. | Unknown | null | [
"furosemide"
] | 53,058 |
f99ce7d6-2754-4ff1-a870-b8e25b4c016b | Drug of choice for chlamydial infection in pregnancy is: | Doxycycline | Tetracycline | Erythromycin | Ciprofloxacin | 2c
| single | ERYTHROMYCIN It was isolated from Streptomyces erythreus in 1952. Since then it has been widely employed, mainly as alternative to penicillin. Water solubility of erythromycin is limited, and the solution remains stable only when kept in cold. Uses A . As an alternative to penicillin 1 . Streptococcal pharyngitis, tonsillitis, mastoiditis and community acquired respiratory infections caused by pneumococci and H. influenzae respond equally well to erythromycin. It is an alternative drug for prophylaxis of rheumatic fever and SABE. However, many bacteria resistant to penicillin are also resistant to erythromycin. 2. Diphtheria: acute stage as well as for carriers-7 day treatment. Some prefer it over penicillin. Antitoxin is the primary treatment. 3. Tetanus: as an adjuvant to antitoxin, toxoid therapy. 4. Syphilis and gonorrhoea: only if other alternative drugs, including tetracyclines also cannot be used: relapse rates are higher. 5. Leptospirosis: 250 mg 6 hourly for 7 days in patients allergic to penicillins. B. As a first choice drug for 1 . Atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae: rate of recovery is hastened. 2. Whooping cough: a 1-2 week course of erythromycin is the most effective treatment for eradicating B. peussis from upper respiratory tract. However, effect on the symptoms depends on the stage of disease when treatment is staed. (a) Prophylactic: during the 10 day incubation period-disease is prevented. (b) Catarrhal stage: which lasts for about a week-erythromycin may abo the next stage or reduce its duration and severity. (c) Paroxysmal stage: lasting 2-4 weeks-no effect on the duration and severity of &;croup&; despite eradication of the causative organism. (d) Convalescent stage: during which &;croup&; gradually resolves (4-12 weeks)-is not modified. Azithromycin, clarithromycin, and chloramphenicol are the alternative antimicrobials. Cough sedatives are not very effective. Coicosteroids may reduce the duration of paroxysmal stage but increase the risk of superinfections and carrier stage; should be reserved for severe cases only. Adrenergic | Pharmacology | Chemotherapy | [
"erythromycin",
"tetracycline",
"ciprofloxacin",
"doxycycline"
] | 53,060 |
f72d74e3-6531-4f80-870d-9219b0f40f79 | True regarding opioid induced seizures - | They occur at therapeutic doses | Children are more susceptible | Seizures occur only with g-opioid agonists | Diazepam is the drug of choice | 1b
| multi | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Children are more susceptible Opioid induced seizures o In animals high doses of morphine and related opioids can produce convulsions. o Morphine excites hippocampal pyramidal cells o Selective 8-agonists produce similar effect. o These action may contribute to seizures that are produced by some agents at doses only moderately higher than those required for analgesia, esp. in children. However with most opioids seizures occur only at doses far in excess of therapeutic dose. o Seizures are not seen when potent i.t-agonists are used. o Naloxone is potent drug for treatment of opioid poisoning. o Anticovulsants (like diazepam) are not always effective in supressing opioid induced seizures. | Pharmacology | null | [
"diazepam"
] | 53,078 |
6940da04-2673-4116-9a49-3e1c0291a499 | A patient Mohan, aged 60 years, needs an eye examination. He needs a drug which will dilate his eyes but not paralyse his ciliary muscles – | Atropine | Phenylephrine | Cyclopentolate | Tropicamide | 1b
| single | Cycloplegics cause paralysis of accommodation and dilate the pupil → Atropine, homatropine, Cyclopentolate.
Only mydriatic (dilate pupil) but no cycloplegia → Phenylephrine. | Ophthalmology | null | [
"tropicamide",
"atropine",
"phenylephrine"
] | 53,089 |
f2217936-251e-4cf1-b223-bf0f453bded1 | Which of the following drug is a third generation b-blocker? | Propanolol | Timolol | Nadolol | Nebivolol | 3d
| single | Ans. D. NebivololThird gen Blockers - B blocker with vasodilator property are useful for hypertension and CHFa. a Blockade- Labetalol, Carvedilolb. b2 Agonist- Celiprololc. Antioxidant- Carvedilold. NO donor- Nebivolole. Ca Channel Blocker- Carvedilolf. K Channel Blocker- Tilosolol | Pharmacology | A.N.S. | [
"nadolol",
"timolol"
] | 53,106 |
2cb233db-4e42-4d59-99c9-5f09d03e97e4 | Which of the following antimicrobial shows time dependent killing? | Ofloxacin | Amikacin | Penicillin | Ciprofloxacin | 2c
| single | Bactericidal agents can be divided into two groups: Agents that exhibit concentration-dependent killing (e.g. aminoglycosides and quinolones) Agents that exhibit time-dependent killing (e.g., b lactams and vancomycin). | Pharmacology | JIPMER 2017 | [
"amikacin",
"ciprofloxacin",
"ofloxacin"
] | 53,107 |
944d7e50-a7f2-48d9-85f3-eb127585b972 | Anaesthetic having epileptogenic potential is : | Desflurane | Sevoflurane | Ether | Halothane | 1b
| single | Sevoflurane, Enflurane and Isoflurane have epileptic potential. | Pharmacology | null | [
"halothane",
"sevoflurane",
"desflurane"
] | 53,114 |
2fedb716-a266-43d6-a6ab-89f581cd0118 | Which drug interfers with pyridoxine metabolism - | INH | Tetracycline | Erthromycin | Rifampicin | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., INH o Isoniazid reacts with pyridoxal to form a hydrazone, and thus inhibits gneration of pyridoxal phosphate.o Isoniazid also combines with pyridoxal phosphate to interfere with its coenzyme function. Due to formation of hydrazones, the renal excretion of pyridoxine compounds is increasedo Thus, isoniazid therapy produces a pyridoxine deficiency state. | Pharmacology | Anti Microbial | [
"tetracycline"
] | 53,146 |
cd94bf39-da33-45df-99fe-90c88864229f | Drug of choice for CML | Imitanib mesylate | Fludarabine | A1 trans retinoic acid (for AML 3) | Methotrexate | 0a
| single | Ans. (a) Imitanib mesylate (Doc for CML & GIST - Imatinib Mesylate)Ref. KD Tripathi 6th Ed. / 828 & 832IMATINIB* It inhibits the tyrosine protein kinases in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) cells and and c-kit receptor found in gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST).* Adverse effects are fluid retention, edema, vomiting, abdominal pain, myalgia and liver damageDrugs of choice for some commonly asked malignanciesMalignancyFirst line drugsChronic Lymphatic leukaemiaFludarabineChronic Myeloid leukaemiaImatinibHairy cell leukemiaCLADRIBINEMultiple myelomaMelphalanChoriocarcinomaMethotrexateProstate carcinomaBicalutamide/Flutamide | Pharmacology | Anti-Neoplastic Agents | [
"fludarabine",
"methotrexate"
] | 53,155 |
68d46afb-26d4-47f9-b12e-e64bf29bdbcc | Two antihistaminics terfenadine and astemizole were withdrawn from the market following the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias when they were present in high levels in the blood. These effects were explained by the fact : | Use of these drugs by addicts | Genetic predisposition to metabolize succinylcholine slowly | Concurrent treatment with phenobarbital | Treatment of these patients with erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic | 3d
| single | Astemizole and terfenadine are metabolized by microsomal enzymes. Erythromycin inhibits these enzymes and raises the plasma concentration of these drugs. At high levels, these agents block cardiac K+ channels leading to arrhythmias. | Pharmacology | null | [
"erythromycin",
"phenobarbital"
] | 53,167 |
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