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4dd5c720-3dd9-47ea-86ca-c68f728231d7 | Which among the following is preferred anesthesia for nasal septoplasty? | Local infiltration | General anesthesia | Propofol sedation | No anesthesia required. | 1b
| single | General anesthesia is often preferred for nasal septoplasty, open nasal fracture reduction & rhinoplasty Reason : Because of the discomfo and incomplete block that may accompany topical anesthesia. During and sholy following induction , use oral airway during face mask ventilation to mitigate the effects of nasal obstruction Procedures like cauterization, polypectomy or turbinectomy in adults can be satisfactorily performed under local anesthesia with sedation | Anaesthesia | Inhalational Anesthetic Agents | [
"propofol"
] | 54,130 |
d1d8d2ce-a6e9-40a7-9a7b-773c07b7d0d8 | Gluconeogenesis is inhibited by: | Insulin | Glucagon | Glucocorticoids | GnRH | 0a
| single | Ans. (a) InsulinRef: Harper's Biochemistry, 30 ed. pg. 191-192th* Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate source is called Gluconeogenesis.Hormonal Regulation Glucagon, epinephrine, glucocorticoids.| Insulin|* Gluconeogenesis is regulated by 4 key enzymes-# Pyruvate carboxylase# Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase# F16 bisphosphatase# G-6-phosphatase | Biochemistry | Carbohydrates | [
"glucagon"
] | 54,171 |
21f21d36-63c7-4a91-8794-f270336b0f31 | Vasopressor of choice in anesthesia for a patient of aoic stenosis, who develops hypotension during surgery: | Ephedrine | Dopamine | Dobutamine | Phenylephrine | 3d
| single | Ans. d. Phenylephrine Thenylephrine is the vasopressor of choice to restore coronary perfusion in patients with severe aoic stenosis when under general anesthesia.' Phenylephrine is the vasopressor of choice for correcting hypotension in paurients with aoic stenosis.' Phenylephrine is preferred over ephedrine as a vasopressor because the former lacks beta adrenergic agonist activity.' Phenylephrine Phenylephrine is the vasopressor of choice to restore coronary perfusion in patients with severe aoic stenosis when under general anesthesia. Phenylephrine is the vasopressor of choice for correcting hypotension in paurients with aoic stenosis. | Anaesthesia | null | [
"phenylephrine",
"dobutamine"
] | 54,187 |
f9e1ea34-bbd6-432e-acdf-c68007e62888 | Multiple myeloma is treated by all, EXCEPT: | Lenalidomide | Boezomib | Thalidomide | All of the above | 3d
| multi | Relapsed myeloma can be treated with novel agents including lenalidomide and/or boezomib. Thalidomide, if not used as initial therapy, can achieve responses in refractory cases. High-dose melphalan and stem cell transplant, if not used earlier, also have activity in patients with refractory disease. Ref: Harrison's principle of internal medicine 17th edition, chapter 106. | Medicine | null | [
"thalidomide",
"lenalidomide"
] | 54,200 |
943900bb-8198-4566-856d-ffa90b9f93f5 | Which of the following drugs is effective as a replacement for sodium valproate in a female of childbearing age group for treatment of juvenile monoclinic epilepsy? | Levetiracetam | Lincosamide | Carbamazepine | Phenytoin | 0a
| single | Ans. a. Levetiracetam (Ref: Harrison 19/e p2544, 18/e p3265. 3253)Levetiracetam can be prescribed as monotherapy in a female patient of childbearing age is on valproate for JME, because of no known significant drug interactions. Treatment of Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy:Valproate is often used to treat juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.Other epilepsy drugs are effective in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy:LevetiracetamTopiramateLamotrigine Juvenile Myoclonic EpilepsyJuvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is a generalized seizure disorder of unknown cause that appears in early adolescenceCharacterized by bilateral myoclonic jerks that may be single or repetitive.Myoclonic seizures are most frequent in the morning after awakening and can be provoked by sleep deprivation.Consciousness is preserved unless the myoclonus is especially severe.Many patients also experience generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and up to one-third have absence seizures.Although complete remission is relatively uncommon, the seizures respond well to appropriate anticonvulsant medication.There is often a family history of epilepsy, and genetic linkage studies suggest a polygenic cause.Treatment:Valproate is often used to treat juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.Other epilepsy drugs are effective in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy:LevetiracetamTopiramateLamotrigineFor most people with JME, treatment is long-term, and often lifelong.However, treatment is effective, allowing most people with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy to go five years or more between seizures. | Medicine | Seizures and Epilepsy | [
"valproate",
"carbamazepine",
"phenytoin"
] | 54,202 |
1e3c73b0-14f9-4a3b-8fb6-08d65805a83f | A 20 year old young female had history of recurrent acne on the face treated with many antibiotics like clindamycin ,tetracycline erythromycin and others. Now she complained of multiple hyperpigmented spots at the site of old acne lesions.Which of the following drug might have been responsible for this- | Erythromycin | Tetracycline | Minocycline | Demeclocycline | 2c
| single | minocycline following prolonged therapy for 1-2 years with high dose 100-200mg/day, causes blue black pigmentation. this is observed in three patterns : 1: localised type occuring at the sites of previous inflammation -acne scars 2: pretibial area 3: generalised with predominance over the sunexposed areas IADVL textbook of dermatology: pigmentary disorders page 787 | Dental | Skin lesions and disorders of pigmentation | [
"tetracycline",
"clindamycin",
"erythromycin",
"minocycline",
"demeclocycline"
] | 54,207 |
2c931c69-8a85-4f2d-84f3-11dbd4d0b541 | Which of the following is the drug of choice for chemoprophylaxis of cholera - | Tetracycline | Doxycycline | Furazolidone | Cotrimoxazole | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Tetracycline o Tetracycline is the drug of choice for chemoprophylaxis.InfectionChemoprophylaxis (DOC) InfectionChemoprophylaxis (DOC)o Cholera-TetracyclineMeningococci-Rifampicin (sulfadiazineo Plague-Tetracycline -if strain is sensitive)o P.carinii-CotrimoxazoleDiphtheria-Erythromycino Whooping cough-ErythromycinBacterial conjuctivits-Erythromycin ointmento Toxoplasmosis-CotrimoxazoleTB-INHo Influenza-AmantadineMAC-Ciarithromycin/Azithromycino Rickettsia-TetracyclinesMalaria-Chloroquineo Bird flu-Oseltamivir - o Gonorrhoes/syphilis-Procaine penicillin - | Social & Preventive Medicine | Communicable Diseases | [
"tetracycline",
"doxycycline"
] | 54,215 |
8357745c-ab5c-4d1f-babb-7ebe2bef4e85 | All of the following anticancer agents cause bone marrow suppression EXCEPT : | Chlorambucil | Daunorubicin | Doxorubicin | Flutamide | 3d
| multi | Flutamide is an anti-androgen. Most hormonal agents are devoid of bone marrow suppressant effect.
Alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products and other directly cytotoxic agents are myelosuppressants.
Vincristine and bleomycin are marrow sparing. | Pharmacology | null | [
"flutamide",
"chlorambucil",
"doxorubicin"
] | 54,224 |
f4fac90f-1ca1-47b9-acaf-03aaf2efc000 | In dysmenorrhoea indomethacin works by - | Inhibiting prostaglandin synthetase | Suppressing ovulation | Reducing inflammation | Relaxing smooth muscle | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Inhibiting prostaglandin synthetase Medical measures to relieve dysmenorrheao Analgesics paracetamol and piroxicam.o Antispasmodies hyoscine, camylofin, and drotaverineo Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors inhibiting cyclo-oxygenaseMefenamic acid, indomethacin, naproxen, ibuprofen.o Smooth muscle relaxantGlyceryltrinitrateo Progestogen containing IUCDMirena and progestasert - reduce pain, provide contraception and reduce bleeding, o Cyclical oral contraceptive drugso Vitamin E | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Dysmenorrhoea | [
"indomethacin"
] | 54,227 |
a0b8f507-36c4-4c41-bcdc-baac48844847 | A young man is with known heroin addiction is brought in the emergency in unconscious state. On examination, the patient has decreased bowel sounds, depressed respiration and pin point pupil. The treatment of choice for this patient is | Oral natrexone | IV naloxone | Oral diazepam | Oral Buprenorphine | 1b
| single | IV Naloxone 0.1-0.4 mg . Dose repeated every 1-2 hour as naloxone is sho acting. As patient is unconscious drug cannot be given orally. Ref: KD Tripathi 8th ed. | Pharmacology | Central Nervous system | [
"naloxone",
"diazepam"
] | 54,231 |
300585d0-9292-4f2c-98b9-6cb7dbdd691b | Treatment of Neurocysticercosis includes following, except: | Albendazole | Ivermectin | Praziquentel | Surgery | 1b
| multi | Ivermectin | Pharmacology | null | [
"albendazole",
"ivermectin"
] | 54,242 |
47ac0132-94af-4493-8381-59d51c5f8371 | Bull's eye lesion seen with: (PGI Nov 2009) | Chloroquine | Dapsone | Rifampicin | Ethambutol | 0a
| single | Ans: A (Chloroquine) akobiec 2nd / 2240.2248 }Causes of Bull's Eye MaculopathyChloroquine1?Toxicity of phenothiazine D Bardet-Biedl SyndromeInverse retinitis pigmentosaDystrophies:benign concentric annular macular dystrophyfenestrated sheem dystrophycone dystrophyStargardt disease Bulls eye maculopathy causes loss ofcentrai vision as well as constriction of peripheral fields.The two main S/E of Chloroquine are - corneal deposits & maculopathyQRetinal Toxicity of Systemic Drugs# Chloroquine/Hydroxy chloroquine : Bull's eye maculopa thyQ.Thioridazine : pigmentary retinopathyChloropromazine : Pigment clumping of retinaNiacin: bilateral maculopathy that mimics cystoids macular edema.Tamoxifen : fine refractive intraretinal crystals as well as granular deposits at the level of the pigment epithelium.Deferoxamine : macular pigmentary irregularities | Ophthalmology | Drugs | [
"ethambutol",
"chloroquine",
"dapsone"
] | 54,243 |
5f0af3d2-3d08-46c1-ba73-3fe16b4a9c7f | TOC for penicillin resistant gonorrhoea | Ciprofloxacin | Ceftriaxone | Streptomycine | Erythromycin | 1b
| single | B i.e. Ceftriaxone Neisseria gonorrhea is a gram negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-sporeforming, diplo/mono-cocciQ, exclusively a human pathogen that principally infects host columnar epithelium. It is oxidase positive like other Neisseria species, from which it is distinguished by their ability to grow on selective media & to utilize glucose but not maltose, sucrose or lactose. Gonorrhoea is, the second most common (after Chlamydia trachomatis which is the most common) genital /sexually transmitted infection in US, UK and other developed countriesQ (Harrison 1442; Rook's 34.24). The incidence of gonorrhea is higher in developing countriesQ than industrialized nations predominantly affecting young, nonwhite, unmarried, less educated urban population. (Harrison 1220) Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of non gonococcal urethritis (NGU) and postgonococcal urethritis (PGU)Q. PGU refers to NGU developing in men 2-3 weeks after treatment of gonococcal urethritis with single doses of agents such as penicillin or cephalosporins which lack activity against Chlamydia. In US most of acute urethritis cases are NGU and C. trachomatis is implicated in most (30-50%) of these casesQ. The other causes of NGU are Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis and herpes simplex virus (HSV). Gonorrhoea is a STD which commonly manifests as cervicitis (primary site of infection in females), urethritis (most common/primary site of infection in males presenting as rapid onset severe burning dysuria with profuse purulent discharge)Q, proctitis & conjunctivitis. If untreated it can 1/t local complications such as endometritis, salpingitis, tuboovarian abscessQ, baholinitis, peritonitis and perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh Cuis Syndrome) in females; peri urethritis and epididymitisQ in male patients and ophthalmia neonatorum in new borns. Disseminated gonococcemia is uncommon & 1/t skin lesions, tenosynovitis, ahritis and in rare cases endocarditis & meningitis. Because of ascending spread of infection testis is spared or (uncommonly) last to be involvedQ only after urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis in gonorrhea. Single dose regimens of 3rd generation cephalosporins ceftriaxone (IM) and cefixime (oral) are the mainstays of therapyQ for uncomplicated gonococcal infection of urethra, cervix, rectum, or pharynx. Septinomycin is an alternative (2nd) regimen for uncomplicated gonococcal infections in penicillin allergic patients. All 3 drugs are suitable for pregnant & breast feeding women. The new management for complaints of urethral discharge involves a combined modality of treatment for N. gonorrhea and C. trachomatisQ as most cases are d/t coinfection with both pathogens and incorporate an agent eg. azithromycin or doxycycline that is effective agenist chlamydial infection. Pregnant women who should not take doxycycline, should receive concurrent treatment with a macrolide antibiotic for possible chlamydial infection. Feature Gonococcus Syphilis Infect/ EpididymisQ TestisQ Involve Resistant structure (not involve) TestisQ EpididymisQ Infection Urethrae Blood spread (i.e. (i.e. testis is through Epididymis is involved & involved & epididymis is testis is spared) spared) | Skin | null | [
"erythromycin",
"ciprofloxacin",
"ceftriaxone"
] | 54,256 |
7590d320-f00f-4441-952b-7106a4d4a74c | Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause additive anemia and neutropenia if administered to an AIDS patient taking zidovudine ? | Acyclovir | Amantadine | Ganciclovir | Stavudine | 2c
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"stavudine",
"amantadine",
"ganciclovir",
"zidovudine"
] | 54,263 |
3d53a960-eec1-4f44-a340-9737d4b6da59 | In a patient taking oral contraceptive, the chance of pregnancy increases after taking any of the following drugs except - | Phenytoin | Griseofulvin | Ampicillin | Cimetidine | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Cimetidine | Pharmacology | null | [
"cimetidine",
"griseofulvin",
"ampicillin",
"phenytoin"
] | 54,268 |
378b29ab-e408-42ee-9735-dd87502d5a05 | About lidocaine, all are true except - | LA effect | Cardiac arrhythmia | Ester | Acts on mucous membranes | 2c
| multi | lidocaine is amide linked local anaesthetic It can be used as surface anesthetic agent through skin and mucucous membrane lidocaine is an antiarrhythmic used intravenously to treat VT and prevent VF. It act by blocking both open and closed cardiac sodium channel | Anaesthesia | Regional anaesthesia | [
"lidocaine"
] | 54,283 |
dfb6a334-8788-490e-b245-1c6e3863a420 | Which of the following drugs is most effective against an organism producing aminoglycoside inactivating enzymes? | Amikacin | Streptomycin | Gentamicin | Tobramycin | 0a
| single | (Ref: KDT 6/e p724) Amikacin is most resistant to aminoglycoside inactivating enzymes. Aminoglycosides are not effective against anaerobes. | Pharmacology | Other topics and Adverse effects | [
"amikacin",
"gentamicin"
] | 54,312 |
500d31b0-1713-42fe-a973-dd657ed97e09 | Symptoms of iron poisoning in a 3-year-old child may include severe GI distress with hematemesis, a shock like state with marked dehydration and progressive hemorrhagic gastritis. Regarding the management of iron toxicity, which one of the following statements is accurate? | Gastric lavage should not be attempted because of possible aspiration of stomach contents. | The patient is likely to have a reduced anion gap. | Urinary alkalization increases elimination of iron. | Deferoxamine should be administered as soon as possible. | 3d
| multi | Deferoxamine chelates iron and is the antidote in iron poisoning. Gastric lavage should be attempted with care regarding aspiration, but changes in urine pH have no effect on the elimination of iron. Laboratory results will reveal an increased anion gap indicative of acidosis. The systemic absorption of many drugs taken orally can be reduced by activated charcoal; unfortunately, iron is not one of them. | Pharmacology | Anti-Cancer | [
"deferoxamine"
] | 54,324 |
a0e99284-3f43-499d-93ed-cea2b18620d2 | All of the following are examples for mechanism based inhibition, EXCEPT: | Aspirin on cyclooxygenase | Allopurinol on Xanthine oxidase | Statins on HMG-CoA reductase | Difluoromethylornithine on ornithine decarboxylase | 2c
| multi | Mechanism-based inhibition/Suicidal inhibition: Suicidal inhibitors resemble the actual substrate of the enzyme. Enzymes binds to suicidal inhibitor & catalytic process is staed. In the process of catalysis, enzyme undergoes irreversible covalent modification by the inhibitor & active enzyme can't be regenerated. (Enzyme catalyses its own destruction) Suicidal Inhibitor Enzyme Allopurinol Xanthine oxidase Aspirin Cyclooxygenase 5-FU Thymidylate synthase Penicillin Transpeptidase Difluoromethylornithine Ornithine decarboxylase | Biochemistry | Enzyme basics and serine proteases | [
"allopurinol"
] | 54,325 |
f85eb7b8-30cc-4b6b-b43c-39543cee1064 | Scaling can lead to uncontrolled bleeding during oral prophylaxis in a patient who is taking: | Corticosteroids | Nifedipine | Phenytoin | Heparin | 3d
| single | null | Dental | null | [
"nifedipine",
"phenytoin"
] | 54,367 |
e41a549d-79f6-40d3-b02d-7722b2b23e4b | Antiepileptic effect of phenytoin is increased by all of the following except: | Isoniazid | Sucralfate | Cimetidine | Warfarin | 1b
| multi | Sucralfate INTERACTIONS Phenobarbitone competitively inhibits phenytoin metabolism, while by enzyme induction both enhance each other's degradation. Cabamazepine and phenytoin increases each other's metabolism. * Valproate displaces protein bound phenytoin and decreases its metabolism: plasma level of unbound phenytoin Increases. * Chloramphenicol, isoniazid, cimetidine, dicumarol and warfarin inhibit phenytoin metabolism & can precipitate its toxicitiy. Phenytoin induces microsomal enzymes and increase degradation of steroids (failure of oral contraceptives), digitoxin, doxycycline, theophyline, * A number of acidic drugs displace it from protein binding sites but this also enhances phenytoin clearance - concentration of free form does not change much. * Sucralfate binds phenytoin in g.i. tract and decreases its absorption. | Surgery | null | [
"cimetidine",
"isoniazid",
"warfarin",
"phenytoin"
] | 54,389 |
c2cadb5c-8287-427b-b21b-7c98dcc7c57b | Which of the following is not a potassium sparing diuretic? | Amiloride | Indapamide | Spironolactone | Triamterene | 1b
| single | POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETICS P: Potassium sparing diuretics A: Amiloride S: Spironolactone T: Triamterene E: Epleronone | Pharmacology | Kidney | [
"spironolactone",
"triamterene"
] | 54,393 |
d1e1785a-187f-4ab6-bf8e-87900dc1a952 | Drugs causing peptic ulcer are all except ? | Clopidogrel | NSAID | Mycophenolate mofetil | Propylthiouracil | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Propylthiouracil Drug/Toxin causing peptic ulcer disease: Bisphosphonates Chemotherapy Clopidogrel Crack cocaine Glucocoicoids (when combined with NSAIDs) Mycophenolate mofetil Potassium chloride | Pharmacology | null | [
"clopidogrel"
] | 54,394 |
a386966a-ba6a-432c-a9e1-85db15e495c8 | 4 year old male child had febrile seizures, best prophylaxis - | Paracetamol 6 hourly | Paracetamol & diazepam | Diazepam | Phenobarbitone | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Diazepam Prophylaxis in febrile seizures Prophylactic anticonvulsants are not given routinely in febrile seizures. They are required when ? i) Febrile seizure is prolonged or complicated ii) Medical reassurance fails to relieve family anxiety. Prophylaxis may be continuous or intermittent Intermittent prophylaxis o It is currently the desirable form of therapy o It is used during episodes of fever o Indicated during first three days of fever. o Drugs that are used are - Diazepam and other benzodiazepenes (these drugs are used because they attain desired levels quickly) Diazepam is given oral or rectal. Continuous prophylaxis - o It is used when Intermittent therapy has failed Recurrent atypical seizures Central nervous system disease Family history of epilepsy o Drugs used are --> Sodium valproate or phenobarbitone. Note - Carbamazepine and phenytoin are ineffective for prevention of recurrence. | Pediatrics | null | [
"paracetamol",
"diazepam"
] | 54,431 |
5688158f-09a6-47b1-88d8-8970081d26c6 | Bradycardia during anaesthesia seen in | Pancuronium | Vecuronium | Atracurium | All | 2c
| multi | C i.e. Atracurium | Anaesthesia | null | [
"vecuronium",
"atracurium",
"pancuronium"
] | 54,437 |
35f21365-f24e-458e-828b-6164f550d297 | All of the following drugs are used in the treatment of Multiple myeloma, Except: | Boezomib | Melphelan | Hydroxyurea | Cyclophosphamide | 2c
| multi | Answer is C (Hydroxyurea) Hydroxyurea is not used in the management of Multiple Myeloma. | Medicine | null | [
"cyclophosphamide"
] | 54,457 |
4a98fd9a-1cd7-4965-b8a7-c356bd7df914 | Empirical therapy for meningococcal meningitis: | Cefoxitin | Ceftriaxone | Cefotetan | Gentamicin | 1b
| single | Ans. B. CeftriaxoneDrug of choice as prophylaxis of meningococcal meningitis is ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. Definitive therapy is penicillin G. empirical therapy is ceftriaxone. If it is pregnant female, then we will give ceftriaxone. | Pharmacology | D.O.C | [
"cefotetan",
"gentamicin",
"ceftriaxone"
] | 54,460 |
895a75bf-79ed-4dd7-93ef-2432ef3dee36 | Hematuria with dysmorphic RBCs is a feature of which one of the following ? | Acute cystitis | Prostatitis | Hereditary nephritis | Cyclophosphamide toxicity | 2c
| single | Hereditary nephritis is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by nephritic syndrome (ie, hematuria, proteinuria, hypeension, eventual renal insufficiency) often with sensorineural deafness and, less commonly, ophthalmologic symptoms. Cause is a gene mutation affecting type IV collagen Ref Harrison20th edition pg 278 | Medicine | Kidney | [
"cyclophosphamide"
] | 54,470 |
44954972-b08e-4585-96b7-4c6937a7e52e | Coicosteriod which need least systemic monitoring is: | Prednisolone | Budesonide | Hydrocoisone | Dexamethasone | 1b
| single | Budesonide | Pharmacology | null | [
"prednisolone",
"dexamethasone"
] | 54,472 |
b3790829-42c7-478e-85eb-079b83c73aa6 | When glucose concentration in blood increases, there is linear increase in? | Insulin | Glucagon | Growth Hormone | Cortisol | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Insulin* When blood glucose concentration increases, glucose enters into pancreatic b cells. Glucose goes through glycolysis and citric acid cycle in b cells. ATP is generated. ATP closes K+ channels. This causes depolarization of pancreatic b cells. Depolarisation and the resultant action potential opens up voltage gated calcium channels. Entry of calcium ions causes exocytosis of insulin release* Glucagon, Growth Hormone and cortisol are counter regulatory hormones of Insulin. Hence, in hyperglycemia, release of these hormones is inhibited. This is why, to stimulate Growth Hormone release, Insulin is given. (As a part of stimulation test done to detect hypopituitarism)* Other changes that happen linearly with increase in blood glucose# Increase in the rate of* Glycolysis* Glycogen synthesis* Fatty acid synthesis* Triacylglycerol synthesis* Protein synthesis# Increase in the rate of filtration of glucose# Increase in the rate of reabsorption of glucose till renal threshold of glucose is reached. Renal threshold for glucose is 180 mg/dL. Beyond 180mg/dL, if there is increase in blood glucose concentration, rate of reabsorption of glucose along the renal tubules cannot be increased and glucose is found in urine. | Biochemistry | Carbohydrates | [
"glucagon"
] | 54,488 |
2ade9c27-bff5-4935-940b-bb8c5a7b5ede | The role of Tamoxifen in the reduction of breast cancer is | Competes with estrogen receptor in breast | Decreases blood supply to tumour | Directly acting anticancer drug | Augments radiation therapy | 0a
| single | (A) Competes with estrogen receptor in breast # Tamoxifen is a hormone treatment developed over twenty years ago. It lowers the risk of breast cancer coming back (recurring) or developing in the other breast.> Tamoxifen prevents oestrogen from going into breast cancer cells> Oestrogen can stimulate breast cancer cells to divide and grow.> The oestrogen receptor is a part of the cell that oestrogen can lock into and encourage the cell to multiply to make more breast cancer cells.> Tamoxifen locks into the oestrogen receptor and stops the oestrogen from getting to the cell. Progesterone receptors are similar 'locks' on the cell surface for progesterone, the other female sex hormone.> Breast cancers are divided into oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor positive and Tamoxifen is given to oestrogen receptor positive patients | Surgery | Miscellaneous | [
"tamoxifen"
] | 54,489 |
1bbee793-af6e-4642-8c2f-1b721cbb8f1b | Lamivudine belongs to which type of anti retroviral group of drugs ? | Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor | Non Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | Non Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | Pharmacology | null | [
"lamivudine"
] | 54,491 |
c2f92707-7fb9-4fd6-8df9-7545f1bff6cd | Which of the following drug can be used for prophylaxis of meningococcal meningitis? | Chloramphenicol | Erythromycin | Tetracycline | Ciprofloxacin | 3d
| single | MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS DOC for empirical treatment: Ceftriaxone DOC for definitive treatment: Penicillin G DOC for mass prophylaxis: Ciprofloxacin Most effective drug for prophylaxis: Ceftriaxone Other drugs for prophylaxis: Rifampicin, Minocycline | Pharmacology | Antimetabolites and Quinolones | [
"erythromycin",
"tetracycline",
"ciprofloxacin",
"chloramphenicol"
] | 54,497 |
5637c64d-38d2-4751-adeb-1d7009b42ffb | Treatment of spreading streptococcal cellulitis is? | Erythromycin | Penicillin | Tetracycline | Chloramphenicol | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Pencillin | Surgery | null | [
"erythromycin",
"tetracycline",
"chloramphenicol"
] | 54,531 |
183e799d-742d-4d67-bfe2-fbfb7d8e04c0 | Lipid lowering drug that significantly decreases lipoprotein A | Fenofibrate | Gemfibrozil | Rosuvastatin | Nicotonic acid | 3d
| single | Refer katzung 11e p 613 While one group of drugs, statins, lowerscholesterol, the other group, fibrates, is known to take care of fatty acids and triglycerides. In addition, other drugs, such as ezetimibe, colesevelam, torcetrapib, avasimibe, implitapide, and niacin are also being considered to manage hyperlipidemia. | Pharmacology | Cardiovascular system | [
"rosuvastatin",
"fenofibrate"
] | 54,543 |
b70e7f28-2ca7-4ddc-850e-1ba8a5e73c5d | Milk ejection is due to which hormone - | Oxytocin | Progesterone | Estrogen | Prolactin | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Oxytocin Physiology of Lactation* 500-800 ml of milk is produced by a healthy mother per day which requires 700 kcal/day.* Physiological basis consists of 4 phases:1. Mammogenesis : Growth of both ductal and lobuloalveolar systems occurs in pregnancy2. Lactogenesis : Colostrum secretion is noted during pregnancy and immediately post delivery. Milk secretion starts around the third postpartum day. Despite high prolactin levels in pregnancy, milk is not secreted as the high levels of estrogen and progesterone make the breast tissue unresponsive. With withdrawal of estrogen and progesterone levels post delivery, prolactin acts on the breast tissue. Growth hormone, thyroxine and insulin also increase secretory activity.3. Galactokinesis: Milk is discharged due to the infant's suckling efforts and also a contractile mechanism which expresses milk from the alveoli into the ducts. Oxytocin is a major galactokinetic hormone.# Milk ejection reflex: Reflex by which milk is forced down into the ampulla of the lactiferous duct, where it can be sucked out by the baby.4. Galactopoeisis : The most important hormone is prolactin. Suckling is essential for effective and continuous lactation. Periodic feeding is essential to relieve the pressure which then maintains the secretion. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Endocrinology in Relation to Reproduction | [
"oxytocin"
] | 54,547 |
dd4863c5-9d91-467e-bbe6-53040a6e8b39 | Most potent anti-leprotic drug is: | Rifampcin | Dapsone | Clofazimine | Norflox | 0a
| single | A i.e. Rifampcin | Skin | null | [
"clofazimine",
"dapsone"
] | 54,556 |
f2c05c13-f1d5-4359-85af-53d88f3f9b0f | Anticoagulant only effective in VIVO: | Heparin | Coumarin | EDTA | Sodium citrate | 1b
| single | Ans. b (Coumarin). (Ref. Harrison's internal medicine 16th ed. 688)ANTICOAGULANTSA. Vitamin K antagonists:# The oral anticoagulants act by antagonizing the effects of vitamin K.# They take at least 48 to 72 hours for the anticoagulant effect to develop fully.# Generally, these anticoagulants are used to treat patients with- Deep-vein thrombosis (DVT),- Pulmonary embolism,- Atrial fibrillation, and- Mechanical prosthetic heart valves.# The most important oral anticoagulants are:- Warfarin (Coumarin).- Acenocoumarol- PhenindioneB. Heparin and its derivatives# Heparin is a biological substance, usually made from pig intestines.# It works by activating antithrombin III, which blocks thrombin from clotting blood.# Heparin can be used in vivo (by injection), and also in vitro to prevent blood or plasma clotting in medical devices.# Low molecular weight heparin is a more highly processed product that does not require monitoring of the APTT coagulation parameter (it has more predictable plasma levels) and has fewer side effects.# Fondaparinux is a synthetic sugar composed of the five sugars (pentasaccharide) in heparin that bind to anti- thrombin. It is a smaller molecule than low molecular weight heparin.C. Direct thrombin inhibitors# Include- Argatroban, Lepirudin, and Bivalirudin.- Oral direct thrombin inhibitor are Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban and ximelagatranPD. Anticoagulants outside the body# Apart from heparin, most of the chemicals added work by binding Ca++ ions, preventing the coagulation proteins from using them.- EDTA chemical strongly and irreversibly binds calcium.- Citrate is used for coagulation tests, as well as in blood transfusion bags. It gets rid of the calcium, but not as strongly as EDTA.* It can be in the form of Sodium citrate or ACD.- Oxalate has a similar mechanism to citrate.* It is the anticoagulant used in fluoride tubes. | Physiology | Heart, Circulation, and Blood | [
"edta"
] | 54,558 |
4ba3bf9e-0616-48a3-87f8-2c433f181777 | The supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus is believed to control secretion of which of the following hormones? | Antidiuretic hormone | Oxytocin | Growth hormone | Adrenocoiocotrophic hormone | 0a
| single | The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain. The nucleus is situated at the base of the brain, adjacent to the optic chiasma. In humans, it contains about 3,000 neurons.Function; The cell bodies produce a peptide hormone: anti-diuretic hormone.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no; 311 | Physiology | Renal physiology | [
"oxytocin"
] | 54,579 |
9d9bca10-a7ea-4c5e-9dd0-870bca633eb2 | All of the following are adverse effects of thalidomide except: | Myocarditis | Constipation | Peripheral neuropathy | Sedation | 0a
| multi | Thalidomide is an antiemetic drug with anti-inflammatory, cytokine modulatory propey. It can be used in ENL as an alternative to prednisolone.it has teratogenic propey hence banned It can be used in myocarditis. All others mentioned are the adverse effects. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY -SEVENTH EDITION-K.D TRIPATHI Page :786,877 | Pharmacology | Immunomodulators | [
"thalidomide"
] | 54,588 |
eb2059d7-b060-4e84-96ae-cc9946e6f413 | Which is given to prevent relapse in multiple sclerosis? | IFN-beta | Cyclosporine | Corticosteroids | I FIN-gamma | 0a
| single | Ans: a (IFN-beta) Ref: Harrison, 16th ed, p. 2467; Davidson, 20th ed, p. 1216Multiple sclerosis is characertised by a triad of inflammation, demylination and gliosis; the course can be relapsing - remitting or progressive.MS is twice more common in females. MS risk correlates with high socioeconomic status. High antibody titres against many viruses have been reported in serum and CSF of MS patients, including measles, herpes simplex, varicella, rubella, Epstein - Barr, and influenza C and some parainfluenza strains.Sensory loss is most common initial symptom followed by optic neuritis.MRI is the investigation of choice. Dawson's fingers corresponds to perivenous demylination seen in MRI in multiple sclerosisFour clinical types of MS are there.The relapsing /remitting type accounts for 85% of cases.DISEASE-MODIFYING TREATMENTS IN MSTreatmentMode of actionCommentInterferon betaImmune modulationIn widespread use for reducing relapse rateGlatiramer acetateImmune modulationSimilar efficacy to interferon betaAzathioprineImmune suppressionSimilar efficacy to interferon betaCyclophosphamideImmune suppression(cytotoxic)Occasionally used in aggressive disease.Not recommended for widespread use (no proven benefit in RCTs)MitoxantroneImmune suppression(cytotoxic)Early trials in aggressive disease (no proven benefit in RCTs)PlasmapheresisImmune modulationOccasionally used in aggressive disease (no proven efficacy in RCTs)Intravenous immunoglobulinImmune modulationOccasionally used in aggressive diseaseMonoclonal antibodies to beta-integrins(e.g. natalizumab)Immune modulation(lymphocyte entry into CNS)Encouraging experimental results (no proven efficacy in RCTs)Monoclonal antibodies to lymphocyte epitopes (e.g. campathl-H)Immune suppression(lymphocyte depletion)Encouraging experimental results (no proven efficacy in RCTs) | Medicine | C.N.S. | [
"cyclosporine"
] | 54,603 |
dd793568-40e0-483f-b803-e48dc416c187 | Which of the following arachidonic acid derivative is used in treatment of glaucoma? | Latanoprost | Iloprost | Alprostadil | None of the above | 0a
| multi | Latanoprost, a stable long-acting PGF2derivative, was the first prostanoid used for glaucoma. The success of latanoprost has stimulated development of similar prostanoids with ocular hypotensive effects, and bimatoprost, travoprost, and unoprostone are now available. These drugs act at the FP receptor and are administered as drops into the conjunctival sac once or twice daily. Adverse effects include irreversible brown pigmentation of the iris and eyelashes, drying of the eyes, and conjunctivitis. Ref: Katzung 11th edition Chapter 18. | Pharmacology | null | [
"latanoprost",
"alprostadil"
] | 54,617 |
dae9604d-4aa3-4ee5-8eaa-43deeb8e3b28 | A inhalation anaesthetic agent was used in a surgery which caused high output renal failure. The agent is: | Methoxyflurane | Diethyl ether | Enflurane | Halothane | 0a
| single | Methoxyflurane was the most potent inhalation agent, but its high solubility and low vapor pressure yielded longer inductions and emergences. Up to 50% of it was metabolized by cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes to free fluoride (F-), oxalic acid, and other nephrotoxic compounds. Prolonged anesthesia with methoxyflurane was associated with a vasopressin-resistant, high-output, renal failure that was most commonly seen when F- levels increased to greater than 50 micro mol/L. Ref: Butterwoh IV J.F., Butterwoh IV J.F., Mackey D.C., Wasnick J.D., Mackey D.C., Wasnick J.D. (2013). Chapter 8. Inhalation Anesthetics. In J.F. Butterwoh IV, J.F. Butterwoh IV, D.C. Mackey, J.D. Wasnick, D.C. Mackey, J.D. Wasnick (Eds), Morgan & Mikhail's Clinical Anesthesiology, 5e. | Anaesthesia | null | [
"methoxyflurane",
"enflurane",
"halothane"
] | 54,621 |
883c625c-06ca-4b54-903e-62ef99831081 | Which of the following is aldosterone antagonist ? | Eplerenone | Deoxycorticosterone | Fenoldopam | Furosemide | 0a
| multi | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"fenoldopam",
"eplerenone",
"furosemide"
] | 54,633 |
6a7333ba-3237-483d-b2bf-73ffe5925f39 | Which of the following should be considered as the cause6 of generalised convulsions 20 minutes post operatively | Halothane | Enflurane | Isoflurane | Sevoflurane | 1b
| single | Refer anaesthesiology by Longnecker /761 KDT 6/e p372 Enflurane Enflurane is known to produce seizures | Pharmacology | Anesthesia | [
"sevoflurane",
"enflurane",
"isoflurane",
"halothane"
] | 54,658 |
30d16fab-2814-4138-afac-f6a4306e3c0d | The best suited anticoagulant for osmotic fragility test is - | Heparin | EDTA | Trisodium citrate | Potassium oxalate | 0a
| single | null | Pathology | null | [
"edta"
] | 54,660 |
e7510f49-0d95-48e2-95eb-40d0b284cd0f | A child has phocomelia. This is due to drug taken by mother aEUR' | Tetracycline | Thalidomide | Warfarin | Chloroquine | 1b
| single | Thalidomide [Ref Katzung Ile p. 1029, : K.D.T. 6/e p. 85 www.mayoclinic.com/health/thalidomide, Harrison 17/e p 11821 Thalidomide is the worst teratogen known in the history of medicine. It was widely used as sedative and hypnotic. It was also believed to reduce vomiting in pregnancy. - It was a routine hypnotics in hospitals, was even recommended whelp children adapt themselves to a convalescent home atmosphere. - The indiscrete use of these drugs in pregnant women resulted in an outbreak of phocomelia. Phocomelia means "seal extremities", it is a congenital deformity in which the long bones of the limbs are defective and substantially normal or rudimentary hands and feet arise on or nearly on the trunk like the flippers of seal. Thalidomide was subsequently banned. Now, decades later thalidomide has received approval from the food and drug administration in ceain conditions. According to Indian Journal of pharmacology Clinical uses of thalidomide -AIDS related aphthous ulcersQ - AIDS related wasting syndromeQ - Multiple myeloma and other solid tumoursQ - Prevention of graft versus host disease after transplantationQ - Rheumatoid ahritisQ - Ankylosing spondylitisQ - Crohn's disease and Becher's syndromeQ - Erythema nodosum leprosum0 | Pharmacology | null | [
"thalidomide",
"tetracycline",
"warfarin",
"chloroquine"
] | 54,671 |
dbecfc49-3f88-4e57-a2b6-bec95878687b | Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited by? | Propranolol | Diltiazem | Sotalol | Sodium iodide | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Propranolol | Pharmacology | null | [
"propranolol",
"diltiazem"
] | 54,672 |
ef502042-aee8-4110-8f43-9efc53ac9665 | True about pioglitazone are all except: | Metabolized in the liver by CYP3A4 | Selective agonist for the nuclear peroxisome profilerator activated receptor gamma | It causes transcription of gene for carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the absence of insulin | It should be avoided in a patient with cardio-vascular disease | 2c
| multi | Pioglitazone cause activation of genes regulating fatty acid metabolism and lipogenesis in adipose tissue contributes to the insulin sensitizing action. (REF.Essential of medical pharmacology K D TRIPATHI 6 Edition, Page No - 270) | Pharmacology | Endocrinology | [
"pioglitazone"
] | 54,676 |
4dad7682-4d67-482b-8c79-ca878bfac8ee | Anaesthetic of choice for day care srgery is? | Thiopentone | Nitrous oxide | Propofol | Halothane | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Propofol | Anaesthesia | null | [
"halothane",
"propofol"
] | 54,677 |
ae8423a9-451d-401a-8bd1-39c6d36c17b7 | All the following are indications of intravenous iron administration , except | Intermittent gastrointestinal blood loss | Iron malabsorption | Inability to tolerate oral iron | Patients on erythropoietin therapy | 0a
| multi | Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 629 Intravenous iron can be given to patients who are unable to tolerate oral iron; whose needs are relatively acute; or who need iron on an ongoing basis, usually due to persistent gastrointestinal blood loss. Parenteral iron use has been increasing rapidly in the last several years with the recognition that recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) therapy induces a large demand for iron--a demand that frequently cannot be met through the physiologic release of iron from RE sources or oral iron absorption. | Anatomy | Haematology | [
"erythropoietin"
] | 54,681 |
f9088846-889e-47c9-a1e7-54ec4903e524 | A young female on antidepressants presents to the emergency with altered sensorium and hypotension, ECG reveals wide QRS complexes and right axis deviation. Next best step for the management of this patient: | Sodium bicarbonate | Hemodialysis | Fomepizole | Flumazenil | 0a
| multi | Ans. a. Sodium bicarbonate (Ref: Harrison 19/e p172)A young female on antidepressants presents to the emergency with altered sensorium and hypotension. ECG reveals wide QRS complexes and right axis deviation. The clinical features and ECG findings typically suggest a diagnosis of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Antidote for TCA poisoning is sodium bicarbonate administered IV100 mEq (1--2 mEq/kg), and repeated every few minutes until BP improves and QRS complexes begin to narrow. Hemodialysis should not be used since TCAs are highly protein-bound with large volume of distribution.Tricyclic Antidepressant OverdoseTCA overdose is caused by excessive use or overdose of a TCA drug.It is a commonly used antidepressant & in children prescribed for bed-wettingQPathophzysiology:Most of the toxic effects of TCAs are caused by four major pharmacological effects:Anticholinergic effectsQExcessive blockade of norepinephrine reuptake at the preganglionic synapseQDirect alpha adrenergic blockadeQBlock sodium membrane channels with slowing of membrane depolarization, thus having quinidine-like effects on the myocardiumSigns and Symptoms:Peripheral ANS, CNS & heart are the main systems that are affected following overdose.Initial or mild symptoms typically develop within 2 hours and include tachycardia, drowsiness, a dry mouth, nausea & vomiting, urinary retention, confusion, agitation & headacheQ.More severe complications include hypotension, cardiac rhythm disturbances, hallucinations & seizuresQ.CCG abnormalities are frequent: MC is sinus tachycardia & intraventricular conduction delay resulting in prolongation of the QRS complex & PR/QT intervalsQ.Seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias & apnea are the most important life-threatening complicationsQ.TreatmentInitial treatment: Gastric decontaminationQ of the patient.This is achieved by administering activated charcoal lavage, which adsorbs the drug in the GIT either orally or via a nasogastric tube. Activated charcoal is most useful if given within 1-2 hours of ingestionQ.Other decontamination methods, such as stomach pumps, ipecac- induced emesis, or whole bowel irrigation are not recommended in TCA poisoningQ.Supportive therapy is given if necessary, including respiratory assistance, maintenance of body temperature, etc.Administration of IV sodium bicarbonateQ as an antidote has been shown to be an effective treatment for resolving the metabolic acidosis and cardiovascular complications of TCA poisoning.If sodium bicarbonate therapy fails to improve cardiac symptoms, conventional antiarrhythmic drugs, such as phenytoin & magnesium can be used to reverse any cardiac abnormalities.Hypotension is initially treated with fluids along with bicarbonate to reverse metabolic acidosis (if present).If the patient remains hypotensive despite fluids, then further measures, such as the administration of epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine can be used to increase blood pressure.Seizures often resolve without treatment but administration of a benzodiazepine or other anticonvulsive may be required for persistent muscular over activity.There is no role for physostigmine in the treatment of tricyclic toxicity as it may increase cardiac toxicity and cause seizuresQ.In cases of severe TCA overdoses that are refractory to conventional therapy, intravenous lipid emulsion therapy has been reported to improve signs & symptoms in moribund patients suffering from toxicities involving several types of lipophilic substances. Therefore, lipids may have a role in treating severe cases of refractory TCA overdose.Tricyclic antidepressants are highly protein-bound and have a large volume of distribution. Therefore, removal of these compounds from the blood with hemodialysis, hemoperfusion or other techniques is unlikely to be of any significant benefitQ. | Psychiatry | Pharmacotherapy Management of Children and Adolescents | [
"flumazenil",
"fomepizole"
] | 54,695 |
5d8e5bc1-ff5b-412c-84f5-9455a45d6fd4 | 38 year old male with hypopigmented patches near both ankles. What is not used for treatment? | Topical clobetasol | Topical tretinoin | Topical tacrolimus | Topical methoxsalen | 1b
| multi | Treatment of vitiligo: 1.Topical a. Steroids eg: clobetasol b. Calcineurin inhibitors like tacrolimus c. Vit D analogues 2. Systemic a. Steroids b. Azathioprine 3. Phototherapy a. PUVA b. PUVASOL c. Narrow band UVB d. Targeted Phototherapy 4. Surgical treatment. Impoant point: Topical methoxsalen is Psoralen. | Dental | Hypo Pigmentary Disorders | [
"tacrolimus"
] | 54,705 |
4d475867-f131-4203-ab29-6424d1a2deda | Beta lactam antibiotics are all except - | Amoxicillin | Aztreonam | Ceftriaxone | Vancomycin | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Vancomycin | Pharmacology | null | [
"vancomycin",
"ceftriaxone"
] | 54,713 |
492a18ff-b55d-48a9-aa6d-bba652fbad70 | All of the following are true about theophylline except: | It acts by inhibiting phosphodiesterase enzyme | It is the drug of choice for exercise induced asthma | Therapeutic drug monitoring is needed for Theophylline | It is a CNS stimulant and can lead to seizures | 1b
| multi | Steroid is the drug of choice for excercise induced asthma, not theophylline. | Pharmacology | null | [
"theophylline"
] | 54,716 |
f50165f3-23f3-44d7-a4ed-76a48007afc0 | Which one of the following drugs exacerbate reflux esophagitis? | Cisapride | Chlorpropamide | Theophylline | Metoclopramide | 2c
| single | . | Pharmacology | All India exam | [
"theophylline",
"metoclopramide",
"chlorpropamide"
] | 54,723 |
23f4fce4-2463-4d02-9a3b-f03476261c8a | Which of the following is an oral direct thrombin inhibitor? | Dabigatran | Rivaroxaban | Warfarin | Lepirudin | 0a
| single | ORAL: Direct thrombin inhibitor- Dabigatran, Ximelagatran Direct factor Xa inhibitors Apixaban Rivaroxaban Edoxaban Betrixaban Warfarin inhibits Epoxide Reductase thus ?Activated Vit k - ? decreased gamma carboxyglutamate residue ?functionality of factor 2,7,9,10 Lepirudin: - Parenteral Direct Thrombin Inhibitor | Pharmacology | FMGE 2019 | [
"rivaroxaban",
"warfarin"
] | 54,728 |
8e4dc9d4-e27b-42c4-810f-e310b9d82fd7 | Which of the following drugs has spasmolytic activity and could also be used in the managment of seizure caused by overdose of a local anesthetic | Baclofen | Dantrolene | Diazepam | Tizanidine | 2c
| single | Diazrpam possesses following activaties Muscle relaxing Anticonvulsant Anti-anxiety. Sedative hypnotic Refer KDT 6/e p 396 | Pharmacology | Anesthesia | [
"dantrolene",
"tizanidine",
"baclofen",
"diazepam"
] | 54,743 |
1d002305-de4a-4c9c-a16c-3872c216ebd9 | A patient of abdominal sepsis was staed on empirical treatment with intravenous ampicillin and gentamicin. Regarding the treatment of this patient, which statement is most accurate | Empirical treatment of abdominal sepsis should always include a third generation cephalosporin | A drug active against anaerobe should be included in the antibiotic regimen | Combination of ampicillin and gentamicin provides good coverage for all likely pathogens | If the patient is severely allergic to ampicillin, then ceftriaxone should be used | 1b
| multi | Ref-KDT 6/e p679,680 Abdominal sepsis is a mixed type of intection caused by both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Ampicillin and gentamicin will inhibit most of the aerobic organisms but these ae not ettective against anaerobic organisms. Therefore metronidazole or clindamycin should be included in the treatment regimen. | Anatomy | Other topics and Adverse effects | [
"gentamicin",
"ampicillin",
"ceftriaxone"
] | 54,748 |
57eaaf1c-e8b9-4b3e-8ab3-1d779442ec5e | Treatment given to entamoeba cyst carriers is? | Metronidazole | Diloxanide furoate | Paromomycin | Nitzoxzanide | 2c
| single | ANSWER: (C) ParomomycinREF: Harrisons 18th ed chapter 209Asymptomatic individuals with documented E. histolytica infection should be treated because of the risks of developing amebic colitis or amebic liver abscess in the future and of transmitting the infection to others.Paromomycin or iodoquinol should be used in these cases. | Microbiology | Protozoa | [
"metronidazole",
"paromomycin"
] | 54,752 |
9152949c-c04a-4b18-86d3-9047131ae312 | Granulocytopenia, gingival hyperplasia and facial hir–sutism are all possible side effects of one of the following anticonvulsant drugs ? | Phenytoin | Valproate | Carbamazepine | Phenobarbitone | 0a
| multi | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"valproate",
"carbamazepine",
"phenytoin"
] | 54,770 |
89ea6c87-b824-4158-96c7-0dfc5e824842 | All are true about immunosuppressants except? | Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin pathway | Steroids binds to cytosolic receptors and heat shock proteins | Mycophenolate inhibits purine synthesis GMP dehydrogenase | Sirolimus will block kinase in the IL-2 receptor pathway | 2c
| multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Mycophenolate inhibits purine synthesis GMP dehydrogenase o Mycophenolate inhibits purine synthesis inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase (not GMP dehydrogenase). About other options o Tacrolimus enters target cells and binds to FKBP. The complex then inhibits calcineurin response of the helper T cell to antigenic stimulation fails. o Glucocoicoids bind cytosolic receptors and heat shock proteins, block transcription of IL-1, 2, 3, 6, IFN-y and TNF-cs o Sirolimus complexes with FkBP -12 and then blocks p7deg S6 kinase in the IL-2 receptors pathway for proliferation. | Pharmacology | null | [
"tacrolimus"
] | 54,772 |
12b0fc16-fccc-40c0-ad23-b4aa7e6bee99 | An oral drug approved for the treatment of Hepatitis C? | Ledipsavir | Rimantidine | Telbivudine | Entecavir | 0a
| single | Ledipsavir is a direct acting antiviral drug used to treat chronic Hep C . It is used in combination with sofosbuvir. trade name being Harvoni Ref: Goodman n Gillman 13th ed. | Pharmacology | Gastrointestinal tract | [
"entecavir"
] | 54,793 |
1131f5ff-f8d4-4e95-b5e8-ccd7877dc42e | An 18-year-old previously healthy man is placed on intravenous heparin after having a pulmonary embolism (PE) after exploratory laparotomy for a small-bowel injury following a motor vehicle collision. Five days later, his platelet count is 90,000/mL and continues to fall over the next several days. The patient's serum is positive for antibodies to the heparin-platelet factor complexes. Which of the following is the most appropriate next management step? | Cessation of all anticoagulation therapy | Cessation of heparin and immediate institution of high-dose warfarin therapy | Cessation of heparin and institution of low-molecular-weight heparin | . Cessation of heparin and institution of lepirudin | 3d
| multi | The patient has heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which is a complication of heparin therapy, at both prophylactic and therapeutic doses. HIT is mediated by antibodies to the complexes formed by binding of heparin to platelet factor 4. In a previously unexposed patient, HIT typically manifests after 5 days as a decrease in platelet counts by 50% of the highest preceding value or to a level less than 100,000/mm3 . Complications of HIT are related to venous and/or aerial thromboembolic phenomena. Treatment of HIT consists of cessation of heparin (including low-molecular-weight heparins), institution of a nonheparin anticoagulant such as a direct thrombin inhibitor (examples include lepirudin and argatroban), and conversion to oral warfarin when appropriate. Cessation of heparin alone is inadequate to prevent thromboembolic complications, and warfarin should not be staed until the platelet count is above 100,000/mm3 . Platelet transfusion is not indicated, as HIT results in thrombotic rather than hemorrhagic complications. | Anaesthesia | Preoperative assessment and monitoring in anaesthesia | [
"warfarin"
] | 54,797 |
146cbd9a-3b68-4e01-bd03-40b35446a72f | Alpha 1a adrenergic blocker giving symptomatic relief in BPH is: | Tamsulosin | Prazosin | Doxazosin | Tolazoline | 0a
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"prazosin",
"tamsulosin"
] | 54,805 |
bd3ae160-6b68-4801-bfed-f205fc156045 | Anemia of chronic renal failure - | Normocytic normochromic anaemia | Erythropoietin improves the symptoms | Dialysis causes severe anemia | Anemia is propoional to the kidney disease | 0a
| single | <p>In case of anemia of chronic disorder, anemia is not related to bleeding ,hemolysis or marrow infiltration,is mild,with normal MCV (normocytic normochromic) though this may be reduced in long standing inflammation .</p><p>Reference :Davidson&;s principles &practice of medicine 22nd edition pg no 1023.</p> | Medicine | Haematology | [
"erythropoietin"
] | 54,815 |
9b78cebd-6606-4845-b77c-792c51204f4d | A 60 year old male had a sudden fall in the toilet, his BP was 90/60 mm Hg and pulse was 100 per minute. His relatives repoed that his stool was black/dark in color. Fuher careful history revealed that he is a known case of hypeension and coronary aery disease and was regularly taking aspirin, atenolol and sorbitrate. The most likely diagnosis is? | Gastric ulcer with bleeding | Acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock | Acute CVA | Pulmonary embolism | 0a
| multi | On examination of vitals where BP is low and pulse is increased, CVA is ruled out as stroke presents with cushing reflex (Bradycardia and hypeension). Pulmonary embolism develops in setting of hypercoagulable state which is unlikely as he is taking aspirin for long time Since patient is taking aspirin, it cuts the risk of MI and there is no history of chest pain or ECG findings given The diagnosis points to gastric ulcer with bleed with of history of aspirin intake plus passage of black stools plus features of shock due to blood loss. | Medicine | Peptic Ulcer Disease | [
"atenolol"
] | 54,817 |
e318f0e4-e030-43a8-bdd7-5a02e9b87501 | Safe inducing agent used for day care is: | Thiopentone | Etomidate | Ha lothane | Propofol | 3d
| single | Propofol | Anaesthesia | null | [
"etomidate",
"propofol"
] | 54,828 |
0fc2dfe6-5a54-4aec-8546-2ec0264e768f | Shaswat, A67-year-old male comes to the physician's office complaining of severe pain in the right foot with paleness of right toe. The patient had a history of receiving unfractionated heparin 7 days back. The hemogram of the patient is as shown below: Hb 13.2 g/dL WBC 10000/mm3 Platelet 50000/mm3 Which of the following should be used to treat this condition? | High dose of Heparin | Platelet infusions | Argatroban | Warfarin | 2c
| single | (Ref: Katzung 11/e p592) It is a case of heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Four 'T' are used to suspect the diagnosis of HIT: Hrombocytopenia Timing of heparin administration (5-14 days) before developing thrombocytopenia Thrombosis OTher causes of thrombocytopenia not evident. DOC for HIT is direct thrombin inhibitors like argaroban. | Pharmacology | Other topics and Adverse effects | [
"warfarin"
] | 54,837 |
c3d66e21-77a4-4497-8b9c-1f988829dcd7 | GABA transmission is facilitated by | Vigabatrin | Carbazepine | Phenytoin | Buspirone | 0a
| single | GABAergic transmission refers to activation ofGABA receptors and release of GABA by endogenous or pharmacological modulators. g-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Ref: KD Tripathi 8th ed. | Pharmacology | Central Nervous system | [
"phenytoin",
"vigabatrin"
] | 54,839 |
403455c3-8019-4245-9263-c71899867991 | Which of the following is a highly emetogenic chemotherapy drug : | 5–Fluorouracil | Paclitaxel | Vincristine | Cisplatin | 3d
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"paclitaxel",
"vincristine",
"cisplatin",
"fluorouracil"
] | 54,840 |
9153ccf2-ebd4-4f60-85d4-c1ed8fe43799 | Salmonella and shigella can be differentiated from other enterobacteriaceae member by isolation on: | MacConkey agar | Mannitol salt agar | BCYE medium | XLD agar | 3d
| single | XLD (xyloseJysine deoxycholate) agar is a selective differential medium for isolation of Gram-negative enteric pathogens from fecal specimens and other clinical material. o It is especially suitablefor the isolation of shigella and salmonella specias REF : ananthanarayana 10th ed | Microbiology | All India exam | [
"mannitol"
] | 152,376 |
d3bb5c13-da1f-4c0a-914e-9313800ef011 | Danazol has which of the following actions ? | Weak androgenic | Progestational | Anabolic | All the above | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., All the above Danazole It has weak androgenic, anabolic and progestational activity. The most prominent action is suppression of gonadotropin (FSH/LH) from pitutary in both men and women - inhibition of testicular/ovarian function. Uses are : Endometriosis (major use) Fibrocystic breast disease Infeility Menorrhagia Hereditary angioneuretic edema Side effects are complete amenorrhoea, androgenic effects (acne, hirusitism, decreased breast size, deepening of voice, edema, weight gain), loss of libido in men, hot flushes in women, night sweats and muscle cramp. Liver enzyme may be raised. | Pharmacology | null | [
"danazol"
] | 152,378 |
f5f10acd-0d97-4332-af88-f521d449a8c5 | Drug of choice to treat severe fungal infection in
AIDS is | Acyclovir | Ketoconazole | Aerosolized pentamidine | Didanosine | 1b
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"pentamidine",
"ketoconazole"
] | 152,394 |
9baaf905-03ff-4613-b07b-0b6217959123 | Drug used in the treatment of CAH in a child is: | Dexamethasone | Betamethasone | Prednisolone | Hydrocortisone | 3d
| single | d. Hydrocortisone(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 2719)Treatment of CAH (21 hydroxylase deficiency) involves use of Hydrocortisone 15-20mg/m2/24hr, administered orally in 3 divided doses. Double or triple doses are indicated during periods of stress, such as infection or surgery. | Pediatrics | Endocrinology | [
"prednisolone",
"dexamethasone"
] | 152,413 |
84d28ff6-e033-4ca3-80aa-5425bbc65fbe | Which of the following is a shoest acting benzodiazepine: September 2005 | Diazepam | Lorezepam | Midazolam | Alprazolam | 2c
| single | Ans. C: MidazolamA benzodiazepine can be placed into one of three groups by its elimination half-life, or time it takes for the body to eliminate half of the dose.Some benzodiazepines have long-acting active metabolites such as diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, which are metabolised into desmethyldiazepam. Desmethyldiazepam has a half-life of 36-200 hours.Very sho-acting compounds have a half-life of 2-5 hours.They have few residual effects if taken before bedtime, rebound insomnia may occur upon discontinuation and they might cause day time withdrawal symptoms such as next day rebound anxiety with prolonged usage.Examples are brotizolam, midazolam and triazolam.Sho-acting compounds have a half-life of 8-20 hours.They may have some residual effects in the first half of the day if used as a hypnotic.Rebound insomnia, however, is more common upon discontinuation of intermediate-acting benzodiazepines than longer acting benzodiazepines.Examples are estazolam, flunitrazepam, lormetazepam, nitrazepam and temazepam.Long-acting compounds have a half-life of 40-100 hours.They have a risk of accumulation in the elderly and in individuals with severely impaired liver function, but they have a reduced severity of rebound effects and withdrawal.Examples are diazepam and chlordiazepoxide. | Psychiatry | null | [
"alprazolam",
"midazolam",
"diazepam"
] | 152,435 |
5c296205-2d21-4b61-bfc4-fa2fc41301da | Morphine can be given by all the following routes except: | Intravenous | Intramuscular | Subcutaneous | Sublingual | 3d
| multi | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"morphine"
] | 152,436 |
2db9dca4-ea67-4456-b9c3-7d63846ae14c | All are aeriolar dilators except ? | Hydralazine | Minoxidil | Nitrates | Nifedipine | 2c
| multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Nitrates | Pharmacology | null | [
"hydralazine",
"nifedipine"
] | 152,441 |
0bddd63f-8695-4acd-a4bf-177ffdec8f1a | First agent shown to be effective in maniac phase of BPD - | Li | Lamotrigrine | Valproate | Carbamezipine | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Li o Lithium was the first effective drug for acute mania.ConditionsPreferred agentso Hypomaniao Lithium or Valproic acido Maniao Lithiumo Mania with dysphoria (mixed mania)o Valproic acido Mania with psychosiso Valproate with olanzapine or risperidone | Psychiatry | Pharmacotherapy Management of Children and Adolescents | [
"valproate"
] | 152,468 |
4a790461-18fa-4d09-95cb-72ccad2df801 | Drug not acting on tubulin is : | Bleomycin | Colchicine | Paclitaxel | Vincristine | 0a
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"paclitaxel",
"vincristine",
"colchicine"
] | 152,484 |
46debeee-3361-46fa-ad9e-2852ba9221e4 | All the following are biotin independent carboxylation reactions, EXCEPT | Addition of CO2 to from C6 in purine ring | Conversion of pyruvate to malate by malic enzyme | Acetyl CoA carboxylase | Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase | 2c
| multi | The conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate by biotin dependent pyruvate carboxylase is essential for the synthesis of glucose from many non-carbohydrate sources. | Biochemistry | null | [
"biotin"
] | 152,488 |
a5a54977-62de-4aeb-8ad5-8da15cbce02f | Retrobulbar neuritis is seen with : | Rifampicin | Streptomycin | Ethambutol | Ethionamide | 2c
| single | The most impoant side effect is optic neuritis, resulting in decreased visual acuity and loss of ability to differentiate red from green. The incidence of this reaction is propoional to the dose of ethambutol and is observed in 15% of patients receiving 50 mg/kg/day, in 5% of patients receiving 25 mg/kg/day, and in <1% of patients receiving daily doses of 15 mg/kg. The intensity of the visual difficulty is related to the duration of therapy after the decreased visual acuity first becomes apparent and may be unilateral or bilateral. Tests of visual acuity and red-green discrimination prior to the sta of therapy and periodically thereafter are thus recommended. Recovery usually occurs when ethambutol is withdrawn; the time required is a function of the degree of visual impairment. Ref : Gumbo T. (2011). Chapter 56. Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium Avium Complex Disease, and Leprosy. In B.C. Knollmann (Ed), Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e. | Ophthalmology | null | [
"ethambutol",
"ethionamide"
] | 152,500 |
2e1b983b-196f-4df6-b200-caec5eb1f20d | An 8-month old child presented with itchy, exudative lesions on the face, palms and soles. The siblings also have similar complaints. The treatment of choice is such a patient is: | Systemic ampicillin | Topical betamethasone | Systemic prednisolone | Topical permethrin | 3d
| single | D i.e. Topical permethrin | Skin | null | [
"prednisolone",
"ampicillin"
] | 152,502 |
ff57a741-4139-40ef-8934-5a8c752b703e | Shortest acting muscle relaxant: | Tubocurarine | Succinylcholine | Pancuronium | Atracurium | 1b
| single | Ans. B. SuccinylcholineThere are two types of muscle relaxant - depolarizing and non-depolarizing, succinylcholine is the shortest acting depolarizing MR and mivacurium is longest acting non-depolarizing MR. | Pharmacology | A.N.S. | [
"atracurium",
"pancuronium"
] | 152,515 |
27aa4671-c904-4203-b0a3-ab8f71be6674 | Drug contraindicated in head injury patients - | Codeine | Pethidine | Morphine | Mannitol | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Morphine Precautions and contraindications of Morphine1. Head injury: morphine is contraindicated in patients with head injury (KDT). Reasons are -a) By retaining CO2 it increases intracranial tension which will add to that caused by head injury itself.b) Even therapeutic doses can cause marked respiratory depression in these patients.c) Vomiting, miosis, and altered mentation produce by morphine interfere with assessment of progress in head injury cases.2. Branchial asthma: Morphine can precipitate an attack by its histamine releasing action.3. Hypothyroidism, liver and kidney disease patients are more sensitive to morphine4. Infants and elderly are more susceptible to the respiratory depressant action of morphine.5. It is dangerous in patients with respiratory insufficiency (Emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, corpulmonale), sudden deaths have occurred.6. Hypotensive states and hypovolemia exagerate fall in BP due to morphine.7. Undiagnosed acute abdominal pain - morphine can aggravate certain conditions e.g., diverticulitis, biliary colic, pancreatitis.8. Elderly male - chances of urinary retention are high.9. Unstable personalities are liable to continue its use and become addicted. | Pharmacology | C.N.S | [
"morphine",
"pethidine",
"mannitol"
] | 152,516 |
5024b9f5-1c04-44dd-a102-23337079b6f4 | Which of the following drug require therapeutic dose monitoring? | Phenytoin | Warfarin | Metformin | Propanolol | 0a
| single | (Ref: Katzung, 14th ed. pg. 432; KDT, 6th ed. pg. 34-35)Therapeutic dose monitoring (TDM) is used to monitor the effect of drug through plasma concentration.Criteria to do TDMWhen response of drug can't be measured.Note:#Response of warfarin measured by INR.#Response of metformin measured by blood glucose level.#Response of propanolol measured by BP measurement.If any drug having narrow therapeutic index (unsafe drugs).If a drug is showing wide variation in pharmacokinetics.Drugs in which TDM done (Remembered as: DAAALI)DigitalisAminoglycosides (Gentamicin)Anti-epilepticsAnti-CancerLithiumImmuno suppressant (Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus)Therapeutic drug range for some anti-seizure drugDrugReference rangeCarbamazepine4-12Clobazam0.03-0.30Ethosuximide40-100Phenytoin10-20Phenobarbital15-40Valproate40-100Lamotrigine3-15Levetiracetam12-46Oxcarbazepine5-35Topiramate5-20 | Pharmacology | General Pharmacology | [
"metformin",
"warfarin",
"phenytoin"
] | 152,523 |
1894027f-e5db-44e1-ae23-78b7b6b4b8ed | Drug used for HER-2/neu positive breast cancer | Imitanib | Trastuzumab | Erlotinib | Cetuximab | 1b
| single | Answer- B. TrastuzumabHerceptin (Trastuzumab)Herceptin is a humanized antibody and is used in breast cancers which are HER2 positive.HER2 stands for - human epidermal growth factor receptor.HER2 gene produces HER2 protein also called HER2 receptor.In HER2 (+ve) breast cancer the cancer cell have abnormally high number of HER2 genes per cell when this happens too much HER2 protein appears on the surface of these cancer cells.Currently transtuzumab is approved for HER2/neu overexpressing metastatic breast cancer in combination with paclitaxel as initial treatment or as monotherapy following chemotherapy. | Surgery | null | [
"cetuximab"
] | 152,529 |
89e31143-98cf-470e-86ff-dc8700904c5b | Selective 5–HT1B/1D receptor agonist useful in acute migraine is : | Buspirone | Ondansetron | Frovatriptan | Ketanserin | 2c
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"frovatriptan"
] | 152,537 |
83a68417-45d9-40bb-a2e5-003520fca82b | Brunner's gland in the duodenum secretes: | Mucinus alkaline | Acid | Pepsin | Gastrin | 0a
| single | Ans. A Mucinus alkalineRef: BDC, 5th ed. Vol II pg. 268* Brunner's glands are also known as duodenal glands.* These are small compound tubuloacinar glands which secrete mucus that protects duodenum from gastric acidic contents.* They also facilitate activation of intestinal enzymes which helps in absorption.Extra Mile* The gastric glands situated in the fundus and body of stomach contain parietal/oxyntic cells which secrete acid, mucus, pepsin and other digestive enzymes. | Anatomy | Abdomen & Pelvis | [
"pepsin"
] | 152,541 |
8ff2c329-2bd6-43a6-a03d-e32c2ec412e2 | Which of the following drugs has both antihelminth and antiprotozoal activity ? | Nitazoxanide | Emetine | Chloroquine | Diloxanidefuroate | 0a
| multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Nitazoxanide Nitazoxanide This is the salicylamidecogener of the antihelminthniclosamide, introduced for the treatment of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis and is also active against other protozoa and helminthes including E. histolytica, T. vaginalis, Ascaris and H. nana. It is a prodrug which onn absorption is conveed into active for tizoxanide. Tizoxanide is an inhibitor of PFOR enzyme that is the essential pathway of electron transpo energy metabolism in anaerobic organisms. | Pharmacology | null | [
"chloroquine"
] | 152,558 |
533c9108-06f7-4b25-9028-883d36e73a6f | Increased tendency to fall asleep at night without causing central nervous system depression is a property exhibited by : | Pyridoxine | Diphenhydramine | Melatonin | Ethanol | 2c
| multi | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"diphenhydramine"
] | 152,559 |
eb135578-b0c1-4aa0-b229-262f3898c264 | For fetal lung maturation, all the coicosteroids can be used except | Betamethasone | Dexamethasone | Hydrocoisone | Methylprednisolone | 3d
| multi | Methylprednisolone is not effective because of poor placental transfer | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Medical, surgical and gynaecological illness complicating pregnancy | [
"methylprednisolone",
"dexamethasone"
] | 152,568 |
5d8e8ef6-f0c3-4461-a968-2c8a94c8a4d8 | Drug of choice for acyclovir resistant herpes is : | Cidofovir | Gancyclovir | Valacyclovir | Foscarnet | 3d
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"foscarnet"
] | 152,581 |
d031492f-dda5-4554-bf3a-9911dc4e6370 | DOC in adrenal insufficiency - | Norepinephrine | Adrenaline | Dexamethasone | Fludrocortisone | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Dexamethasone Treatment of acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis) in adultsEmergency measuresEstablish intravenous access with a large-gauge needle.Draw blood for immediate serum electrolytes and glucose and routine measurement ofplasma cortisol and A CTH. Do not wait for lab results.Infuse 2 to 3 liters of isotonic saline or 5 precent dextrose in isotonic saline as quickly as possible. Frequent hemodynamic monitoring and measurement of serum electrolytes should be performed to avoid iatrogenic fluid overload.Give 4 mg dexamethasone as intravenous bolus over one to five minutes and every 12 hours thereafter Dexamethasone is the drug of choice because it does not interfere with the measurement ofplasma cortisol. If dexamethasone is unavailable, intravenous hydrocortisone, 100 mg immediately and every six hours thereafter, may be used.Use supportive measures as needed.Subacute measures after stabilization of the patientContinue intravenous isotonic saline at a slower rate for next 24 to 48 hours.Search for and treat possible in fections precipitating causes of the adrenal crisis.Perform short ACTH stimulation test to confirm the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency, ifpatient does not have know adrenal insufficiency. Determine the type of adrenal insu fficiency and its cause if not already known.Taper parenteral glucocorticoid over one to three days, if precipitating or complicating illness permits, to oral glucocorticoid maintenance dose.Begin meneralocorticoid replacement with fludrocortisone, 0.1 mg by mouth daily, when saline infusion is stopped. | Medicine | Adrenal | [
"dexamethasone",
"fludrocortisone"
] | 152,584 |
4024dd92-f409-4306-a90a-db5994b2f05b | Which does not cause microvesicular steatosis | Alcoholic fatty liver | Tetracycline toxicity | Acute fatty liver of pregnancy | Reyes syndrome | 0a
| single | micro vescicular steatosis is a accumulation of small clear vacuoles of lipids within the cytoplasm of hepatocyte .it is seen in alcoholic fatty liver GENERAL AND SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY RAMDAS NAYAK PGNO.449 | Pathology | G.I.T | [
"tetracycline"
] | 152,585 |
ae4d048a-5a34-41dd-9498-4fff1523e0a6 | Oil red O staining is used for - | Frozen section | Glutaraldehyde fixed specimen | Alcohol fixed specimen | Formalin fixed specimen | 0a
| single | . Frozen section | Pathology | null | [
"glutaraldehyde"
] | 152,601 |
f1a6e2b3-1016-4a23-bc93-50294a90abd1 | A patient with drug overdose presents with pin-point pupils, with BP 80/60 mm Hg, pulse 60 bpm with shallow respiration. Which of the following will be used for treatment immediately? | Naloxone | Naltrexone | Methadone | Pentazocine | 0a
| multi | (A) Naloxone # Typical syndrome, which includes shallow and slow respirations, pupillary miosis (with mydriasis once brain anoxia develops), bradycardia, hypothermia, and stupor or coma is seen in Opioid Toxicity and Overdosage.> If not treated rapidly, respiratory depression, cardiorespiratory arrest, and death can ensue.> The first step in managing overdose is to support vital signs, using intubation if needed. Definitive treatment is the administration of a narcotic antagonist such as 0.4 mg to 2 mg intravenous or intramuscular naloxone. | Medicine | Miscellaneous | [
"naloxone",
"naltrexone",
"pentazocine",
"methadone"
] | 152,603 |
cc555966-1648-4715-a54d-4c77d6fd1e2c | Drug used for emergency intubation is | Propofol | Ketamine | Eomidate | None | 0a
| multi | Emergency intubation in anaesthesia refers to rapid sequence anaesthesia (or rapid sequence intubation)Any inducing agent can be used, but thiopental and propofol are the preferred agent.(Refer: Morgan and Mikhail's Clinical Anaesthesiology, 5th edition, pg no.185) | Anaesthesia | All India exam | [
"ketamine",
"propofol"
] | 152,606 |
1a0ce63e-8894-4a2c-9408-144738505fb2 | Drug that is used for fetal lung maturity is: | Dexamethasone | Folic acid | Beclomethasone | None | 0a
| multi | Ans. a. DexamethasoneRef: Williams Obstetrics 24th Ed; Page No-754ANTENATAL CORTICOSTEROID THERAPYA single dose of corticosteroids is recommended for pregnant women with gestational age 23-34 weeks of gestation who are at risk of preterm delivery within 7 days.A complete course isBetamethasone two IM 12-mg doses given 24 hours apartORDexamethasone four IM 6-mg doses given 12 hours apart.Lower severity, frequency, or both of respiratory distress syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis and death are seen such type of neonates whose mothers receive antenatal corticosteroids. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Physiology & Histology | [
"dexamethasone"
] | 152,610 |
263de602-b154-46f3-b628-a2c69d3ea738 | In complication of falciparum malaria, which drug is not given - | Phenobarbitone | Dexmethosone | Quinine | Blood transfusion | 1b
| single | Cerebral malaria
Many adjuvant therapies have been suggested based on the prevailing pathophysiology and hypothesis of the time.
These include heparin, low molecular weight dextran, urea, high dose corticosteroid, aspirn, prostacycline, pentoxifflline, desferioxamine, anti TNF antibody, cyclosporin and hyperimmune serum.
Unfortunately, none have proved beneficial and several have proved harmful none of these adjuvants should be used, the cornerstone of management is good intensive care and correct antimalarial treatment.
Management of cerebral malaria
Antimalarial treatment
In cerebral malaria rapidly acting parenteral drugs should be given. Quinine is the drug of choice.
Fluid balance
Following admission patient should be rehydrated to a CVP of approximately 5 cm
Hypoglycemia
Slow intravenous injection of 50% dextrose water
Lactic acidosis
Hypovolemia should be corrected first
Acute renal failure
Fluid should be restricted to replace insensible losses only. Dialysis should be started early when there is evidence of multiple organ dysfunction.
Acute pulmonary edema
They should be nursed upright and given oxygen and the right-sided filling pressure should be reduced
Bleeding
Less than 5% of patients of cerebral malaria develop D.I.C. These patients should be given a fresh blood transfusion and vitamin K.
Bacterial superinfection / continued fever
Patient with secondary pneumonia should be given empirical treatment with a third-generation cephalosporin. | Medicine | null | [
"quinine"
] | 152,614 |
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