id
stringlengths 36
36
| choice_num
int64 2
9
| answer
stringclasses 6
values | level
int64 1
3
| en_question
stringlengths 8
990
| en_A
stringlengths 1
284
| en_B
stringlengths 1
250
| en_C
stringlengths 1
278
⌀ | en_D
stringlengths 1
297
⌀ | zh_question
stringlengths 2
273
| zh_A
stringlengths 1
73
| zh_B
stringlengths 1
73
| zh_C
stringlengths 1
73
⌀ | zh_D
stringlengths 1
73
⌀ | en_E
stringlengths 1
604
⌀ | zh_E
stringlengths 1
132
⌀ | en_F
stringclasses 15
values | zh_F
stringclasses 15
values | en_G
stringclasses 3
values | zh_G
stringclasses 3
values | en_H
stringclasses 3
values | zh_H
stringclasses 3
values | en_I
stringclasses 1
value | zh_I
stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
500db74c-4447-56d3-b56b-7864d821de6a | 4 | B | 1 | A V/Q ratio of 1:0 is known as which one of the following? | Normal | Dead space | Shunt | Silent unit | V/Q 比值为 1:0 被称为以下哪一项？ | 正常 | 无效腔 | 分流 | 静音单位 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
7cd97bc9-a105-5b0d-93df-9cf68cd64bb1 | 4 | D | 1 | A V/Q ratio of 0:0 is known as which one of the following? | Normal | Dead space | Shunt | Silent unit | V/Q 比率为 0:0 被称为以下哪一项？ | 正常 | 无效腔 | 分流 | 静音单位 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
6aa7cf81-3f82-5d80-9601-1f3f9001f888 | 4 | C | 1 | A V/Q ratio of 0:1 is known as which one of the following? | Normal | Dead space | Shunt | Silent unit | V/Q 比值为 0:1 被称为以下哪一项？ | 正常 | 无效腔 | 分流 | 静音单位 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
dee78a7d-9068-5cca-838d-e32f851352f4 | 4 | A | 1 | 29. Which of the following statements regarding hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is false? | HPV leads to bronchiolar constriction. | HPV is stimulated by alveolar hypoxia. | HPV decreases blood flow. | HPV causes areas that were previously shunted to effectively become silent units. | 29. 以下关于低氧性肺血管收缩（HPV）的说法哪一项是错误的？ | HPV导致细支气管收缩。 | HPV由肺泡低氧刺激。 | HPV减少血流。 | HPV使先前分流的区域有效地成为无声单位。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
5ea2755f-c289-5768-b72c-743de2849f50 | 5 | E | 1 | Which of the following is/are direct inhibitor(s) of HPV? | Infection | Vasodilator drugs | Hypocarbia | A and C | 以下哪项是/直接抑制HPV的因素？ | 感染 | 血管扩张药物 | 低碳酸血症 | A和C | All of the above | 以上全部 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
245e9c49-eb8e-5e6c-a364-e802a1ae3b83 | 5 | D | 1 | Which of the following medical conditions shift(s) the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right? | Hypocapnia | Acidosis | Hyperthermia | B and C | 下列哪种医学状况会使氧合血红蛋白解离曲线右移？ | 低碳酸血症 | 酸中毒 | 高热 | B 和 C | A and B | A 和 B | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
a73f5302-16b8-5477-9de8-8891e00b6c18 | 4 | D | 1 | In a normal patient, the Po2 drops from 100 to 40 mm Hg. What do you expect the pulse oximeter to read? | 99% | 95% | 85% | <75% | 在一个正常的病人中，Po2从100降到40 mm Hg。你预计脉搏血氧仪的读数是多少？ | 99% | 95% | 85% | <75% | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
c6a84037-19bf-583d-8570-e53a101dde94 | 4 | D | 1 | Which of the following medical conditions cause(s) a leftward shift to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve? | Hypothermia | Alkalosis | Fetal hemoglobin | All of the above | 以下哪种医学状况会导致氧合血红蛋白解离曲线左移？ | 低体温 | 碱中毒 | 胎儿血红蛋白 | 以上所有 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
3e4772c4-e063-56e0-9773-169ec8e284ce | 4 | A | 1 | Which of the following statements regarding respiratory acidosis is false? | It is improved with laparoscopic procedures. | It is always characterized by hypercarbia (PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg). | It occurs because of a decrease in minute alveolar ventilation. | It is usually characterized by a low pH (<7.35). | 以下关于呼吸性酸中毒的说法中哪一项是错误的？ | 腹腔镜手术可以改善这种情况。 | 它总是以高碳酸血症（PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg）为特征。 | 它是由于分钟肺泡通气量减少而发生的。 | 它通常以低pH值（<7.35）为特征。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
648a40ca-13c8-50e8-a1ec-5efd4aa0fc12 | 4 | D | 1 | Which of the following statements is/are true regarding systemic effects of hypercapnia? | Arteriolar dilation | Increased sympathetic output | Pulmonary vasoconstriction | All of the above | 关于高碳酸血症的全身效应，下列哪项陈述是正确的？ | 小动脉扩张 | 交感神经输出增加 | 肺血管收缩 | 以上全部 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
53765e0a-d886-5522-8603-7d2f3f5196ce | 4 | C | 1 | Which of the following statements is false regarding hyperoxia? | It contributes to atelectasis. | Prolonged exposure may increase the risk of secondary infections. | It increases intracranial pressure. | It increases systemic vascular resistance. | 以下关于高氧的说法哪一项是错误的？ | 它有助于肺不张。 | 长时间暴露可能增加继发感染的风险。 | 它增加颅内压。 | 它增加全身血管阻力。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
f545b1ce-5532-5c13-af94-84c1b31a4036 | 4 | D | 1 | 37. Which of the following is/are the systemic effect(s) of hypoxia? | Peripheral vessels dilate | Increased ventilation | Increased cardiac output | All of the above | 37. 以下哪项是缺氧的全身效应？ | 外周血管扩张 | 通气增加 | 心输出量增加 | 以上全部 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
0c325aa4-5589-51be-a451-5772e543582f | 4 | C | 2 | Interpret this arterial blood gas (ABG): pH = 7.27, CO2 = 53, HCO2 = 24. | Metabolic acidosis | Metabolic alkalosis | Respiratory acidosis | Respiratory alkalosis | 解释以下动脉血气（ABG）：pH = 7.27, CO2 = 53, HCO2 = 24。 | 代谢性酸中毒 | 代谢性碱中毒 | 呼吸性酸中毒 | 呼吸性碱中毒 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
daa73226-a6e0-5a2a-8840-e2b543f5f456 | 4 | A | 2 | Interpret this ABG: pH = 7.18, CO2 = 38, HCO3 = 16 | Metabolic acidosis | Metabolic alkalosis | Respiratory acidosis | Respiratory alkalosis | 解释这个动脉血气分析：pH = 7.18, CO2 = 38, HCO3 = 16 | 代谢性酸中毒 | 代谢性碱中毒 | 呼吸性酸中毒 | 呼吸性碱中毒 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
33df2df2-e193-53a3-bc1d-a39a59c295f6 | 4 | B | 2 | Interpret this ABG: pH = 7.60, CO2 = 37, HCO3 = 35 | Metabolic acidosis | Metabolic alkalosis | Respiratory acidosis | Respiratory alkalosis | 解释这个动脉血气分析：pH = 7.60, CO2 = 37, HCO3 = 35 | 代谢性酸中毒 | 代谢性碱中毒 | 呼吸性酸中毒 | 呼吸性碱中毒 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
c9d529b4-7d4f-5cd7-960d-f159c92a7f40 | 4 | C | 1 | The respiratory centers in the brain are located in which one of the following? | Cerebrum | Cerebellum | Brainstem | Spinal cord | 大脑中的呼吸中枢位于以下哪个部位？ | 大脑 | 小脑 | 脑干 | 脊髓 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
2273a1a7-2dc9-5014-8071-86c87501b39d | 5 | D | 1 | Which of the following structures comprise(s) the peripheral chemoreceptors? | Carotid bodies | Carotid sinus | Aortic bodies | A and C | 以下哪种结构构成了外周化学感受器？ | 颈动脉小球 | 颈动脉窦 | 主动脉小球 | A 和 C | All of the above | 以上全部 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
02fec6f5-e07d-5db6-aca2-9a1cda5e7886 | 4 | B | 1 | Central chemoreceptors are primarily sensitive to changes in which one of the following? | Carbon dioxide | Hydrogen ion concentration | Oxygen | Bicarbonate | 中枢化学感受器主要对以下哪一项的变化敏感？ | 二氧化碳 | 氢离子浓度 | 氧气 | 碳酸氢盐 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
45696ae6-6a1d-5d36-9f7a-6676f8884e85 | 4 | A | 1 | The sources of ventilatory rhythmicity are located in which one of the following? | Dorsal respiratory group | Ventral respiratory group | Apneustic center | Pneumotaxic respiratory center | 通气节律的来源位于以下哪一项？ | 背侧呼吸组 | 腹侧呼吸组 | 长吸中枢 | 呼吸调节中枢 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
153a64aa-21e5-53fa-b68a-850407518850 | 5 | E | 1 | 45. Which of the following is/are known as cause(s) of true hyperventilation? | Arterial hypoxemia | Metabolic acidemia | A and B | None of the above | 45. 以下哪项是已知的真正过度通气的原因？ | 动脉低氧血症 | 代谢性酸中毒 | A 和 B | 以上都不是 | All of the above | 以上所有 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
446e1b82-6738-5687-ba3f-07d07471b3a9 | 4 | D | 1 | At what level does PaO2 lack any influence on the carbon dioxide response curve? | <65 mm Hg | 65 mm Hg | 85 mm Hg | 100 mm Hg | 在什么水平上，PaO2 对二氧化碳反应曲线没有任何影响？ | <65 mm Hg | 65 mm Hg | 85 mm Hg | 100 mm Hg | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
b291a79f-1aa7-5605-b080-9aea3599a1bf | 4 | D | 1 | Changes in physiology that can displace the carbon dioxide response curve to the right include which of the following? | Normal sleep | Opioids | Inhaled anesthetics | All of the above | 可以使二氧化碳反应曲线右移的生理变化包括以下哪项？ | 正常睡眠 | 阿片类药物 | 吸入麻醉剂 | 以上所有选项 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
5de0c7a5-077c-5075-acb8-242bf65c3c54 | 4 | B | 1 | Which of the following statements is true regarding the oxyhemoglobin | Left shift leads to lower O2 affinity. | Left shift leads to higher O2 affinity. | Right shift leads to higher O2 affinity. | None of the above. | 关于氧合血红蛋白，下列哪项陈述是正确的？ | 左移导致氧气亲和力降低。 | 左移导致氧气亲和力增加。 | 右移导致氧气亲和力增加。 | 以上都不是。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
859b4e21-891a-57f0-8163-c75799c15cbd | 4 | A | 1 | 50. How does fetal hemoglobin impact the hemoglobin dissociation curve? | Shifts it to the left. | Shifts it to the right. | Shifts it up. | Shifts it down. | 50. 胎儿血红蛋白如何影响血红蛋白解离曲线？ | 使其向左移动。 | 使其向右移动。 | 使其向上移动。 | 使其向下移动。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
e3256784-65f3-554e-8b3f-16ea7603baf6 | 4 | D | 1 | With regards to smoking, which of the following statements is/are true? | Smoking leads to V/Q mismatch, bronchitis, and airway hyperreactivity. | Smoking leads to increased carboxyhemoglobin concentration. | Smoking is one of the main risk factors associated with postoperative morbidity. | All of the above. | 关于吸烟，下列哪项陈述是正确的？ | 吸烟导致通气/血流比例失调、支气管炎和气道高反应性。 | 吸烟导致碳氧血红蛋白浓度增加。 | 吸烟是与术后发病率相关的主要风险因素之一。 | 以上全部。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
9377e3b9-e1c5-5307-b0e9-8c801d22932a | 4 | A | 1 | Which of the following statements about smoking cessation is true? | Patients who quit smoking less than 8 weeks preoperatively have a significantly higher complication rate compared with those who quit more than 8 weeks preoperatively. | Smokers who decrease cigarette consumption in an attempt to quit without nicotine replacement therapy decrease their nicotine intake. | Smokers should be advised to stop smoking 3 months before elective operations to maximize the effect of smoking cessation. | If smokers stop for at least 2 weeks preoperatively, they benefit from improved mucociliary function. | 以下关于戒烟的说法哪一项是正确的？ | 与术前超过8周戒烟的患者相比，术前少于8周戒烟的患者并发症发生率显著更高。 | 试图戒烟而不使用尼古丁替代疗法的吸烟者通过减少香烟消费来降低尼古丁摄入量。 | 应建议吸烟者在择期手术前3个月停止吸烟，以最大化戒烟效果。 | 如果吸烟者在术前至少2周停止吸烟，他们将受益于改善的纤毛功能。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
1fa884b1-9eee-572a-88d7-99bf05267d17 | 4 | D | 1 | Bronchodilators, such as albuterol, act on which type of receptor? | α1-Adrenergic | α2-Adrenergic | β1-Adrenergic | β2-Adrenergic | 支气管扩张剂，如沙丁胺醇，作用于哪种类型的受体？ | α1-肾上腺素能 | α2-肾上腺素能 | β1-肾上腺素能 | β2-肾上腺素能 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
a88329ab-fe85-51f1-9c0c-b8c09551feb1 | 4 | B | 1 | With regard to the action of anticholinergic bronchodilators, which of the following statements is/are true? | They act to block nicotinic receptors. | They block the formation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate. | They are muscarinic agonists. | B and C. | 关于抗胆碱能支气管扩张剂的作用，下列哪项陈述是正确的？ | 它们通过阻断烟碱受体起作用。 | 它们阻止环鸟苷酸的形成。 | 它们是毒蕈碱受体激动剂。 | B 和 C。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
1ce44eb6-14db-52ec-9807-24cd1291b059 | 4 | C | 1 | Which of the following statements describes the correct mechanism of action of β2-agonist bronchodilators? | Receptor activation leads to increased production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate. | Receptor activation leads to decreased production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate. | Receptor activation leads to increased production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). | Receptor activation leads to decreased production of cAMP. | 以下哪项陈述描述了β2-激动剂支气管扩张剂的正确作用机制？ | 受体激活导致环鸟苷酸的生成增加。 | 受体激活导致环鸟苷酸的生成减少。 | 受体激活导致环腺苷酸（cAMP）的生成增加。 | 受体激活导致cAMP的生成减少。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
a233f290-b124-5f11-b0b5-c550e9333744 | 4 | D | 1 | Which of the following is the mechanism of action of leukotriene modifiers? | Decreasing the production of leukotrienes | Increasing the production of leukotrienes | Agonizing the leukotriene receptor agonist | Antagonizing the leukotriene receptor antagonist | 以下哪项是白三烯调节剂的作用机制？ | 减少白三烯的生成 | 增加白三烯的生成 | 激动白三烯受体激动剂 | 拮抗白三烯受体拮抗剂 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
5c92c38e-7c1e-5d9a-b9cc-0473f39f02cd | 4 | D | 1 | Which of the following statements is/are true regarding immunoglobulin E (IgE) blockers? | They inhibit binding of IgE to the receptor on the surface of mast cells and basophils. | One agent is a monoclonal antibody. | They can be used for the treatment of asthma. | All of the above. | 以下关于免疫球蛋白E（IgE）阻断剂的说法中，哪一项是正确的？ | 它们抑制IgE与肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞表面受体的结合。 | 其中一种药物是单克隆抗体。 | 它们可用于治疗哮喘。 | 以上全部。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
ffd67eb3-656e-54d0-8fcb-056e8cddb44e | 4 | B | 1 | 58. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of first-generation medications that target mast cells? | Enhancement of mast cell chemical mediator release | Stabilization of mast cells to inhibit release of chemical mediators | Antagonizing the H1 receptor | Agonizing the H1 receptor | 58. 以下哪项是第一代靶向肥大细胞药物的作用机制？ | 增强肥大细胞化学介质的释放 | 稳定肥大细胞以抑制化学介质的释放 | 拮抗H1受体 | 激动H1受体 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
92b1d6fe-cea4-509e-8613-6fee0e4fcddd | 4 | D | 1 | Which of the following statements is/are true about the mechanism of action of exogenous glucocorticoids? | They directly bind to glucocorticoid receptors to exert their action. | They inhibit molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, and arachidonic acid metabolites. | They upregulate anti-inflammatory mediators. | All of the above. | 以下关于外源性糖皮质激素作用机制的说法中哪一项是正确的？ | 它们直接与糖皮质激素受体结合以发挥作用。 | 它们抑制细胞因子、趋化因子和花生四烯酸代谢物等分子。 | 它们上调抗炎介质。 | 以上全部。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
7b84091c-17cd-5f26-a0f0-4c31e8d3fef9 | 4 | B | 1 | Select the correct order of greatest to least anti-inflammatory properties of the following glucocorticoids: | Hydrocortisone > prednisone > methylprednisolone > dexamethasone | Dexamethasone > methylprednisolone > prednisone > hydrocortisone | Dexamethasone > hydrocortisone > methylprednisolone > prednisone | Hydrocortisone > dexamethasone > prednisone > methylprednisolone | 选择以下糖皮质激素从强到弱的抗炎特性的正确顺序： | 氢化可的松 > 泼尼松 > 甲泼尼龙 > 地塞米松 | 地塞米松 > 甲泼尼龙 > 泼尼松 > 氢化可的松 | 地塞米松 > 氢化可的松 > 甲泼尼龙 > 泼尼松 | 氢化可的松 > 地塞米松 > 泼尼松 > 甲泼尼龙 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
bbe09804-2f99-5a0f-a174-c30959336bb8 | 4 | D | 1 | Which portion of the cardiac cycle has the highest myocardial oxygen consumption? | Isovolumic relaxation period | Ejection | Diastasis | Isovolumic contraction period | 心动周期的哪个阶段心肌耗氧量最高？ | 等容舒张期 | 射血期 | 舒张末期 | 等容收缩期 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
446af164-074a-5304-8e9d-e9f130cae665 | 4 | A | 1 | Which of the following defines the Frank-Starling relationship? | The relationship between preload (resting myocardial length) and contractile performance | The relationship between the left ventricle (LV) pressure and wall stress | The relationship between pressure, flow, and resistance | The balance between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure gradients across a membrane | 以下哪项定义了Frank-Starling关系？ | 前负荷（静息心肌长度）与收缩性能之间的关系 | 左心室（LV）压力与壁应力之间的关系 | 压力、流量和阻力之间的关系 | 跨膜的静水压和胶体渗透压梯度之间的平衡 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
fa1bf99a-6af4-59f4-85ef-76407f733016 | 4 | A | 1 | Which of the following is the earliest indicator of myocardial ischemia? | Increased left ventricle end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and decreased compliance | ECG abnormalities | Wall motion abnormalities | Congestive heart failure | 以下哪项是心肌缺血的最早指征？ | 左心室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）增加和顺应性降低 | 心电图异常 | 壁运动异常 | 充血性心力衰竭 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
e87858f7-7eb2-5d7c-8330-dfaa24380369 | 5 | E | 1 | Which of the following contribute(s) to cardiac output? | Heart rate | Stroke volume | Preload | Afterload | 以下哪项有助于心输出量？ | 心率 | 搏出量 | 前负荷 | 后负荷 | All of the above | 以上全部 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
97e55170-49b9-5d00-b9dd-bb393dfe93cb | 4 | C | 2 | Which of the following factors will increase venous oxygen saturation measured in the pulmonary artery? | Decreases in cardiac output | Increases in oxygen consumption | Decreased temperature | Lower hemoglobin concentration | 下列哪项因素会增加在肺动脉中测量的静脉氧饱和度？ | 心输出量减少 | 氧耗量增加 | 温度降低 | 血红蛋白浓度降低 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
b97511d5-bc4e-52b9-a670-d087e67fc0c2 | 4 | D | 1 | 6. Which of the following indicate(s) impaired diastolic function of the LV? | Prolonged isovolumic relaxation time | "E" wave to "A" wave ratio less than 1 (E/A <1) | Prolonged time constant for LV relaxation measured at cardiac catheterization | All of the above | 6. 以下哪项表示左心室舒张功能受损？ | 等容舒张时间延长 | “E”波与“A”波的比值小于1（E/A <1） | 心导管检查中测得的左心室舒张时间常数延长 | 以上所有 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
153b74c5-e0b5-5714-9d93-6152cdbad46c | 4 | C | 1 | Which of the following statements is false concerning baroreceptor function? | Pressure-sensitive stretch receptors are located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch. | The effects of such stretch are to reduce heart rate at the sinoatrial node, as well as the atrioventricular node. | The vagus nerve is the only nerve involved in the afferent limb of the baroreceptor response. | Massage of the carotid artery will increase parasympathetic stimuli and can slow narrow complex supraventricular tachycardia. | 以下关于压力感受器功能的陈述中哪一项是错误的？ | 压力敏感的牵张感受器位于颈动脉窦和主动脉弓。 | 这种牵张的效果是降低窦房结和房室结的心率。 | 迷走神经是压力感受器反应传入部分中唯一涉及的神经。 | 颈动脉按摩会增加副交感神经刺激，并可减缓窄复合型室上性心动过速。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
8e206f78-f505-524b-87c4-17d79b9e160f | 4 | B | 1 | Which of the following statements is true regarding blood pressure in the arterial vascular tree? | Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the ventricle and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measured within the ventricle. | Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) = DBP + (0.33 * pulse pressure). | The SBP measured in the femoral artery is lower than that measured in the aorta. | The DBP is higher in the femoral artery than in the aorta. | 关于动脉血管树中的血压，下列哪项陈述是正确的？ | 脉压是心室内收缩压（SBP）与心室内舒张压（DBP）之间的差值。 | 平均动脉压（MAP）= DBP + (0.33 * 脉压)。 | 股动脉测得的SBP低于主动脉测得的SBP。 | 股动脉中的DBP高于主动脉中的DBP。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
b7f73e08-2caa-53f1-9a7a-037bdfe47df6 | 4 | B | 1 | Spontaneous respiration facilitates venous return primarily due to which of the following conditions? | Thoracic expansion creates a slightly positive pressure in the chest. | Mean intrathoracic pressure during spontaneous ventilation is slightly negative, facilitating venous return. | Downward movement of the diaphragm reduces intra-abdominal pressure. | Muscle contraction moves blood from the vasculature into muscles. | 自发呼吸主要通过以下哪种情况促进静脉回流？ | 胸腔扩张在胸腔内产生轻微的正压。 | 自发通气期间的平均胸腔内压略为负值，促进静脉回流。 | 膈肌向下移动降低腹腔内压。 | 肌肉收缩将血液从血管转移到肌肉中。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
89aa5dc1-b5e8-5945-bfe0-e8c4f3fffae3 | 4 | A | 1 | Distribution of blood throughout the circulatory system is not uniform. Which of the following components of the tree has the largest blood volume? | Venous system | Arterial system | Pulmonary vasculature | Heart | 血液在循环系统中的分布并不均匀。以下哪个部分的血容量最大？ | 静脉系统 | 动脉系统 | 肺血管系统 | 心脏 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
5d800ccd-f37e-5545-bfb2-e794d37fbb11 | 4 | B | 1 | Which of the following statements is true? | The arterial system has higher compliance than the venous system. | The compliance of the venous system is 10-20 times greater than the arterial system. | Small changes of blood within the venous system result in large changes in pressure. | The cross-sectional area of the small and large arteries is larger than that of the corresponding veins. | 以下哪项陈述是正确的？ | 动脉系统的顺应性比静脉系统高。 | 静脉系统的顺应性是动脉系统的10-20倍。 | 静脉系统内血液的微小变化会导致压力的巨大变化。 | 小动脉和大动脉的横截面积大于相应静脉的横截面积。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
5ae13f2d-2c5f-5762-aa77-c297b6d822e6 | 4 | D | 3 | Which of the following does NOT contribute to reduced cardiac output and blood pressure in the setting of acute massive pulmonary embolism? | Tricuspid regurgitation | Occlusion of the pulmonary arterial vasculature by thrombotic material | Shift of the interventricular septum toward the left | Hypokinesis of the LV | 以下哪项不导致急性大面积肺栓塞时心输出量和血压的降低？ | 三尖瓣返流 | 血栓物质阻塞肺动脉血管 | 室间隔向左移位 | 左心室运动减弱 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
18ce551c-277c-55db-b94b-078b09da9083 | 4 | D | 1 | Which of the following is/are the primate determinant(s) of capillary blood flow? | Transmural pressure | Oncotic pressure | Contraction and relaxation of the precapillary and postcapillary sphincters | A and C | 以下哪项是毛细血管血流的主要决定因素？ | 跨壁压 | 胶体渗透压 | 毛细血管前后括约肌的收缩和舒张 | A和C | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
2544d08e-68cd-52fe-b846-2f7796feab47 | 4 | D | 1 | 14. Blood flow through a tube is determined by several factors and explained by | Blood flow is inversely proportional to the pressure gradient. | Blood flow is proportional to the radius of the tube to the second power. | Blood flow is proportional to the length of the tube. | Blood flow is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid. | 14. 血液通过管道的流动由几个因素决定，并由以下解释 | 血流与压力梯度成反比。 | 血流与管道半径的平方成正比。 | 血流与管道的长度成正比。 | 血流与液体的粘度成反比。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
998fc416-51f3-5780-9a6f-5cb8f811459f | 4 | D | 1 | Which of the following tissues has the greatest capillary density? | Fat | Cartilage | Bone | Skeletal muscle | 以下哪种组织的毛细血管密度最大？ | 脂肪 | 软骨 | 骨骼 | 骨骼肌 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
97e2be7f-20bf-54e9-a7a7-d799c0090ed5 | 4 | C | 1 | Myocardial tissue has the highest oxygen extraction of any tissue. Which of the following statements is false concerning myocardial metabolism? | Normal coronary blood flow is approximately 250 mL/min or 5% of cardiac output. | Myocardial oxygen consumption is affected by heart rate, contractility, and wall stress. | Coronary blood flow to both the right and left ventricles occurs exclusively during diastole. | Venous oxygen saturation is higher in the right atrium than in the pulmonary artery. | 心肌组织的氧提取率是所有组织中最高的。以下关于心肌代谢的说法哪一项是错误的？ | 正常冠状动脉血流量约为250 mL/min或心输出量的5%。 | 心肌耗氧量受心率、收缩力和壁应力的影响。 | 冠状动脉血流到达左右心室仅在舒张期发生。 | 右心房的静脉氧饱和度高于肺动脉。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
048e1af8-5265-5278-acbc-30dfa98fb719 | 4 | B | 1 | All of the following concerning cerebral perfusion are true EXCEPT which one? | Cerebral perfusion pressure is the difference between the MAP and the intracranial pressure or central venous pressure (CVP), whichever is higher. | Cerebral blood flow (CBF) always varies consistently depending on the blood pressure. | Blood carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2 ) plays a more important role in determining CBF than oxygen tension (PaO2 ). | CBF remains constant if the MAP is between 60 and 160 mm Hg. | 以下关于脑灌注的描述中，除了哪一项外，其他都是正确的？ | 脑灌注压是平均动脉压（MAP）与颅内压或中心静脉压（CVP）之间的差值，以较高者为准。 | 脑血流量（CBF）总是随着血压的变化而一致变化。 | 血液二氧化碳张力（PaCO2）在决定脑血流量方面比氧气张力（PaO2）起更重要的作用。 | 如果平均动脉压在60到160 mm Hg之间，脑血流量保持不变。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
f3dc9654-da12-5697-a994-088054719a5a | 4 | B | 1 | Which of the following statements is false? | There are 3 mechanisms whereby renal blood flow and glomerulofiltration rate are regulated: myogenic response, tubuloglomerular feedback, and sympathetic nervous system input. | The renal system does not exhibit autoregulation. | Sympathetic nervous system input results in constriction of all renal vessels. | The myogenic response is an intrinsic action of vascular smooth muscle inresponse to increased transmural pressure. | 以下哪项陈述是错误的？ | 肾血流和肾小球滤过率的调节机制有三种：肌源性反应、管球反馈和交感神经系统输入。 | 肾脏系统不表现出自我调节。 | 交感神经系统输入导致所有肾血管收缩。 | 肌源性反应是血管平滑肌对增加的跨壁压力的内在反应。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
b4c9c684-3125-574f-907d-98a7ba6197c4 | 4 | D | 1 | Approximately what percentage of cardiac output goes to the liver? | 5% | 10% | 15% | 25% | 大约多少百分比的心输出量流向肝脏？ | 5% | 10% | 15% | 25% | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
d309139e-297c-55d1-84ae-39cdf6b8d559 | 4 | C | 1 | Which of the following statements describes coronary perfusion pressure? | The difference between the pressures in the aorta during systole and diastole | The difference between the pressure in the aorta and the mean arterial pressure | The difference between the aortic root pressure and the left or right ventricular pressure | The difference between the mean pulmonary pressure and the left atrial pressure (LAP) | 以下哪项描述了冠状动脉灌注压？ | 主动脉在收缩期和舒张期的压力差 | 主动脉压力与平均动脉压之间的差异 | 主动脉根部压力与左心室或右心室压力之间的差异 | 平均肺动脉压与左心房压（LAP）之间的差异 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
94cac3af-5192-5e3f-bb63-5a9f6a90e163 | 4 | A | 2 | 21. A 73-year-old man complains of weakness and then falls to the ground. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) including chest compressions is initiated. A monitor reveals that the patient is in ventricular fibrillation (VF). Defibrillation is performed, and the monitor reveals a wide complex rhythm at 90 beats per minute. Which of the following is appropriate? | Continue CPR for 2 minutes. | Cease CPR immediately. | Administer sodium bicarbonate. | Administer vasopressin. | 21. 一名73岁的男性抱怨无力，然后倒在地上。开始进行包括胸外按压在内的心肺复苏（CPR）。监护仪显示患者处于心室颤动（VF）。进行电除颤后，监护仪显示宽QRS波心律，心率为每分钟90次。以下哪项是合适的？ | 继续进行2分钟的CPR。 | 立即停止CPR。 | 给予碳酸氢钠。 | 给予加压素。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
8c01f535-537b-5d48-a8e4-6b1a00324ea1 | 4 | A | 1 | Which of the following indicates adequacy of CPR during resuscitation? | PETCO2 more than 10 mm Hg during CPR | DBP less than 20 mm Hg | PETCO2 less than 10 mm Hg | Peripheral cyanosis | 以下哪项表明在复苏期间心肺复苏术的充分性？ | 心肺复苏期间PETCO2超过10 mm Hg | 舒张压低于20 mm Hg | PETCO2低于10 mm Hg | 周围发绀 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
db7c5d8c-cb43-513a-b6a4-9aadd1db7b70 | 4 | B | 2 | A patient is found to be in cardiac arrest, and asystole is noted on the ECG. CPR is initiated, and venous access is established. Which of the following is the first medication indicated? | Vasopressin 40 units | Epinephrine 1 mg | Amiodarone 300 mg | Sodium bicarbonate 50 mEq | 一名患者被发现心脏骤停，心电图显示心脏停搏。已开始心肺复苏，并建立静脉通路。以下哪种药物是首选？ | 加压素 40 单位 | 肾上腺素 1 毫克 | 胺碘酮 300 毫克 | 碳酸氢钠 50 毫当量 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
a6c6bc28-9872-58bc-9039-6140ce3c0f6d | 4 | D | 2 | A young man is found lying down on the street unresponsive. He appears to be | Initiate CPR and continue for 2 minutes. | After 2 minutes of CPR if necessary, leave the patient and call 9-1-1. | Administer naloxone. | All of the above. | 一名年轻男子被发现躺在街上没有反应。他似乎是 | 开始心肺复苏并持续2分钟。 | 如果需要，在2分钟心肺复苏后，离开患者并拨打9-1-1。 | 给予纳洛酮。 | 以上所有。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
95891ae5-2289-52e2-ace0-823b1dfb435f | 4 | D | 3 | A patient is noted to have altered mental status and hypotension and complains of chest pain. The heart monitor shows a hear rate of 27 beats per minute. Blood pressure is 60/30 mm Hg. After administration of oxygen and lying the patient flat, atropine 0.5 mg is administered every 5 minutes for a total of 3 mg. No response is noted. Which of the following actions is next indicated? | Amiodarone 300 mg IV (intravenous) over 10 minutes | Additional atropine | Vasopressin 40 units | Dopamine infusion at 2-20 μg/kg/min | 一名患者被发现有意识状态改变和低血压，并抱怨胸痛。心脏监护显示心率为每分钟27次。血压为60/30 mm Hg。在给予氧气并让患者平躺后，每5分钟给予0.5 mg阿托品，总计3 mg。未见反应。接下来应采取以下哪项措施？ | 静脉注射300 mg胺碘酮，持续10分钟 | 追加阿托品 | 40单位加压素 | 多巴胺以2-20 μg/kg/min的速度输注 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
fc463bc8-f1a4-57b9-90b1-28d2a6cbef24 | 4 | B | 1 | A patient is found to be in cardiac arrest. CPR is initiated, and IV access is established. After 2 minutes of CPR, VF is noted on the heart monitor. Epinephrine is administered, and CPR is resumed. VF is still noted. Which of the following is the next medication to be administered? | Amiodarone 150 mg IV | Amiodarone 300 mg IV | Atropine 0.5 mg | Vasopressin 40 units | 一名患者被发现心脏骤停。开始进行心肺复苏术（CPR），并建立静脉通路。经过2分钟的CPR后，心脏监护仪上显示心室颤动（VF）。给予肾上腺素后继续CPR。VF仍然存在。以下哪种药物是接下来要给予的？ | 胺碘酮 150 mg 静脉注射 | 胺碘酮 300 mg 静脉注射 | 阿托品 0.5 mg | 加压素 40 单位 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
1498476c-4b64-54e4-aef4-113844344be0 | 4 | D | 1 | Which of the following is true concerning alternative routes of drug administration? | Interosseous (IO) access should not be attempted in children. | The same drug dose should be administered via the endotracheal tube as via IV/IO. | CPR does not need to be stopped when a medication is administered via the endotracheal route. | When administering lidocaine, epinephrine, or vasopressin via the endotracheal tube, the dose should be diluted in 10 mL or normal saline or sterile water. | 关于药物给药的替代途径，下列哪项是正确的？ | 不应在儿童中尝试骨内（IO）通路。 | 通过气管插管给药时应与静脉/骨内给药相同剂量。 | 通过气管插管给药时不需要停止心肺复苏（CPR）。 | 通过气管插管给药利多卡因、肾上腺素或加压素时，剂量应稀释在10毫升生理盐水或无菌水中。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
ed45e887-c68e-5caa-ba2a-83672bee4c4f | 4 | D | 2 | 28. A patient presents with complaints of slight light-headedness as well as palpitations. ECG is obtained, and it is noted that he has a narrow complex (QRS <0.12 s), monomorphic, regular rhythm. Which of the following is/are indicated? | Vagal maneuver | β-Blocker or calcium channel blocker | Adenosine | All of the above | 28. 一名患者出现轻微头晕和心悸的症状。进行心电图检查，发现他有窄QRS波群（QRS <0.12秒）、单形、规则的心律。以下哪项是适应症？ | 迷走神经刺激 | β-受体阻滞剂或钙通道阻滞剂 | 腺苷 | 以上全部 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
59b5afe1-1627-50e8-833e-01d88eb45dbf | 4 | D | 1 | All of the following are considered goals for in the management of acute coronary syndrome in the setting of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) EXCEPT? | Door-to-balloon time of 90 minutes for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) | Door-to-needle time of 30 minutes when fibrinolysis is utilized | Emergency room assessment of 10 minutes or less | Complete stabilization within the emergency department before catheterization | 在ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）情况下管理急性冠状动脉综合征的所有以下目标中，除了哪一个？ | 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的门到球囊时间为90分钟 | 使用纤溶治疗时的门到针时间为30分钟 | 急诊室评估时间为10分钟或更短 | 在导管插入前在急诊科内完全稳定 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
267908ff-fd3f-5062-8054-292434a39112 | 4 | A | 1 | Which of the following statements is false regarding airway management during CPR? | Cricoid pressure should always be applied throughout chest compressions. | The oral pharyngeal size should be approximately the same as the distance from the tip of the patient's nose to the earlobe. | An excessively long oropharyngeal airway (OPA) may enter the esophagus and may result in gastric distention with air during bag-mask ventilation. | Ventilations during CPR should occur every 5-6 seconds. | 以下关于心肺复苏期间气道管理的说法中哪一项是错误的？ | 在胸部按压期间应始终施加环状软骨压迫。 | 口咽的大小应大致与从患者鼻尖到耳垂的距离相同。 | 过长的口咽气道（OPA）可能进入食道，并可能在使用面罩通气时导致胃胀气。 | 心肺复苏期间的通气应每5-6秒进行一次。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
0f46c517-62f6-5b91-821c-5878734603a2 | 4 | C | 1 | Which of the following coronary arteries is located in the posterior interventricular groove? | Left anterior descending coronary artery | Right coronary artery | Posterior interventricular (descending) coronary artery (PDA) | Left circumflex coronary artery | 以下哪一条冠状动脉位于后室间沟？ | 左前降支冠状动脉 | 右冠状动脉 | 后室间（降）冠状动脉（PDA） | 左回旋支冠状动脉 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
082a7c62-0413-5486-b7e7-4613c45f39da | 4 | B | 1 | The aortic valve is composed of which of the following 3 leaflets? | Right, left, and anterior | Right, left, and noncoronary | Anterior, posterior, and septal | Anterolateral, posteromedial, and septal | 主动脉瓣由以下哪三个瓣叶组成？ | 右、左和前 | 右、左和无冠 | 前、后和隔 | 前外侧、后内侧和隔 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
5d294523-9bc4-5b07-b8da-067a911fffee | 4 | A | 1 | A patient presents with acute severe pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) demonstrates a ruptured papillary muscle. Which papillary muscle is most commonly affected? | Posteromedial | Septal | Noncoronary | Anterolateral | 一名患者出现急性严重肺水肿和心源性休克。经食道超声心动图（TEE）显示乳头肌破裂。最常受影响的乳头肌是哪一个？ | 后内侧 | 间隔 | 无冠状动脉 | 前外侧 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
0206fffe-46dc-5330-90fc-532590eb7e02 | 4 | C | 3 | A 55-year-old man is undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. The TEE shows an enlarged coronary sinus. When saline is injected into an IV line in the left upper extremity, bubbles are noted, entering the left atrium (LA) near the inferior vena cava. Which of the following conditions most likely explains the findings? | An aberrant right coronary artery | Anomalous pulmonary venous return | A left-sided superior vena cava (SVC) | A patent foramen ovale | 一名55岁的男性正在接受冠状动脉旁路移植术。经食道超声心动图显示冠状窦扩大。当盐水注入左上肢的静脉时，观察到气泡进入左心房（LA），靠近下腔静脉。以下哪种情况最可能解释这些发现？ | 异常的右冠状动脉 | 异常的肺静脉回流 | 左侧上腔静脉（SVC） | 卵圆孔未闭 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
8329f640-2168-5f66-bfcc-db46c9b209ae | 4 | D | 1 | 35. Which of the following structures is responsible for the conduction of impulses from the right atrium to the LA? | Purkinje fibers | Bundle of His | Left bundle branch | Bachmann bundle | 35. 下列哪种结构负责将冲动从右心房传导到左心房？ | 浦肯野纤维 | 希氏束 | 左束支 | 巴赫曼束 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
1e0fc152-7550-5215-b072-00d46909a7ab | 4 | B | 2 | A 79-year-old man is scheduled to undergo lumbar laminectomy for spinal stenosis. His medical history is significant for aortic stenosis, with a valve area of 0.9 cm2 and a mean gradient of 45 mm Hg. Which of the following vasoactive agents would be most beneficial to this patient? | Dopamine | Phenylephrine | Hydralazine | Nitroglycerin | 一名79岁的男性计划接受腰椎椎板切除术以治疗脊柱狭窄。他的病史中有主动脉瓣狭窄，瓣膜面积为0.9 cm²，平均梯度为45 mm Hg。以下哪种血管活性药物对该患者最有益？ | 多巴胺 | 去氧肾上腺素 | 肼屈嗪 | 硝酸甘油 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
58f4a919-b2da-549f-80ab-5c2e5e8fe285 | 4 | D | 1 | 41. Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of perfusion of the left and right sides of the heart in a normal healthy adult? | Both the left and right sides of the heart are perfused during both systole and diastole. | Both the left and right sides of the heart are perfused during diastole only. | The left side of the heart is perfused during both systole and diastole; the right side of the heart is perfused during systole only. | The left side of the heart is perfused during diastole only; the right side of the heart is perfused during both systole and diastole. | 41. 以下哪项是对正常健康成人心脏左右两侧灌注的最准确描述？ | 心脏的左右两侧在收缩期和舒张期都得到灌注。 | 心脏的左右两侧仅在舒张期得到灌注。 | 心脏的左侧在收缩期和舒张期都得到灌注；心脏的右侧仅在收缩期得到灌注。 | 心脏的左侧仅在舒张期得到灌注；心脏的右侧在收缩期和舒张期都得到灌注。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
95722958-fb3d-5b11-b699-9b54b61d5e25 | 4 | B | 2 | In a patient with severe pulmonary hypertension (HTN), use of which of the following agents would best preserve perfusion to the right side of the heart | Milrinone | Vasopressin | Dobutamine | Phenylephrine | 在患有严重肺动脉高压（HTN）的患者中，使用以下哪种药物最能保持右心的灌注？ | 米力农 | 加压素 | 多巴酚丁胺 | 苯肾上腺素 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
acbc7677-9285-520c-adae-d9caf08b079f | 4 | A | 1 | On a preoperative evaluation, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines do NOT help direct your decisionmaking process with regard to which of the following ECG abnormalities? | Left bundle branch block | Atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response | Mobitz type II block | ST-elevation myocardial infarction | 在术前评估中，美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会（ACC/AHA）指南不帮助指导您对以下哪种心电图异常的决策过程？ | 左束支传导阻滞 | 伴快速心室反应的心房颤动 | 莫氏II型阻滞 | ST段抬高型心肌梗死 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
cbfa8a95-cf2a-5285-8eb4-92d5a4bde7f9 | 4 | C | 1 | Which of the following components of the cardiac conduction system has the FASTEST conduction velocity? | SA node | AV node | His-Purkinje system | Ventricular myocardium | 以下哪一部分心脏传导系统的传导速度最快？ | 窦房结 | 房室结 | 希氏-浦肯野系统 | 心室肌 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
da551c17-2845-5cd6-8075-edb4aa0bc53f | 4 | C | 2 | A patient who received a heart transplant 2 years ago presents for laparoscopic appendectomy. Which of the following medications should be avoided during this planned general anesthetic? | Cisatracurium | Vecuronium | Neostigmine | Glycopyrrolate | 一名2年前接受心脏移植的患者因计划进行腹腔镜阑尾切除术就诊。在计划的全身麻醉中应避免使用以下哪种药物？ | 顺式阿曲库铵 | 维库溴铵 | 新斯的明 | 氢溴酸格隆溴铵 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
360b5ce7-467d-54aa-a2ac-81d7b1fe0905 | 4 | A | 1 | In a normal CVP tracing, where does the tricuspid valve close? | Between the a-wave and c-wave | At the peak of the c-wave | Between the c-wave and x-descent | Between the x-descent and v-wave | 在正常的中心静脉压波形中，三尖瓣何时关闭？ | 在a波和c波之间 | 在c波的峰值处 | 在c波和x下降之间 | 在x下降和v波之间 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
30e0cf97-bd9e-5d9d-a5bf-ee9caf0fed0d | 4 | C | 1 | The V5 ECG lead is MOST SENSITIVE for detecting which of the following? | Atrial fibrillation | Anteroseptal ischemia | Lateral wall ischemia | Conduction abnormalities | V5导联的心电图最敏感于检测以下哪一项？ | 心房颤动 | 前间隔缺血 | 侧壁缺血 | 传导异常 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
a25c919c-0522-5a8f-9173-fd86626dbaf9 | 4 | B | 2 | Which of the following cardiac abnormalities would be MOST LIKELY to benefit from relative tachycardia? | Aortic stenosis | Mitral regurgitation | Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) | Unstable angina | 以下哪种心脏异常最有可能从相对心动过速中受益？ | 主动脉瓣狭窄 | 二尖瓣返流 | 肥厚型梗阻性心肌病 (HOCM) | 不稳定型心绞痛 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
934665f6-da70-53da-956a-12f0b0c526dd | 4 | D | 1 | Which of the following is the "agent of choice" for treatment of tachyarrhythmias associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White? | Metoprolol | Verapamil | Carvedilol | Procainamide | 以下哪种是治疗与沃尔夫-帕金森-怀特综合征相关的心动过速性心律失常的“首选药物”？ | 美托洛尔 | 维拉帕米 | 卡维地洛 | 普鲁卡因胺 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
ad85c279-eff1-59c5-a20d-be846fe2421f | 4 | B | 1 | Which of the following is NOT considered a "cyanotic" heart lesion? | Truncus arteriosus | Pulmonic stenosis | Tricuspid atresia | Total anomalous pulmonary venous return | 以下哪一项不被认为是“发绀型”心脏病变？ | 动脉干 | 肺动脉狭窄 | 三尖瓣闭锁 | 完全性肺静脉异位引流 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
abb8d19a-e997-500a-9cc5-edc588d54d3d | 4 | B | 1 | 52. Which of the following is LEAST LIKELY to be a complication of a transcatheter aortic valve replacement? | Complete heart block | Pneumothorax | Cardiac tamponade | Embolic stroke | 52. 以下哪一项最不可能是经导管主动脉瓣置换术的并发症？ | 完全性心脏传导阻滞 | 气胸 | 心脏压塞 | 栓塞性中风 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
f8c71180-5d94-51fc-97c7-fbfc021e4d0f | 4 | A | 2 | A patient with long-standing HTN and normally well-managed congestive heart failure is also found to have bilateral coarse rales on lung examination. He admits that he went to a wedding and had a dietary indiscretion, which is very rare for him. Which of the following is most likely true? | | Volume overload | Transient | Noncompliant ventricle | Permanent | | | Volume overload | Permanent | Noncompliant ventricle | Transient | | | Noncompliant ventricle | Transient | Volume overload | Transient | | | Noncompliant ventricle | Permanent | Volume overload | Permanent | | 一位长期患有高血压且充血性心力衰竭通常控制良好的患者，在肺部检查中发现有双侧粗啰音。他承认自己参加了一场婚礼，并在饮食上有不当行为，这对他来说非常罕见。以下哪项最有可能是真的？ | | 容量超负荷 | 短暂的 | 不顺应的心室 | 永久的 | | | 容量超负荷 | 永久的 | 不顺应的心室 | 短暂的 | | | 不顺应的心室 | 短暂的 | 容量超负荷 | 短暂的 | | | 不顺应的心室 | 永久的 | 容量超负荷 | 永久的 | | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
af6faa5c-f2ae-5320-85bc-30101b140df8 | 4 | D | 1 | Which of the following is the MOST UNLIKELYcause of myocardial ischemia? | Severe tachycardia | Severe hypotension | Severe anemia | Severe hypokalemia | 以下哪一项最不可能导致心肌缺血？ | 严重的心动过速 | 严重的低血压 | 严重的贫血 | 严重的低钾血症 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
9acac981-dc89-5da4-8383-e6ee53eba163 | 4 | A | 1 | Which of the following is false regarding heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)? | The most sensitive test of adequacy of tissue perfusion is mixed venous O2 saturation at rest. | The most common causes of HFpEF in the United Sates are chronic HTN and aortic stenosis. | Diagnosis of HFpEF requires echocardiography with Doppler. | Atrial systole contributes relatively more to the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) in patients with HFpEF than it does to those with normal ventricular function. | 以下关于射血分数保留的心力衰竭（HFpEF）的说法哪项是错误的？ | 评估组织灌注充分性的最敏感测试是在静息状态下的混合静脉氧饱和度。 | 在美国，HFpEF的最常见原因是慢性高血压和主动脉瓣狭窄。 | HFpEF的诊断需要使用多普勒超声心动图。 | 在HFpEF患者中，心房收缩对左心室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）的贡献相对于正常心室功能的患者更大。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
f7fdedcc-f38d-5074-9115-5d5650e399c1 | 4 | C | 1 | Which of the following is false regarding heart rate in normal healthy adults? | Cholinergic slowing of heart rate occurs via M2 muscarinic receptors. | Factors that decrease the rate of SA node depolarization increase the likelihood that the pacemaker of the heart will become located at the AV junction. | The normal intrinsic rate of the SA node increases over time. | β1-Adrenergic stimulation increases the rate of phase 4 depolarization. | 以下关于正常健康成人心率的说法哪一项是错误的？ | 通过M2毒蕈碱受体发生胆碱能心率减慢。 | 降低窦房结去极化速率的因素增加了心脏起搏点位于房室交界处的可能性。 | 窦房结的正常固有频率随时间增加。 | β1-肾上腺素能刺激增加第4相去极化的速率。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
8b9c3fe4-42fe-5a37-903e-6f77a50dc1ef | 4 | B | 1 | When the surgeon requests for the patient be placed in the "reverse Trendelenburg" position, which of the following is the PRIMARY parameter initially affected? | Systemic afterload | Venous return | Myocardial inotropy | Cerebral perfusion | 当外科医生要求将患者置于“反Trendelenburg”体位时，以下哪一项是最初受到主要影响的参数？ | 全身后负荷 | 静脉回流 | 心肌收缩力 | 脑灌注 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
4425c3c4-f0ee-51b5-87df-209e85684de7 | 4 | A | 2 | 58. You are about to induce anesthesia in a 38-year-old man with HOCM. Which of the following options should be your goals with regard to preload, afterload, rate, rhythm, and contractility? | | PRELOAD Increased | AFTERLOAD Increased | RATE Normal | RHYTHM Sinus | CONTRACTILITY Depressed | | | PRELOAD Increased | AFTERLOAD Decreased | RATE Decreased | RHYTHM Sinus | CONTRACTILITY Increased | | | PRELOAD Decreased | AFTERLOAD Increased | RATE Decreased | RHYTHM Sinus | CONTRACTILITY Depressed | | | PRELOAD Decreased | AFTERLOAD Decreased | RATE Increased | RHYTHM Sinus | CONTRACTILITY Increased | | 58. 你即将对一名38岁的HOCM男性患者进行麻醉诱导。以下选项中，哪一项应该是你在前负荷、后负荷、心率、心律和心肌收缩力方面的目标？ | | 前负荷 增加 | 后负荷 增加 | 心率 正常 | 心律 窦性 | 心肌收缩力 减弱 | | | 前负荷 增加 | 后负荷 减少 | 心率 减慢 | 心律 窦性 | 心肌收缩力 增强 | | | 前负荷 减少 | 后负荷 增加 | 心率 减慢 | 心律 窦性 | 心肌收缩力 减弱 | | | 前负荷 减少 | 后负荷 减少 | 心率 增快 | 心律 窦性 | 心肌收缩力 增强 | | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
4ba8ba4d-c9c0-5299-9aea-05298f5e3f62 | 4 | D | 3 | Which of the following conditions is MOST sensitive to loss of the "atrial kick"? | Mitral regurgitation | Aortic insufficiency | Mitral stenosis | Diastolic dysfunction | 以下哪种情况对“心房收缩”丧失最为敏感？ | 二尖瓣关闭不全 | 主动脉关闭不全 | 二尖瓣狭窄 | 舒张功能障碍 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
dd94d180-a557-58fd-b2cc-6ad87901c31a | 4 | B | 2 | Which of the following is false regarding mitral stenosis? | Hyperdynamic states, such as sepsis, can lead to pulmonary edema. | Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure approximates left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). | The progression of disease includes right ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction. | Medical management of mitral stenosis includes use of β-blockers and calcium channel blockers. | 关于二尖瓣狭窄，下列哪项是错误的？ | 高动力状态，如败血症，可导致肺水肿。 | 肺毛细血管楔压接近左心室舒张末期压力（LVEDP）。 | 疾病的进展包括右心室肥厚和功能障碍。 | 二尖瓣狭窄的药物管理包括使用β受体阻滞剂和钙通道阻滞剂。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
5802cac7-1dc7-5c41-aeb5-d876de59f9ab | 4 | C | 1 | What percentage of hepatic blood flow comes from the portal vein? | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 肝脏血流量中有多少百分比来自门静脉？ | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
c54e1f2b-bbce-57da-bbad-a608629561a4 | 4 | B | 1 | What percentage of oxygen delivery to the liver comes from the hepatic artery? | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | 肝动脉提供给肝脏的氧气占总氧气供应的百分比是多少？ | 25% | 50% | 75% | 90% | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
a62536f1-8517-53c9-b5bc-ad57fd301975 | 4 | B | 1 | Hepatomegaly may be observed in all of the following conditions EXCEPT which one? | Congestive heart failure | Hypovolemic shock | Leukemia | Renal failure | 下列哪种情况不会出现肝肿大？ | 充血性心力衰竭 | 低血容量性休克 | 白血病 | 肾衰竭 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
05ac8484-e000-5207-9231-5aee7b7a38bf | 4 | C | 1 | The round ligament separates which 2 hepatic segments? | 1 and 2 | 2 and 3 | 3 and 4 | 4 and 5 | 圆韧带分隔了哪两个肝段？ | 1和2 | 2和3 | 3和4 | 4和5 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
4a78dc65-d5d7-5755-b4a0-0fafb7020635 | 4 | A | 1 | Which of the following signaling factors is decreased in a cirrhotic liver? | Nitric oxide | Endothelin | Norepinephrine | Thromboxane A2 | 在肝硬化的肝脏中，以下哪种信号因子减少？ | 一氧化氮 | 内皮素 | 去甲肾上腺素 | 血栓素A2 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
d725bd35-f37d-57c9-925b-94cecc9758ad | 4 | B | 1 | 6. Compared with the hepatic artery, which statement about portal vein is true? | Portal vein supplies 50% of the liver's overall blood flow. | Portal vein is a low-pressure/low-resistance system. | Portal vein blood is richly oxygenated. | Portal vein supplies 75% of the liver's overall oxygen delivery. | 6. 与肝动脉相比，关于门静脉的哪个说法是正确的？ | 门静脉提供肝脏50%的总血流量。 | 门静脉是一个低压/低阻力系统。 | 门静脉血液富含氧气。 | 门静脉提供肝脏75%的总氧气输送。 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
03287ed4-346a-5630-a319-ce084d8c4f12 | 4 | D | 1 | Increase in the serum level of which of the following may be observed in liver failure? | IgG | Factor VII | Albumin | Ammonia | 在肝功能衰竭中，以下哪一项的血清水平可能会升高？ | IgG | 凝血因子VII | 白蛋白 | 氨 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
e893eec1-777c-5c26-8d6c-d61c220f0254 | 4 | C | 1 | Glucose is synthesized in the liver as the result of all of the following processes EXCEPT which one? | Glycogenolysis | Gluconeogenesis | Tricarboxylic acid cycle | Oxidation of lactate | 在肝脏中，葡萄糖的合成是以下所有过程的结果，除了哪一个？ | 糖原分解 | 糖异生 | 三羧酸循环 | 乳酸氧化 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
15cf3859-1f54-57fd-a79c-b5e99c04d636 | 4 | A | 1 | In the assessment of patient with liver failure, which parameter is used in the MELD (model for end-stage liver disease) scoring system but NOT the Child-Pugh scoring system? | Creatinine | International normalized ratio (INR) | Bilirubin | Albumin | 在评估肝功能衰竭患者时，MELD（终末期肝病模型）评分系统使用了哪个参数，而Child-Pugh评分系统没有使用？ | 肌酐 | 国际标准化比值（INR） | 胆红素 | 白蛋白 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
66e8a183-22ae-57b6-a950-2b68f3b45ff4 | 4 | B | 1 | Elevation in the serum level of which factor is a specific marker of acute liver injury? | Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) | Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) | Alkaline phosphatase | Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) | 血清中哪种因子的升高是急性肝损伤的特异性标志？ | 天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (AST) | 丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT) | 碱性磷酸酶 | 乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH) | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
d099fe56-4855-5fdc-95b8-0bb18b951461 | 4 | C | 1 | Which laboratory test is a sensitive indicator for decreased synthetic function of the liver? | Aspartate aminotransferase | Albumin | International normalized ratio | γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) | 哪项实验室检查是肝脏合成功能下降的敏感指标？ | 天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 | 白蛋白 | 国际标准化比值 | γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT） | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.