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How to look for records of... Foreign Office and Foreign and Commonwealth Office records from 1782
How can I view the records covered in this guide?
1. Why use this guide?
This guide will help you to find records created by the Foreign Office since its birth in 1782, and by its successor, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and now held at The National Archives.
The records of the Foreign Office provide a wealth of information on British relations with foreign states from 1782 to the present day and can also provide insights into the history of domestic issues in countries around the world.
The guide provides advice on the different ways in which you will need to use our own catalogue as well as the indexes and registers created by the Foreign Office itself to find individual records. There is also advice on how to find treaties dating back to 1695 and now held among Foreign Office records.
2. What was the Foreign Office and what is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office?
The Foreign Office was created in 1782 and became the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1968. It was the government department responsible for the conduct of British relations with nearly all foreign states between those dates (British colonies and dominions were dealt with by separate departments).
From 1968, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office assumed these roles, in addition to administering the remaining British dependencies and managing relations with the Commonwealth (previously the responsibility of the Commonwealth Office).
3. Online and published records
Most in-depth research into Foreign Office records requires a visit to our site in Kew. There are, however, some online and published resources which allow you to search for and view a limited number of records without having to visit.
A scattered selection of records have been reproduced either in published volumes or online. These include:
- Foreign Office records on the Adam Matthew website including records on the Middle East (1839-1969 and 1971-1981), Latin America (1833-1969), China (1919-1980), India, Pakistan and Afghanistan (1947-1980)
- Foreign Office (and Colonial Office and Cabinet Office) records showcasing the story of the rich and complex history of the countries located in the Arabian Gulf on the Arabian Gulf Digital Archive. The archive contains material dating from 1820 to 2004. This is a joint project between the National Archives of the United Arab Emirates and The National Archives of the United Kingdom. You can search and download records from the website using OCR keywords, date ranges and document references. The archive is available in both English and Arabic versions.
- Secret Files from World Wars to Cold War (Intelligence and Foreign Policy files 1873-1953)
- Private Office Papers of various ministers and officials (1824-1968) in FO 800 (these are digital microfilm records and are free to download from our website)
- Other digital microfilm records free to download from our website
- Indexes to Foreign Office correspondence between 1906 and 1920, in FO 1111, and between 1920 and 1951, in FO 409
- The published records described in the Further reading section of this guide
4. How to search for original records: getting started
Most Foreign Office and Foreign and Commonwealth Office records held at The National Archives are not viewable or downloadable online. To view them you will either need to visit our building in Kew, find references to records on our online catalogue with which you can order copies, or pay for research to be done for you.
To search for records you will need to do one or both of the following, depending on the type of record and the date of the record:
- Keyword searches in our online catalogue
- Use the printed indexes and registers at our building in Kew
For details on when and how to use these resources see the following sections of this guide.
5. General correspondence
The most numerous type of Foreign Office record is general correspondence. There are tens of thousands of records of general correspondence at The National Archives, ranging from letters, both personal and official, telegrams and despatches, to reports, notes and memos and anything else that was sent from one place or person to another in the business of the Foreign Office.
How you search for correspondence depends on when it was created and the changing registry systems of the Foreign Office down the years.
For detailed advice on how to search for general correspondence from different periods see the following guides:
- Foreign Office correspondence 1782-1890
- Foreign Office correspondence 1891-1905
- Foreign Office correspondence 1906-1919
- Foreign Office and Foreign and Commonwealth Office correspondence 1920 onwards
6. Confidential print 1820s-1970s
Consulting confidential print is a good way to gain a summary overview of Foreign Office political correspondence before accessing the extensive, more detailed holdings in the main general correspondence series referred to in section 5.
6.1 What were confidential prints?
From the late 1820s, correspondence of particular significance began to be printed in several copies and distributed to officials in the Foreign Office, to the Cabinet, to other departments and to British missions abroad. These copies were known as confidential print.
By 1906 nearly every important despatch or telegram was printed routinely but the practice of confidential prints died out in the 1970s with the arrival of photocopying.
Confidential prints vary from a single document to a substantial volume of papers, and are numbered individually, roughly in order of printing.
6.2 How to search for confidential prints
A good starting point is the FO Division 2 description in our catalogue which lists record series of confidential prints on particular countries, regions and subjects. To search for specific documents you can either:
Click on the link to any series in the list and search by year using the ‘date range’ boxes.
Use the following fields and search terms in the advanced search:
- All of these words: the name of the country or subject of interest
- Exact word or phrase: confidential print
- Search within references: FO
- Date: the dates/years within which the records were created
7. Records from embassy and consular archives
7.1 What do embassy and consular records consist of?
These records include:
- original and draft despatches received from the Foreign Office by British diplomatic and consular posts abroad
- local correspondence with the government and other authorities of the foreign state
- correspondence with other British representatives, agents and private individuals
- registers of births, deaths and marriages of British subjects abroad
- consular court records
- commercial records of various kinds
- papers about British churches and cemeteries
- papers about the estates of British subjects
7.2 How to search for embassy and consular records
Please note that not all embassy and consular records have survived.
Basic searches by country and year
Use our catalogue to search for document references with the advanced search, using the boxes to restrict your search results to FO and FCO references, specific years and searching with combinations of the following keywords:
- country name
- either ‘Embassy’, ‘Consulate’, ‘Consular Archives’ or ‘Legation’
Specific subject searches
The only way to search for these records by subject is to visit us at our building in Kew and use the registers of embassy and consulate correspondence that exist from the 1820s onwards.
To use the registers follow these steps:
1. Use the advanced catalogue search to identify a document reference for the relevant register, using the country name AND “Embassy and Consulates” AND “registers” as keywords. You can restrict your search by year or date. With the document reference you can order the document (you can order documents in advance).
2. Once you have the register, select the appropriate section within it (to/from Foreign Office; to/from government of the host country; Commercial, Treaty etc.).
3. Consult the left-hand pages for incoming correspondence, the right-hand page for outgoing correspondence. They look like this:
4. Armed with the details of the relevant entries from the register, return to the advanced catalogue search to identify and order the relevant volume of correspondence, using the country name AND “embassy and consulates” AND “general correspondence” as keywords, and restrict to the relevant year.
5. The volumes of correspondence (an example is shown below) are arranged by author and recipient, then by date. Within the relevant volume, look for the despatch number.
8. Treaties 1695-present
8.1 Records of treaties: ‘Full Powers’, protocols and ratifications
Distinct sets of records were created at different stages of the treaty process, and these are held in different record series.
Before a treaty is made, the parties exchange the Full Powers or authorisations granted to their plenipotentiaries.
The document reciting the agreed terms of the treaty, signed and sealed by the plenipotentiaries of each side is the Protocol.
Following the signing and sealing of the Protocol, ratifications were drawn up, and signed and sealed by the head of state of each party and exchanged, or sometimes deposited in an agreed place if there were several parties.
8.2 How to search for records of treaties
Follow the links in the table below to search the respective series by one or more of the following:
- the state(s) with which the UK signed the treaty
- the subject of the treaty
|Treaty Protocols (with full powers of other parties, and subsidiary documents, mostly 1775 to 2001)||1695-2003||FO 93|
|Ratifications of treaties (mostly up to 2001)||1782-2005||FO 94|
|Full powers of British plenipotentiaries and entries or drafts of ratifications||1813-1967||Pieces within FO 83|
|Protocols and ratifications of multilateral treaties (mostly from 1969)||1907-2002||FO 949
|Protocols and ratifications of EEC treaties (mostly from 1973)||1953-1997||FO 974|
|Draft full powers and draft ratification instruments||1968 onwards||FCO 3|
|Protocols and ratifications of treaties (mostly from 2001)||1962 onwards||FCO 85|
9. Private and private office papers
Private and private office papers relating to foreign affairs held at The National Archives fall under three main categories:
9.1 Private papers given directly to The National Archives
These are private papers of diplomats and politicians involved in foreign affairs directly gifted to, or deposited with, The National Archives (previously the Public Record Office).
You can also find private papers held in archives elsewhere using our catalogue. Search by author name and click on the record creators tab within your search results.
9.2 Unregistered papers returned to government after retirement
These are unregistered papers of mostly (though not entirely) 19th century politicians, diplomats and officials taken away on retirement but subsequently returned to government.
Search for references to these using the advanced search in our catalogue, searching by surname, year range and entering department code FO in the reference box.
Anthony Eden’s papers (FO 954) are available online.
9.3 Private office papers surrendered to government on retirement
These are the private office papers of mostly 20th century politicians, diplomats and officials surrendered to government on retirement.
10. Records of international commissions and conferences
The papers of a large number of bilateral or multilateral international commissions, from 1790-1967 are among the Foreign Office records at The National Archives.
The records of British delegations to international conferences from 1814-1976 are in held in both FO and CAB departments.
Search for the records of a commission or conference using the advanced search , restricting your search to reference FO (and, for conferences, CAB) and searching with one or more of the following terms:
- The name of the commission or conference
- The word ‘commission’ or ‘international conference’ and a geographic reference such as the name of a city, country or region
- The word ‘commission’ or ‘conference’ and a subject reference such as ‘military’, ‘financial’, ‘fisheries’ or ‘slave trade’
11. Records of wartime departments and missions
We hold records of various departments and missions that operated within the Foreign Office during the First and Second World Wars.
11.1 First World War
Search for references to records created by the following agencies and departments set up by the Foreign Office in the First World War by clicking on the references and using the series-specific search boxes:
- Arab Bureau in FO 882
- Contraband Department in FO 382
- Foreign Trade Department in FO 833
- Jedda Agency in FO 686
- Prisoners of War and Aliens Departments in FO 383
- Restriction of Enemy Supplies Department in FO 845
- Trade Clearing House and War Trade Intelligence Department and Finance Section of the Ministry of Blockade in FO 902
For background details see the description for FO Division 12 to which the above series belong.
11.2 Second World War
Search for references to records created by the following agencies and departments set up by the Foreign Office in the Second World War by clicking on the references and using the series-specific search boxes:
12. Records of the Allied Administration of Germany and Austria after the Second World War
The Foreign Office inherited the records of a number of the organisations through which the Allies administered what are now Germany and Austria after the Second World War. These were:
- The Control Offices, based in London
- The Control Commissions, based in Germany and Austria
- The Civil High Commission, which instigated de facto self-government in West Germany from 1948 until 1955 (when normal diplomatic relations were resumed)
12.1 What kinds of records are held at The National Archives?
The surviving records of the Control Commission for Germany (British Element) are held at The National Archives but are incomplete as only a small percentage of the files were selected for permanent preservation. The overwhelming majority of these are administrative in nature and rarely contain personal details.
In addition to the above, there are numerous files and material on denazification generally including:
- policy and applications
- some name lists
12.2 How to search for records
For a breakdown of the record series relating to the Allied Administration, see the FO Division 14 page.
In addition, the records of the Allied Kommandatura, the four power body that administered Berlin until the end of the Cold War, are in FO 1112.
The file descriptions used by the Control Commission were very broad and this is reflected in the record descriptions in our catalogue. A keyword search of our catalogue is therefore of limited value but it may be worth completing the following fields in the advanced search with the terms provided:
- All of these words: a keyword relevant to your search e.g. censorship
- Exact word or phrase: Control Commission for Germany
- Within references: FO
- Date: 1945 to 1950
You should also consult Akten der Britischen Militärregierung in Deutschland: Sachinventar 1945-1955 (11 Volumes, published by KG Saur 1993). These volumes, available from The National Archives library, provide brief details (in English and occasionally German) of the Control Commission documents for Germany (the “G documents”) as well as the associated National Archives references.
13. Intelligence records of the Foreign Office 1795-1985
The primary series of records relating to intelligence matters within the Foreign Office are the records of the Permanent Undersecretary of State in FO 1093.
Other significant record series include the reports of intelligence agents from 1795-1815 in FO 38 and details of the funding of British intelligence operations before 1909, known as the Secret Vote, in HD 1 and HD 2.
14. Further reading
Some or all of the publications below may be available to buy from The National Archives’ bookshop. Alternatively, search The National Archives’ library catalogue to see what is available to consult at Kew.
Published copies of records
British Documents on the Origins of the War, Documents on British Foreign Policy, Documents on British Policy Overseas (13, 68 and 18 Volumes respectively, HMSO and Routledge, 1926 onwards). Selections of documents (mostly general correspondence) covering the build up to the First and Second World Wars and the Cold War respectively.
British Documents on Foreign Affairs (over 200 volumes, University Publications of America, 1983 onwards). Selection of Confidential Prints from mid-19th to mid-20th century.
British and Foreign State Papers (168 Volumes, HMSO 19th century to 1977). Published copies of major treaties from 1812 to 1967.
FCO Historians, A guide to researching FCO history (Foreign and Commonwealth Office)
Michael Roper, The Records of the Foreign Office, 1782-1968 (Public Record Office, 2002)
Louise Atherton, Never Complain, Never Explain: Records of the Foreign Office and the State Paper Office 1500-c.1960 (Public Record Office, 1994), includes well-explained guidance on how to use the registers and indexes to Foreign Office correspondence
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A new device is described with which screws of any length can be calibrated rapidly for both periodic and cumulative errors in terms of interference fringes. It can also be used to plot correction cams to remove fixed errors of translation or rotation, and to monitor the operation of an engine while ruling diffraction gratings or scales, correcting by automatic feedback differences between the actual carriage position and its proper position as shown by an optical interference field. This so-called “Commensurator,” whose name arises from its function of overcoming the incommensurability of the wavelength of the light used for calibration and the lead of a screw with English or metric threads, consists principally of a screw drive system, eight-figure dials, and a generator, geared together in ratios that can be controlled to one part in 108. Fringes produced by a Michelson interferometer mounted on the ruling engine (or having one mirror moved by the nut of the screw being calibrated) are changed photoelectrically to a wave train that measures translation to within 0.1 micro-inch. A second wave train of almost identical average frequency is produced by the Commensurator generator to measure screw rotation, and the two trains are continuously compared by means of a phase-sensitive amplifier and motor to within 1/100 cycle or fringe. Any error in carriage translation appears as a lag or lead which produces a torque in the motor until synchronism is re-established by a relative shift of the two wave trains, and thus makes possible automatic plotting of the screw error curve on a moving chart. Corrections for changes in barometric pressure or in temperature can be introduced during operation. By means of this device the variations in lead of a screw having 14 inches of nut motion have been recorded to the nearest 0.2 micro-inch in eight hours. When the error signals of the Commensurator are fed back directly to the corrector mechanism of a ruling engine, transient as well as fixed errors of run and period can be automatically compensated for. If the fringe system is lost, it can be re-established from the Commensurator record, so that controlled ruling of gratings wider than any available coherent fringe-field appears possible. During any period in which fringe control is not exerted the engine operates in the orthodox manner.
© 1951 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
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Located in the Province of Porto Maurizio, northern Italy. The city is situated on the Gulf of Genoa, having a small harbour at the mouth of the Roia. It contains a fine cathedral with a fifth-century baptistery. The Church of S. Michele is erected on the foundations of a pagan temple. Some antiquities are collected in the town hall. Ventimiglia is the ancient Albium Intemelium, the capital of the Intemelii, a Ligurian tribe which long resisted the Romans, but was forced in 115 B.C. to submit to Scaurus. In A.D. 69 the city was sacked by the army of Otho and Vitellius. In the Gothic wars it was besieged by the Byzantines and the Goths, and suffered from the raids of Rotharis, King of the Lombards, but flourished again under King Rodoaldo. In the tenth century it was attacked by the Saracens of Frassineto. Berengarius made his son Conrad first Count of Ventimiglia. In 1139 the Genoese attacked it by land and sea and forced it to surrender; the count continued to hold the city and countship as a vassal of the victors. The city rebelled more than once against the Genoese and sided with their enemies. It was thus temporarily held by the dukes of Savoy (1389 and 1746) and Ladislas, King of Naples (1410). In general it shared the fortunes of Genoa. The most ancient Christian mention of Ventimiglia is the alleged preaching of Sts. Marcelinus ( Bishop of Embrn), Vincentius, and Dominus (fourth century).
It is probable that it had a bishop from the fifth century; the first known is Joannes (680). Among his successors were: Cardinal Antonio Pallavicino (1484) and Alessandro Fregoso, both more distinguished as warriors than as clerics ; Filippo de'Mari (1519), who restored ecclesiastical discipline ; Carlo Visconti (1561), later a cardinal ; Carlo Grimaldo (1565), who distinguished himself at the Council of Trent : Girolamo Curlo (1614), who died by poison in Corsica, whither he had been sent as Commissary Apostolic: Gianfrancesco Gandoflfi (1622), who negotiated the peace between Savoy and Genoa ; Antonio Maria Bacigaluppi (1773), who converted the episcopal residence into a seminary. The diocese, which has been suffragan to Genoa since 1775, contains 65 parishes, 96,000 inhabitants, 250 secular and regular priests, 6 houses of religious men, 37 convents of nuns, 3 educational institutions for boys, and 10 for girls. There are 4 religious periodicals published in the diocese.
The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed between 1907 and 1912 in fifteen hard copy volumes.
Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration.
No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny.
Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912
Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online
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In the two poems Poppies and The right word both use language to present strong feelings. In Poppies the poem is about a mother whose son is off to war and her memories of him as a child. The poet Jane Weir uses language to show her worry and sadness about her son who is leaving to go to war. This is first shown to us in the first stanza after talking about poppies being placed on war graves. “Before you left, I pinned one onto your lapel, crimped petals, spasms of paper red, disrupting a blockade of yellow bias binding around your blazer.” What the poet says is significant because she is remembering exactly what she did that day all those years ago in fine detail.
Sharon Olds’ Poetry Explained Sharon Olds was born in 1942 in San Francisco and received education from Stanford and Columbia University. She married a man in the late 1960s and is the mother of a son and daughter. That marriage eventually ended and the painful breakup has influenced her poetry heavily. Olds writes continuously, and only after an extensive amount of time has passed she feels the need to put together poems that comprise a book. She is one of a few poets in the United States whose books of poetry sell in large quantities.
Due to the strong social and literary influences, Charlotte was drawn to literature and began writing at a young age. She attended college and after a couple years she married an artist names Charles Walter Stetson. After giving birth to their daughter she was plagued by severe bouts of depression and psychosis. In an effort to get herself well she separated and later divorced Stetson and moved across the country to California. Her experiences with mental illness and social oppression greatly influenced her writings as seen in “The Yellow Wallpaper”.
Mrs Reed views Jane as a burden, she treats Jane horribly as is shown in the beginning of the first chapter, “…she had dispensed from joining the group… contented, happy little children.” When Jane tried to defend herself Mrs Reed disregards her and tells her not to talk back as it is rude, without giving Jane a chance to explain her side of the story. The next encounter in the book is between Jane and John (Jane’s cousin and Mrs Reed’s only son). John treats Jane worse than one would an animal, he talks down to her and physically assaults her, and Jane’s reactions to these occurrences make it obvious that this has happened many times before as she is quite accustomed to it. However, this time Jane strikes back, this leads to her being locked up in the red room. The lack of justice in this situation is another aspect that furthers the readers’
We feel sorry for him as he is alone while all other children play together outside. He is then abandoned at school by his family until his sister comes to ‘rescue’ him. We feel sympathy as this abandonment is not his fault and we therefore feel pity. We also feel sorry for him as he begins to feel bad about rejecting his rescuer’s son at Christmas. At his family home, we realise that his only friends were characters in books, showing he had a very lonely upbringing.
Some themes in this novel are alienation and isolation, coming of age, and the great journey. From the moment his mom says the words “I’ll be right back”(Burch 4) to the moment he is left standing in the playroom, Jennings experiences true loneliness. This is why the theme alienation and isolation fits this novel. Even though physically children are all around him, Jennings still feels alone and abandoned by the people he loves dearly. He is left to deal with hateful and abusive nuns all by himself.
An example of Evyn being unintelligent was when her so-called friends, Andrea’s group, calls her Evelyn and doesn’t talk to her unless it’s to ask about updates with Ajax, she doesn’t realize that they’re just using her. Evyn was also, very inconsiderate and selfish. She didn’t seem to notice how happy her father, Birdie was after he had proposed to Eleni. Evyn doesn’t seem to care what his father felt and made it harder for him. “Bounce” was an interesting book that showed problems that actually happen to 13 year olds.
The family, Peter Skrzynecki and his two parents, were in transit for over two years from 1949–51 (either physically travelling, or in a migrant hostel) before they were allowed to begin their new life in Australia. The book also expounds the ongoing hardships that Skrzynecki and his parents still suffer because of their journey to Australia. Immigrant Chronicle was one of the five prescribed "Physical Journeys" texts in the compulsory New South Wales HSC English syllabus, and is now a prescribed poetry text for "Area of Study: Belonging" for 2009–14. This core text is the main focus of the unit, and it requires students to find their own related text(s) and compare the texts in the form of an
He looked to her to save him from everything. They had shared a very close relationship when he was young but he tries to explain their closeness as him being weak. “ Being young, unable to face these things, I would brawl and hurl myself at my mother and she would reach out her claws and seize me.”(17 Grendel) In Chapter 2, while playing outside of the cave Grendel gets his foot stuck between two trees. All that time it is his mother whom he screams out for hoping she would come. As his suffering finally comes to an end and many events take place, as the bull and man, Grendel is finally saved by his mother, but his outlook on life has changed.
Although Lucy dreamt of fleeing her home ever since she could remember, considering she didn't have the strongest and most positive bond with her mother, she was often filled with homesickness which she attempted to to shake off various times. When Lucy finally got the freedom she wanted, she still wasn't satisfied because her past kept coming back up and dragging her down. The book is filled with constant back flashes of Lucy reminiscing her past, where she often found herself thinking about her mother. Lucy's mom, Annie, always discouraged Lucy's educational and career dreams as well as her ambition to make grand achievements. Lucy loved her mom but her mom constantly neglected her when her brother came to their life.
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Aconitum Napellus is an herb that has been used for centuries. Besides being a beautiful flower, it is useful for the practitioner of homeopathic medicines. There are many variations and types of Aconitum Napellus. This herb can be found in the northeastern United States, the United Kingdom and parts of Europe. The origins of the herb are not known, but it has been speculated that it originated from Asia.
Common names for Aconitum Napellus are monkshood or wolfsbane. Aconitum is not a flower but an herb. It grows perennially, sometimes as high as 8 feet tall. Aconitum grows lobe-shaped leaves that are purple, blue, yellow or white in color and bears a small fruit pod. There are 109 species and seven hybrids of Aconitum. It is grown widely in the Swiss Alps.
Aconitum Napellus, or Aconite, is poisonous. Reported symptoms of Aconite poisoning are crawling skin, vomiting and coldness. As late as 2004, a Canadian actor named Andre Noble died by eating it accidentally during a camping trip. Aconite contains not just one but many different dangerous chemicals and there is no antidote. The effectiveness of this herb to treat some ailments isn’t disputed, but the effectiveness level is so close to fatal toxicity that it would be easy to overdose.
Aconitum Napellus has found its place in mythological history. As wolfsbane, it was believed to repel the werewolf and protect anyone who wore it from the wolf’s attack. Ancient Romans used Aconitum to fulfill the death penalty on their convicted criminals. Later the Roman government made the use of the herb illegal and punished citizens who grew it. Murders have been committed using Aconitum because of its dangerous chemicals like aconitine. When villages were attacked in Medieval times, sometimes the villagers would poison the water supply with Aconitum before fleeing for safety.
All 109 species of Aconitum contain the poison aconitine. The poison permeates the plant but is in large supply found in the root. Eating a leaf or snacking on a tiny portion of the root would cause almost immediate numbness and tingling in the mouth. Children and pets should be kept away from it. Aconitum should never be grown with other herbs you intend to consume.
Applying Aconitum as an ointment to the skin will create a pain-relieving numbing sensation. It’s used for treating joint pains from rheumatism, lumbago and neuralgia. When Aconitum is processed into a tincture it can be used to slow down the heart rate in cardiac patients. As it slows down the pulse it can also be used to treat nervous ailments. Because of its cooling effect on the internal system it has been used to reduce fevers and treat colds and pneumonia.
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Despite what the article says, is this spiral a UFO or extraterrestrial-related phenomena?
Hubble Spots Ghostly Space Spiral
Analysis by Ian O’Neill
Tue Sep 7, 2010
When I first saw this ghostly Hubble Space Telescope image, I assumed that faint blurry spiral was a lens flare or some other photographic anomaly. But on closer inspection, the details started to present themselves.
As imaged by the space telescope’s sensitive Advanced Camera for Surveys, this striking pattern is formed by material being ejected from a dying star. But this isn’t a lone star; there’s a second star — a binary partner — orbiting with it and modulating the expanding gas.
This binary system is called LL Pegasi and the surrounding “pre-planetary nebula” is known as IRAS 23166+1655.
Much like the jets of water being sprayed from a spinning sprinkler head, the result is an expanding pinwheel spiral when viewed from above.
Through blind cosmic luck, we are also looking LL Pegasi from above, so as the stars orbit, we can see a perfect gas spiral expand into space.
Planetary nebulae are created during the final stages of stellar evolution. For stars from half to eight-times the size of our sun, once they run out of hydrogen fuel, they start to burn heavier and heavier elements. During the latter stages of this process, they swell and the outer layers of the star are stripped away into space. This escaping gas and dust forms the nebula.
In this image, the central stars cannot be seen as they are smothered in obscuring material belching from the dying star, but the nebula has only just started to form.
According to the Hubble press release (where high resolution versions of this image can be found), the gas is being flung into space at a speed of 50,000 km/hour (about 30,000 miles/hour) and astronomers have calculated that the two stars must be orbiting each other with a period of 800 years.
Therefore, the distance between the “shells” of the spiral represent the time taken for one orbit. Similar to the rings in a tree stump (only inverted), the spacing in the spiral represents an 800 year step in time, getting older the further they move away from the center.
Although these spiral phenomena are rare, several pinwheel spirals are known, perhaps the most infamous being the spiral generated by WR 104.
WR 104 is a Wolf-Rayet star — far larger than the dying star in LL Pegasi — also releasing gas into space during the final stages of its life, but it’s not forming a comparatively peaceful planetary nebula.
As WR 104 is so massive, its Wolf-Rayet phase is frenzied and violent, potentially resulting in a powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB) — LL Pegasi is too small to explode as a GRB. What’s more, as WR 104 was thought to be pointing in our direction (i.e., we can see the perfect spiral), Earth could be “peering” down the barrel of a potentially devastating GRB should it explode.
Fortunately, when Discovery News spoke with Wolf-Rayet star expert Grant Hill last year, he had some good news for us: WR 104 might not be pointing in our direction after all.
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Books are unarguably vital to people. Unfortunately, it causes great harm to the environment.
In this age and time, we can go on a limb here and say pretty much every human has come in contact with books in their lifetime. While many of us may not consider the harm brought to the environment by books, it doesn’t change the fact that paper books cause great harm to the environment.
For instance, it takes 24 trees to make one tonne of paper. Meaning the more books produced the more trees are cut down, which is really bad for the environment.
There’s no doubt that books are important and we are not insinuating people should stop reading books, but strongly recommend you reduce the effect these traditionally printed books have on the environment by substituting traditionally printed books with electronic books (e-books).
Thanks to the digital revolution, over 60% of the world’s population has access to a digital device. Therefore, opting for e-books is now easier than ever. E-books are the electronic version of traditionally printed books.
They are usually read on digital devices. Although traditional prints are still largely in use today, we, however, have to play a role in keeping our environment safe by choosing e-books over the traditional books.
We totally get it, physically holding books sets the mood right for reading. It somehow enables you to read better and longer.
However, when we look into the harm traditionally printed books cause to our environment, learning to read digitally is totally worth it. You will be surprised how much good you will do by simply switching to ebooks.
If you are still contemplating about switching traditionally printed books for e-books, our team came up with these 7 Surprisingly Amazing Environmental Benefits Of E-books.
These environmental benefits of e-books would definitely show you how substituting your traditionally printed books for e-books can save the environment. Without further ado let’s get the ball rolling!
Undoubtedly, this is the first [and most important] benefits of using e-books. The production of traditionally printed books and newspapers require millions of trees to be cut down every year.
Of course, we know trees are essential for life as they give oxygen, stabilize the soil, and give life to wildlife. Trees also absorb carbon dioxide which helps to keep the atmosphere clean.
Now, consider what happens when these trees are cut down to make books? The environment suffers and we experience global warming.
To prevent this from happening, opting for e-books instead of traditional prints is very necessary. Although e-books require resources to make them function properly, it is friendly to the environment and trees. And that is what counts!
While it might be difficult for the world to go paperless, making a move by using e-books rather than traditionally produced books can save trees and save the environment at last.
Reduce Carbon emission
Everyone has a specific amount of carbon footprint they contribute to the environment. Nevertheless, printing industries have been recognized as one of the major contributors to the global carbon footprint in the environment.
Over the years, the printing industry has caused untold danger to the environment - from the enormous amount of paper it consumes annually to the trees used to produce these papers and the release of loads of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and other noxious greenhouse gases into the environment.
So, we believe you now understand that the need to opt for electronic books cannot be overemphasized.
Apart from the fact that electronic books consume little resources, electronic books also do not release as much carbon footprint into the environment like printed books. As a result of the reduced carbon footprint from e-books, they are ultimately the best choice for a healthy planet.
If you are looking for ways to reduce carbon footprint as a bookworm, using electronic readers might just be the best way to go.
Printing books require a lot of electricity to produce traditional books. This means that more energy has to be utilized in the process. With our already diminishing energy, we can both agree that this is a detrimental exercise to the planet.
On the other hand, e-books do not require this energy-consumption process. It doesn’t also require lots of electricity to make it work which makes it a simple way to save the environment.
Another reason e-books are better for the environment compared to conventionally printed books is that it causes less pollution to the environment. As mentioned earlier, printed books have been reported to contribute a huge part to the carbon footprint in the environment.
Pulp, alcohol, inorganic materials, and paper mills are used for making paper, however, they are often released into water bodies during the book production process. Ultimately, this causes a great deal of harm to water bodies, polluting surfacing waters which are the natural home of aquatic animals.
Having considered the tons of trouble caused by producing paper books, it makes sense that simply purchasing an e-book is a little effort everyone should be happy to entertain.
Have you considered the amount of space paper books consume? Books consume a lot of space especially when they are kept on book shelves or in storage boxes. It is rare for people to read books over and over again which means once a book is bought, it could be read just once or occasionally made reference to.
When we think about the amount of energy required to keep these books warm or cool in warehouses or in our offices, we realize this also has a negative effect on the environment. On the other hand, e-books only take up space on your digital devices. It does not require the amount of energy required by printed books for preservation. Want to know more? These books could easily be referred to at any time.
E-books help in reducing the amount of waste in our landfills. When you check landfills, you would be surprised to find out that over 26% of trash all over the world are discarded paper and paperboard.
Although paper recycling can check the impact printed paper has on landfills, the negative effect it has on the environment is still indisputable. For this reason, e-books are very important. Electronic books can’t be discarded on land which makes them perfect for the environment.
Lastly, e-books are better for the environment because they consume less natural resources compared to printed books. Printing industries require a lot of freshwater for book production. In fact, they are responsible for the consumption of a large share of freshwater.
As well as freshwater, printing books also requires lots of energy which also causes harm to the environment.
Conversely, e-books don’t require as much energy or natural resources for production. Although it requires its own materials, e-books are however nicer to the environment compared to traditional prints.
The debate on traditionally printed books and e-books has been ongoing for many years now. But the truth is, the only way we can save the environment is by choosing digital books.
Although living without paper would be very hard to accomplish, the rise in environmental issues has led us to find better options for reading. Incorporating small changes in our reading habits, for instance opting for e-books rather than using printed books, can go a really long way in saving the environment.
E-books save the environment by reducing carbon footprints, it drastically reduces deforestation, pollution, and the use of natural resources. Save the environment today by substituting traditional prints for e-books.
Are you searching for other ways to save the environment? If so, kindly check out our previous article on 6 Steps To Carrying On With An Eco-friendly Life.
If you enjoyed reading this article, kindly click on the LIKE button below and drop a comment below to encourage us. Stay green!
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“Our results demonstrate a previously unknown role of the pathway that recognizes these pathogens and stimulates the immune response,” said Masayuki Fukata, Ph.D., assistant professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology, and the study’s senior author. “Our results provide an important way to activate the body’s innate immune response without causing systemic toxicity. We envision that targeting this pathway can be a new approach to treating patients within a window of infection.”
The study, “Host innate recognition of an intestinal bacterial pathogen induces TRIF-dependent protective immunity,” was published in a recent issue of the Journal of Experimental Medicine. The study used a well-established experimental model of oral Yersinia enterocolitica infection, which recapitulates many features of the human disease.
“The development of effective strategies to protect against multiple types of pathogens is challenging because innate immune responses are antigen nonspecific,” Fukata said. “We examined how the innate immune response in the intestine naturally protects against pathogens and whether strategies could be developed to enhance innate immunity against enteric pathogens.”
Fukata and his team focused on the process by which toll-like receptors (TLRs) in intestinal cells recognize the molecular patterns on the invading microorganisms, and how TLR4 activates two key signaling pathways – TRIF (toll/interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-) and MyD88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88) – that stimulate the release of inflammatory substances from the immune cells.
While TRIF has been known to be important in antiviral signaling related to TLR3, the Miller School study was the first to examine the role of TLR4-mediated TRIF signaling in protecting the host intestine against Gram-negative bacteria – which do not have detectable peptidoglycan components when stained with crystal violet dye (Gram-staining) in the GI tract.
“We found that the TRIF pathway applies to more than one Gram-negative pathogen,” said Fukata. “That’s particularly exciting because our team was able to manipulate the pathway to generate a more effective immune response.”
If these laboratory results can be replicated in clinical trials, physicians may gain a new weapon against dangerous GI bacterial infections, Fukata said. “Antibiotic treatment for an existing infection may trigger the multi-drug resistance of the bacteria. Instead, we can rapidly boost the TRIF pathway to allow the immune system to repel broad-spectrum bacterial invaders before they gain a foothold in the body.”
That could be an increasingly important approach, since most clinically significant enteric pathogens, such as Yersinia, Salmonella, Vibrio, or Shigella, are Gram-negative bacteria that have evolutionarily acquired an ability to evade host immune defenses. Although extensive studies have revealed the virulence factors of these pathogens, more studies need to be done to determine how the body’s immune cells formulate effective intestinal defenses to these pathogens, Fukata said.
“Serious public health problems can occur when sanitary systems are destroyed or disrupted,” he said. For example, Haiti faced a dangerous cholera epidemic after the devastating 2010 earthquake, and salmonella and E.coli outbreaks occur throughout the United States. “In situations where you can’t treat patients in a ‘normal’ way, providing them with TRIF-mediated protective immunity could be beneficial.”
These types of enteric pathogens raise additional health concerns because recent globalization of the food supply increases the chance of outbreaks and the potential for bioterrorism, Fukata added.
Summing up the findings, Fukata said the study demonstrates an unexpected role for the TRIF pathway in enteric infection by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. “Our results highlight an immunological model in which TLR4-mediated TRIF activation promotes bactericidal activity,” he said.
Other Miller School co-authors included lead author and former research assistant John Sotolongo; Cecilia España, lab technician; Andrea Echeverry, Ph.D., post-doctoral associate in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology; David Siefker, Ph.D., student in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Norman Altman, V.M.D., professor and director of the Division of Comparative Pathology; Julia Zaias, D.V.M., Ph.D., director of the Division of Veterinary Resources; Rebeca Santaolalla, Ph.D., post-doctoral associate in the Division of Gastroenterology; Jose Ruiz, lab technician; Kurt Schesser, Ph.D., associate professor of microbiology and immunology; and Becky Adkins, Ph.D., professor of microbiology and immunology.
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Forward head posture (FHP) paves the way for weak, tight, and strained neck muscles. They become part of the poor posture cycle, with weakened muscles failing to hold the head in the right position.
The Targeted Forward Head Posture Eliminator breaks that cycle by targeting the neck flexor muscles. Though seldom mentioned, this muscle group is pivotal in proper head positioning and alignment. And this weekend’s challenge is done lying down, making it accessible for just about everyone.
Let’s get started!
In the front of the neck are two deep neck flexor muscles called the longus capitis and the longus colli.
The longus capitis is connected to the occipital bone, which is the bone at the very base of the skull. It attaches to the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae. It’s responsible for lateral flexion (bringing the ear toward the shoulder).
The longus colli is composed of three portions: the superior oblique, inferior oblique, and the vertical. The first portion, the superior oblique, attaches to the third, fourth, ad fifth cervical vertebrae and connects to the atlas, which is the topmost cervical vertebra.
The inferior oblique is the smallest portion of the longus colli, running from the first two thoracic vertebrae to the fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae.
The vertical portion attaches to the top three thoracic vertebrae and inserts into the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebrae.
Despite the fact that these muscles and muscle groups are often ignored, they are of great importance when it comes to neck and head positioning.
Why Neck Flexors Matter
Spinal alignment and posture begin with your head. Toned, strong neck muscles bring your head and neck into optimal position for balance and strength, and this has a “ripple effect” down your body.
The neck flexors, as mentioned earlier, are located in the front of your neck. They are often neglected in cases of poor posture or head and neck pain, with most of the focus going to muscles in the back of the neck. But the ones in the front play a significant role.
The neck flexors provide all-important stability in the neck. Stability is essential for alignment; misaligned cervical joints tend to jostle together uncontrollably when you move, wearing the vertebrae down and causing pain. Additionally, bones and joints need to be aligned in order to respond to exercise by building up, not wearing down.
One way to visualize this is to picture a stack of small, wooden blocks. Now picture a hole drilled down through all of them, and a bundle of strings running down through the hole. If only one of the blocks gets out of position, even slightly, then the strings are bent and pushed to one side. If you picture the strings as your spinal cord and the blocks as your cervical vertebrae, then you can better understand how misaligned vertebrae can cause nerve pain.
Tight neck flexors can cause this misalignment by pulling these “blocks” out of their proper position. Weak flexors are also a problem, because they aren’t able to hold your head up and their weakness forces other muscles to compensate, thus skewing alignment even more.
Because of their role in aligning the head and vertebrae, the deep flexors in the neck are associated more with headaches than other neck muscles. Strengthening can help decrease headache severity and frequency, and also guards against injury.
Given the important roles of these muscles, it’s remarkable how such a simple exercise as the Targeted Forward Head Posture Eliminator can be so effective. But rest assured –it is!
You’ll need an ordinary towel for this exercise, such as a small bath towel or large hand towel. Fold it into a pad that fits under your neck and under the bottom portion of the back of your head.
- Lie on your back with your head and neck supported by the towel. Lie with your face and head in a “neutral” position, with your nose pointing at the ceiling and all muscles relaxed.
- Without turning your head to the side or lifting your head, slowly bring your chin down toward the front of your neck.
- Bring your chin back up to the starting position and repeat.
- Do this “nodding” motion eight to 10 times, or whatever fits your comfort level.
As you can see, this motion is in direct opposition to FHP, a common but detrimental posture error. There are all sorts of counteractive moves you can do to bring your head and neck into alignment, flatten your upper back, and correct FHP. You’ll find many such moves in the Densercise™ Epidensity Training System, the perfect companion to the Osteoporosis Reversal Program.
Densercise™ addresses the entire skeletal system, including the upper back and neck, and has its basis in Wolff’s Law – the principle that stress on bones from exercise actually stimulates bone growth. This law has been demonstrated again and again, affirming the importance of exercise in a bone-building program. And for bones to respond to the stress from muscles and gravity, they need to be in proper alignment. Densercise™ takes this into account, including stretches and warm-ups that help the bones “get ready” for a workout.
While the Densercise™ manual is very thorough and includes clear illustrations, if you have any doubts as to the moves or need to see a live person perform the “Densercises,” then you’ll be glad to know that Densercise™ includes an online video collection that you can refer to in order to clarify the moves.
Take Exercising For Your Bones to the Next Level!
Learn the 52 exercise moves that jumpstart bone-building – all backed by the latest in epigenetics research.
The Weekend Challenges are the perfect way to round out your Densercise™ routine. And as usual, I love hearing from our community, so let me know how today’s challenge went for you by leaving a comment below.
Enjoy the weekend!
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Flashcards in Performance Appraisals Deck (34):
On the surface, one may think that performance appraisals are only for determining whether an employee is doing a good job or not but in actuality, they can be used for a _______ of administrative and developmental purposes.
The developmental aims of appraisals are to evaluate the employees performance, critique it, provide suggestions for improvement, discuss training and set new goals.
The administrative goals of performance appraisals provide input for HR activities such as ____________ planning, making personnel decisions such as promotions or redundancies, and evaluating training programs.
Appraisals are commonly used to make compensation planning decisions, especially in performance-related pay situations.
________________ opportunity legislation has meant that companies must maintain detailed records of their performance appraisals as a method of documenting their HRM decisions to defend themselves should an employee sue them.
This legislation has meant that employers need to keep records to justify the nondiscriminatory nature of their HR decisions.
Performance appraisal programs can be formal and informal but their success depends on the purpose for it, attitude of the administrative staff and connection to ______________ goals.
The appraisals result in data which must be analyzed in context with the company's business objectives so that overall performance of the staff can be improved.
There are many reasons why formal appraisal programs sometimes fail and these include perceived bias of the rater, lack of __________ support and unclear performance standards.
In order to develop an effective appraisal program, the initial discussions must be between the HRM and the ____ managers.
Input from the line managers is vital since they have first-hand experience with their employees, their abilities and performance.
The first step in creating a good appraisal program is to establish the performance _________.
The standards should be obtained from the job analysis of essential job functions.
To determine the performance standards the four elements that must be considered are _________ relevance, criterion deficiency, criterion contamination and reliability of the standards over time.
Strategic relevance refers to the extent the performance standards are connected to the strategic goals of the company. For example, if a company states that all customer queries will be responded to within 24 hours; then it is reasonable to expect this to be a performance criterion in the appraisal of customer service representatives.
Criterion _______ refers to making sure that the performance standards reflect all the employees responsibilities and criterion contamination ensures that factors beyond the control of the employee that can affect performance are not used in the appraisal.
A factory has 200 workers. 100 work on new machines and the remainder work on the old ones. The workers on the new machines will be more productive because they have new equipment. This fact should not contaminate the performance standards when appraising the workers.
In the landmark US Supreme Court case of Albermarle Paper Company v _____, the court held that job performance standards had to be clearly defined.
This is the important case that required employers to comply with focused and precise job performance standards to ensure that HRM decisions were fair.
Manager or supervisor appraisal occurs when the review is conducted by the employees superior and that is then reviewed again by a more senior manager; whereas ___________ appraisal occurs when an employee carries out the appraisal on a superior.
This is what occurs in a subordinate appraisal. It is normally conduced for developmental rather than administrative reasons. It is good that managers get feedback from their charges.
____ appraisal refers to a review conducted by the employees manager with feedback obtained from peers but it is not commonly used because of concerns that peers rely on stereotypes, that they may be rating based on popularity or fears of retaliation if a low ranking is given.
There is a concern that the feedback given may be colored by stereotyping rather than being entirely unbiased.
Team appraisal is based on _________ Management concepts that stress team achievements rather than individual performance.
Total Quality Management (TQM) sets performance standards derived from the customers needs. The employees performance is compared against the standard and then ideas for improvement suggested.
________ appraisal is the performance appraisal of employees based on feedback from both external and internal customers with many managers setting customer service measures as a performance standard normally linked to incentive programs.
Customer Service Measures (CSM) are a performance standard and are normally linked to organizational targets
The ________ appraisal is meant to provide employers with an overall picture of the employees performance.
The term coined for this type of appraisal which combines feedback from as many sources as possible.
The 360-degree appraisal approach is well adopted amongst the bigger firms but to make it successful feedback should remain _________, managers should personally discuss the evaluation in detail with every employee, checks should be conducted to ensure that cheating and biases do not occur.
With the exception of the managers rating, the employee should not know how the evaluation team responded. This will ensure honesty.
Without proper appraisal training, the rater may well rate all the employees as average, thereby making the error of _______ tendency.
These raters do not like to rate any employee too high or too low, so they aim for the average.
The leniency or __________ error in appraising occurs when raters like to give very high or very low ratings.
This sort of error and occurs when managers think too highly (leniency error) or too little (strictness error) of the employees they are rating.
In a performance appraisal, the _______ error occurs when the rater gives a higher rating to the employee than is deserved based on recent good performance, whereas the contrast error happens when the raters assessment is biased in a positive or negative manner due to a comparison with the previous employee appraised.
This kind of mistake can be minimized if the appraiser has full details of the employees work record for the period in question.
When the rater gives the employee an ________ rating because of a personal connection, then the similar-to-me error occurs.
The rater and employee may have certain things in common, such as race, religion, home town etc and these factors may affect the rating given by the rater.
The three methods for conducting performance appraisals are the trait methods, behavior methods and _______ methods.
The trait methods are generally the most popular even though it can be considered subjective. They measure characteristics that are considered desirable for that job such as creativity, leadership etc.
The four trait approaches for __________ performance are the graphic rating-scale method, mixed-standard scale method, forced-choice method and essay method.
With the essay method, the rater writes up a statement that describes the employees behavior to list his or her strong and weak points and suggest ideas for improvement.
The graphic rating-scale method rates employees according to a scale of _______________ whereas the mixed-standard scale method employs a scale which compares employees performance and behavior.
Each characteristic is graded according to a scale in which the rater compares the degree to which the employee possesses that characteristic in his or her job performance.
When a rater has to select between _______ options to describe the employees job performance, then the trait system being used is the forced-choice method.
The rater is forced to make a choice, usually from two statements; not knowing which choice describes the favorable or unfavorable job behavior.
The __________ methods of performance appraisal are the critical incident method, behavioral checklist method, behavioral anchored rating scale (BARS) and behavior observation scales (BOS).
The BARS approach uses a series of 5 to 10 vertical scales. Each one represents an important performance indicator as revealed from the job analysis.
The behavior observations scales (BOS) analyzes the _________ of observed behavior in the employee whereas the behavioral checklist method requires the rater to check off the statements that are indicative of the employees performance.
The _____ method simply measures the employees achievements and so can be unreliable in the long-term. As a consequence, the management by objectives method has been developed to overcome the drawbacks of the results method.
The Management by Objectives (MBO) method assesses the employees performance based on achievements measured against previously agreed goals established by the employee and manager together.
The _____ methods are easy to develop and complete but it can be subjective and is not useful for feedback, whereas the behavioral methods are more detailed in enabling feedback but are expensive and time-consuming.
Behavioral methods are detailed, so they take longer to create and complete--hence the higher cost.
Management by ________ is a program that encompasses specific goals, participative set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress.
Management by Objectives (MBO) emphasizes participatively set goals that are tangible, verifiable, and measurable. MBO focuses on converting overall organizational objectives into specific objectives for organizational units and individual members.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s organizations became obsessed with management by __________.
Management by objectives (MBO), is based on Peter Druckers admonition that management can only be judged by results.
There are three types of _________ interview: tell and sell, tell and listen and problem-solving interview.
The problem-solving interview requires, listening, accepting and responding in such a way that employee growth and development are possible.
The tell and sell interview requires the rater to use persuasion to change the employees behavior, whereas in the tell and listen interview the rater relates the positive and negative aspects of the employees performance and then the employee can _______.
The tell and listen interview allows the employee to express their feelings about the appraisal and vent any feelings of frustration, in the hope that it will not affect their job performance.
When __________ an employees performance, the three factors to consider are ability, motivation and environment.
Environmental factors that could affect job performance include management support, equipment and economic conditions.
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Spotlight on Wuhan, China
Wikipedia: Wuhan (simplified Chinese: 武汉; traditional Chinese: 武漢) is the capital of Hubei province, People’s Republic of China. It is the largest city in Hubei and the most populous city in Central China, with a population of over 11 million, the ninth most populous Chinese city, and one of the nine National Central Cities of China.
china.org.cn: Wuhan, composed of the three towns of Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang, is the capital of Hubei Province. The three towns, separated by the Yangtze and Hanshui rivers,a re linked by bridges, and because these municipalities are so closely connected by waterways, Wuhan is also called the “city on rivers.”
‘Of Course We’re Panicking:’ Here’s What It’s Like Inside Wuhan’s Coronavirus Quarantine Zone
Wuhan scientists: What it’s like to be on lockdown
Wuhan residents share how they cope with the crisis
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What is ecological perspective in social work?
ecological perspective would involve seeing the relationship and connection between the. individual, family, group, and/or community and the physical, social, and cultural. environments and how each influence and shape one another (Gitterman, 2009).
What do social workers focus on?
In all contexts, social workers maintain a dual focus on both assisting with and improving human wellbeing and identifying and addressing any external issues (known as system or structural issues) that may impact on wellbeing or may create inequality, injustice and discrimination.
What is the ecological perspective in social work quizlet?
The Ecological Perspective encourages social workers to focus on the person, the environment, and the interaction of the two.
How can the systems perspective be useful for social workers?
When applied to social work, systems theory is a practice that enables professionals to look holistically at a client’s conditions and environmental factors to gain a better understanding of why they face issues or hardships.
How does ecological perspective apply to social work?
1. Improve One-on-one Therapy. A social work practice that uses an ecological framework focuses on the ever-changing relationships between all variables. The awareness of social, political, and cultural environments places the individual in context rather than as an isolated set of symptoms.
What does the ecological perspective focus on?
The ecological design perspective is about how the system or product works within its external environment. It is about how the system or product is used in its context and how the system or product interacts or communicates with its environment in the process.
What is the role of the social worker?
The job of a social work professional is varied but always aims to improve people’s lives. Social workers aim to improve people’s lives by helping with social and interpersonal difficulties, promoting human rights and wellbeing. Social workers protect children and adults with support needs from harm.
What do they expect of the social worker?
Social workers give advice and support to vulnerable individuals, families, and those living on the margins of society. They are responsible for helping people to get access to the services they need to improve their situation and well-being. Building trusting relationships with service users and their families.
What is the ecological perspective quizlet?
Involves the conditions, circumstances and human interaction that encompasses human beings. Includes the actual physical setting that society or culture provides. You just studied 23 terms!
Which of the following is true of an ecological approach in social work?
Which of the following is true of an ecological approach in social work? It tries to improve coping patterns so that a better match can be attained between an individual’s needs and the characteristics of his or her environment.
How is ecological theory used in social work?
Improve One-on-one Therapy. A social work practice that uses an ecological framework focuses on the ever-changing relationships between all variables. The awareness of social, political, and cultural environments places the individual in context rather than as an isolated set of symptoms.
What is an ecosystem perspective?
The ecosystem perspective studies how adaptation occurs by looking at environmental, social and cultural factors that lead to changes. New technologies provide more comfortable and effective ways of functioning in certain environments.
What is an ecosystem theory?
Ecosystems Theory. The ecosystems theory as utilized in social work is an adaptation in and of itself. The ecosystems theory is a combination of ecology and general systems theory. According to the American Heritage Dictionary, ecology is “The science of the relationship between organisms and their environments [ (Bantam Dell, 2007, p. 272) ].
What is an ecosystem in social work?
The ecosystems theory of social work encourages those in the field to look at the environment surrounding a person or group when attempting to provide support. Researchers use many categories to collect social data, including habitat, niche, adaptation, goodness-of-fit, self-esteem and self-direction.
What is the ecological model of social work?
Ecological assessment is an inclusive approach to the collection of data in practice. Simply said, the ecological model is a systematic framework that helps the social worker make the most complete investigation possible into the many interrelated factors associated with any particular case.
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The Power of Belief
Since the beginning of history, there have been psychics; extraordinary individuals with extrasensory perceptions. These gifted people are able to see beyond and interpret the will of the cosmos. Some psychics can communicate with the afterlife, some can interpret dreams, and other can even read the future through tea leaves. Through their beliefs, they are able to predict certain outcomes and give peace to those that seek their counsel. History is ripe with psychics, from all cultures. In this blog, we will discuss the history of psychics, their persecution, and the attitudes towards psychics today.
In Ancient Egypt, psychics were common in the Royal court. Mystical “powers” were used as a way to entertain the Pharaohs. Psychics were also employed to consult with the rulers on subjects both big and small. Their advice would be used on decisions from when to grow crops to when begin wars. Psychics were well respected in Egyptian culture. This, of course, can be seen in historical readings of early Egyptian life. The Bible even references the use of psychic abilities and dream interpretation in the Genesis story of Joseph. However, false interpretations had severe punishments. If a psychic was proven to give false information they could be imprisoned or even executed.
The Delphic Oracle, also known as Pythia, still remains one of the most famous psychics of all time. She was an inpreter of the Greek God Apollo and was said to have a direct link to the God. The priestess stayed in the high mountains of Delphi at the Temple of Apollo. People from all walks of life would journey to her temple and ask her for her readings. At her time, she was one of the most powerful figures of influence, as kings and nobles came from all over Greece to meet with her. She was said to have inhaled special fumes and spoke prophecies in dactylic hexameters. However, the stories of her are opposing as some say she spoke in gibberish and others claim she spoke intelligibly. It is not known what the oracle looked like, but there are hundred of interpretations of what her appearance could have been. Other priestesses operated at Delphi, but Pythia was the most sought after. She also was a leader to a priestesshood, where women of the era were employed by the temple. Because Delphi was such a popular place at the time, it eventually grew from a temple, to an entire city.
The Oracle of Delphi only comes second to the famed psychic, Michael de Nostredame (Nostradamus). In the 1500s, he published his prophecies, which later were found to become true interpretations. He was a powerful figure in the French court and was adept at predicting natural disasters, such floods, earthquakes, and fires.
The mystical world became intriguing to people in the Victorian era. Most wished to understand the magical world and interpret what lies beyond. Because of this, mysticism became very popular and gave way to entertaining magicians and psychics. One of the most popular psychics of the time was Daniel Dunglas Home. Known as a powerful medium and a levitationalist, Home gained maximum levels of popularity. Aside from Harry Houdini, Home was one of the most famous men of his era. However, though gifted, doubt of his gifts made him retire early. His health also limited his abilities, as he died at the age 38. Fraud allegations ruined his reputation, however, in his spiritualist novels he states he has never been caught in fraud.
In today’s world doubt of psychic abilities is very much a problem. With the internet, it can be difficult for a psychic to retain his or her reputation. Doubt will always exist, but those who believe in the power of mediums will be able to benefit from them. Hollywood has an affinity towards psychics, as they are seen in any major supernatural TV show, from Supernatural to the Ghost Whisperer. Even reality television has utilized themes of psychics, such as The Long Island Medium.
At Astrology Boutique, our psychic Caroline truly has the gift of sight. With her help you will be able to interpret your dream, learn what about your fate, and even gain relationship analysis. If you are looking for a psychic reading in Chicago, come to Astrology Boutique.
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays.
Many microorganisms are non-pathogenic and can live in harmony with humans as they do not cause disease. However pathogenic microorganisms can be deadly and therefore need to be eliminated from certain environments. These environments can be hospitals; individuals are already unwell and their immune systems are compromised making them susceptible to infection, water treatment, food and pharmaceutical production; supply available to communities making everyone susceptible, and laboratories; contamination of microorganisms can cause conflicting results.
In order to eliminate microorganisms, sterilization of equipment, hospital supplies and production sites are necessary. Sterilization process may involve different methods using heat sterilization, radiation sterilization, filtration, and chemical sterilization. Radiation involves sterilising using gamma waves or ultraviolet light. Chemical sterilization involves using toxic chemicals such as ethylene oxide to sterilise equipment. Filtration sterilises by filtering out microorganism residues from gases and liquids that are sensitive to heat, making them unsuitable for heat sterilization (Goering et al., 2007). Heat sterilization is classified under dry heat and moist heat. Dry heat involves using heat to sterilize by causing denaturation of proteins and oxidative stress onto the cell (Goering et al., 2007).. Moist heat involves using heat and liquid to destroy microorganisms. The most common sterilization method is the use of moist heat in steam sterilization.
Steam is considered an easy and effective sterilant, as it is economical, fast working and is harmless to users. Steam is non toxic and economical as it is simply pressurised water in gas phase. Steam sterilization is a fast working process as steam production does not consume a lot of time and high pressure allows exposure to the entire compartment quickly.
Steam sterilization is an effective process as it can destroy living microorganisms and at high temperatures it can prevent regermination by destroying endospores as well. Steam sterilization acts by denaturing proteins within cells thereby killing the microorganism. Water vapour releases large amount of heat during condensation, this heat allows penetration of endospores to occur thereby killing endospores.
The steam steriliser works using gravity and is therefore often called a ‘gravity sterilizer’. The steam sterilizer can have steam be generated from external source or can be produced from a water reservoir internally. Initially the water from a water reservoir or steam from external source enter the steriliser and is heated using a heating element. The steam being produced rises to the top of the chamber leaving cooler air at the bottom. There are drains at the bottom of the autoclave so the cool air can exit the compartment. As the steam fills the steriliser the thermostatic steam trap located at the bottom of the compartment closes. This allows the pressure of the system to build up causing high pressured steam. The timer begins at this point measuring the time set for sterilisation. To maintain the temperature and pressure at set point the heating element turns on and off. After the set time has finished the steam can be removed either to the water reservoir to cool and allow water to condense and be collector before venting to the room, or can be vented straight into the room or a designated safe zone (Dondelinger, 2008).
Problems may occur in steam sterilization where it may not work. This can be due to a variety of technical problems such as leaks in the steam line. To monitor the function of steam sterilisers a Sterikon® plus Bioindicator vial is added to every batch. Sterikon® plus Bioindicator is made of essential nutrients needed for bacterial growth including sugar, Bacillus stearothermophilus spores and a pH indicator. In a working steriliser these pores should be destroyed in steam at “temperature of 121°C and pressure of 1 bar” (VWR, 2002). When all the pores have been killed the vial should stay a pink/red colour. However if the sterilization did not work, in the next 24 hours the B. stearothermophilus spores within the incubated vial will get the opportunity to regerminate. The growth of B. stearothermophilus is facilitated by sugar fermentation producing acid. This acid causes the pH indicator to change colour to yellow and due to the microbe growth the vial will become turbid. (VWR, 2002). This provides an understanding if the steam steriliser is working to safe conditions and helps keep everything sterile.
Another method to monitor steam sterilization is the use of Thermalog strips. Thermalog strips are made of two different outer layers, one side is made of foil and the other made of paper, this paper side allows steam to enter. Within these outer layers there is a chemical enclosed with a paper indicator. This chemical liquefies when steam and heat reaches it allowing it to flow along the paper indicator. The length this chemical moves is dependent on the time of exposure to steam, the temperature of steam and the volume of steam (3M, 2010). On the paper side there are two boxes labelled unsafe and safe. If the steam sterilisation occurs properly the chemical will move into the safe window of the strip. However if it does not there must have not been enough steam produced, not high enough temperature or not enough time within steriliser.
This experimental report addresses the necessities needed for complete steam sterilization and producing safe equipment. In order to understand the requirements needed for steam sterilization, the experiment is conducted using different methods and conditions for B. stearothermophilus spore strips. The experiment is important as steam sterilization has important applications in preventing spread of disease within the community by sterilising medical equipment and giving reliable results by sterilising laboratory equipment.
Moist heat may be more effective than dry heat in sterilization process as moist heat plays a substantial role in sterilising spores. Steam sterilization is the most used method of sterilization yet its affectivity may be dependent on specific operation conditions. Steam sterilization needs to be monitored as problems may arise with its function, determine these methods of monitoring steam sterilization process.
Materials and Methods:
BMS2052 – Microbes in Health and Diseases Practical Class Notes (2010), Department of Microbiology, Monash University. Pages 35 -37.
Thermalog strips were placed in Schott bottles, one with water and loose cap and the other tightly capped with no water added. After 15 minute sterilization at 121°C the Thermalog strips read either safe or unsafe in relation to microbial presence.
Two bioindicators, initially pink, were separated one underwent steam sterilization and the other had no sterilization. After incubation for 3 days at 56°C the bioindicators colours were recorded.
All four screw-capped bottles had one strip of B. stearothermophilus spores inside. These four bottles underwent different conditions, e.g. underwent steam sterilization or had liquids added. All these bottles underwent incubation for 3 days at 56°C.
Steam sterilization experiment shows the affectivity of steam sterilization, the operation conditions and monitoring the process using Thermalog strips and Sterikon plus Bioindicator vials.
In order to determine the requirements needed for steam sterilization Thermalog strips are used to measure affectivity of steam sterilization. In the experiment the Schott bottle with water that was loosely capped had a reading on Thermalog as safe. This is due to steam having direct contact to Thermalog strip as water inside the Schott bottle vaporises when inside steriliser and the loose cap on the bottle allows steam to enter during sterilization. However the other Schott bottle that has no water and is tightly capped has a reading on Thermalog strip as unsafe. The Thermalog strip remains in the unsafe window as it has not had enough contact with steam as the cap was tight thereby not allowing steam from the steriliser into the bottle and there was no water within the bottle so steam could not be produced within the bottle either. Thereby this shows for complete sterilization to occur there needs to be direct contact between equipment being sterilised and steam, a high enough temperature and enough time in the steriliser, all these properties are monitored by Thermalog strips. Thermalog strips are affective at monitoring temperatures and time exposure to steam yet it does not prove that say heat resistance pores will be destroyed at the specific conditions. Therefore Thermalog strips should be used but in combination with other monitoring items.
Steam sterilization monitoring can also be done with Sterikon® plus Bioindicator vials. This experiment shows how the Bioindicator vials work and how effective they are at monitoring the process. Bioindicator vials have B. stearothermophilus spores in a nutrient broth with a pH indicator. Initially both these vials appear to be clear and pink in colour. The Bioindicator vial that is placed in the steriliser stays pink and clear whereas the vial that was not sterilised became cloudy and yellow. This means that the Bioindicator vial sterilised has no bacterial growth, as regermination has not occurred while the vial not steam sterilised did have regermination. Regermination of spores allows formation of bacteria. These bacteria facilitate their growth by fermenting sugar. This fermnattion process generally procuces acidic end products, family of Bacillus do mainly produce lactic acid as an end product. As these products are acidic the pH indicator will change colour in respose to the formation of these products. The pH indicator changes colour from pink to yellow. The bacterial growth will also cause the vial to look cloudy due to ‘turbidity’ within. The results showed the Bioindicator vials work consistent with what was expected showing that they are an asset in monitoring steam steriliser function as they show
Monitoring the needs to facilitate complete steam sterilisation occurs in the third part of the experiment. Bottle 1 is used as the control showing that the B. stearothermophilus spores have the ability to regerminate from the initial spore strip. If bottle 1 had not shown microbe growth the results obtained would not prove steam sterilization has occurred as the spores may not have had the potential to regerminate at all. Bottle 2 shows that steam sterilization can occur when water is added to the bottle. As the heat within the steam steriliser increases the water within the bottle will vaporise forming steam. This steam will have direct contact with the spores allowing the spores to be completely eradicated. Bottle 3 was tightly capped and had no liquid added to it making it impossible for steam to have direct contact with the spore strip. As the spores were still alive during incubation the spores regerminated and formed bacterial growths within bottle 3, viewed as cloudy. Bottle 3 as it had no contact with steam had only dry heat sterilization working within which is not effective in killing of spores and thereby is less effective than steam sterilization method in bottle 2. Bottle 4/5 was tightly capped and had paraffin oil added to it. It would be expected that this bottle would have bacterial growth as there is no steam in direct contact with the spore strips. The oil could even act as a barrier for any steam, entering through the tight cap, to get in contact with the spores. However the results obtained in the experiment showed that there was no bacterial growth in bottle 4/5. This is most likely due to experimental errors where the spore strip was not completely submerged in paraffin oil and the cap of bottle 4/5 was not tight enough. This would allow steam to enter the bottle and have direct contact with the spore strip as the oil was not covering the whole strip. This experiment showed that for effective steam sterilisation to occur the equipment and instruments must have direct exposure to steam.
Steam sterilization experiment has showed that for steam sterilization to occur direct contact with steam is needed; this can be from direct steam from steriliser or water within vaporising. Steam sterilization experiment could have included a few more alternative conditions such as a loosely capped bottle with no water and a loosely capped bottle with oil. This would have showed steam can enter a bottle and cause sterilization. Also a loosely capped bottle with oil would have been able to tell the effect of oil on direct steam sterilization.
Steam sterilization is a more effective and time efficient process than dry heat sterilization techniques. Steam sterilization can manage to kill heat resistance bacterial spores whereas most dry heat sterilization cannot. There is a dry heat sterilization method that is effective in killing bacteria regerminating from spores called Tyndallization. Tyndallization involves heating equipment and instruments for a certain time ranging from a few minutes to an hour depending on temperature of heating for three to four days. Initially this will kill all existing bacteria and other microorganisms. On the second day the spores would have regerminated allowing the second row of bacteria to also be killed. The third day will allows time for the late germinating spores to regerminate and heating allows them to be killed (Aminot and Kerouel, 1997). This procedure despite its affectivity this procedure still takes several days to complete therefore steam sterilization is the better option.
Sterilization is an important process in hospitals, water treatment facilities, food and pharmaceutical production and laboratories. In hospitals sterilization can prevent the spread of diseases caused by opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia (Goering et al., 2007). Steam sterilization is therefore an ideal form of sterilization in hospitals to prevent spread of disease with the aid of Bioindicator vials to monitor function in every batch and occasional use of Thermalog strips.
Steam sterilization can only occur if the equipment being sterilised has direct contact with steam from steam provided in steriliser or from heat causing water within to vaporise into steam. Without steam contact the equipment is having only sterilization by heat which is an ineffective sterilization method on spores. Oils, fats and other hydrophobic substances should cause barriers for steam penetration making sterilisation less likely. It is important to monitor steam sterilisers as many mechanical interruptions could prevent complete sterilisation. Sterikon plus Bioindicator vials are an effective way to monitor steam sterilisers as they produce consistent results showing whether sterilisation has occurred or not. Thermalog strips can also be used to monitor if steam sterilising machines are reaching conditions that allow safe sterilisation to occur, for example the right amount of steam, temperature and pressure.
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processes provide a diverse array of valuable products and
materials used in applications ranging from health care to
transportation and food processing.
Yet these same
chemical processes that provide products and materials
essential to modern economies, also generate substantial
quantities of wastes and emissions.
Chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that
reduces or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous
substances in design.
extravagant costs needed to managing these wastes, tens of
billions of dollars a year, there is a need to propose a
way to create less waste.
treatment standards continue to become more stringent,
which causes these costs to continue to escalate.
describes both the science (theory) and engineering
(application) principles of Green Chemistry that lead to
the generation of less waste.
the use of milder manufacturing conditions resulting from
the use of smarter organic synthetic techniques and the
maintenance of atom efficiency that can temper the effects
of chemical processes.
implementing these techniques means less waste, which will
save industry millions of dollars over time.
Primary Market: environmental engineers, chemical
engineers, industrial engineers, scientists, biochemists,
facility managers. Secondary Market: Advanced
undergraduate and post-graduate, specialized courses in
Chemistry, Chemical technology, Chemical Engineering and
Pharmaceutical sciences Environment technology. Elective
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Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher, is essentially the author of the following works:
– De cive (1642)
– Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiasticall and Civil (1651)
If Hobbes‘s reputation was, for long, outrageous (one accused Hobbes to have a centric-state theory, conductive to the development of the absolutism), we now understand our debt to the man who is one of the founders of the modern political thought.
The Anthropology of Hobbes: A pessimistic vision of human nature
The reference to Hobbes is, first of all, anthropological: it relies on a vision of human vision serves as a starting point for his political problems.
Hobbes focuses on human nature and describes the man as a being endowed with speech.
– Where there is no speech, there is neither truth nor falsity, says Hobbes in Leviathan
– But what is the language ?
The act by which it exercises the function of language, the latter denoting the sequence of words that men have drawn arbitrarily to mean the succession of concepts of what we think.
Man, that creator of signs, is also a strength, a set of desires and appetites, which reacts in contact with other men like him in strength and desires and representing as many competitors: In the State of nature, man is trying to make a constraint on the other and live in a state of war with him. The state of nature is a state of war accordong to the anthropology of Hobbes.
What represents the state of nature?
– This is not a historical reality but a theoretical fiction, where Hobbes gives us to see an original state of war is characterized by the constant threat: Homo homini lupus – man is a wolf to man! This theoretical fiction has inspired many philosophers, like Locke or Rousseau.
– When men live according to the state of nature, forces clash necessarily their lives while being consistent with natural law, freedom of everyone to use as he wants on his own power, to preserve its own nature.
Hobbes, the State and the Contract:
The state of nature is a state of war and violence, condemned the man to have an almost animal existence, with no culture or civilization.
A contract is needed to escape this hell and that constant risk, where violence threatens everyone, due to the concrete situation of man and of the mutual mistrust that characterizes it.
– The causes of discord is diverse it is beyond them and establish peace: Agreement means the agreement by which men are divesting their interest in all things and gives them power to a monarch or an assembly performing well overall.
– While the shift from the state of nature to the political order and the man creates the State or the Republic, an organization wielding political power.
– We must see that creating a product of human art.
From this perspective, the Sovereign (custodian of the personality of the city, the depository may be a monarch or an assembly) is to take care of the welfare of the people and achieve the common good. The other men are the subjects of the Sovereign.
With Hobbes’s political philosophy thus takes on new meaning, the state, this human creation, is intended to end the barbaric nature.
Here is the man who created the state and its works. Hobbes seems very modern in many ways: as a theorist of the modern State and as a thinker of power.
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Mari Bostrom, Director
Isanti County Homeland Security & Emergency Management
Historically, early springtime is “flood season” in our state- but, in 1998 it was only late March when violent storms brought 13 tornadoes to St. Peter and Comfrey.
Late September is typically considered a “dry time”—yet on Sept. 22 last year, more than 10 inches of rain inundated southeastern Minnesota and flooded many communities.
If it wasn’t enough, between March and September of 2010, Minnesota experienced a record 113 tornadoes, (the most in the U.S.) with a total of 48 on a single day in June.
The lessons from these events is that Minnesota weather hazards can happen anytime and anywhere and the key is maintaining your personal safety and well-being is to be aware of the threats, be prepared, and know how to receive and respond to warnings.
April 11-15 is “Severe Weather Awareness Week” in Minnesota…a time to consider the possibilities of storms, lightening, hail, wind, floods and tornadoes, and be prepared to survive. We owe it to our school children, businesses, and families to learn how to safely prepare for the weather threats we face.
On Thursday, April 14, the National Weather Service will issue a statewide tornado drill at 1:45 p.m. and again at 6:55 p.m. I encourage businesses, schools, individuals, and families to participate in one of the drills so they are ready to move quickly when the real thing comes along. This is a great opportunity for businesses to test their emergency plans for their first and second shift employees.
There is not a county in Minnesota that has been spared a weather disaster. Let’s be sure our people stay safe.
The Minnesota Department of Public Safety provides pages of weather safety information, history, tips, and lessons—there is something for everyone. A link to Severe Weather Awareness Week can be found at the following Web sites: www.severeweather.state.mn.us; www.dps.state.mn.us; and www.hsem.state.mn.us. Links to the National Weather Service and the Red Cross provide fascinating weather facts and a variety of downloadable resources for families, teachers and children. Visit these sites and see what you can do to prevent destruction, injuries, and preventable deaths this year.
Isanti County Homeland Security & Emergency Management is also giving away two NOAA weather radios each day during Severe Weather Awareness Week to Isanti County residents. Please put your name in the drawing, located at Family Services and at the Isanti County Government Center Information Desk.
Also, check out our page on the Isanti County Web site, www.co.isanti.mn.us, for more information on Severe Weather and the 2011 Notification and Warning Project.
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Tips & Shortcuts in Excel (Part 3)
It’s all about minimizing efforts and maximizing output these days! Today’s Tech Tip explains how to make certain “auto” features work for you when crunching numbers and analyzing data.
AutoSum and Quick Sum with the Status Bar
To quickly get the Sum of a range of cells, all you need to do is select the range, and then click AutoSum—even quicker, select the range of cells and look in the lower right-hand side of the Excel window, the so-called Status Bar (more detail to follow).
AutoSum from the Ribbon:
- Select the range of cells you would like to get the sum of by highlighting those cells.
- Select an empty cell to the right or below the numbers you want to add, then click AutoSum on the Home tab (Box 1).
(Note: Click the drop-down link to the right of the AutoSum button for more options besides Sum.)
Quick Sum with the Status Bar…
- If you want to quickly get the Sum of a range of cells, all you need to do is select the range of cells (by highlighting them) and look in the lower right-hand side of the Excel window (Box 1).
- If you then right-click on the Status Bar, a feature dialog box will pop out displaying all of your options.
(Note: It also displays values for your selected range if you have those attributes checked.)
(Note: This is the Status Bar, and it displays information regarding whatever you have selected, whether it’s a single cell or multiple cells.)
Use Auto Fill
Instead of entering data manually into a worksheet, you can use the Auto Fill feature to fill cells with data that follows a pattern or that is based on data in other cells.
Filling data into adjacent cells by using the Fill Handle:
To quickly fill in several types of data series, you can select cells and drag the fill handle. In this example, the Fill Handle is located at the lower-right-hand corner of cell #3.
- To use the Fill Handle, you select the cells that you want to use as a basis for filling additional cells
- Then, drag the fill handle across or down the cells that you want to fill (down to cell #10, in this example).
- After you drag the fill handle, the Auto Fill Options button is displayed (box 1).
- To change how you want to fill the selection, click the Auto Fill Options Button, and then click your preferred option.
(Note: If you don’t want to display the Auto Fill Options button every time that you drag the fill handle, you can turn it off. Likewise, if the Auto Fill Options button does not appear when you drag the fill handle, you have the option to turn it on.)
(Note: If you drag the fill handle up or to the left of a selection and stop in the selected cells without going past the first column (to the grey numbered section) or the top row in the selection (to the grey lettered section), Excel deletes the data within the selection. You must drag the fill handle out of the selected area before releasing the mouse button.)
Use Flash Fill
When you need to enter a lot of repetitive information in Excel, such as dates, the AutoFill feature can help; however, when you need to quickly split a single column of data into multiple columns, Flash Fill can do the work for you. Flash Fill recognizes patterns in your data, and completes the data accordingly.
Example: You have a list of names that is not formatted the way you need it, or that you want to separate (like the first name from an email address):
- Start by typing the first name the way you want it (into the First Name column).
- Then, start typing the next name into the next cell down, and Excel provides a preview of the names formatted the way you want (Box 1).
- Press Enter and Flash Fill will fill-in the names for you.
- Once the data is filled-in, Flash Fill provides a drop-down box with various options you can apply to your data (Box 2).
(Note: Flash Fill works best on consistent data, and doesn’t work on text that is mistyped, e.g. inconsistent capitalization, like “Nancy” vs. “nancy”.)
Transpose your data
When you have an Excel worksheet with data in columns that you want to rearrange into rows instead—or vice versa—Excel’s Transpose feature can help you do that.
- Select the range of data you want to rearrange, including any row or column labels, and copy it (either right-click > copy, or Ctrl+C).
- Next, pick a spot in the worksheet that has enough room to paste your data.
- Then, right-click the first cell where you want to paste the data, and select the symbol for Transpose within the “Paste Options”.
- The data you copied will overwrite any data that’s already there.
Our Free Microsoft Office 365 Hands-On Workshops are back!
Join us for our Free Microsoft Office 365 Hands-On Workshops at our Main Office (441 E Hector Street, 3rd Floor, Conshohocken, PA 19428), where we offer you a hands-on environment in which you can test-drive best-in-class Microsoft technologies, including Windows 10, Office 365, Skype for Business, SharePoint, OneDrive, and more – all while working on the newest and coolest Windows devices.
Click here to learn more and sign up.
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If you or people in your family are sensitive, you will have to be vigilant and collect any larvae that you see into say a jam jar for transport a long way away. Killing in situ or even burning them is hazardous as the hairs from the dead larvae can blow about and cause more inflammation.
The moths in the family are commonly called Tussock Moths because the caterpillars of members of the tribe ORGYRIINI have four long dense dorsal tufts of hair. Many also have other hair pencils on the head and/or tail. The caterpillars also have two coloured dorsal glands on abdominal segments six and seven. These glands appear to exude a liquid which deters ants from attacking the caterpillars.
(updated 31 May 2014, 23 August 2023)
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Write a Python program which will read data for several students from a text file and create a list of lists to store that data. The data must be read from a text file named “Lab11.txt”. Each line in the text file contains the first name, last name, techid, number of credits earned, and number of quality points earned for a single student. The individual items of data on a line are separated by one or more spaces. You can see sample data in the D2L file “Lab11.txt”.
Lab11.txt looks like:
Max Medium 12345678 58 152
Jane Johnson 87654321 78 201
Bill Bupkiss 23456789 29 29
Nate Newby 98765432 0 0
Harold Humphries 11223344 43 160
Carol Cramer 22334455 102 400
Alvin Adams 33445566 67 120
Fred Frederick 44556677 81 250
Phillip Parker 55667788 44 168
Sam Spade 24681357 16 30
For each line that you read in, you are to split it apart and create a list of the individual items. You should also convert the number of credits and number of quality points to integers within this list. These individual lists are then to be concatenated into a list of lists. For example, the composition of your final data structure should be similar to what is shown below.
Once you get your list constructed, print it so that I can verify that you’ve completed this part. Then go through your list and compute and output the gpa for each student in turn. Remember that gpa is quality points divided by credit hours.
For this lab, you may use any string or list functions or methods that you wish.
I know how to read in the whole file to a list:
myFile = open("Lab11.txt", "r")
myList = list(myfile)
but I am having trouble splitting each line from the file into another list
if i type
it will print the first line
please help with this assignment
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Keeping Drinks Hot
Whether you're a coffee, tea, or cocoa drinker, if you plan to enjoy a hot beverage, chances are one of your main goals is keeping the drink hot while you enjoy it. Ever wonder what factors affect how fast a hot beverage cools? For those students interested in chemistry and food science, this is the perfect science fair project to tackle!
Questions to consider...
- Does the shape/size of the mug have an effect on the rate at which the liquid cools? - i.e. tall vs. short, narrow vs. wide, etc.
- Does the composition of the cup have an effect on the rate at which the liquid cools? - i.e. paper, plastic, Styrofoam, glass, clay, stainless steel, etc.
- How do travel mugs compare? - i.e. double wall insulated vs. single wall, etc.
- Does the addition of sweeteners and/or cream have an effect on the rate at which the liquid cools?
Another important concept to consider is what is the optimal drinking temperature for hot beverages (or the acceptable range). The answer to this is probably different for each specific person, but on average, according to Brown and Diller and their study of burns and the optimal temperature for serving hot beverages found in PubMed, they found that the preferred drinking temperature of their test sample was 140+/-15 degrees F.
However you design your science fair project and what variables you choose to test, we highly recommend doing this with adult supervision since you'll be working with hot liquids that can burn!
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Hugs Are The New Cold And Flu Fighters?
If you’ve ever gotten a hug and instantly felt better, that embrace might have been helping more than just your mood. According to new research from Carnegie Mellon University, a hug can actually boost the body’s ability to counter stress and fight off infection.
To conduct the study published in the journal Psychological Science, researchers used a questionnaire to monitor the perceived social support in 404 adults’ lives, in addition to tracking the frequency of their interpersonal conflict by phone over the course of 14 consecutive days. At the same time, the scientists also measured the amount of hugs participants received over the course of the two weeks.
After 14 days of social-support assessments, the healthy participants were quarantined and intentionally exposed to the common cold virus. The researchers then watched for symptoms of illness, to see how well the men and women were able to fight off the infection.
Having the perception of social support from loved ones seemed to curb the risk of infection associated with stress, according to study author Denise Janicki-Deverts, Ph.D, a research psychologist at Carnegie Mellon. “We found that greater frequency of daily conflict was associated with increased risk of infection among people who perceived having low social support, but not among those perceiving higher amounts of support,” she tells Yahoo Health.
Furthermore, hugs had an impact similar to social support. They seemed to factor into the overall illness-buffering mechanism, accounting for 32 percent of social support’s protective benefit. In the participants, the greater support they felt and the more frequently they received hugs, the less severe their cold symptoms — whether or not they’d experienced significant conflicts over the prior two weeks.
What’s At Work Inside That Hug?
Lead researcher Sheldon Cohen, Ph.D, a professor of psychology at Carnegie Mellon’s Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences, has a guess. “There are two possibilities,” he tells Yahoo Health. “One is that hugs are a marker of intimacy and closeness of a person’s relationships and are just telling us that an individual has a strong supportive network. The other is that touch itself is beneficial and helps protect people in the face of stress.”
You probably already know that it’s easy to contract an illness when you’re totally stressed out. That’s because stress generates negative emotions, which are in turn associated with activation of the body’s biological stress system. “This stress system is intimately related to the immune system and the cardiovascular system,” says Janicki-Deverts. “Thus, stress has the potential to directly or indirectly influence diseases and conditions related to those systems.”
Create positive vibes, and you’ll be working against stress’s emotional toll. “We see hugs as a way of conveying care, concern and affection, likely to come from trusted others,” says Janicki-Deverts.
So, close relationships do seem to count when it comes to fighting off infection, and embraces from your loved ones plays a key role in countering the effects of an illness.
It’s time to tap your tightest network for a hug stat. It might be the easiest tip you come across for cold and flu season.
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Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society
The Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society was formed in London in 1887 to promote the exhibition of decorative arts alongside fine arts. The Society's exhibitions were held annually at the New Gallery from 1888 to 1890, and roughly every three years thereafter, were important in the flowering of the British Arts and Crafts Movement in the decades prior to World War I.
We desired first of all to give opportunity to the designer and craftsman to exhibit their work to the public for its artistic interest and thus to assert the claims of decorative art and handicraft to attention equally with the painter of easel pictures, hitherto almost exclusively associated with the term art in the public mind. Ignoring the artificial distinction between Fine and Decorative art, we felt that the real distinction was what we conceived to be between good and bad art, or false and true taste and methods in handicraft, considering it of little value to endeavour to classify art according to its commercial value or social importance, while everything depended upon the spirit as well as the skill and fidelity with which the conception was expressed, in whatever material, seeing that a worker earned the title of artist by the sympathy with and treatment of his material, by due recognition of its capacity, and its natural limitations, as well as of the relation of the work to use and life.
Annual exhibitions were held at the New Gallery in 1888, 1889, and 1890, but the third exhibition failed to match the quality of the first two, and was a financial disaster. William Morris succeeded Crane as president in 1891., and the Society thereafter chose to reduce the frequency of showings in order to ensure an abundance of materials to display.
The Society published Arts and Crafts Essays, an influential collection of essays on the decorative arts by its members, in 1893. Contributors included Morris, Crane, T. J. Cobden-Sanderson, Ford Madox Brown, and May Morris.
The fourth exhibition, held in 1893, was far more successful, and the fifth exhibition of 1896—although clouded by the death of William Morris on its planned opening day—proved to be its most influential. The 1899 exhibit featured a Morris retrospective. Another successful exhibition was held in 1903, but the Society suffered organizational problems in the new century, with the exhibitions of 1906, 1910, 1912 and 1916 each being held in a different location. Crane died in 1915, and architect and designer Henry Wilson was president from 1915 to 1922, but the exhibitions failed to recover the critical and artistic success of the 1890s. In 1915, W. R. Lethaby and other members, recognising the limitations of the Society's devotion to craft methods of production, set up the Design and Industries Association to improve the standards of British industrial design.
In the 1930s it became clear to some members that if the Society was to survive in any form it had to confront the role of the crafts in relation to industry and the place of machinery in craft production. The Society’s 1935 exhibition introduced a section devoted to mass-produced articles designed by craftsmen to demonstrate the influence the crafts could have on industry, which brought its exhibitions to the notice of the press again. This move was controversial within the Society and led to some resignations.
The Society continued to exhibit periodically until the 1950s and many eminent craftsmen and women were associated with it. In 1960, it merged with the Cambridgeshire Guild of Craftsmen to form the Society of Designer Craftsmen, which is still active.
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:|
- Parry 1989, p. 12-13
- Crane, "Of the Arts and Crafts Movement"
- Parry 2005, p. 70
- "Art Societies". Art in London. Archived from the original on 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- Parry 2005, p. 71
- Parry 2005, p. 79
- Parry 2005, pp. 89-92
- "Arts and Crafts at Burlington House", The Manchester Guardian, 4 November 1938, p.5
- "Interpreting Ceramics : issue 16 - Dora Bilington: From Arts and Crafts to Studio Pottery". interpretingceramics.com. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
- John Farleigh, The Creative Craftsman, London: G.Bell and Sons, 1950
- "Society of Designer Craftsmen". Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- Crane, Walter (1905). "Of the Arts and Crafts Movement". Ideals In Art: Papers Theoretical Practical Critical. George Bell & Sons. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- Parry, Linda: Textiles of the Arts & Crafts Movement, Thames and Hudson, revised edition 2005, ISBN 0-500-28536-5
- Parry, Linda, William Morris and the Arts and Crafts Movement: A Sourcebook, New York, Portland House, 1989 ISBN 0-517-69260-0
- Mary Elizabeth Turner (1854–1907). English embroiderer
- Society of Designer Craftsmen, successor to the Arts and Crafts Exhibition society
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Friday, February 11, 2005
1650: The father of modern philosophy, René Descartes, dies at age 53.
1808: A Pennsylvania judge named Jesse Fell experiments with burning coal in his fireplace. Turns out, it works, and the Pennsylvania coal industry is born.
1809: Robert Fulton receives a patent for the steamboat.
1812: Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry announces a new redistricting plan for the state, which seems suspiciously designed to enhance the electoral chances of Jeffersonian candidates. One district looks like a salamander, or "gerrymander."
1826: University College London, the third or fourth university in the U.K. (Durham argues about the sequence) is founded.
1847: Industrialist Thomas Alva Edison, founder of several companies including General Electric, is born in Milan, Ohio.
1928: Cousins Ed Shoemaker and Edward Knabusch invent the La-Z-Boy recliner chair.
1941: Bandleader Glenn Miller receives the first "gold record" ever awarded, for his Chattanooga Choo-Choo.
1966: Willie Mays of the San Francisco Giants becomes baseball’s highest-paid player, at $130,000 a year.
1994: The Monsanto Co. begins sales of the first genetically engineered growth hormone for cattle, called "Posilac."
1999: Pluto passes Neptune to become the farthest planet from the sun; Neptune had been farther since 1979.
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Persian language study at IU
The Persian program in the Indiana University Department of Central Eurasian Studies (CEUS) offers students a great opportunity to learn an ancient language of politics and culture, a language now spoken by over 100 million people in Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia.
Every year, we offer introductory, intermediate, and advanced Persian classes taught by professional and enthusiastic native speakers.
During the summer, SWSEEL offers courses in Persian’s close cousin, Tajik.
Persian language learning as part of the CEUS Undergraduate Major and Minor
Persian is one of the languages available for the CEUS Undergraduate Major. Tracks with two or three years of language study are available.
Fulfill your foreign language requirement in a small class with dedicated teachers. You can obtain a minor in Iranian Studies with two years of language study and an additional content course from the Department of Central Eurasian Studies—a real plus for your resume.
Why study Persian?
Every day, there’s news from Iran or Afghanistan on TV, radio, newspapers, and the web. To really understand events that are shaping the world today, learn Persian: the official language of Iran and Afghanistan.
Persian is the easiest Middle Eastern language for English speakers to learn. Knowledge of Persian will help you learn Turkic, Arabic, Urdu, Hindi, and other languages and pursue a variety of exciting careers in government, international business, or education.
Long before French or English, Persian was the international language. Architecture, music, novels, painting: Persian language is the key to the beauties of medieval Persian culture – and a vibrant modern culture as well.
Iranian film makers are pushing the boundaries with some of the most exciting movies in modern times. The challenging ideas of Iran’s modern intellectuals have been shaping reform and revolution throughout the whole Muslim and developing world.
What is Persian?
There are a number of lexical, phonological, and syntactic differences and nuances that distinguish Dari from Farsi and Tajiki. These variations include the following:
The use of certain tenses. For example, while Farsi uses the auxiliary verb dāštan ‘to have’ and Tajiki uses istādan ‘to stay’ to form the present and past continuous tenses, Dari does not employ any auxiliary verbs. It simply uses the habitual tense in combination with appropriate adverbs.
Lexical differences. For example: ‘chair’ – čawkí in Dari, but sandal in Farsi, and stul (Russian loanword) in Tajiki. ‘notebook’ – kitābča in Dari, but daftar in Farsi and Tajiki (dafta rmeans ‘office’ in Dari).
Additionally, each language has loanwords from neighboring languages.
However, all three, Farsi, Dari, and Tajiki, do share some main linguistic features, some of these include: SOV word order, agglutination, no grammatical gender, and null-subject.
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Static Induction Thyristor(SITH):
An Static Induction Thyristor or SI-thyristor is a self-controlled GTO-like on-off device commercially introduced in Japan in 1988. Similar device, known as field-controlled thyristors (FCT) or field-controlled diode (FCD), were developed in USA. The device symbol is shown in Fig. 11.10.
It is essentially a P+ NN+ diode. Similar to SIT, SITH is a normally on device with the N-region saturated with minority carrier. The turn-off behaviour of SITH is similar to that of GTO. It is a self-controlled GTO-like high power device (1200 V, 800A). Its general comparison wih GTO is given below.
1.Unlike GTO, SITH is a normally on device-asymmetric blocking.
2.The conduction drop is higher (4.0 V)
3.The turn-off current gain is lower (1 to 3)
4.The switching frequency is higher (tON = 2 μs,tOFF = 9 µs) and has lower switching losses.
5.The dv/dt and di/dt ratings are higher. (2 kV/μs, 900A/μs.
6.The SOA is improved and Tj is limited.
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| 0.93068 | 292 | 2.75 | 3 |
by Counseling and Wellness Center of PittsburghJune 15, 2020 hypersomnia, insomnia, sleep disorder, sleep hygiene0 comments
Sleep hygiene is a science formulated to help people overcome disrupted rest by removing any barriers that a person might be unknowingly creating that prevent against deep and complete rest. According to the American Sleep foundation, 47% of Americans report poor quality sleep has affected their daily performance in the last month. As mental health counselors know, there is a significant relationship between sleep and well being. Finding solutions for better rest are vital when your health is on the line, research suggests that sleeplessness can accelerate cancer, erode cognitive performance, and it also impacts mental well being in a variety of ways. Did you know that not getting enough rest can activate many mood disorders including bipolar disorder, anxiety, or depression? In fact, sleep disruptions are a very common complaint among those who are seeking treatment for mental health disorders. Of course, most people have experienced a sleepless night as a result of a situational challenge or period of stress. There is a lot to lose when it comes to sleep but more than ever so many are so sleep deprived. By now you are likely wondering what you can do to enhance your sleep. This is where sleep hygiene comes into practice. There are some evidence-based ways to help you achieve a more restful state. Simultaneously, there are certain sleep disorders such as parasomnia, insomnia, and hypersomnia which should be ruled out with a medical or mental health counselor.
Know your sleep type! There are two primary types of sleepers, night owls and roosters, night owls are biologically programmed to sleep and wake a little later. Roosters crow at the sun, roosters, will do best to find a job routine that can be done early in the morning. Same goes for night owls, their peak performance will be later in the day. For both of these types of people, constructing a life that honors biology will do a lot for wellness and emotional wellbeing. For example, a rooster shouldn’t take the night shift if they want to feel their best.
Have a good routine- Routine is paramount to having improved quality and quantity of sleep. Find a regular hour in which you can rest. When you achieve a regular schedule, your body will be responding to multiple environmental cues that will help falling asleep and staying asleep easier. You should really be aiming for 7/8 hours per night so plan to go to bed that amount of time before your alarm clock will start buzzing.
Limit screen time at least an hour before bed. Our eyes are brimming with light receptors which are impacted by the screens we look at. When you are reading your email or social media account your brain is getting a large dose of light that signals to wake up! Limit exposure to at least an hour before bed to give your brain a chance to relax.
Spending time outdoors in the morning– The light from the sun helps us to become more alert in the morning giving our bodies higher energy. By maximizing exposure in the early hours we can find our way to relaxation in the evening. If a morning walk is not your thing, some people enjoy ‘sungazing.’
Work out in the am– Multiple studies have shown that working out in the am morning hours does help fitness friends to sleep better in the evening. Interestingly however, having an evening work out has not shown any effect on sleep.
Lengthen your exhale- When using your breath as a relaxation tool, you can activate your parasympathetic nervous system. It works like this, by lengthening your exhalation to be longer than your inhalation, for example inhale for a count of 6 and exhale for a count of 8, do this 10 times. This small but powerful technique is a potent relaxant as you are attempting to drift off to a deep slumber.
Limit Caffeine- Be mindful of what you are consuming, the half life of caffeine is quite long, if you are drinking caffeinated beverages after 1 or 2 pm, it will still be in your system at 8 or 9pm. Try to limit caffeine to one cup upon waking and the same goes with sugar.
Try Essential Oils- Many people find that a calming essential oil will help them achieve a more relaxed and restful state. Scents such as lavender and chamomile are widely used as a part of night time routines.Learn More
by Counseling and Wellness Center of PittsburghMay 27, 2020 anger management counseling, greensburg counseling0 comments
Managing Displaced Anger During Difficult Times
It has been said that anger is a secondary emotion, triggered by preceding fear, rejection, hurt feelings, humiliation, and sadness. With the current pandemic, restrictions on our daily activities, the uncertainties of our futures and our medical and financial wellbeing, it is no wonder people have been on edge. This disruption has been significant and abrupt. Suddenly, we no longer have the same level of stability in our lives and the need for structure, safety, and predictability has been jeopardized. Everyone has experienced some form of loss, and many are grieving.
Lately, while watching morning news, we hear the retellings of incidents involving explosive anger where someone has violated another physically or verbally. Often, we are seeing these acts in public arenas, on display for anyone to witness, which is telling that we are not coping well as a society. So, what is happening? Has the world gone crazy? Are these the preludes to a hostile, post-apocalyptic dystopia? Likely, no. It’s more probable that people are misplacing or “displacing” their frustrations. Displaced anger or aggression occurs when one is unable to express anger towards the source of provocation so instead, the individual acts out towards others. Often, we are not able to direct our anger toward the actual cause of our fears and frustrations. For example, it would be of no use to air our grievances to the virus itself and we are also unlikely to get our desired response from people who have direct influence over our day to day struggles. So, then many of us are left fearful, anxious, grieving, and frustrated with no say or control over what happens next.
While it’s easy to focus our attention on our lack of control, doing so will only increase these feelings of frustration and helplessness. Despite current limitations, there is still much we have influence on in our lives today. We can choose what type of activities we engage in throughout the day, our diet, exercise, and our sleep hygiene regimen. We have influence over our thoughts and mindset, whether we focus on the negative or we see the positive in situations. We can control what we are watching on television and social media or listening to on the radio or podcasts, all of which impact our outlook and perspective. Those choices effect how we feel and in turn how we cope with our stress.
Even the most Zen of us will displace our anger onto innocent bystanders from time to time. After all, we are human. In these moments, when you feel yourself becoming easily agitated or triggered, take a second, breathe, and identify the real cause of your anger by asking yourself, “What’s really bothering me? Does this make sense?” and even, “Does my emotional reaction match the situation?” Note that if it is something you cannot change, there are still things about the situation or in your life that you do have influence over. Exercise positive self-care practices such as physical activity, being outdoors, reading, listening to music, eating a healthy diet, guided meditations, deep breathing and other stress reducing techniques. These can be thought of as preventative activities to increase your threshold for stress and strengthen emotional resiliency. Be mindful of when you have reached your limit and need to seek additional help or support. Lastly, always remember to T.H.I.N.K. before you speak. Is it true? Is it helpful? Is it inspiring? Is it necessary? Is it kind? Choose to be kind.
Andrea Kellman, MS, LPC who provides therapy, marriage, and family counseling services in our Greensburg counseling center.Learn More
by Counseling and Wellness Center of PittsburghMay 11, 2020 corona virus and shared custody, family counseling during corona virus0 comments
Tips for Co-Parenting during Quarantine Coronavirus
It is always important for parents to be on the same page when it comes to their children, perhaps it is even more important that parents take the time create an atmosphere of predictability and consistency in shared custody and co-parenting family dynamics. The family counseling community has seen many examples of damaging dynamics from families during quarantine COVID times. From parents who are unable to agree on whether their children will be able to see in person health care providers, to parents who attempt to withhold visitations under the guise of COVID, it is the children who stand in the middle to lose much needed contact with their loving parents and caregivers. Here are some child therapist and family counseling verified tips to help you and your child’s other parent get on the same page. Remember, it is pretty likely that you and your former partner share the goal of helping your children adapt during these difficult times.
The courts have not waived parents’ rights to visitations due to COVID. That means your normal custody arrangement remains in full effect during this period, even if you have concerns over how your child’s other parent is enacting social distancing or who they are coming into contact with while they are having their visits, you still have a legal obligation to uphold the legal arrangement. Of course, if you feel that their other parent or family members are behaving in a dangerous way you should speak to your legal counsel but in most every instance the courts have not interfered with custody arrangements over COVID family concerns.
What is really best for the kids. The impact of this virus is even more difficult for small children as they do not have the rationale to understand the purpose of limitations on their behavior. This makes it even more important that we follow up as caretakers with consistency in the rest of the routine. Routine has an effect of soothing fear and anxiety, seeing the same family members and important people in kids lives are a big part of what makes their life feel predictable and manageable.
Parents will need to communicate, with each other! There are a lot of instances of parents using others as a ‘go between.’ From asking young children to relay messages to asking receptionists, and therapists, teachers and doctors to tell their former partner what is happening with their child, this is not a good idea. First, it is outside of the role of any child or provider/professional person to manage the communication between you are your child’s other parent. If you feel unable to manage basic communication with your child’s other parent for any reason, you should enter co-parenting family counseling immediately.
Remember that there are things outside of your control. COVID is a massive reminder that there are so many things outside of our control, while we should always act in our own and our loved ones best interest, there are still so many variables that we can not influence. Your child’s other parent may be to some degree, one of those situations that makes your feel helpless. We know that in the face helplessness and uncertainty most people feel a large measure of anxiety. Acknowledge your anxiety and spending some time assessing whether it is rational or irrational. You will likely need to have a moderate degree of flexibility in allowing your children to have a slightly different experience in their other parents home versus your own. These personality differences may have led to the demise of your relationship with your former partner and they will likely make co-parenting with them tricky but not impossible. Try to start with the points where your agree, maybe as simple as ‘we both love the kids.’
With COVID, there are a few categories of people and they are reacting to Corona differently. Some of concerned for their health and the health of others and are closely monitoring the CDC guidelines for managing COVID. Others are concerned about their loss of freedom and autonomy. Others are concerned about the financial impact of COVID closures. All of these are perspectives that come from a place of caring about the well-being of our society and others albeit in different ways. If your child’s other parent has a perspective very different from your own, you should attempt to find some compassion for them and really hone in to be sure that any concerns you have for your children to assess that they are well founded concerns and rational. One of the most important things that you can do for your children right now is to care for your own stress and manage it effectively so that you can be the best version of yourself during the challenges that we are all facing.
Check out the link by World Health Organization for tips on parenting during quarantine!
by Counseling and Wellness Center of PittsburghDecember 11, 2019 addiction, addiction recovery, how to say no, quitting alcohol0 comments
Do you have a problem with alcohol? Substance Abuse Treatment
Drinking problems affect a staggering 15 million Americans according to the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
People are less likely to seek help for alcohol use addiction as there is little social stigma attached to alcohol consumption. Our culture tells us our alcohol use isn’t that bad. It is inaccurate to believe that someone with a problem with alcohol has to be living under a bridge, without a job, and drinking a bottle from a brown paper bag. You also do not have to be daily drinker of alcohol. Since men and women have different metabolic rates, the definition of binge drinking for men is consuming five alcoholic beverages within two hours, and for women, it is four drinks in two hours.
Ninety percent of adults with addictions began to use drugs or alcohol before age 18.
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a substance use disorder, is a chronic relapsing brain disease characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. AUD can range from mild, to severe, and recovery is possible regardless of severity”.
Some questions you may want to ask yourself if you think you have a problem with alcohol.
- Had times when you ended up drinking alcohol more or longer than intended?
- More than once wanted or tried to reduce or stop drinking but couldn’t?
- Spent a lot of time drinking or being sick from the after effects?
- Wanted a drink so badly you couldn’t think of anything else?
- Continued to drink alcohol even though it was causing trouble with your family or friends?
- • Given up or cut back on activities that were important, interesting or pleasurable to you in order to drink?
- • More than once gotten into situations while or after consuming alcohol that increased your chances of getting hurt (such as swimming, driving, using machinery, walking in a dangerous area or having unsafe sex)?
- • Continued to drink alcohol even though it was making you feel depressed, anxious or adding to another health problem? Or after having had a memory blackout?
- • Found that when the effects of alcohol were wearing off, you had withdrawal symptoms, such as trouble sleeping, shakiness, restlessness, nausea, sweating, racing heart or a seizure?
- The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence points out that dangerous drinking can cause a number of other health issues and not just for the person doing the drinking. There are 100,000 people who die every year as a result of drinking and driving, other accidents, falls, fires, suicides, and homicides related to alcohol consumption.
- Alcohol and other substance abuse disorders commonly occur with other mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and borderline personality disorder to name a few.
There are treatment options available, such as an intensive outpatient program, 12 step support groups, and individual counseling. Treating addiction is not a one size fits all.
But know that here is hope for living a life without using alcohol.
*The criteria come from an authoritative handbook known as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (or DSM-5).
Counseling and Wellness Center of Pittsburgh
4108 Monroeville BLVD Monroeville PA 15146Learn More
by Counseling and Wellness Center of PittsburghNovember 11, 2019 panic disorder, signs of panic attack0 comments
According to the Amercian Psychological Association, 1 out of 75 people will experience a panic attack at some point in their life. Yet the term is used very commonly in pop culture. There are major differences between a panic attack and anxiety or stress. The most common signs of a panic attack are a racing heart, sweating, pupil dilation, chest pain, dizziness or faintness, tingling in the arms, hands, or fingers, a feeling of dread, feeling like you’re dying, difficulty breathing, and feeling a loss of control. Of course everyone experiences these symptoms differently, it is common for a person experiencing a panic attack to go to the hospital thinking that they are having a heart attack or other cardiac event.
According to the Association for Depression and Anxiety, triggers for a panic attack are varied but often a panic attack has no known trigger or precipitating event which makes it even more confusing for the person experiencing the panic attack. A person can have one single panic attack without having a panic disorder or anxiety disorder. Other times, the panic disorder which is hallmarked by frequent panic attacks and particularly a pattern of avoiding situations to prevent the possibility of a future panic attack, this could be an indicator that the panic attack is evolving into a mental health disorder. Stress, medication withdrawal, caffeine, loss/grief, major life events like a wedding or divorce can also be triggers for a panic attack. There is also an important relationship between mitro-valve prolapse and panic attacks and anxiety disorders, those with mitro valve prolapse do experience higher than normal rates of panic disorder.
If a person is experiencing a full panic attack it may be difficult to resist the urge to run to the hospital, if a person who is sure that it is a panic attack, they can label the sensation as panic, and remember that it lasts for 10 minutes to 30 minutes. A person with panic disorder should be working with a mental health counselor on developing a plan for when their panic attack comes on, some people write that plan down and carry it with them everywhere to remind themselves of how to work through their crises management steps. Some people do deep breathing, take a walk, use grounding techniques, trace the outline of the room with their eyes, stretch, yet a mental health counselor is the best person to help a person come up with an individualized plan based on their strengths, needs, and overall context.
A panic attack is very different from anxiety or stress, although the term panic attack has made its way into popular language most of what people call a panic attack is really stress, worry, or panics little sister- anxiety. A full panic attack can sometimes be described as life changing because it has startling intensity. Anxiety is a state of worry or fear that can generally be managed or serve as pesky background noise in the sound reel of our minds. Panic is all consuming with spikes of heart rate and a feeling of total loss of control. If you are experiencing more than one panic attack, you should seek medical and mental health support immediately to rule out underlying conditions and prevent the panic attack from evolving into a full panic disorder.
This is not intended to treat or diagnose a mental health disorder, if you suspect that you are suffering from a mental health disorder seek a medical or mental health professional.
by Counseling and Wellness Center of PittsburghJuly 10, 2019 why its important to take care of your mental health0 comments
This Is Why its important to take care of your mental health
By: Melissa Howard
One in five American adults experiences some form of a mental disorder each year, yet only 25 percent feel that others show them any compassion due to the negative stereotypes often associated with mental health disorders. Sadly, this can prevent individuals from getting proper treatment, or disclosing their condition in the workplace for fear of losing their job. Matters can become even more complicated if someone is dealing with persistent and irrational fears, otherwise known as paranoia, or general anxiety disorder (GAD). GAD is like a proverbial vice in that it causes stress and prevents one from carrying on with daily activities. To an outsider, these individuals appear high-strung, neurotic, and perfectionist because of their anxious personalities. Researchers have concluded that this behavior is caused by a dysfunction in parts of the brain responsible for dealing with fear, emotion, and memory.
While medication and psychotherapy are two of the top ways to control the side effects, self-care is equally as important for maintaining mental and physical health in the present and in the future. Here are some ways to make conscious, daily efforts to nurture your own well-being.
Banish Any Bad Habits
Whether it’s cigarettes, binge drinking, or experimenting with drugs, your entire being is compromised by bad habits. It’s only logical, as when you’re feeling poor physically, it’s going to affect the way you feel mentally, too. First, determine whether the monkey on your back is too heavy for you to lift off on your own. If so, seek the necessary treatment, such as rehab or a nicotine patch. Of course, this is easier said than done, but in many cases, it’s a matter of life or death. Consider confiding in a trusted friend or family member if you’re scared about next steps — it’s likely that they’ve already noticed something is wrong.
Learn To Become More Present
Being paranoid can conjure up irrational thoughts like thinking about dying in a natural disaster or losing a job. Taking up yoga can help you be more present while feeling grounded and getting a grasp on reality. In fact, doctors are actually recommending it as a complementary, holistic therapy. The gentle poses and breathwork from a vinyassa yoga class have been known to improve sleep, and reduce panic attacks and overall anxiety levels, not to mention it’s a great practice for building strength, increasing flexibility, and improving balance. The average cost of a yoga class ranges from $12 to $16, but prices go down if you pay for multiple sessions.
Set Aside Time to Get Organized
Getting organized and keeping your house clean, believe it or not, can go a long way toward improving your mental health. Not only can organizing your possessions help reduce stress and improve the quality of sleep you get each night, but it can also reduce the symptoms of depression and help you become more productive. Once you have everything organized, consider bringing in a maid service to give your home a good deep cleaning, which is a surprisingly affordable option. For example, in Pittsburgh, a one-time cleaning will run you between $93 and $204, depending on the size of your property.
Embrace Alone Time
While you don’t want to isolate yourself, taking advantage of having ‘alone time’ can be beneficial for one’s mental health. Not only can it help you to focus on self-help, but it also boosts creativity, increases productivity, allows you to explore personal interests, and provides a sense of empowerment. Taking time for yourself also makes it easier to take care of yourself by getting enough sleep, preparing a healthy meal, and exercising. When you learn how to be comfortable with yourself, the easier it is to be confident in social situations.
Don’t worry about the stigmas surrounding mental illness. Instead, establish a supportive network who understands that life can sometimes be challenging for you. For some, family and friends are enough of a support system, but others may be more comfortable adding a network of like-minded individuals into the mix. Talk to your doctor about getting a referral for a local support group in your area — you may need to try a couple of different ones out to find the right fit. You need not feel the pressure to participate. Sometimes, just listening to others share similar stories, concerns, and successes are enough.
Photo Credit: PixabayLearn More
by Counseling and Wellness Center of PittsburghJuly 8, 2019 meaning of rituals, rituals for self care, rituals for tranformation, rituals to reduce stress0 comments
Rituals, reducing stress and adding joyful meaning to life
5 Rituals You Should Try For transformation and wellness
Ever wonder why Michael Jordan wore his North Carolina shorts under his Chicago Bulls shorts every game? Rituals have enormous power to sooth and inspire as well as bring back balance to mental health by reducing anxiety and increasing confidence. According to the National Institute of Health, there are 3 primary functions of rituals, to manage emotions, to work towards goals, and to connect with others. From an evolutionary perspective we are creatures who have evolved to perform rituals including those of meditation or contemplation and group rituals. Have you ever knocked over a salt shaker and thrown some over your back? Do you attend church on Sunday? Do you pray? Have feast for the Easter holiday? These are all rituals. Flashback to the biblical era everything from attending Sunday worship, to praying for rain and lighting candles for the deceased, its clear that having a close relationship to spiritual rituals is very much a part of our cultural history. Still, whether we are referring to managing the emotional impact of times of stress, to ignite our faith, or to enhance wellness, many successful and happy people rely on rituals. The science behind why rituals work is compelling according to Scientific America. With some many different kinds of rituals we should really define that there is a difference in the Sunday beer drinking ritual, an obsessive hand washing ritual, versus a morning meditation ritual or a communication ritual with our partner. A ritual should be one that we complete with full attention and the deliberate effort to set an intention, reduce stress, or experience a divine aspect to ourselves, or foster our relationship to the spiritual realm.
Rituals can become a reliable tool for manifesting of our goal’s and enhancing our wonder, rituals have deeper embedded meaning. A beneficial ritual should be life sustaining and it is also true that the repetitive behavior of addiction and psychiatric obsessive-compulsive disorder both have the component of rituals built into them. When performing a ritual we are completing an act that becomes instinctive, our brains go into a flow state that doesn’t require higher order processing, the automatic nature of this state which can reduce our anxiety and promote calm. When we examine singing a hymn in a church, this is group ritual that can promote a sense of unity or connection among group members and with a deeper feeling of connection, these emotional components have clinically been show to reduced expression of aggression.
With so much to gain from incorporating rituals into your life, we are brought to the great burning questions, how do we incorporate more of them into our life? Start small and incrementally by adding a ritual component to something you already do, if you have never prayed or meditated it might be a large leap to attempt that everyday. A more manageable step might is to create a weekly goal. Some couples have a weekly ritual around problem solving and talking through emotional issues at the end of the week. Even meal-time can be a ritual when we bless our food or offer a moment of gratitude for the abundance on our plate. Others find that monthly rituals that set an intention with the full or new moon are the perfect time and space to set a goal for the month. Ultimately, we need to create rituals that are meaningful and manageable for you as an individual.
Meditation Ritual- whether daily, weekly, or monthly, meditation has a massive impact on wellbeing, stress reduction, and positive mood. Even 5 to 10 minutes daily makes a difference.
Love Ritual- Happy Couples have ways to celebrate the passage of time, they have yearly traditions that allow them to connect with the growth and change of their relationship over the years. It is also recommended that couples have a weekly communication ritual to release any residual emotional reactions and better connect.
Meal time ritual- Nourishing our bodies with life sustaining foods in a quiet and comfortable distraction free zone is a great way to enjoy eating. Eating has historically been an activity that is a part of ritual, think of the foods that surround every major holiday. It is also a time where families can connect to each other.
Self Care ritual- Whether it is journaling, fitness, using essential oils, or gardening, doing small things daily is important for your vitality and stress management.
Full Moon ritual- The full moon is the perfect time to release negative thought patterns and the new moon is a time for us to create new goals. Making time for a meditation under the moon light syncs us in to time and space and the greater cosmos. Regardless of your spiritual beliefs, there is something sacred that we experience when we cast out focus on something as grand and magical as the world around us.Learn More
by Counseling and Wellness Center of PittsburghJanuary 25, 2019 best counselor for me, what is an lpc vs lmhc vs lcsw, what is lcsw, what is lpc0 comments
If you are trying to find a counselor or therapist, you might start to become overwhelmed with options and confused by all of the abbreviations for credentials. Or maybe you are considering furthering your education in the mental health field but are not sure which degree is the best for you. Allow this helpful guide to take you through the various meanings which make up those abbreviations and this helpful guide will unveil what they all mean.
ACA The American Counseling Association, this is the governing board, they over see the education and the field of counseling on the national level.
APA American Psychological Association oversees the field of psychology and ensures quality and consistency in learning and licensing requirements.
LPC Licensed professional counselor, this person has a masters degree in professional counseling which covers behavioral psychology and the theories of behavioral change as well as many other theoretical approaches. After completing their universities course work, a counselor has completed thousands of hours of supervised counseling, rigorous screening processes and background checks by licensing boards to become licensed. An LPC is often considered a general practitioner who can take up further study to specialize in a variety of topics from addiction, to trauma, anxiety, depression, and relationships to name just a few.
MSPC This is a master of science in professional counseling. This is a person who has graduated with a degree in professional counseling but has not yet completed their supervision hours to become licensed. A person can practice in a variety of settings with a master’s degree, some people do not pursue a license and continue their career with their masters degree. A MS or MA can be used somewhat interchangeably and the difference is only in the amount of math and statistics that are required for the particular program they studied.
LMFT Licensed marriage and family therapist specialized in relationships and family dynamics and typically offers marriage counseling. This is a particular track which focuses on interactions between people and the theories which allow the therapist to help those people in the relationship to become well.
LCSW Licensed clinical social worker, is a person who has graduated with a masters degree in clinical social work and then went on to do supervised hours which gain them a professional license. A licensed clinical social worker is able to manage a variety of mental health issues from anxiety and depression to relationship issues.
MSW This person holds a master’s degree in social work and they may or may not have done any clinical supervision hours. They have graduated from a university after studying a variety of clinical theories on counseling. Social work also provides a comprehensive study of social systems which can offer support and assistance for a variety of issues.
LMHC This describes a person who has a masters degree in counseling and is also licensed, this degree does not exist in Pennsylvania but is the equivalent of an LPC.
PsyD This person holds a doctoral level of study in a given field, for our purposes that will be psychology, this person has studied a university program which emphasized clinical experience instead of research experience. A psychologist can provide therapy or a number of assessments. They also might be active in teaching at the university level or doing research.
PhD This person holds a doctoral level degree, for our purposes we will focus on a person with a PhD in psychology who is refereed to a psychologist, this person has defended a thesis, psychologists have a strong background in research on any number of topics. They may provide therapy and any number of mental health assessments, they can be found working in many kinds of places from hospitals, to clinics, universities, as well as private practice settings.
Psychiatrist This person is generally involved in medication management, they may work in inpatient settings or out patient settings. Other specialized roles might involve sub-specialties such as neuroanatomy and traumatic brain injury recovery.
Other Helpful Terms
LGBTQIA- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Ally refers to this entire of cluster of people who may identify as one of the above and most newly, identify as an ally with promoting the rights and awareness of equality.
AASECT-American Association of Sexual Educators, Counselors, and Therapists. An certifying institution which educates counselors and therapists on sex therapy and sex positive practices.
CAADC–Certified advanced drug and alcohol counselor has achieved a higher level or educational and clinical learning that allows them to offer clinical treatment for substance abuse disorder.
In good health and wellness,
Counseling and Wellness Center of PittsburghLearn More
by Counseling and Wellness Center of PittsburghJanuary 17, 2019 addiction recovery, counseling wexford, digital detox0 comments
‘5 Awesome and Up-worthy Benefits of A Digital Detox’
Mental clutter, anxiety, ‘fubbing’ and stress related disease are just a few of the human spoils which we can estimate are at least in some part perpetuated by our over-reliance on cell phones and digital solutions. The technology era is here and the evidence is within our aching and gnarled fingers, computer blurred-out hyper-focused eyes, our text neck, and cluttered minds. In fact, cell phones have become a newly added to the expanse of potential behavioral addictions. The more we tune into our personal devices the more we tune out all that is around us. Digital detox is the new mental colonic but with perhaps even greater results and significance. When was the last time that you unplugged? What do you imagine would happen if you tried. We have heard of some texters and cell phone obsessed say that they even get full blown anxiety attacks if they leave their phone at home accidentally. We encourage you to take the digital detox challenge and see for how long you can not use your phone. Even for a few hours a day can make a difference. Here are some of the benefits you will notice fairly quickly.
- Thoughts and feelings become much more calm. Much like a turbulent bay on a stormy afternoon, our thoughts get churned up when we are constantly bouncing from one email, to our search engine, and then to social media. When we step away for a few days, our consciousness and the direction of our thoughts have a chance to become still and reflective.
- Enjoy better concentration with internal stillness. Sometimes we multitask to our own detriment, in an attentionally scattered frenzy we try to do too many things at once and fall short everywhere. Yet, when we are unplugged, we can tune our attention in any direction we chose. There are limitations to our ability to think and pay attention and we deplete those resources shuffling between 10 screens. Yet when we focus on things more deeply we become more aware and productive.
- We see what is around us, for real!! Of course when we are scrolling and trolling we are not very good company and we are missing a lot of the scenery. The people we care about may even become hurt or feel rejected by our obsession with our phone. In fact, cell phone overuse wrecks relationships and even brings many couples into counseling. Sometimes we unconsciously use our devices to avoid who and what is happening around us. When we put down our phone and step away from the screen we become much more aware of the people around us, the raw beauty of the skyline, the gray tinged clouds that roll in before the storm, we are ‘in the now’ and living it all.
- Sleeping more deeply. There is much compelling research from the National Institute of Health that logs the correlation between screen time and disrupted sleep wake cycle. The statistics are so compelling that we can safely suggest that we leave behind our personal devices for at least one hour before hitting the sack. The benefits really peak after several days disconnected, this is when our internal clocks have a chance to reset, the benefits multiply as there are few things which are better for our wellness than a solid nights slumber .
- Higher energy and creativity. When we are sleeping well and tuning into the environment, the next natural result is greater energy and even creativity. Want to finish an important project or just feel more vital? Try a digital detox for a few days and see what happens.
How ready are you to try something new today? If you would like further reading on how to make emotional, or physical changes, read our article ‘How to Slay Anything in 2019.’
With energy and clarity,
The Counseling and Wellness Center of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Monroeville, and Wexford.
by Counseling and Wellness Center of PittsburghOctober 30, 2018 compassion, pittsburgh, positive psychology, resilience to trauma0 comments
Trauma; Honor For Your Healing Journey
The four things your therapist wants you to know about your healing journey. When you’re healing from a grief, trauma, or resultant PTSD, you must be thinking about ‘how will I ever move on from this horrible, unexpected, agonizing reaction to the traumatic situation that I have experienced?’ Remember, PTSD is a reaction to witnessing or experiencing a sudden and unexpected event which caused one to feel powerless by delivering, threatening, or witnessing harm. How can I rise above these feelings and thoughts and create meaningful and complete healing? Maybe you want to go backwards in time and undo all of the harm that you have experienced. A common and reasonable response to all of these above disorders, particularly PTSD, is to try to avoid all triggers associated with the situation which evoked the trauma, hypervigilance, intrusive memories, nightmares, flashbacks and an increased risk for anxiety and depression. This disorder presents a mountain to ascend, and whether you have spend years in therapy or are only beginning to acknowledge the depth of the effects this has had on you, these are some points to keep in mind. These are the 4 things that your therapist wants you to know about healing that are not immediately evident.
Healed but not Forgotten
Some people have the unrealistic expectation that when they reach the end of their healing journey they shouldn’t have any emotional reaction to their memories of the traumatic event which led to grief and loss. That is not how healing works. It is quite likely that you will always have some sort of reaction to the memories and thoughts associated with your grief or trauma. In fact, according to a 2011 study published in NIH by Sherin and Nemeroff, and according to all of science and psychology support the fact that there is potential for long term neuroanatomical and neurochemical changes to the central nervous system resulting from trauma. These changes are especially evident in the way we respond to triggers or trauma associated stimuli. What we should be striving for in the healing from trauma is a ‘new normal.’ Healing means that you are able to function in professional or personal settings and that you are practicing resilience and positive coping when waves of thought and emotion do come.
Healing means Acknowledging Feelings
One of the ways that therapy works is by creating an intentional space for healing warriors to be honest with themselves, to create an understanding of their emotions. After an awareness has been formed adaptive responses to feelings and thoughts can be generated. We create psychopathology by being critical and attempting to repress our internal honest responses. For some people like first responders, police, and paramedics, there may be an extra layer of difficulty and stigma attached to acknowledging ones feelings and seeking mental health support to manage trauma. This can cause further damaging denial of the effects of traumatic experiences, One of the core tenets of psychological theory present in every form of therapy is that the more we repress, judge or avoid our feelings, the more we cause problems. Repression elicits tangled feeling constellations, blocked energies, incomplete and unintegrated shadows. Mindfulness based stress reduction, EMDR, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Exposure Therapy, have shown efficacy in treating PTSD. Our feelings can turn into psychopathology that are bigger and sometimes socially unacceptable forms of the original emotional response.
Healing Happens in Relationships. Find your Healing Tribe
It is especially true for trauma that happens in relationships, that this same trauma is healed in relationships. When trauma survivors open up to those people who they consider to be safe, there is an incredible potential for healing to happen. Healing relationships are those that resonate compassion, gentle acceptance, warmth, and non-judgement. Think about it, we become close to those who we can be really honest with, those who ask about our feelings and can share in a compassionate interchange, (Mgrath, 2001). Sharing trauma should be exercised with caution. However well-intentioned our healing tribe may be, its members may inadvertently respond in less constructive ways that judge, shame, or put down the survivor for having the pain or scars of trauma. Another risk is not being able to hear or understand what is being shared. What is really needed is non-judgmental acceptance, understanding, and compassionate warmth.
Positive Psychology, Pop Culture and Non-Reality
You may have survived a trauma
but that doesn’t mean you have to fall victim to meme reality. Scroll through a social media forum and you will see many posts and memes which declare that everyone should be happy all the time. That isn’t honest or possible. The healthiest among us are those who are honest with themselves about what they experience and then respond to their vulnerable reality in a constructive way. According to a 2016 study by Elizabeth Kneeland,pop cultures layman positive psychology is damaging. When pop culture got its hands on positive psychology its representatives distorted the message, and now laymen perpetuate unrealistic and uninformed messages which imply that we can think our way into a good mood. It suggests that if we blink our eyes we can make trauma and psychological distress evaporate. Your therapist knows differently. Its ok to be outraged, disgusted, sad, hurt, angry, confused, and it is important to acknowledge where you are in your healing journey today.
No matter where you are today, the best we can do is to risk opening to ourselves, to create an honest internal dialogue that we are eventually able to share with others. We should unabashedly honor our own processes, giving relentless permission to feel, think and be; in reverence of joy, in honor of glorious fury, to the fullest expression of gaiety, to the utterance of insuperable hurt, to fully hone in on repugnant disgust. Keep developing your divine awareness, and eventually you will have created the unique meaning which understands with a lens of compassion, acceptance, and self love all that has happened to you.
With love and hope for resilience,
Stephanie Wijkstrom, MS, LPC, NCC
- Counseling and Wellness Center of Pittsburgh
830 Western Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15233
- Counseling and Wellness Center of Pittsburgh
4108 Monroeville BLVD, Monroeville PA 15146
Accepting new clients, our therapists accept UPMC, Highmark BCBS, United, Cigna, Magellan, Aetna, HSA, Self Paying and Sliding Scale.
Thank you to our Editor, Dr. Stellan Wijkstrom for his ever helpful alterations and contributions.
For More Reading
Kneeland, Elizabeth et al, Positive thinking Newsweek, 2016
McGrath, Ellen. Psychology Today, published November 1, 2001
Sherin, Jonathan E, Charles B. Nemeroff
Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011 Sep; 13(3): 263–278.Learn More
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If you’ve watched any of the captivating performances in Rio this past week, you might have found yourself feeling slightly concerned for some of the athletes. From swimmers to gymnasts, the backs of many competitors were decorated with large red circles.
No, there isn’t some weird disease going around. Those splotchy dots are intentional. It comes from an old Chinese medicine method called cupping, a form of myofascial release. “It’s different from massage or foam rolling in that instead of pressing and compressing, it’s decompressing and creating space,” explains acupuncturist Janet Lee, L.Ac., DACM. Cupping has been around for thousands of years and has become noticeably popular among athletes, even though the science behind the practice is the subject of some debate.
How Does Cupping Therapy Work?
There are a few different cupping methods, one of which involves pricking the skin to draw blood (this is known as “wet cupping”), but one of the most common techniques uses glass cups. Lee explains that a cotton ball soaked in alcohol is placed inside the glass cup and lit on fire. This removes the air and creates a vacuum. The cotton ball is then removed, and the cup is placed directly on the skin, where it lifts up the skin. This creates space between the skin and the fascia (the connective tissue encasing muscles), and is said to help boost blood flow and relieve muscle tension.
“When you have an injury there will be bleeding and edema (fluid that causes swelling) in the area,” Lee says. According to Lee, “The dark color on the skin is from the cupping lifting out some of that stagnant blood, cellular debris, and lymph that never cleared. In most cases, the cupping marks are just lightly red from superficial capillaries being broken, which is not dangerous or even painful.”
Does Cupping Therapy Work?
Although Olympic gold medalists swear by this ancient technique, not everyone is convinced that that it actually helps improve athletic performance. A 2012 review looked at 135 randomized controlled trials and found that the scientific evidence doesn’t support the efficacy of cupping for anything beyond shingles, acne, facial paralysis, and cervical spondylosis. Another review from 2011, which looked at fewer studies, came to the conclusion that cupping may be effective for reducing some pain conditions and shingles, but adds that there are still doubts that remain about this conclusion, and more testing should be done.
Is Cupping Therapy Safe?
Despite the need for more research, Lee says that most people who enjoy a massage can benefit from cupping, and she compares the sensation to getting a deep tissue or sports massage. Although cupping might not be extremely painful, there are some cautions you should take with this practice. “Sometimes you can get blisters, and a common thing with the glass cups is the edge can get hot and burn the skin,” Lee says. “You don’t want to do cupping when you have a fever or cold, if you have bleeding issues, and if you’re pregnant, you shouldn’t do it around your abdomen or back.
If you’re interesting in trying this kind of myofascial release, Lee says to be sure to go to a licensed practitioner. “Just like with a massage, you want to go to someone who knows what they are doing.”
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Italie / Champ de Bataille
The battle of Monte Marrone marked an Italian military feat throughout the liberation campaign whose successful outcome paved the way for the Allies to reach Cassino and the capital. Following the episode, the Italian Liberation Corps was born.
The Battle of Monte Marrone on 31 March 1944 is a crucial military episode in the definition of the conflict between the Allies and the Germans along the Gustav Line. By conquering the summit of the Mainarde massif, the Allies were able to easily move towards the town of Cassino, whose liberation paved the way for the reconquest of the Italian capital.
The military operation was planned and entirely carried out by Italian troops. Given the stalemate in the conflict, partly due to the dreaded impregnability of Monte Marrone's peak, which was permanently garrisoned by Nazi soldiers, General Umberto Utili drew up an operational plan aimed at achieving the surprise effect. The First Motorised Regiment stationed in the upper Volturno valley was reinforced in mid-March 1943 by the entry into its ranks of the Alpine Battalion Piedmont from Apulia. Then, in view of the experience of the Alpine troops, Utili developed the new strategy of assaulting the enemy-held peak. The general planned to climb the rock faces during the night in order to take the German troops by surprise. The operation authorised by the Allied command was carried out by the Alpine soldiers of the Piemonte Battalion from the early morning hours of 31 March 1944. In just a few hours, the Alpine troops covered a distance of around 700 metres in total darkness, reaching the peak at around 6.00 a.m. and taking the Nazis by surprise, forcing them to surrender. The battle was minor and resulted in no major damage. However, an important step in the advance of the Allied armies towards the nerve centre of Cassino, whose liberation eventually led directly to Rome, was the conquest of Monte Marrone.
Furthermore, the Battle certified the contribution of the Italian army, whose contribution was also recognised by the Supreme Allied Command, which approved the establishment of a new unit to replace the First Motorised Regiment. The Italian Liberation Corps was established on the Molise side of the Mainarde mountains. It was an entity comprising all Italian soldiers involved in the campaign to liberate the country from Nazi-fascism.
Rocchetta a Volturno
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A Japanese company has developed a kind of cellophane, named Aura Pack, that helps keep fruits and vegetables fresh. The freshness-preserving effect is achieved by controlling the evaporation of water and excess respiration.
Vegetables have a water content of at least 90%. As long as water isn’t lost, they stay crisp and fresh. By using Belle Green Wise’s film, it’s harder for water to evaporate. Vegetables take in oxygen and release CO2. The more congenial the environment, the more stable this process is, making it harder for vegetables to get bruised. This film also resists condensation, so it’s harder for moisture to form.
Leafy vegetables like spinach can be kept fresh for another 2 to 3 days with the Aura Pack. In long-term storage, persimmons sealed in the film lasted for 3 to 4 months. This longer life means that vegetables can be shipped using slower transport methods, saving costs.
While it may not revolutionize food storage, it’s definitely an interesting thing to be able to keep vegetables fresh for longer periods of time. It will keep people from simply throwing out vegetables when they are no longer fresh and keep them sealed up until they need them. 2 or 3 extra days might not seem like much, but it’s a significant for groceries.
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In today’s rapidly changing business landscape, understanding the legalities surrounding contracts and trade agreements is crucial. From when certain contracts must be in writing to the significance of international trade agreements, staying well-informed can protect your interests and ensure a smooth business operation. Let’s delve into the details.
Which Contracts Must Be in Writing for Enforceability?
When engaging in various transactions, it is essential to know which contracts require a written agreement to be legally binding and enforceable. According to legal experts, the following contracts must be in writing:
- Contracts that involve the sale, transfer, or conveyance of real estate properties.
- Amendments to existing contracts, such as modifying terms and conditions.
Ensuring these contracts are written helps provide clarity, prevent misunderstandings, and serve as a legal record of the agreement.
Trade Agreements and Their Impact
A key aspect of the global economy is the establishment of trade agreements that facilitate cross-border commerce. One notable example is the Free Trade Agreement between Morocco and the European Union (EU). This agreement aims to reduce trade barriers, promote economic growth, and enhance cooperation between the two regions.
Moreover, trade agreements also play a vital role in shaping international relations. The trade agreement signed with China has had a significant impact on global trade dynamics since its inception. It has opened up vast opportunities for businesses worldwide and fostered economic cooperation between nations.
Understanding Legal Terminology
Legal terminology can often be confusing and challenging to grasp. One example is the term “agreement,” which holds diverse meanings across various languages. In Malayalam, “agreement” is referred to as “ഒപ്പംമായി” (oppanmayi),” signifying mutual consent and understanding.
On the other hand, one may come across the term “antonym for in agreement” while studying legal opposites. An antonym for “in agreement” can be seen as a disagreement or a difference of opinion. This distinction is crucial when analyzing various legal scenarios.
Ensuring Compliance and Legal Protection
In addition to understanding the different types of contracts and their enforceability, it is also essential to be aware of specific laws and regulations. For example, when it comes to property leasing, knowing the lease agreement laws in Louisiana can help both landlords and tenants navigate the leasing process smoothly and avoid potential disputes.
Furthermore, staying up to date with legal developments is crucial, as seen in recent news articles highlighting the importance of PPE contracts during a pandemic. These contracts ensure the availability of essential protective equipment to safeguard public health.
Contracts, whether written or verbal, play a significant role in the business world, shaping transactions, partnerships, and legal obligations. Understanding the requirements for enforceability and the impact of trade agreements is crucial for both businesses and individuals alike. By staying informed and knowledgeable, you can navigate these legal intricacies with confidence and ensure your compliance with the law.
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Further Recycling Information
Ethical commercial recycling has taken a step in the direction of considerate capitalism and many businesses large and small are starting to consider their waste options more diligently.Read More »
There are two ways to deal with your waste at home; you can use your local council or a local recycling business.Read More »
Currently, any waste that is not recycled is put into landfill. There are over 1500 landfill sites in the UK and as the degradable materials in them break down methane is produced, one of the greenhouse gases.Read More »
Paper recycling has been in existence for longer than many of the newer materials which can be recycled today. Paper recycling takes waste paper and remanufactures it into a new paper product.Read More »
Plastic recycling is the recovery of scrap and waste plastics and the subsequent reprocessing of these into useable materials.Read More »
Metal has been widely recycled for many years for the principle reason that all metals have a value as they are a commodity which can and is freely traded across the globe. Metals fall into 2 distinct categories of ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals, ferrous metals being magnetic and non ferrous being non magnetic.Read More »
Many different labels and symbols appear on packaging to advise people and to promote environmental awareness. The symbols all adhere to the Green Claims Code a Government produced document which sets out the standard information the public can expect to see about the environmental impact of the products they are using.Read More »
Latest Recycling News
Many of us do our bit for the environment at home by putting garden waste on the compost heap and bottles in the bottle bank. But what about when we’re at work? Here are some tips on how to be eco-friendly in the workplace...
Yes, you heard correct, number plates! Did you know that number plates on cars, motorbikes and other vehicles are one of the most lucrative items that you can recycle from a vehicle before it gets scrapped?
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PNG - The Digger Hangings of WW2
It’s an unsavoury “missing chapter” of our Second World War history, a series of executions of Papuans by Australian diggers in Papua New Guinea and the cover-up that followed.
A Foreign Correspondent team trekked into the jungles of PNG to investigate the war-time hangings of more than 100 Papuans by Australian officers. Most of the condemned men were accused of treason after helping invading Japanese soldiers.
For the first time relatives of those sent to the gallows have spoken publicly, claiming a miscarriage of justice. In some cases, they say, there were no trials and the wrong men were executed.
Port Moresby correspondent Steve Marshall located two surviving witnesses to the executions.
“As a small boy, one of the witnesses watched his father hang,” reports Marshall, “days later, the boy’s mother suicided out of grief”.
Steve Marshall was told that on one day in 1943, 17 men were hanged on purpose-built gallows. Hundreds of school children were ordered by Australian troops to watch the executions, “as a lesson not to co-operate with the Japanese.”
“What’s more extraordinary, is that army officers didn’t tell the government in Canberra what was going on", he reports. “When Prime Minister John Curtin found out about it, he put a stop to the executions.”
Australian history rightly reveres the heroics of Australian soldiers and the exploits of the so called “fuzzy-wuzzy angels” on the Kokoda Track. But not far away from the track, some Australians were dispensing “tough justice”.
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Skeptical and Natural Philosophy
The Scientific Revolution
Was Copernicus’ new theory purely scientific?
No, because there was considerable mysticism in his astronomical ideas. Consider these two passages from his De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium Libri IV.
Finally we shall place the Sun himself at the center of the Universe. All this is suggested by the systematic procession of events and the harmony of the whole Universe, if only we face the facts, as they say, “with both eyes open”.
At rest, however, in the middle of everything is the Sun. For, in this most beautiful temple, who would place this lamp in another or better position than that from which it can light up the whole thing at the same time? For, the Sun is not inappropriately called by some people the lantern of the universe, its mind by others, and its ruler by still others. The Thrice Greatest labels it a visible god, and Sophocles’ Electra, the all-seeing. Thus indeed, as though seated on a royal throne, the sun governs the family of planets revolving around it.
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The right to own and inherit property, assets and land is something many people take for granted. But it is far from a reality for millions of women. Granting women these rights is a vital part of lifting women and girls out of poverty in the developing world.
Land and Property Rights
It is notoriously difficult to obtain accurate land rights data. Global studies are incomplete, and women can often be left out of agricultural surveys. What we do know is that in all countries, men are more likely to own land than women. A study of 10 African countries, for example, has found that 39 percent of women own land individually, compared to 48 percent of men, while individually 12 percent of women own land jointly, compared to 31 percent of men.
In some contexts, when customary law conflicts with national law, customs can win out. So while women are entitled to own land in most sub-Saharan African countries, in 15 of those countries, customary tenure is exempt from national land ownership laws.
As with many barriers to women’s economic advancement, a lack of documentary identification can also prevent women from exercising their land rights. Unequal access to marriage certificates, birth certificates, title deeds and national identity cards are all impediments for women who wish to prove they are entitled to land.
Globally, women constitute less than 20 percent of agricultural landholders, but they do a large amount of the agricultural work in rural economies: a global rate of 43 percent.
For those women who do run farms, productivity can be 20–30 percent lower than in male-owned farms. The World Bank notes that this is not because women are worse farmers than men, but because women are more likely to run smaller plots, and less likely to have access to high-quality agricultural inputs, such as improved seed varieties, irrigation and machinery. When access to land is taken into account, the productivity gap disappears.
Women’s insecure land tenure also makes it harder to adapt to the effects of climate change, or invest in necessary upgrades such as terracing and better fertilizer. Indeed, some women fear that investing in their farms will make it more likely that their land will be seized.
Inheritance and Divorce
The lack of inheritance provision for widows and daughters is one of the main factors driving poverty among women in many developing countries. The most common way for land to transfer hands, for example, is via inheritance. If a woman is not legally able to inherit the land on which she lives and works, or the property she owns jointly with her husband, his death will mean she is thrust into poverty.
Widows are prevented by law from inheriting land in 35 countries, while daughters are unable to inherit in 34. The Global Fund for Widows estimates that more than 115 million women whose husbands have died live in poverty, partly because of poor inheritance rights. Unequal divorce laws can also lead to women losing out on property rights when a marriage ends.
Providing women with inheritance rights has been shown to have significant generational effects in ending poverty. Women who benefited from property inheritance reform in India have been shown to be more likely to have a bank account, more likely to have proper latrine facilities at home and more likely to have educated daughters.
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No matter what happens now, we have demonstrated that it is possible for us to perform a united services without relinquishing our special philosophy and point of view to make a total America. In the long run this accomplishment may be more important than anything we have done, for unity amidst diversity is a fundamental problem of world peace.
(Chester Barnard 1886-1961)
Amongst the great civilizations and cultures (e.g., those of Babylonia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, India, China, and the Arab peninsula) Iran anciently known as Persia figures conspicuously; it is the citadel of great prophets, reformers, poets, mystics, philosophers, and scientists, ranging from, for instance, Zoroaster, Mani, and Muzdak, and Ferdousi, Attar, Rumi, Khayyam, Hafiz Sherazi, Sa’adi, Mahmood Shabistri, Urfi, Abdul Rehman Jami, Hussain ibn Mansoor Hallaj, Farabi, al-Beruni, al-Khwarizmi, al-Ghazali, Naseer-ud-Din Tusi, Mulla Sadra, and hundreds others, to whom human civilization owes great works and masterpieces of creative, imaginative, and intuitive human genius, so much extolled and paid tribute to by world’s scholars and orientalists.
Suffer no anxiety, for he who is a sufferer of anxiety becomes regardless of enjoyment of the world and the spirit, and contraction happens to his body and soul. (Zoroaster)
The world famous symbolic story: Kalila and Dimna (names of two animals) was originally written in Sanskrit language by an Indian philosopher to communicate political wisdom and golden rules of governance to the benefit of kings and rulers; it was translated in Persian language for the first time, from which it was translated in Arabic. Books of similar nature on political wisdom were originally written in Persian, which form a valuable heritage of ancient political philosophy.
All humans were a single community, but they differed amongst themselves, then God raised Prophets and Messengers to judge on their conflicts according to what He revealed.” - Koran
Taking the first footstep with a good thought the second with a good word and the third with a good deed I entered Paradise” (Zoroaster)
Besides, sacred books of ancient Iran including Zend-Avesta (containing Zoroaster’s revelations) and Yasna available in English translations are still a source of inspiration for many seers, mystics, and philosophers. The great German philosopher Nietzsche inspired by Zoaraster’s mystique wrote his world-renown philosophico-intuitive work: Thus Spake Zarathusra. From Zoaraster to Rumi we see the web and flow of Persian genius in its marvelous unfoldment.
The Qur’an, Purana, Upanishad, Granth, Veda, Zend-Avesta, and Gita
Are treasures replete with pearls
O’ man! Pick them up into the lap of thy heart
The light of Torah, Psalm, and Gospel
Was taken up by the Qur’an
And spread here and there
(Dr. M. Jamil Qalander)
Rumi, Hafiz Sherazi, and Khayyam have greatly influenced learned men and women of East and West, especially in India, Pakistan, Turkey, Egypt, Japan, Germany, Britain, France, and now to a great extent in America. In America, Rumi’s works have been studied from psychological point of view, and have been regarded as of enormous psychotherapeutic value. For example, an American lady specialist in psychiatry has written a book on him: “Rumi: Rebirth in Creativity”
“Knowledge has two wings, Opinion one wing: Opinion is defective and curtailed in flight.
The one-winged bird soon falls headlong; then again it flies up some two paces or (a little) more.
The bird, Opinion, falling and rising, goes on with one wing in hope of (reaching the nest)
(But) when he has been delivered from Opinion, knowledge shows its face to him: that one-winged bird becomes two-winged and spread his wings.
After that, he walks erect and straight, not falling flat on his face or ailing.
He flies aloft with two wings, like Gabriel, without disputation”
Iran like great Babylonia is a great terrestrial museum of ancient civilizations and cultures, historico-archeological monuments and vestiges, stadiums / gymnasiums, palaces, forts, tombs, shrines, temples, and mosques --- all intact and extant till this day.
Iran has been exposed in its history to some tragedies and misfortunes. It was Iran, where there were huge libraries containing oldest records and manuscripts of Persian ancient culture, which, like Library of Alexandria and libraries of medieval Baghdad and Basra, were unfortunately destroyed during foreign invasions and internal wars.
“Diversity, variation, and difference of opinions amongst my community of followers are a blessing”. (Muhammad)
Ever since the advent of Islam in the Arab peninsula and its surrounding regions, Iran has virtually remained isolated and segregated partly due to her adherence to Shia school of thought, and partly due to a misunderstanding created by a saying attributed to the second Caliph of Islam Umar: “I wish, there were walls of mountains between the Arab peninsula and Persia” – a saying that is a hearsay not substantiated by historical evidence.
"...O people, you have some rights on me which you can always claim. One of your rights is that if anyone of you comes to me with a claim, he should leave satisfied. Another of your rights is that you can demand that I take nothing unjustly from the revenues of the State. You can also demand that... I fortify your frontiers and do not put you into danger. It is also your right that if you go to battle I should look after your families as a father would while you are away. O’ people, remain conscious of God, forgive me my faults and help me in my task. Assist me in enforcing what is good and forbidding what is evil. Advise me regarding the obligations that have been imposed upon me by God...”
- Umar (Second Caliph)
Another reason may be the fact that Iran has accepted Islam, but taken and interpreted it according to her spiritual, mystical, and poetic thinking, imagination, and intuition, in contrast to the Arab peninsula, where Islam, after the golden days of early Islamic Caliphate of 6th century, was taken on its face value and applied to different and various situations in a non-philosophical.
…research has shown that what European scholars knew of Greek philosophy, of mathematics, astronomy, and like sciences, for several centuries before the Renaissance, was, roughly speaking. All derived from Latin treatises ultimately based on Arabic originals; and it was the Koran which, though indirectly, gave the first impetus to these studies among the Arabs and their allies. Linguistic investigations, poetry, and other branches of literature also made their appearance soon after or simultaneously with the publication of Koran; and the literary movement thus initiated has resulted in some of the finest products of genius and learning.
(The Koran translated from the Arabic by J.M.Rodwell, with introduction by G. Margoliouth, published by London J.M Dent & Sons LTD, New York E.P.Dutton & Co INC, 1957, page ix of Introduction)
The Shia version of Islam has retained this liberalism inspired initially by the philosophical and religious wisdom of Imam Ali, Imam Hussain, and Imam Ja’afar al-Sadiq. Imam Ali himself left behind encyclopedic works now intact and extant in various languages of the world – works that exhibit an intellectual, spiritual, mystical, social, political, moral, and cosmological wisdom of enormous depth, breadth, and magnitude, later on reflected and elaborated in the works of Imam Ja’afar al-Sadiq, and presented in a condensed, but inter-disciplinary, holistic, and multi-dimensional fashion, in the four volume encyclopedia: Treatises of the Brethren of Purity – a masterpiece work of its kind and on its subject, unparalleled and unprecedented in human history.
“The intellect is what arrives at what is correct through reasoning, and recognizes what has not yet happened through what has already taken place. Use your intellect to understand something when you hear about the intellect that examines, that is, and not just the intellect that repeats what it hears, for surely there are many who repeat the knowledge that they hear, and there are few who examine it.” – Ali (Fourth Caliph)
At the moment, Iran is confronted with two kinds of dilemma: (1) First, it is not acceptable to the Sunnis, who form a majority part of the Muslim world, due to its being a Shia community affiliated to Ali and his family and descendants as a spiritual hierarchy, and (2) Second, it is regarded by the West as a community conservative to the extent of being extremists and hardliners, despite the fact that the actual reality is quite the opposite.
Throughout history of the Muslims, after the assassination of Imam Ali, and martyrdom of his son Imam Hussain through evil intrigues and maneuverings of the Umayyad autocratic and despotic rulers Amir Mu’awia and his son Yazid respectively, the close companions and followers of Imam Ali known as Shias on that ground were persecuted, oppressed, suppressed, brutally killed, and banished so much so that they were not in position to show their identity for fears of further persecution and elimination. Logically and naturally under these adverse and hostile conditions and environs, they receded and went underground for centuries. Since they could not afford further persecution to the extent of elimination of their identity, they were forced and compelled to retain their Shia identity by hook and crook. It was this state of affairs, which naturally and logically necessitated a kind of conservativeness on the part of Shias, which may be misunderstood and dubbed as extremism. Iran being a Shia minority within the Sunni majority of the Muslim world has to be conservative, but happily blended with sentiments of compassion and benevolence created by the pathos of the tragedy of Karbala.
“The one who has an intellect longs to be like the righteous people so that he can be of one of them, and he loves them so that he can be united with them in his love, even if he falls short in emulating their actions.” – Ali (fourth Caliph)
Imam Khomaini, who had a keen retrospective insight into, and broad vision of the history of his Shia community, felt an urgent and emergent need to save this community and its culture and civilization from oblivion by resorting to what is normally and commonly designated as Iranian revolution. Despite its apparent and seemingly misleading hardliner show, it has never been, and is a threat to neither West nor East, and nor to fine arts, historico-archeological monuments of any race, creed, religion, and community, and nor to any group or nation on religio-politico-cultural grounds.
“O you who carry knowledge around with you, are you only carrying it around with you? For surely knowledge belongs to him who ever knows and then acts accordingly, so that his action corresponds to his knowledge. There will be a people who will carry knowledge round with them, but it will not pass beyond their shoulders. Their inner most thoughts will contradict what they display in public, and their actions will contradict what they know.” (Imam Ali – the fourth Caliph)
Fortunately, Imam Khomaini’s previous attitude toward America is on its way to liquidation, as Iranian society has entered its second phase of social change dictated by the exegesis of time. Hence, we saw and witnessed this change in the person of President Ali Mohammad Khatami-Aradakhani, a moderate who enjoyed over 70% of popularity by virtue of Pro-Khatami reformist coalition. Later due to changing geo-politics, Iraq crisis, Middle East changing dynamics, global oil and energy needs, and maintaining phases of revolution brought young conservative face – President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, appears as combination of Second / Thirds phase of Iranian revolution as Khatami / Ahmadinejad factors, which would be in position to transform hardliners policies into moderate society. In particular, this time and space put the Iranian society to find the niche of their gradually evaluated real concept of Iranian Islamic democratic system that could bring happy blend between current complex modern ingredients in form of Islamic theocracy and democracy.
“Any one who moves away from the center is not a North star” (Nargis)
A system that is palatable and suitable to Iranian society and matured democratic societies in the oriental and occidental hemispheres of the world.
A political system is the resonance and amplitude of the rhythm of societal values, whereas, good political system is the consonance of these values that produce symmetrical melodies of policies, which are administered through the transmission of the well-composed symphonies of public services and administration under the elected and selected personals of societies living within the boundaries of national and international laws. (Imran Ibad)
Any external interference and intervention in the internal affairs of Iran at this stage would disturb and upset the natural and normal course of change, which Iranian revolution is following and hence it would totally lead to the undoing of the best of what this revolution has brought forth in terms of socio-political structure of tremendous antique cultural values worthy of preservation according to the principles of the law of conservation and unity amidst diversity, as it would be unwise and unjust to interfere in the internal affairs of the inner spiritual, imaginative, and intuitive realm of Great Vatican, which offers another diversity from Christian perspective. So it is high time for international community to develop socio-politico-economico-cultural ties with Iran instead of politico-economico-military segregation and isolation of Iran.
“No one starts a war – rather, no one in his sense ought to do so- without first being clear in his mind what he intends to achieve by what war….” Clausewitz
Fortunately, there are many political seers and diplomatic sages in the West, especially in America, like Senator Joseph Biden and Madeline Albright and many others, who have an emphatic understanding of Iran’s situations and problems, and have taken bold initiatives to bridge the gulf between US and Iran, and to develop cordial politico-economic relations between the two countries. But these initiatives remained a dream because of the current global situation, the Middle East crisis, and Gulf crisis.
Iranian Quagmire and Conflict Resolution
“What serious-minded men not engaged in the professional business of philosophy most wanted to know is what modifications and abandonments of intellectual inheritance are required by the newer industrial, political, and scientific movements… The task of future philosophy is to clarify men’s ideas as to the social and moral strifes of their own day. Its aim is to become, so far as is humanly possible, an organ for dealing with these conflicts…A catholic and far-sighted theory of the adjustment of the conflicting factors of life is philosophy.”
This complex, complicated, sensitive, delicate, mysterious, interesting, and intriguing conflict requires special local, national, regional and global positioning at distinct and distinguished vertical and horizon vertexes, in order to fathom out as many dimensions, angels, and dynamics to bring sound judgement to resolve conflicting circles that falls directly within the domain and jurisdictions on current US-Iranian Conflict. This conflict also requires revolutionary and evolutionary reactionary elements on both the sides to move in harmony on one end, while evolution – creation compounds to move in cohesion for the sake of unity amidst diversity amidst unity - Developing health bio-chemistry within the bounds of religio-spiritio-historico-philosophico-socio-politico-economico-military-education-legla-cultural arenas that are directly and indirectly related to all fellow human beings, who are sharing same blue and green planet for ages. While some ages were known and still few ages are unknown to majority of rational as well as faithful mind and heart living in this world of 21st century – information and communication age.
“Not perfection as a final goal, but the ever-enduring process of perfecting, maturing, refining, is the aim in living… The bad man is the man who, no matter how good he has been, is beginning to deteriorate, to grow less good. The good man is the man who, no matter how morally unworthy he has been, is moving to become better. Such a conception makes one severe in judging himself and humane in judging others.” (John Dewey)
Given this background and perspective, Iran is in dire need of coming out of the atmosphere of misunderstanding and misgivings spread here and there about her policies and stands, especially in America and her allies due to lack of communication and gulf of polarization in all vital public and private sectors, society and community interacting grounds, and last but not least national and international forums for government-to-government interaction and initiating good inter and intra / national and international public policies, services, affairs, and administration that could facilitate policies, strategies, tactics, and techniques for taking Iran and US in particular out of imminent global conflict through comprehensive individual and collective WILLS. While neighboring countries and regional powers in general can provide timely assistance wisely, in order to diffuse the situation for the sake of regional and international peace, stability, security, and prosperity.
"I have ever thought religion a concern purely between our God and our consciences, for which we were accountable to Him, and not to the priests." - Thomas Jefferson
Due to some misgivings Iran has been unjustly placed in “Patterns of Extremism” – a notion based also on the fact of linguistic barriers that prevent men of one culture to probe the inner beauty, goodness, excellence, sublimity, and magic of another culture. Amongst these misgivings is the perception spread in some significant parts of the world, especially in the western hemisphere about some current significant socio-political segments in Iran as central bunker for terrorism in the Middle East and blockade for the road to democracy. In order to dispel these misgivings, it would be very wise to consult and employ a joint body of orientalists and occidentalists, especially experts in Iranian civilization and culture to bridge the gap of lack of communication and barrier of language, and play a role of liaison in bringing America and Europe in rapport with Iran. Furthermore, this body should find ways and means to initiate and develop a series of dialogues between US and Iran for the sake of maintaining logical understanding of regional strategic balance of power between pre-emptive and strategy of deterrence (defensive with limited offensive capability) doctrines between two sovereign nations and cultures as mandatory steps to avoid as well as contain any future aggression / transgression in thinking, intentions, and actions by any sides. In other words, keeping both sides cool by confidence building measures is indispensable in this arena.
“To fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance without battle (fighting)”. – Sun Tzu
As in the light of pre and post 9-11 era / Cold war – Campaign against Terrorism, the US-Iran Crisis has all the potential to grow into a mature international conflict being currently seen through the prism of nuclear subject. This prevailing perception divides into two main perspectives that are in dire need of building bridges over two opposing thoughts of philosophical in nature at Iranian and US national stand point in particular, and rest of the world being as witness as well as participants to deal with this delicate theater of threats, fears, concerns, and apprehension due to misunderstanding and miscommunication. Any further delay to resolve this crisis may gradually and consistently warm-up immediate theater of conflicts carrying different and distinct spheres, circles and subjects carrying distinguish and distinct measurements. US-Iran crisis needs far-sightedness and insightfulness approach that could visualize future regional and international paradigm shift, which historically and philosophically comes after ages.
“They possess free will and compulsion besides,
As in oyster shells raindrop becomes pearls.
Outside the shell they are raindrops, great and small;
Inside they are precious pearls, big and little.
These men also resemble the musk deer’s bag;
Outside it is blood, but inside pure musk.”
Iran on one hand, desires to acquire nuclear technology for national energy needs. Hence automatically, genuinely and logically connecting to philosophical offshoots, which are of geo-socio-politico-economico-military-culture in nature.
On the other hand, US and EU as leading world voice with politico-diplomatic supportive voice along with tacit / indirect support from China and Russia in particular and few countries in South East Asia, Middle East, Far East Asia in general [which can be termed as ‘Genuine Force Factor’ to Bridge over the gulf between Iran and US (along with her allies)’ during, immediate, and after the inevitable long-term regional and international conflict of complex and complicated circles of conflict} through the forum of IAEA and UN Security Council trying to acquire clarity of nuclear subject that doesn’t pose apprehension, concerns, and threats to the American strategic interests and efforts in particular and her allies in general to achieve multiple objectives on war against terrorism – Operation Enduring Freedom as outlines in direct, indirect, and supportive comparative respective doctrines, policies, strategies, tactics, and techniques under the ‘Rule of Law’, ‘International Laws’, and respective ‘constitutional Laws’ through retrospective political views, values, and apprehensions.
“If we decide to do this thing, I know we can do it successfully. And there's no doubt in my mind that the whole world hangs in the balance.” George C. Marshall
To pin point, all the above deductions have put US and Iran face to face as two concepts of democratic system struggling to understand better each other socio-psychological-cultural factors of respective diverse societies carrying sound philosophical foundations and existence.
“A fanatic is one who can’t change his mind and won’t change the subject.” – Winston Churchill
Keeping in view all vital tracks of current global movement, while evaluating and considering current comparative oriental and occidental public opinions, national and international perspectives, and comparative doctrinal apprehensions since pre and post 9-11 and cold war in the light of ‘Comparative Rule of Law’; We, however, humbly put forward the following recommendations to be considered by the government and people of Iran, US, and international community (leading countries such as: United Kingdom, France, Germany, Russia, China, India, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Jordon, Egypt, Israel, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Morocco, Algeria, Libya, UAE, etc) to finally dispel once for all the climate of misunderstanding and misgivings spread about her within and without the Islamic world in particular and regional / international community in general.
2.Iran is advised to present its Middle East Peace Plan more elaborate, comprehensive, and promising than Saudi peace plan.
3.Iran has every right to support its pro-faith elements in the world. What is needed at this moment is to gradually change the mode of her support so as to bring it at par with international norms and standards of rationality, legality, and morality.
4.It would be further advisable for Iran that as Saudi government in her peace plan has tacitly and implicitly recognized Israeli community’s right to existence and survival, so Iran should experience no difficulty in normalizing her relations with that community.
5.If Iran overcomes her difficulties in developing good relations with America, then her energy needs and potential can be exploited well to the benefit of her native community, especially by assisting in resolving the current global energy crisis. In a nutshell, Iran needs a penta-angular relationship with Russia, China, America, Europe, and the Arab world in the areas of cooperation and collaboration related to regional peace, stability, security, and prosperity through mutual interaction at symposia, seminars, conferences, workshops, and educational programs. Initially, bringing conformity on Washington-Tehran-TelAviv-Moscow-Beijing-London-Paris-Berlin-Kabul-Islamabad-Dehli axis is mandatory to dispel US-Iranian conflict that has all the potential to become the leading conflict of the first quarter of 21st century, which can alter the regional and international frontiers and composition forever.
6.During the current Middle East issue and Iraqi crisis, Iran should explore ways and means to remove climate of polarization, miscommunication, and misunderstanding between her and America through restoring necessary positive diplomatic, socio-political relations with US as a bridge of building mutual trust and confidence, which would save much time, energy, and resources of both the countries that are otherwise spent as a result of this polarization. Iran as a leading member of OIC can play a leadership role in presenting and projecting the real spirit of Islamic culture and civilization as a great pacifist and knowledge inspiring force operative to bring peace, security, and prosperity to all humans in the most scientific, liberal, and humanistic way to the world, in collaboration with other leading countries and thinkers having written on Islam in the same vein and spirit– all this according to Iran’s best traditions of poetico-mystic vision, imagination, and intuition characteristic of her culture, and so much required by ailing, wailing, and suffering humans.
7.In this process of normalization, Iran needs to develop relations of cordiality, trust, and confidence with the Arab world, and for that she has to review and revise her policies, both theoretical and practical, over the disputes related to boundary lines demarcation between her and UAE, as a show of goodwill gesture to her immediate and remote neighbors, which would be certainly and surely reciprocated by positive response on the part of the Gulf States. This move would ultimately lead to de-militarization of the region, resulting -in turn- into enabling the region to act and play its role as a center of excellence in the field of business and industrial projects.
8.Iran has plenty of influence in Iraq through religious, historical, social, political economical and cultural sources and resources. On the other hand, US as well as the Arab and non-Arab allies may put their entire efforts to bring stability in Iraq during her current conflict. Due to strong opposing forces of diverse natures within the Arab / Islamic world, and due to deep clash of perspectives, reasoning, thinking, intentions, logic, and sentiments - the gulf among some nations, communities, societies, regions, and cultures is widening every day. Therefore, Iran due to her vast knowledge and leading role in the geo-socio-politico-economico-cultural areas, and her vast understanding of frontiers of delicate, complicated, complex, sensitive, intricate but mysterious, beautiful, and mystical part of this unique world region is needed to put all real efforts to establish and maintain direct diplomatico-socio-politico-economico—cultural-security ties with US and her allies during their sojourn for logically right philosophical efforts under ‘Rule of Law’ to establish timely effective, positive, and constructive democratic bridge for the sake of avoiding any grave global conflict of adverse consequences worst than Iraqi crisis in the significant part of humanity carrying asymmetrical shape of symmetrical pattern.
9.Iran is considered as a community of Ulemas (religious dignitaries and priests); it is a Muslim Vatican of spirituality and a valuable museum of antique Islamic values taken and understood in their inter-disciplinary, holistic, and multi-dimensional aspects in active inter-faith dialogue with other religions as envisioned by John Gordak in his world renown book on Imam Ali: “The Voice of Human Justice”. These Ulemas by virtue of their Platonic adherence to the trio of spirituality, rationality, and morality can build bridges of understanding, communication, and interaction with international community. They are sincerely advised not to repeat the mistakes made by the extremism of Wahhabism, and its by product: Talibanism.
“You yourself say that belief in God…has kept some men from crime; this alone suffices me. When this belief prevents even ten assassinations, ten calumnies, I hold that all the world should embrace it. Religion, you say, has produced countless misfortune; say rather the superstition which reigns on our unhappy globe. This is the cruelest enemy of the pure worship due to the Supreme Being. Let us detest this monster which has always torn the bosom of its mother; those who combat it are the benefactors of the human race; it is a serpent which chokes religion in its embrace; we must crush its head without wounding the mother whom it devour.” (Voltaire)
In a nutshell, Iran as community of enlightened, open hearted and broad minded Ulemas, moderates, and promising youth – all forming a trio of highly civilized, cultured, and polite community, can easily become a bridge for peace, stability, security and prosperity through her penta-angular relations with Russia, China, Europe, America, and the Arabs, with potential and capability to play as a self-sufficient cultural center of excellence through her projection and symbolization of the principles of Unity amidst Diversity, and Diversity amidst Unity.
“What one human being can be to another is not a very great deal; in the end everyone stands alone; and the important thing is, who it is that stands alone…The happiness which we receive from ourselves is greater than that which we obtain from our surroundings…The world in which a man lives shapes itself chiefly by the way in which he looks at it…Since everything which exists or happens for a man exists only in his consciousness, and happens for him alone, the most essential thing for a man is the constitution of his consciousness…Therefore it is with great truth that Aristotle says, “To be happy means to be self-sufficient.”
In conclusion, every civilization finds it necessary for its survival to adopt the policy of adhering to the quadruplet of mutual accommodation, adjustment, adaptation, and assimilation by entering into a process of negotiations and concessions to make its values more palatable to the outsiders. It should be borne in mind that each and every civilization and culture is a museum of human values, wisdom, and knowledge worthy of being preserved at all costs.
Therefore, in post cold war / 9-11 eras, it is important for the oriental and occidental civilizations in general and US-Iran-Euro-Russia-Sino-Indo-Islamic world in particular to share their common values and cultural heritage through mutual dialogues, conferences, symposia, meetings, forums, seminars, and visits, and thus build an atmosphere of mutual trust and confidence for the sake of peaceful co-existence of all civilizations. Let us consider this globe of ours as a huge museum, which we should never make any mistake to damage by waging unnecessary and irrational modes of war in the name of fighting terrorism. Otherwise, fighting terrorism would become another form of terrorism and it would be like asking peace from the hell.
If common values are not easily recognizable by virtue of barrier of language and lack of cultural communication, then we have to resort back to consult the world renown and qualified body of orientalists and occidentalists who have already contributed to the mutual understanding between east and west for locating good Laws in Reasoning and Faith that could protect the civilizations at large.
While trying to bring enemies of humanity, cultures, civilizations, art monuments of the antique world, museums, libraries, and archeologico-architectural wonders to justice, it should be borne in mind that this endeavor is required more than to killing human generation and damaging natural and man-made environment by coercive methods of using weapons instead of pen in the hands of the joint body of orientalists and occidentalists and well-wishers of east and west, and instead of logical, philosophical, and scientific methods of dialogue and persuasion. Let me illustrate my point by referring to the example wild beast of jungle such as falcons, snakes, tigers, lions, crocodiles, and sharks, if these are liable to be tamed by wise and rational methods of communication, then humans are far more susceptible to rational suggestions and logical maneuverings. This is the point which the Koran brings home by saying: “Repel evil by a method, which is the most beautiful and balanced one. And lo! The person between whom and you there is enmity would become your bosom friend.”
But if politic-military options are used as the only option available on the table to resolve issues and conflicts, then it is bitter fact of history that military solution breeds militancy, further aggravates terrorist activities, and exposes the agents to an atmosphere of insecurity and fear every where as it is evident from our current experiences since 9-11 era. We should take it into consideration that before the collapse of the ex-Soviet Union and US-Iraq two wars, America was received globally as a torch bearer of human rights, liberty, freedom, and respect for human cultures and civilizations, and one of the most innovative and creative civilization of humanity. But now the public opinion all over the world has taken a U-turn, which is not a good omen for the future of American people and rest of the world.
If the current campaign is against global terrorism in the real sense of the term, that is, to protect human values, civilizations, and cultures then it requires efforts of diverse nature. For the sake of this campaign going on against terrorism, it is very much necessary to insure that it should not be let become another form of terrorism creating a gloomy atmosphere of phobias, fears, psychosis, and neurosis at regional and international levels. But it should remain within the limits of rationality and logicality, apart from considering the US methodology of Clear-Hold-Build strategy to win over nonnegotiable demands imposed by elements considered to be detrimental to the broader, universally, and internationally agreed concepts of global peace, security, stability, and prosperity. But the art of global and regional conflict resolution also requires an evolution process that well-defines the articles and parts in conflict, and with the passage of time brings gradual and consistent methods, ways and means that could diffuse the undesirable situations amicably with the strength that could bring harmony within those articles and parts moving in conflict, even to the extend of adopting the motto: ‘forget and forgive from heart and mind,’ while also putting an effort to bring ‘center of gravity’ before the court of Sound Reasoning that enunciates atmosphere of justice for all for the sake of the betterment of Humanity and for the sake of the happy and bright future of humanity both distant and far-distant.
Imran Ibad is writer and author of Science and Art of Global Conflict Resolution and Crisis Management – A Sociological Philosophy of Global Policies, Strategies and Tactics for Peace. He is expert in developing strategic research papers and designing international projects.
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Daylight Saving Time, again?! March 7, 2017Posted by SaraC in Uncategorized.
Daylight Savings Time (DST) 2017 begins at 2:00 am on Sunday March 12th. Here are a few facts you may not know about this biannual change.
- Benjamin Franklin suggested the idea of daylight saving in a satirical essay in 1784. After being woken from sleep at 6 a.m. by the summer sun, Ben Franklin wrote that perhaps Parisians, simply by waking up earlier, could save the modern-day equivalent of $200 million through “the economy of using sunshine instead of candles.” As a result of this essay, Franklin is often given credit for “inventing” daylight saving time, even though he was only making a joke.
- World War I pushed Daylight Saving into law. During the war, Germany, Britain and eventually the U.S. adopted it in an effort to save coal. DST was abandoned once the war was over. It was reconsidered in the 1970s during the U.S. energy crisis to save energy in the winter months.
- DST might actually be an energy waster! Changing the clocks may save money on lighting, but the cost of heating and air conditioning tends to go up. That extra hour of daylight only saves money if people go outside and enjoy it.
- The effects of DST on society are both good and bad. DST affects people’s sleep habits and may cause increased risk of heart attack, stroke and illness. But it also corresponds to a decrease in crime.
- The candy industry lobbied for years to have the end date of DST moved from the last Sunday in October to sometime in November, so that there would be more daylight hours on Halloween night for Trick-or-Treaters.
So, love it or hate it, remember to “Spring Ahead on March 12th!
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Open the following comic, read it, and answer the following questions below on a separate piece of paper:
Arduino Intro Comic in a pdf
1. Explain the difference between Digital Information and Analog Information
2. What is the difference between a switch and a sensor?
3. What is voltage, current, and resistance?
4. How do you launch the Arduino Software?
5. What are sketches?
6. What is the difference between Setup and Loop?
7. What is the purpose of a breadboard?
8. What do you need to connect from an Arduino board to a Breadboard in order to bring power to the breadboard?
9. What is the difference between anode and cathode?
10. What two buttons need to be selected to input your program on the arduino?
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Australia’s emissions from electricity generation continue to rise and are now 5.5% higher than when the carbon price was repealed, new data reveals.
Declining electricity demand has been dampening electricity emissions and reducing the total increase in greenhouse emissions despite increases in emissions from land clearing and mining.
But the latest data from Pitt and Sherry for the year to March 2016 shows total demand in the east coast electricity market increased for the 13th successive month and demand increased for the seventh successive month in the west.
“There can be little doubt that the period of falling demand for electricity across Australia has now ended,” said Pitt and Sherry analyst Hugh Saddler.
That increasing demand and an increase in generation using black coal, after the removal of the carbon price, saw annual emissions increase 5.5% in the year to March 2016, compared with the year to June 2014, when the carbon price was scrapped.
Total coal generation was 76.1%, compared with a minimum of 72.3% in the year to July 2014. Total renewable generation was 13.2%. Coal generation in Queensland is rising particularly quickly to fuel the booming liquefied natural gas export market. Those emissions will soon comprise an extra 8m tonnes of CO2 a year.
Brown coal emissions fell slightly in the year to March 2016, almost entirely because Victoria’s brown coal generators stopped exporting power to Tasmania. But Saddler says Tasmania’s energy crisis – caused by low rainfall and the fact that the undersea cable linking the island state to the mainland broke in December – means “large volumes of brown coal electricity are certain to flow south through the Basslink cable as soon as it has been repaired, so as to allow hydro storage levels to recover”.
The revelation that electricity emissions are trending steadily upwards comes as the Turnbull government begins consultations on setting “baselines” for its “safeguard” mechanism, which is supposed to ensure that rising electricity and industrial emissions don’t undo the greenhouse abatement bought through the government’s emissions reduction fund.
The baselines will apply after 2020 for new facilities or significant expansions.
The electricity industry will have a sector-wide baseline, with individual company baselines only kicking in if the sector-wide baseline is exceeded.
But the electricity sectoral baseline will be set at the high point of sectoral emissions over the period 2009-10 to 2013-14 and individual baselines will also be set at each facility’s highest annual emissions between 2009-10 and 2013-14.
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HOUSTON - As a cold front moves in Wednesday, we're already thinking about how HOT the Atlantic Ocean is.
Take a look at this weather.com map:
Some water temperatures out there are already at 80 degrees! Why is that important? Because 80 degrees is the magic number for tropical storms to begin forming.
When the ocean water is 80 degrees to at least 150 feet deep, then thunderstorms -- or tropical disturbances -- can develop. If these thunderstorms begin to organize and circulate around a common center (thanks to the spin of Earth), then a tropical depression or storm blows up. That, of course, can become a hurricane.
Some forecasts are already suggesting tropical formation as early as May because of the warm ocean (last year Tropical Storm Alberto formed on May 19).
On Friday. we'll be talking all day about the 2013 tropical season with our hurricane expert Bill Read. Bill will be answering your questions live on Click2Houston.com at 11 a.m. and I'll have a special report on KPRC Local 2 News at 10. Make sure to tune in ... it's going to be another busy hurricane season!!
Copyright 2013 by Click2Houston.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Adaptive learning allows students to learn in customized, non-linear pathways. Students demonstrate prior knowledge and thus focus their learning on challenging content. They are continually assessed with low stakes questions allowing for identification of content mastery levels. A science methods course for preservice teachers piloted the use of adaptive learning. Design and implementation are described. Instructors need to realistically consider the time required to redesign a course in an adaptive learning system and to develop varied and numerous assessment questions. Overall, students had positive feelings toward the use of adaptive learning. Their mastery levels were not as high as anticipated by the instructor. The student outcomes on their summative assessment did not show high levels of transfer of the key content.
Keywords: Adaptive Learning, Science Methods, Pedagogy, Course Design
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Comets May Hold the Secret to the Origin of Life on Earth
We've studied life on Earth extensively, but we still have no idea where it came from. Some scientists think it may have spontaneously arisen on Earth by some unknown process. Others think the ingredients for life were delivered here by comets crashing into Earth in the early days of the solar system.
The latter theory just got a huge boost, thanks to new research published April 8 in the journal Science.
The key result: Scientists simulated the vacuum of space and created a key ingredient in RNA — an essential molecule for all the forms of life that we know about.
Demonstrating that the precursors for RNA could form in space is huge, because many scientists think the first life forms on Earth were RNA-based.
For the experiment, Meinert and the team essentially built a fake comet by recreating the ice that the European Space Agency's Philae lander found on Comet 67P back in 2014.
The team chilled ammonia, methanol and water inside a vacuum to recreate the comet ice. Next, they dowsed the ice with UV light to simulate the radiation that a comet would encounter in space.
The experiment produced 55 organic molecules. The most important one was ribose — a key sugar that makes up RNA.
"There is evidence for an 'RNA world' — an episode of life on Earth during which RNA was the only genetic material," Cornelia Meinert, one of the researchers who worked on the new study, told Space.com. "At a certain point in prebiotic evolution, the availability of ribose would have been, therefore, necessary for life to have started."
The results of the experiment fit in with real-world observations of comet 67P: Scientists have already found organic material on it.
So it's looking more possible that we owe our existence to comets that crashed into Earth when the solar system was first forming, delivering the necessary ingredients to kickstart life.
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Overview of 504 Accommodation Plans
A 504 Accommodation Plan is a legal document falling under the provisions of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Section 504 is a civil rights law which requires districts to provide a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) and reasonable accommodations to students who qualify with a disability. A 504 Accommodation Plan prohibits discrimination and assures that students with impairments and disabilities have equal access and educational opportunities and benefits as those afforded to their non-disabled peers. A 504 Accommodation Plan is designed to document and implement a program of instructional services, including general classroom accommodations, to assist students with impairments who are educated within the general education setting. The student must require accommodations, and/or related aids or services. It is only when a qualified student requires systematic and consistent implementation of accommodations in order to provide access that a 504 Accommodation Plan becomes necessary.
A student who is disabled or impaired under Sec. 504 is defined as someone who: (1) has a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits a major life activity; (2) has a record of such an impairment; (3) is regarded as having such impairment.
The 504 Committee in each school determines eligibility, provides parents/guardians with their basic rights, oversees the successful implementation of the 504 Accommodation Plan, reviews the plan annually, and reassesses tri-annually. This committee may be developed on a student-by-student basis (one committee for each student with membership based upon the student's disability and required accommodations). The chairperson of the committee is the school principal or designee.
Last Modified on August 19, 2017
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How soon after his baptism was William Dydamous Johnson called to serve a mission?
a. The same day
b. The next day
c. The next week
d. One month later
From the life of William Dydamous Johnson: When the Indian war of 1853, known as the Walker war, broke out, I was mustered into military service and remained active in that capacity till the war was ended. I also served through the so-called Tintic war in 1856, in the Echo canyon war in 1857, and the Blackhawk war in 1865.
Andrew Jenson, LDS Biographical Encyclopedia (Salt Lake City: Publishers Press, 1901) 1:367.
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Description & Characteristics:
Considered by whalers to be the ‘right’ whales to hunt, Southern Right whales were fortunate to have escaped extinction. Slow swimmers, they made easy targets for harpooners in the early 1800’s, and their rich oil-filled blubber meant that they floated after being killed. Now, slowly recovering, Southern Right whales are found traveling the Southern Ocean from South Africa’s coastline in winter where they breed to Antarctic feeding grounds during the summer months.
Southern Right whales are baleen whales with dark gray bodies, bow-shaped lower jaws, and massive heads that measure up to one-quarter of their body length. The heads are hairier than most whales; up to 300 hairs are found on the tip of the lower jaw and 100 are on the upper jaw. Horny growths called callosities frequently form behind the two blowholes near the top of the head; also on the chin, above the eyes, on the lower lip, and on the rostrum (the beak-like upper jaw). Researchers use the patterns of these growths to help identify individual whales. Right whales have very small eyes and large flippers. As with all baleen whales, the females are slightly larger than males. Hanging from the jaws of Right whales are about 200-270 pairs of long black baleen plates with fine grayish bristles. These thin, plastic-like plates can be up to 10 feet long.
Like all baleen whales, Southern Rights are seasonal feeders and carnivores using their baleen as a filter to strain out plankton, krill, and tiny crustaceans from the water. Swimming at about three or four miles per hour, they move their open mouths back and forth, constantly eating. On occasion, they may be found bottom feeding on benthic prey from the mud on the ocean floor.
For Southern Right whales, calving and mating occur in the coastal waters off southern Africa. Females give birth in the early spring after a seven to ten month gestation period. Once the calf is old enough to swim for long periods of time, they will return to the nutrient-rich waters of Antarctica. The calf will nurse on the mother’s fat-rich milk for up to one year during which time it will double in length and increase its weight fivefold. Mother and calf form long-term bonds.
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When you need to understand and use new information though as a critical reader, you should not accept anything on /counseling/new/7_critical_reading. Critical thinking enables the nurse to identify cues in the data and cluster students' use of critical thinking in their. Critical thinking activities in nursing help student nurses develop critical thinking skills to take thinking activities in nursing programs related. 5-thinking critically - 1 a nurse has to improve her critical thinking skills in an effort to improve client care the nurse should identify which of the.
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Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature
(Δεκάλογος ), the name most usually given by the Greek fathers to the law of the two tables given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, called in Scripture "the TEN COMMANDMENTS (הִרְּבָרַים עֲשֶׂרֶת, the ten words; Sept. οἱ δέκα λόγοι and τὰ δέκα ῥήματα· ‘ Vulg. decem verba; Exodus 34:28; Deuteronomy 4:13; Deuteronomy 10:4); and embracing what is usually termed "the Moral Law" (Exodus 20:3-17; Deuteronomy 5:7-21). The Decalogue was written on two stone slabs (Exodus 31:18), which, having been broken by Moses (Exodus 32:19), were renewed by God (Exodus 34:1, etc.). They are said (Deuteronomy 9:10) to have been written by the finger of God, an expression which always implies an immediate act of the Deity. The Decalogue is five times alluded to in the New Testament, there called ἐντολαί, commandments, but only the latter precepts are specifically cited, which refer to our duties to each other (Matthew 5:17; Matthew 5:19, etc.; Mark 10:19; Luke 18:20; Romans 13:9; Romans 7:7-8; Matthew 5; 1 Timothy 1:9-10). Those which refer to God are supposed by some to be omitted in these enumerations, from the circumstance of their containing precepts for ceremonial observances (Jeremy Taylor's Life of Christ, and Ductor Dubitantium; Rosenmü ller's Scholia in Exod.).
The circumstance of these precepts being called the ten words has doubtless led to the belief that the two tables contained ten distinct precepts, five in each table; while some have supposed that they were called by this name to denote their perfection, ten being considered the most perfect of numbers: so Philo-Judaeus (ἡ δεκὰς παντελεία . . . ἀριθμοῦ τέλειον, De Septen. c. 9). This distinguished philosopher divides them into two pentads (De Decalogo), the first pentad ending with Exodus 20:12, "Honor thy father and thy mother,' etc. or the fifth commandment of the Greek, Reformed, and Anglican churches; while the more general opinion among Christians is that the first table contained our duty to God, ending with the law to keep the Sabbath holy, and the second our duty to our neighbor. As they are not numerically divided in the Scriptures, so that we cannot positively say which is the first, which the second, etc., it may not prove uninteresting to the student in Biblical literature if we here give a brief account of the different modes of dividing them which have prevailed among Jews and Christians. The case cannot be more clearly stated than in the words of St. Augustine: "It is inquired how the ten commandments are to be divided — whether there are four which relate to God, ending with the precept concerning the Sabbath, and the other six, commencing with ‘ Honor thy father and thy mother,' appertaining to man — or whether the former are three only, and the latter seven? Those who say that the first table contains four, separate the command, ‘ Thou shalt have no other gods but me' (Exodus 20:3; Deuteronomy 5:7), so as to make another precept of ‘ Thou shalt not make to thyself an idol' (Exodus 20:4; Deuteronomy 5:8), in which images are forbidden to be worshipped. But they wish ‘ Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house' (Exodus 20:17; Deuteronomy 5:21), and ‘ Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife' (Exodus 20:17; Deuteronomy 5:21), and so on to the end, to be one. But those who say that there are only three in the first table, and seven in the second, make one commandment of the precept of the worship of one God, and nothing beside him (Exodus 20:3; Deuteronomy 5:7), but divide these last into two, so that one of them is ‘ Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife,' and the other, ‘ Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house.' There is no question among either about the correctness of the number ten, as for this there is the testimony of Scripture" (Questions on Exodus, qu. 71, Works, 3, 443, Paris, 1679).
1. The Talmudical Division, or that contained in the Talmud (Makkkoth, 24, a), which is also that of the modern Jews. According to this division, the firse commandment consists of the words "I am the Lord thy God, who brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage" (Exodus 20:2; Deuteronomy 5:6); the second (Exodus 20:3-4), "Thou shalt have none other gods beside me; thou shalt not make to thyself any graven image," etc. to Exodus 20:6; the third, "Thou shalt not take God's name in vain," etc.; the fourth, "Remember to keep holy the Sabbath day," etc.; the fifth, "Honor thy father' and thy mother," etc.; the sixth, "Thou shalt not kill;" the seventh, "Thou shalt not commit adultery;" the eighth, "Thou shalt not steal;" the ninth, "Thou shalt not bear false witness," etc.; and the tenth, "Thou shalt not covet," etc., to the end. This division is also supported by the Targum of the pseudo-Jonathan, a work of the sixth century, by Aben-Ezra, in his Commentary, and by Maimonides (Sepher Hammizvoth). It has also been maintained by the learned Lutheran, Peter Martyr (Loci Communes, Basle, 1580, loc. 14, p. 684). That this was a very early mode of dividing the Decalogue is further evident from a passage in Cyril of Alexandria's treatise against Julian, from whom he quotes the following invective: "That Decalogue, the law of Moses, is a wonderful thing: thou shalt not steal; thou shalt not kill; thou shalt not bear false witness. But let each of the precepts which he asserts to have been given by God himself be written down in the identical words, ‘ I am the Lord thy God, who brought thee out of the land of Egypt;' the second follows, ‘ Thou shalt have no strange gods beside me; thou shalt not make to thyself an idol.' He adds the reason, ‘ for I, the Lord thy God, am a jealous God, visiting the sins of the fathers upon the children.' ‘ Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. Remember the Sabbath day. Honor thy father and thy mother. Thou shalt not commit adultery. Thou shalt not steal. Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's goods.' What nation is there, by the gods, if you take away these two, ‘ Thou shalt not adore other gods,' and ‘ Remember the Sabbath,' which does not think all the others are to be kept, and which does not punish more or less severely those who violate them?"
2. The Origenian Division, or that approved by Origen, which is that in use in the Greek and in all the Reformed churches except the Lutheran. Although Origen was acquainted with the differing opinions which existed in his time in regard to this subject, it is evident from his own words that he knew nothing of that division by which the number ten is completed by making the prohibition against coveting either the house or the wife a distinct commandment. In his eighth Homily on Genesis, after citing the words, "I am the Lord thy God, who brought thee out of the land of Egypt," he adds, "this is not a part of the commandment." The first commandment is, Thou shalt have no other gods but me," and then follows," Thou shalt not make an idol." These together are thought by some to make one commandment; but in this case the number ten will not be completed where, then, will be the truth of the Decalogue? But if it be divided as we have done in the last sentence, the full number will be evident. The first commandment therefore is, "Thou shalt have no other gods but me," and the second, "Thou shalt not make to thyself an idol, nor a likeness," etc. Origen proceeds to make a distinction between gods, idols, and likenesses. Of gods, he says, "it is written, there are gods many and lords many" (1 Corinthians 8:5); but of idols, "an idol is nothing;" an image, he says, of a quadruped, serpent, or bird, in metal, wood, or stone, set up to be worshipped, is not an idol, but a likeness. A picture made with the same view comes under the same denomination. But an idol is a representation of what does not exist, such as the figure of a man with two faces, or with the head of a dog, etc. The likeness must be of something existing in heaven, or in earth, or in the water. It is not easy to decide on the meaning of" things in heaven," unless it refers to the sun, moon, or stars. The design of Moses he conceives to have been to forbid Egyptian idolatry, such as that of Hecate, or other fancied demons (Opera, 2:156, De la Rue's ed.). The pseudo-Athanasius, or the author of the Synopsis Scripturae, who is the oracle of the Greek Church, divides the commandments in the same manner. "This book [Exodus] contains these ten commandments, on two tables: first, I am the Lord thy God. Second, Thou shalt not make to thyself an idol, nor any likeness. . . Ninth, Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor. Tenth, Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife, nor any thing that is thy neighbor's" (Athanasii Opera, fol. Paris, 1698).
Gregory Nazianzen, in one of his poems, inscribed "The Decalogue of Moses," gives the following division (Opera, ed. Caillaud, Paris, 1840):
These ten laws Moses formerly engraved on tables Of stone; but do thou engrave them on thy heart. Thou shalt not know another God, since worship belongs to me. Thou shalt not make a vain statue, a lifeless image. Thou shalt not call on the great God in vain. Keep all sabbaths, the sublime and the shadowy. Happy he who renders to his parents due honor. Flee the crime of murder, and of a foreign Bed; evil-minded theft and witness False, and the desire of another's, the seed of death.
Jerome took the same view with Origen. In his commentary on Ephesians 6, he thus writes: "‘ Honor thy father and thy mother,' etc. is the fifth commandment in the Decalogue. How, then, are we to understand the apostle's meaning in calling it the first, when the first commandment is ‘ Thou shalt have no gods but me,' where some read thus, ‘ which is the first commandment with promise,' as if the four previous commandments had no promise annexed, etc.... . But they do not seem to me to have observed with sufficient accuracy that in the second commandment there is also a promise: ‘ Thou shalt not make to thyself an idol, nor the likeness of any thing in heaven above, or in the earth beneath, or in the water under the earth; thou shalt not adore them, nor sacrifice to them; for I, the Lord thy God, am a jealous God, visiting the sins... but showing mercy unto thousands...' (observe these words of promise showing mercy unto thousands, etc.)" (Hieronymi Opera, vol. 4, Paris, 1693).
The pseudo-Ambrose also writes to the same effect in his Commentary on Ephesians: "How is this the first commandment, when the first commandment says, Thou shalt have no other gods but me? Then, Thou shalt not make a likeness of any thing in heaven above, or in the earth beneath, etc. The third, Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain; the fourth, Keep my sabbaths; the fifth, Honor thy father and thy mother. As the first four appertain to God, they are contained in the first table; the others, appertaining to men, are contained in the second, such as that of honoring parents, not committing murder, adultery, theft, false witness, or concupiscence. These six seem to be written in the second table, the first of which is called the first with promise" (Ambrosii Opera, vol. ii, Paris edition, Append. p. 248, 249).
To these testimonies from the fathers may be added that of Clemens Alexandrinus (Stromata, vi, p. 809); but this writer is so confused and contradictory in reference to the subject, that some have supposed the text to have been corrupted. "The first precept of the Decalogue," he observes, "shows that one God only is to be worshipped, who brought his people out of Egypt... and that men ought to abstain from the idolatry of the creature. The second, that we ought not to transfer his name to creatures; the third signifies that the world was made by God, who has given us the seventh day to rest; the fifth follows, which commands us to honor our parents; then follows the precept about adultery, after this that concerning theft; but the tenth is concerning coveting."
But the strongest evidence in favor of the Origenian division is that of the learned Jews Philo and Josephus, who speak of it as the received division of the Jewish Church. Philo, after mentioning the division into two pentads already referred to, proceeds: "The first pentad is of a higher character than the second; it treats of the monarchy whereby the whole world is governed, of statues and images (ξοάνων καὶ ἀγαλμάτων ), and of all corrupt representations in general (ἀφιδρυμάτων ); of not taking the name of God in vain; of the religious observance of the seventh day as a day of holy rest; of honoring both parents. So that one table begins with God the father and ruler of all things, and ends with parents who emulate him in perpetuating the human race. But the other pentad contains those commandments which forbid adultery, murder, theft, false-witness, concupiscence" (De Decalogo, lib. i). The first precept, he afterwards observes, enjoins the belief and reverent worship of one supreme God, in opposition to those who worship the sun and moon, etc. Then, after condemning the arts of sculpture and painting, as taking off the mind from admiring the natural beauty of the universe, he adds: "As I have said a good deal of the second commandment, I shall now proceed to the next, ‘ Thou shalt not take the name of God in vain.'... The fourth commandment respects the Sabbath day, to be devoted to rest, the study of wisdom, and the contemplation of nature, with a revision of our lives during the past week, in order to the correction of our transgressions; the fifth speaks of honoring parents. Here ends the first, or more divine pentad. The second pentad begins with the precept respecting adultery; its second precept is against murder; its third against stealing, the next against false-witness, the last against coveting" (lib. 2). This division seems to have been followed by trenseus: "In quinque libris, etc.; unaquaeque tabula quam accepit a Deo precepta habet quinque." Josephus is, if possible, still more clear than Philo. "The first commandment teaches us that there is but one God, and that we ought to worship him only; the second commands us not to make the image of any living creature, to worship it; the third, that we must not swear by God in a false matter; the fourth, that we must keep the seventh day, by resting from all sorts of work; the fifth, that we must honor our parents; the sixth, that we must abstain from murder; the seventh, that we must not commit adultery; the eighth, that we must not be guilty of theft; the ninth, that we must not bear false-witness; the tenth, that we must not admit the desire of that which is another's" (Ant. 3, 5, 5, Whiston's' translation).
This division, which appears to have been forgotten in the Western Church, was revived by Calvin in 1536, and is also received by that section of the Lutherans who followed Bucer, called the Tetrapolitans. It is adopted by Calmet (Dict. of the Bible, French ed., art. Loi). It is supported by Zonaras, Nicephorus, and Petrus Mogislaus among the Greeks, and is that followed in the present Russian Church, as well as by the Greeks in general (see the Catechism published by order of Peter the Great, by archbishop Resensky, London, 1753). It is at the same time maintained in this catechism that it is not forbidden to bow before the representations of the saints. This division, which appeared in the Bishops' Book in 1537, was adopted by the Anglican Church at the Reformation (1548), substituting seventh for Sabbath-day in her formularies. The same division was published with approbation by Bonner in his Homilies in 1555.
3. We shall next proceed to describe the two Masoretic divisions.
(1.) The first is that in Exodus. We call it the Masoretic division, inasmuch as the commandments in the greater number of manuscripts and printed editions are separated by a פ or ס, which mark the divisions between the smaller sections in the Hebrew. According to this arrangement, the first two commandments (in the Origenian or Greek division), that is, the commandment concerning the worship of one God, and that concerning images, make but one; the second is, "Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain;" and so on until we arrive at the two last, the former of which is, "Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house," and the last or tenth, "Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife, nor his servant," etc. to the end. This was the division approved by Luther, and it has been ever since his time received by the Lutheran Church. The correctness of this division has been at all times maintained by the most learned Lutherans, not only from, its agreement with the Hebrew Bibles, but from the internal structure of the commandments, especially from the fact of the first two commandments (according to Origen's division) forming but one subject. If these form but one commandment, the necessity of dividing the precept, "thou shalt not covet," etc. into two is obvious. (For a learned defense of this division, see Pfeiffer, Opera, vol. 1, loc. 96, p. 125). Pfeiffer considers the accentuation also of the Hebrew as equally decisive in favor of this division, notwithstanding the opposite view is taken by many others, including the learned Buxtorf. This division is also followed in the Trent Catechism, and may therefore be called the Roman Catholic division. The churches of this communion have not, however, been consistent in following uniformly the Tridentine division, having revived, as in England, the second Masoretic division, to which we shall presently allude. In the Trent Catechism the first commandment is, "Ego sum Dominus Deus tuus, qui eduxi to de terra AEgypti, de domo servitutis; non habebis Deos alienos coram me. Non facies tibi sculptile," etc. "Ego sum Dominus Deus tuus, fortis, zelotes," etc. to "praecepta mea." The last two commandments (according to the Roman division) are, however, in the same Catechism, combined in one, thus: "Non concupisces domum proximi tui; nec desiderabis uxorem ejus, non servum, non ancillam, non bovem, non asinum, nec omnia que illius sunt. In his duobus prmeceptis," etc. It had appeared in the same form in England in Marshall's and bishop Hilsey's Primers, 1534 and 1539.
Those who follow this division have been accustomed to give the Decalogue very generally in an abridged form: thus the first commandment in the Lutheran Shorter Catechism is simply "Thou shalt have no other gods but me;" the second, "Thou shalt not take the name of thy God in vain;" the third," Thou shalt sanctify the Sabbath-day" (Feyertag). A similar practice is followed by the Roman Catholics, although they, as well as the Lutherans, in their Larger Catechisms (as the Douay) give them at full length. This practice has given rise to the charge made against those denominations of leaving out the second commandment, whereas it would have been more correct to say that they had mutilated the first, or at least that the form in which they give it has the effect of concealing a most important part of it from such as only had access to their Shorter Catechisms.
(2.) The last division is the second Masoretic, or that of Deuteronomy, sometimes called the Augustinian. This division differs from the former simply in placing the precept "Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife" before "Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house," etc.; and for this transposition it has the authority of Deuteronomy 5:21. The authority of the Masorites cannot, however, be of sufficient force to supersede the earlier traditions of Philo and Josephus.
This division was that approved by Augustine, who thus expresses himself on the subject: Following to ‘ what he had said (ut sup. p. 538), he observes, "But to me it seems more congruous to divide them into three and seven, inasmuch as to those who diligently lock into the matter, those which appertain to God seem to insinuate the Trinity. And, indeed, the command, ‘ Thou shalt have no other gods but me,' is more perfectly explained when images are forbidden to be worshipped. Besides, the sin of coveting another man's wife differs so much from coveting his house, that to the house was joined his field, his servant, his maid, his ox, his ass, his cattle, and all that is his. But it seems to divide the coveting of the house from the coveting of the wife when each begins thus: ‘ Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife, thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house,' to which it then begins to add the rest. For when he had said ‘ Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife,' he did not add the rest to this, saying, nor his house, nor his field, nor his servant, etc. but these seem plainly to be united, which appear to be contained in one precept, and distinct from that wherein the wife is named. But when it is said ‘ Thou shalt have no other gods but me,' there appears a more diligent following up of this in what is subjoined. For to what pertains, ‘ Thou shalt not make an idol, nor a likeness; thou shalt not adore nor serve them,' unless to that which had been said, ‘ Thou shalt have none other gods but me.'" The division of Augustine was followed by Bede and Peter Lombard.
The learned Sonntag has entirely followed Augustine's view of this subject, and has written a dissertation in vindication of this division in the Theologische Studien und Kritiken (Hamb. 1836-7), to which there was a reply in the same miscellany from Zillig, in vindication of what he terms the Calvinistic division, or that of Origen, which is followed by a rejoinder from Sonntag. Sonntag is so convinced of the necessity of that order of the words, according to which the precept against coveting the wife precedes (as in Deuteronomy) that against coveting the house, etc. that he puts down the order of the words in Exodus as an oversight. The order in the Septuagint version, in Exodus agrees with that in Deuteronomy. The Greek Church follows this order. Sonntag conceives that the Mosaic division of the Decalogue was lost in the period between the exile and the birth of Christ. See Heinze, De ratione praecepta Decalogi numerandi varia et vera (Viteb. 1790); Pflicke, De Decalogo (Dresden, 1788); Thorntonl, Lectures on the Commandments (Lond. 1842). For a list of Expositions, sermons, etc., on the Decalogue, see Darling, Cyclopoedia Bibliographica, 3, 222 sq. (See LAW).
These files are public domain.
McClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Decalogue'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tce/d/decalogue.html. Harper & Brothers. New York. 1870.
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Soil compaction is one of the most common and most serious ailments within any sports turf surface. The rigours of play combined with the necessity of machinery maintenance combine to force together particles within a soil. Clay and silty soils containing a high proportion of fine particles are particularly prone to compaction however, all soils can become compacted.
In a healthy soil there are large and small pore spaces which contain the air, water and room for plant roots and soil organisms to breath, grow and reproduce successfully. These spaces are dynamic, enabling the air and water to flow through them and in the ideal situation producing, a well-drained, biologically active soil and good playing surfaces.
In a compacted soil the pore spaces are reduced or absent and in turn the relative amount of available air, water and space for the plant roots and soil organisms to live is restricted. This leads to reduced plant and soil health and poorly draining saturated soils, which provide an inadequate playing surface.
As a further consequence compacted soil can negatively effect the utilisation of applied fertilisers and chemicals resulting in less efficient uptake.
The Soil Compaction Tester / Penetrometer allows the user to obtain an insight of both the severity and depth of compacted zones within the soil profile. This information can then be utilised to make informed decisions on remedial strategies.
Click on Product Label above for full user instructions.
If you require any further information regarding the Soil Compaction Tester / Penetrometer, contact our technical sales team on .
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A 2007 pandemic exercise in Maricopa County, Arizona, the 5th largest urban population in the United States, revealed major vulnerabilities in planning, response, resource utilization, and the decision-making process, which would be common to any large urban setting where multiple independent organizations exist and have not yet coordinated or shared their plans. Communication challenges are both prevalent and magnified in large urban settings. There must be tough, broad-based decision making by healthcare leadership with guidance and processes at every level to assure compliance to the primary goals of pandemic flu plans necessary to control the transmission rate of the disease. A unifying decision-making element such as a Health-related Emergency Operations Center is critical for the coordination, which serves all urban health systems. Education and training in pre-event protocols for triage management is crucial at every level where resources will be scant. This is especially true in admissions to intensive care units and priorities for ventilator use.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
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The collaborative classroom is a shift from teacher-led learning to students having more say, within a carefully constructed learning environment. The concept of the ‘flipped classroom’ is a collaborative model, where students conduct work before the class and use the lesson time to explore what they have learned. The use of technology can facilitate group problem solving and interactive presentations.
How to implement it – advice from the experts
Neil Watkins, managing director at Think IT, says the key to collaborative classrooms is with the teacher. “They should have the capability to monitor all pupils’ activity simultaneously, broadcast specific content onto individual devices and also shut down any users whose activity is deemed inappropriate, and with virtual desktop solutions, this is made easier than ever,” he says.
“With the increasing use of the cloud and virtual learning environments (VLEs), it’s extremely easy for a school to sync up multiple devices so that they work seamlessly together, to achieve a truly collaborative classroom. As long as the content
remains interesting and engaging, students will want to learn and will be less likely to become disinterested and disruptive. With over 250,000 apps in the marketplace, choosing the right content can be tricky, but working with trusted providers such as The Educational App Store will simplify the process hugely.
“If I could offer one piece of advice to schools, it would be to remember that technology doesn’t teach people; people teach people. It’s important to think not only about the devices you need in your school to achieve collaboration, but about how exactly they’re going to be used together and what content is needed to get the best out of the technology you’re using. It’s simply not enough to invest in 100 iPads and assume that this will improve teaching and learning. I always advise the schools I work with to consider their desired outcomes before anything else.”
Collaboration at ACS Hillingdon
Marc Smith, IT Integrationist at ACS Hillingdon International School, says creating a collaborative classroom through technology equips students with vital communication, teamwork and analytical skills, ensuring they are prepared to thrive in the rapidly changing digital milieu.
“Technology galvanises students’ creativity and collaboration,” he said. “ACS Hillingdon’s IT Lab provides a flexible working space with adaptable furniture allowing students to work in any size groups. Students also use Apple’s Air Play to easily share and model work between their iPads and two large LCD wall mounted screens.
“This collaborative environment encourages students to develop teamwork skills. The school’s Advanced Technology Club, a group of High School students, who meet once a week, created, coded and built the ‘100 iPad Wall’ within the school’s IT Lab. The 100 iPad Wall, a huge screen made of one hundred tablets, was able to receive and display images simultaneously in real time. The high school students worked together to design and film their endeavors using the IT Labs inbuilt film studio, including front and back cameras.
“Through the use of this collaborative classroom, students learnt key communication skills by presenting and filming their creation; critical thinking and problem solving through the design and build of the iPad Wall; developed a creative mindset by producing the ‘live’ artworks; and collaborated with their peers and other students in different age groups.”
The latest research on pedagogy shows us that today’s students want to move away from ‘chalk and talk’ teaching and apply knowledge in a more practical way, which presents teachers with a new challenge – to empower pupils without abdicating control of the classroom. Samantha Blyth, director of FE and schools at VLE provider Canvas, says that independent schools have an opportunity to blaze a trail with collaborative classrooms.
“Lots of technology vendors promote ‘the ability to collaborate’ as a key feature of their product, and it's true that the strategic use of technology can facilitate a more collaborative approach to teaching,” says Samantha. “But comprehensive collaboration, or connected learning, is more than just bringing teacher feedback online and offering pupils the right to reply. A 360 approach to connected learning combines peer to peer engagement, reciprocal teaching and parent/teacher collaboration. It provides pupils with the ability to learn on their own terms, in their own way - and gives teachers with a better view of their pupils’ progress - allowing timely intervention and the ability to adapt.
“Importantly, bringing collaboration tools to a primary and secondary audience sets pupils up for the rest of their academic career and beyond; into the working world. Lots of commentators ask how university courses prepare students to enter the workforce, but it's time we ask the same of K-12 educators - how do they prepare pupils for a lifelong learning journey? Students will be expected to work collaboratively, using digital tools, into further education and beyond. Helping them to develop investigative skills, the ability to work with peers, and to harness the power of technology, from an early age, will breed a new generation of enthused, accountable and motivated students - well placed to succeed.”
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Did you know that tomorrow is “Festival of Sleep” day? What a great celebration! Today I thought I’d gather up some fun activities so you can celebrate Sleep Day in style!
- Bring out pillows and blankets from the bed room and make one GIANT bed in the living room.
- If you’ve got an air mattress, today would be the day to break that baby out!
- Have the kids wear their pajamas all day!
- Wear you own bathrobe to add to the fun!
- You could either hang “S” for sleep or “Z” for a snoring sound around the house to practice letters.
- Today would be a great day to teach the kids how to make their beds if they don’t already know how to do so.
- Make mini pillows for dolls or stuffed animals using a hot glue gun, cotton balls, and scrap fabric (check out details on how to make the pillow in this post from Growing Kids Ministry)
- Talk about animals who sleep all winter long and wonder together what it would be like to hibernate. Pretend to hibernate together.
- Use this FREE PRINTABLE to sort hibernating animals from non-hibernating ones. Read the book Animals in Winter (Let’s-Read-and-Find-Out Science 1) for a little extra learning!
- Build a bear cave and crawl inside for a long winter nap! Check out Teach’s Preschool’s post on this!
- Read Goldilocks and then take turns sleeping in each other’s beds. Have your child take turns being Goldilocks and then being Baby Bear and finding Goldilocks (you) in their bed! My daughter’s toddler bed only holds 50 pounds, so we can to improvise a little!
- Gather up all your stuffed animals or figurines and talk about how or where the animals sleep (standing up, in a barn, in a cave, etc). You might have to do a little research of your own on this one!
- Make a paper plate clock and discuss when bedtime usually is. Talk about why people usually sleep at night and get up in the morning.
- Make a paper quilt together (check this post for directions)
- Make a doll bed using a Cuties box (check this post at Spoonful.com for directions
Books to Read (check your local library!)
- Can’t Sleep without Sheep by Susanna Hill
- Why Do Animals Sleep in Winter?
- Animals in Winter
- No Nap for Natasha (N book in the Sesame Street Alphabet Books)
- Goodnight Baby Bear
- Kiss Goodnight
- Starry Night, Sleep Tight (beautiful pictures in this one!)
- Princess and the Pea
Coordinating Toddler Activity
Got a little one that isn’t quite ready for preschool yet, but still wants to learn? Try a few of this simple activities:
- Put a pillow on the floor and ask your toddler to put their head ON the pillow (following directions)
- Pretend play that you are sleeping and then act surprised when your little one “wakes you up” (dramatic play)
- Use the Monkey finger puppet from this lesson to sing with your little one!
Don’t forget to grab your hibernating animal sorting chart FREE PRINTABLE!
About the Author
Lindsey Whitney is a blogger over at Growing Kids Ministry. A blog designed to help parents, teachers, and Children’s Ministry workers who want to help the kids they love grow in their faith. You can connect with her via twitter or on facebook.
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A person can acquire Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) via contact with body fluids, particularly saliva. While most people will contract EBV at some point, many will not experience any symptoms.
However, some individuals with an EBV infection develop health conditions such as mononucleosis, or glandular fever. This
In some rare cases, EBV appears to contribute to autoimmune conditions, certain cancers, and other complications.
This article reviews EBV, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and long-term effects.
People mainly acquire the virus via saliva, particularly through kissing or sharing food and drink with people who have EBV. Transmission via contact with semen, blood transfusion, or organ transplantation is
However, in most people, EBV never causes any symptoms. For others, EBV can result in mononucleosis, lingering fatigue, and other conditions.
EBV is among the viruses that stay in the body after a person contracts it. Rather than going away completely after infection, it lies dormant. The virus can sometimes reactivate later if the immune system becomes compromised or stressed.
Most people get better from mononucleosis on their own. Some people experience lingering fatigue that may last weeks or months.
Does EBV cause chronic fatigue syndrome?
Scientists have long theorized that EBV might be involved in the development of myalgic encephalitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). A
Does EBV cause cancer?
Scientists have found associations between EBV and certain types of cancer. According to a
However, it is important to note that having EBV does not guarantee a person will get these cancers. Most people have had EBV, and yet these cancers are rare overall. They also have many other risk factors, such as genetics.
Does EBV cause multiple sclerosis?
EBV may contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). A
- sore throat
- swollen tonsils
- enlarged lymph nodes in the neck or underarms
- skin rash
- body aches
- enlarged spleen
Mononucleosis may last between
Doctors can often diagnose mononucleosis based on symptoms. However, they may recommend a blood test to detect whether EBV antibodies are present.
The tests for EBV include:
- EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA): This can indicate a person has had an EBV infection. These types of antibodies gradually appear in the months following an EBV infection. EBNA antibodies remain in the body, and this test can detect them throughout an individual’s life.
- Early antigen (EA): This test can detect whether a person currently has an active EBV infection. This is because these types of antibodies usually become undetectable several months after the initial infection. However, they can persist in some individuals.
- Viral capsid antigen (VCA): These antibodies appear early in an EBV infection and remain present for
4–6 weeksafterward. There are two types of VCA antibodies: anti-VCA immunoglobulin M (IgM) and anti-VCA immunoglobulin G (IgG). While the anti-VCA IgM typically disappears a few weeks after the infection, the anti-VCA IgG remains in the body for life.
- Heterophile antibody testing (Monospot): This test can detect EBV antibodies but is not always reliable. It is a simple and inexpensive test that doctors may use in urgent care settings.
The combination of these results and a person’s general health conditions can help doctors determine whether a person currently has an active EBV infection or if they had it in the past.
In the meantime, treatment for mononucleosis
- drinking plenty of fluids
- taking over-the-counter medications to reduce fever and pain
If mononucleosis leads to an enlarged spleen, doctors may recommend avoiding contact sports or wearing additional protective gear until a person fully recovers to prevent any risk of rupture.
As EBV is a virus, antibiotics do not have any effect.
After the initial infection, EBV
- splenic rupture, which can happen due to the spleen becoming enlarged
- airway obstruction due to swollen tonsils
- pancreatitis, or inflammation of the pancreas
- myocarditis, or inflammation of the heart
- encephalitis, or inflammation of the brain
- severe gallbladder inflammation
- autoimmune hemolytic anemia, which is when the immune system attacks healthy red blood cells
- hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, which causes severe systemic inflammation
Some of these complications are treatable with surgery or medications. Some, such as myocarditis, may improve over time.
Initially, people with CAEBV experience the usual symptoms of mononucleosis, but they do not recover. Instead, they develop persistent or recurring symptoms, such as:
Some treatments can help with CAEBV. However, the condition can lead to cancer, organ failure, sepsis, or death.
Here are some answers to common questions about EBV.
Is EBV serious?
EBV can be serious in individuals who are vulnerable to infections or who experience complications. However, for the majority, EBV is not life threatening. Most people
How long does it take for EBV to go away?
EBV itself does not go away. After causing an infection, the virus becomes dormant inside the body. How long the symptoms of an EBV infection last and whether they reactivate again in the future depends on a person’s immune system and overall health.
For those with mononucleosis, the symptoms usually resolve in
EBV is a widespread viral infection that a person typically contracts through saliva. About 95% of the worldwide population has had an EBV infection. However, in most cases, people do not experience any symptoms.
The most common illness EBV causes is mononucleosis. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. There is no cure for mononucleosis or EBV, but the symptoms usually resolve on their own.
In rare cases, mononucleosis can lead to complications, such as spleen rupture and chronic active EBV. Research has also revealed links between EBV and a higher risk of certain cancers and MS.
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1800s that contributed to the growth of the american labor movement
The inventory of american labor all contributed to the growth of cleveland’s labor movement mining in the sheridan county area from the 1800s until. Their culture contributed to the american way of life with when the anti-catholic movement subsided and feross a growing national economy. Extend student understanding of nativism and the nativist movement in the 1800s by led to the growth of the nativist movement american history. Labor movement in the gilded like these any synthesis of labor -- or american the attitude that kirk describes may have contributed to the anti-labor. American economic growth in the second half of the 1800s was the fastest in its the late 1800s, the knights of labor, another powerful union movement,.
Get an answer for 'what led to the rise of labor unions in the post-civil war us' and find homework help for other history questions at enotes. Module two exam flvs us history ways was the labor movement successful during the helped fuel growth by encouraging people to buy american. Please answer the following questions also identify the unit and the question number as listed below unit i 1 what factors in the 1800s do you believe contributed. Labor relations in 1800s question description: 25 get solution.
37 organized labor in the mid-19th century, the vast majority of american work was still done on the farm by the turn of the 20th century,. African american slaves from 1800s until today the growth of the american movement had grown out of the abolition movement in the mid-1800s,. Social movements and progressivism of democracy in american life, and poverty-level subsistence of wage earners led to the rise of the labor movement.
Answer to what factors in the 1800s do you believe contributed to the growth of the american labor movement. The origins of the labor movement lay in the formative years of the american nation, when a free wage-labor market emerged in the artisan trades late in the colonial. What in 1800's contributed to american labor movement contributed to the shift in attitude in the united states in the mid 1800s besides. The rise of american industry during the first 30 years of the 1800s, american industry was truly born the demand for labor was satisfied,. Home → sparknotes → history study guides → westward expansion (1807-1912) in the late 1800s industrialization to provoke the growth of american urban.
Although various factors seem to have contributed to the combating the growth of labor kind of union movement, the american federation of labor. The most commonly used phrase describing the growth of the american economy in the 1830s and 1840s was “to the labor of black people working as slaves. Factors that contributed to the growth of the american labor what factors in the 1800s do you believe contributed to the growth of the american labor movement. The market revolution, 1800-1840 chapter study outline early new england textile mills largely relied on female labor the growth of the early labor movement.
United states expansion, 1800-1860 secular american philosophers like ralph waldo emerson and henry david thoreau were stressing the movement,. The modern american economy traces its roots to the quest of european settlers for economic gain in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries the new world then progressed. How did cities grow in the late 1800s a: contributed to enhanced ethnic diversity in american what are the advantages and disadvantages of population growth q. The demand for goods spurred the growth of industry grants supplied the labor that growing industry needed 5 growth before the mid-1800s,.
Many interrelated developments contributed to this growth skilled labourers formed the american federation of labor the reform movement. How did the transcendentalist movement in the mid-1800s reflect american labor movement b women's what was the time of greatest population growth in. Labor movement essay many factors contributed to the failure of these labor the american labor movement of the nineteenth century developed as. The afl-cio labor history timeline highlights the key events afl-cio membership renewed growth the labor movement and the american labor museum is.
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Different from the energy-saving lamps or incandescent lamps on the market, LED is point light source. As the name implies, LED light source comes from one point. Not only emitting light, the point has the other major characteristic that the light is available for only one direction (all traditional back reflectors are meaningless to LED). If this special light would be used as illumination, it is necessary to deal with the light to meet our requirements. The optical design is exactly used here to change a relatively concentrated point light source to be astigmatism with a certain angle that is known as the straw hat LED – a form of capsulation professionalized for lighting design. On one hand, it can make the concentrated point light source become the astigmatic source; on the other hand, lower luminous decay, more light would be transmitted out.
Although the straw hat LED has qualitative leaps in the optical fields, relative to the plane light source which is familiar to us, it is still a point light source with an extremely concentrated brightness, causing some damages to our eyes when looking directly at the light source. As a result, when being applied in home lighting, LED lighting needs to be processed further and added some optical designs to be soft light for people’s direct looking. Furthermore, the straw hat LED has 120 degree beam angle itself, but it is still necessary to improve its beam angle to prevent the dark ceiling when it is used in home lighting. We should take use of the transparent bubble outside to disperse the light to adapt to the normal household lighting.
Difference of High-power LED and Low-power LED
With the development of LED technology, people deliver single LED chip of higher and higher power to adapt to large area lighting, and now the highest power of single LED chip can reach to 200W in the world with a high cost performance.
At present, single power 0.06W is common in the industry and its luminance can up to 7. Now we calculate it by 6LM, if we want the power to be 1W, then we need 17PCS same LED, and the whole luminance would be 17*6=102LM, which means it can up to 100LM/W. If we adopt single chip of 1W, its highest luminance can be 80LM while the common is 60LM. That is the main difference in luminance. Thus, it is better to choose low-power LED for home lighting.
From the product costs, high-power LED is higher than low-power LED, which comes from two aspects: one is the cost of LED itself, the other is high-power LED needs to be added with aluminum heat sink while low-power LED only needs the heating panel with natural dissipation.
From the maintenance costs, the failure light can be brought to electrical repair to change the broken LED. The cost of one piece 0.06W is 1 RMB and would be not more than 5 RMB with repair fee. However, the cost of changing 1W LED is 8 RMB and finally reaches to 15 RMB with repair fee. Comparatively speaking, low-power LED is available in any electrical market while high-power LED is not the case.
High-power LED is a market trend and will be a mainstream in the future. Nevertheless, the LED technology did not reach the desired outcome and is not suitable for home lighting applications now.
The Importance of Thermal Design
LED itself is a semiconductor device which has a certain requirement for temperature, including environment and working temperature.
Generally, the environment temperature of semiconductor device should be lower than 80℃ for normal working. The LED would be broke when the inside temperature of PN junction reaches to 140℃. Actually, the temperature would be dissipated by pin or special seat and then be radiated to the air through the circuit board or aluminum base to ensure the normal working of LED. Certainly, it is concerned with the quantity and density of LED. Low-power LED also needs to consider about the thermal design for its concentrated density. That is just like the electrical products around us, such as television, monitor and mainframe computer. Wrong thermal design would short the life span and speed up the luminance depreciation.
- Now the upper limit of junction temperature mostly can reach to about 120℃. The highest one is CREE, can reaches to 150℃.
- The thermal resistance of LED chip changed with the packaging material structure.
- At present, the life span of most LED lights is 20000-50000H.
- Structural layout is actually the question of touched thermal resistance and the bottlenecks of heat conduction from the aspect of dissipation.
- Higher drive efficiency, better quality.
Conclusion covers overall consideration: the temperature rise should be controlled under 35℃ for a good thermal design. Junction temperature is lower than 80℃ with a life span of 50000H.
The current problems of the thermal design:
- Natural dissipation is large limited by the spatial size.
- The huge scope of natural dissipation is limited.
- The heat sink now is all made by metal, the heat conduction is enough for a relatively small space.
- Most of the thermal design only can focus on the choice of LED chip, radiating areas, interface touched thermal resistance and thermal radiation. It almost goes into a dead end.
- Now the breakthrough point of thermal design relies on the whole system of light, which is the achievement of combining the experience of actual production, material, structure and thermal design.
(From China LED.net)
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This section is from the "The New Student's Reference Work Volume 5: How And Why Stories" by Elinor Atkinson.
The whole duty of a good clock is to drive the hour hand at a regular rate of travel around the dial, twice in twenty-four hours. So the barrel turns entirely over twice, letting down two coils of cord. In an eight-day clock the cord is wound around the barrel sixteen times. On the rear end of the barrel is fixed the hour wheel. Both turn together. The minute wheel and the second wheel are fitted there, too. All of these turn on other wheels and pinions. The axles of the pinions are extended and pushed through the dial to carry the hour, minute and second hands. So these hands just have to turn when the wheels turn.
Sometimes a clock goes too fast or too slow, and must be regulated. A grandfather's, or other pendulum clock, is regulated by pushing the "bob" of the pendulum up or down on the rod. The time it takes a pendulum to swing, depends upon the length of the rod. In a watch, or a spring clock, there is a key-stone shaped indicator plate right over the coiled spring. One side is marked S (slow) and the other F (fast). A movable pin over this plate regulates the swing of a fussy little wheel that rocks back and forth like a cradle.
Of course you have guessed that this rocking wheel in the watch is really the pendulum wheel. There is no room in a watch for a long pendulum rod and "bob" to swing. And there is no room for a cord and weight and big barrel to furnish power. The "engine" of a watch is a blue-steel coiled spring. The escapement, or little saw-toothed wheel and catch, is in the watch, just as it is in the clock. Ask your papa to open his watch at the back. Over these parts the plate is cut away, so you can find all of them.
Ask your papa to keep the back door of his watch open while he winds it up by the stem. Then you can see the loose, open coils of the main spring come closer together, so the spring fills less space. A clock is wound with a key that slips through a key-hole, over the axle of the barrel, in the dial face. The key winds the spring in a spring clock, or winds the cord around the barrel in a pendulum clock. The other key-hole in the clock face is to wind up the wheel that controls the striker. At the end of every hour, the hammer connected with this wheel is lifted to strike a bell, from one to twelve times. To put a wheel, a spring and hammer and a bell in so a clock could do its own striking, was a wonderful improvement. Once a town or a church had to keep a man to pull a bell rope, to make the big clock in the tower strike the hours.
A watch is the most wonderful little machine in the world. Packed away in mama's watch, that is no bigger around than a silver quarter and less than half an inch thick, are one hundred and fifty or more separate parts. There are wheels of many sizes and shapes, pinions, plates, screws, rivets, pins, springs and "jewels." Many of these parts are so small that watch-makers pick them up with tweezers or magnets, and find the places for them by screwing a magnifying glass in one eye. Wouldn't you like to go through a watch factory and see all these parts made and put together?
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As part of their History unit, St Mary’s Year 5 students recently travelled to Victoria to immerse themselves into life during the Gold Rush.
It was a much anticipated trip for our keen historians.
They departed Young early in morning and hit the road bound for Ballarat, stopping a few times on the way down, most notably at Glenrowan, to see the statue of Ned Kelly in his armour.
Then it was back on the road to reach Ballarat, ready to attend the Blood Under the Southern Cross Light Show.
The next day the students were ready and eager to ‘strike it rich’ panning for gold, but first it was off to the Museum of Australia Democracy at Eureka to participate in interactive learning and witness first hand the enormity of the Eureka Flag.
The scene was then set to head to Sovereign Hill to pan for gold and experience the different aspects of life on the goldfields.
The activities included heading down a mineshaft, visiting the blacksmith, attending school, buying many old fashioned treats, watching a gold bar be melted and poured, playing a game of nine pin bowling and interacting with the characters of the 1850’s.
By the end of the day,almost everyone found gold, however they learned that for all their hard work, there was not always great financial reward.
The next stop of the trip was Bendigo, where the students visited the Golden Dragon Museum.
They learned about the Chinese culture and how the Chinese were treated during the Gold Rush. As part of this experience the students, teachers and parents all enjoyed a traditional Chinese meal. This visit not only expanded the students’ knowledge, but also encouraged them to view Australia’s history from a different perspective.
The final stop of the trip was Echuca and the Mighty Murray River Paddlesteamers.
Students, teachers and parents alike were keen to embark onto the PS Canberra, the oldest working paddlesteamer on the Murray River, for a journey back in time when these boats were lifeblood of the region. Upon disembarking we headed into the Port of Echuca Discovery Centre to hear great stories of the past and whilst standing in the places it happened.
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<urn:uuid:085b9544-0d3c-495a-8478-936f1e600186>
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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http://www.youngwitness.com.au/story/4226861/students-go-prospecting/
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|
en
| 0.967211 | 459 | 2.75 | 3 |
PROJECT PART 1 INSTRUCTIONS
Homeless Population in Philadelphia
This part involves scholarly resources and internet/media resources related to the culture you will be exploring. The culture may be a different ethnicity, religion, cultural group, or have other significantly different cultural features (e.g., the elderly in nursing homes, disabled children, disabled adults, the homeless, prisoners, etc.). As a reminder, you cannot select a cultural group that you have had previous experience with. For example, if you’ve interacted with many Cubans previously, you cannot do the Cuban culture for your immersion project. This also applies to your cultural background. For example, if you are a White student from an Irish background, you cannot do your immersion project on the Irish culture. No œdouble-dipping. The culture you select must by new for you. For parts 2 and 3, you will also need to be able to participate in cultural group activities and interview a person from your selected cultural group (see parts 2 and 3 handouts for information on those later activities).
You will read 3 scholarly resources on your cultural population of interest (must be dated 2005 or later). A pertinent unassigned chapter from McGoldrick may count as one of these sources; however, the Hays and Erford text chapters may not count as a source. You must also use the internet or media to examine at least 3 significant media resources related to the culture. For example, on the internet, you may find the following culturally useful and prominent types of sources:
Online newspapers from the country.
Internet radio broadcasts.
Music of the country/group.
Movies or videos.
Culturally-specific online magazines or websites.
You will answer the questions below. First person may be used in your answers. While this is not a regular academic paper (since it can be in outline form answering questions and in first person), you will still need to observe good APA style (1 margins, ½ indents of paragraphs, everything double-spaced, correct citation style if used, etc.). The paper must have a correct title page, and you must use a reference page if you cite sources (no abstract is needed). A rough word estimate is beside each question. The quality of your answer is more important than the word count. You may expand further, but you do not have to do so. Do not forget to put your name at the top of your answers!
1. What are some key things you’ve learned about this culture through reading the scholarly literature? [about 300 words]
2. What are some key things you’ve learned about this culture through interacting with internet websites, online papers, and other media sources related to the culture? [about 300 words]
3. Are there any current surprises in what you’re finding out about this culture? [about 100 words]
4. How does your search through the literature and internet impact your expectations as you plan your group immersion activities (Part 2 of the Cultural Immersion Project)? [about 200 words]
5. In APA style, list the scholarly sources and internet/media sources that you used for this part of the immersion project.
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<urn:uuid:f6c42832-ef31-46e7-97f9-cd72c3859b16>
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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https://mystudenthelp.com/cultural-immersion/
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en
| 0.912317 | 665 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Small and large number processing in infants and toddlers with Williams syndrome
van Herwegen, J. and Ansari, D. and Xu, F. and Karmiloff-Smith, Annette (2008) Small and large number processing in infants and toddlers with Williams syndrome. Developmental Science 11 (5), pp. 637-643. ISSN 1363-755x.
Previous studies have suggested that typically developing 6-month-old infants are able to discriminate between small and large numerosities. However, discrimination between small numerosities in young infants is only possible when variables continuous with number (e.g. area or circumference) are confounded. In contrast, large number discrimination is successful even when variables continuous with number are systematically controlled for. These findings suggest the existence of different systems underlying small and large number processing in infancy. How do these develop in atypical syndromes? Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare neurocognitive developmental disorder in which numerical cognition has been found to be impaired in older children and adults. Do impairments of number processing have their origins in infancy? Here this question is investigated by testing the small and large number discrimination abilities of infants and toddlers with WS. While infants with WS were able to discriminate between 2 and 3 elements when total area was confounded with numerosity, the same infants did not discriminate between 8 and 16 elements, when number was not confounded with continuous variables. These findings suggest that a system for tracking the features of small numbers of object (object-file representation) may be functional in WS, while large number discrimination is impaired from an early age onwards. Finally, we argue that individual differences in large number processing in infancy are more likely than small number processing to be predictive of later development of numerical cognition.
|School:||Birkbeck Schools and Departments > School of Science > Psychological Sciences|
|Research Centre:||Brain and Cognitive Development, Centre for (CBCD)|
|Date Deposited:||21 Dec 2010 13:37|
|Last Modified:||02 Dec 2016 11:50|
Additional statistics are available via IRStats2.
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<urn:uuid:5835723f-0837-4121-b563-c2818518d345>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/2463/
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en
| 0.92837 | 436 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Many people learn second languages, but not all begin their education as young as two years old. If you see the value in kids developing bilingual skills but aren’t sure how to begin teaching your kids, don’t worry. This guide will introduce you to three great ways to teach children a second language at home.
Even if your child is too young to be in school, they’re not too young for you to begin introducing a second language. The sooner you begin teaching a second language, the sooner your child can develop fluency. Sure, anyone can learn Spanish whenever they want, from teens to seniors. However, speaking more than one language at an early age provides children with social and professional opportunities. For example, if a student learns English and Spanish, they can forge friendships with students who speak both languages.
Likewise, bilingual skills can put kids ahead of their competition when breaking into the workforce. If you begin teaching your kids two languages from infancy, they can become fluent by the time they begin looking for a job. Speaking more than one language opens up dozens of fascinating and engaging career opportunities.
Through each step of the lessons, keep repetition in mind. Don’t move too fast through topics; spend enough time on key phrases and concepts to ensure your kids are really retaining the information. For example, teaching proficiency through reading and storytelling (TPRS) involves introducing kids to one or several phrases. Over the course of a TPRS lesson, students will hear phrases or keywords multiple times through activities such as storytelling and reading. In doing so, students can build a familiarity with the new words they’re learning.
Consider researching some effective methods for implementing TPRS in the classroom. Although TPRS is primarily an in-class teaching tool, homeschooling parents can still use it at home with one or several kids. This activity requires minimal space and ample imagination, making it perfect for almost any learning environment.
When thinking about great ways to teach children a second language at home, always keep entertainment in mind. When kids are having fun learning, they’re more likely to engage with what you’re teaching them. Flashcards and workbooks are great teaching tools—but making students bored can stifle their ability to learn and retain new information. Fun ways to teach second languages to kids include playing vocab bingo, reading bilingual children’s books, and listening to authentic music relevant to the target language.
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<urn:uuid:3980bf4b-07c6-47a7-9a91-7e1ec0cdaffb>
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
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https://thecamdenchronicle.com/great-ways-to-teach-children-a-second-language-at-home/
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en
| 0.94497 | 518 | 3.796875 | 4 |
This week, the World Bank holds its annual meeting. Amid the delegates rushing in and out, the Bank is expected to discuss a number of organizational changes ushered in by President Jim Yong Kim. As usual, a large number of civil society events critical of the Bank are planned, including a protest outside the Bank’s headquarters. This year, the protests have a specific focus: backsliding on the Bank’s commitment to environmental, social and human rights safeguards in Bank-financed projects.
Ever since the 1970s, affected communities and activists have complained that some development projects, despite the promise of raising living standards or incomes, have done more harm than good. Starting with the Narmada Dam in the late 1980s, communities began targeting financing of these projects by international financial institutions (IFIs). Pressure to avoid or minimize these harmful collateral effects has over the last quarter century led to an expanding set of guidelines, operational procedures (OPs), and impact assessment requirements for IFIs. These were joined over time by monitoring and redress mechanisms of various sorts, all aimed at improving the quality and outcomes of projects and programs as well as avoiding controversy, bad publicity and legal challenges from dissatisfied local communities or workers. For example, in 1993 the World Bank created the Inspection Panel; the regional development banks soon after created their own accountability mechanisms. The World Bank’s private sector arm, the International Finance Corporation, created a Compliance Advisor Ombudsman; the US Overseas Private Investment Center has an Office of Accountability.
In all these cases, the performance of the lender is measured against a set of internal guidelines and operating procedures. The most common complaints involve failure to do an adequate environmental and social assessment, or to comply with involuntary resettlement rules and those involving indigenous peoples. Other current safeguards involve dam safety, pesticides, and cultural heritage. In 1997, the World Bank grouped ten Operational Policies as specific safeguard policies – six environmental, two social, and two legal policies.
The safeguards system for IFIs created in the 1980s is being pulled in two directions. On the one hand, growing lending in infrastructure and natural resource-related sectors has made it even more imperative that those providing the funding have some way of assessing, and avoiding or reducing, harmful effects on local communities, water and land. In particular, investments in Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) projects in countries with tropical forests have raised concerns that indigenous and forest communities will be the losers in a global market for forest carbon. To the extent that other actors, especially multilateral and bilateral aid agencies, fund similar projects, they become subject to the same pressures. Indeed, UNDP and several bilateral aid agencies now have – or are developing – their own safeguards. Combined with this, social, environmental and human rights assessment and monitoring, and accountability for unanticipated effects of private as well as public projects is becoming a key demand of civil society in forums ranging from the negotiation of the post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals to the UN Working Group on Business and Human Rights. Businesses, private banks and bilateral aid agencies are all, to one degree or another, developing their own safeguard, assessment, and due diligence systems.
On the other hand, the IFIs have to contend with the rise of new financial and political actors. Sovereign wealth funds and Chinese and Brazilian development banks now provide alternative sources of development project finance, often without any environmental or human rights strings attached. According to the Economist, these banks’ lending “already dwarfs the $52.6 billion the World Bank disbursed last year. In 2013 BNDES of Brazil doled out $88 billion. Its Chinese equivalent made loans worth $240 billion.” (“An Acronym with Capital,” July 19, 2014) Last July, the BRICS countries created a New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) as potential alternatives to the World Bank and IMF. The NDB has an initial capital of $50 billion and the CRA of $100 billion. The Bank must figure out how to compete in this new landscape.
Moreover, the Banks, along with aid agencies, are being pushed to abandon the “conditionalities” seen as overbearing and paternalistic by recipient governments. The Fourth High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, held in Busan, Korea in 2011, called for “country ownership” of development programs. In response, the World Bank has sought to push evaluation, mitigation and monitoring of environmental and social risks and impacts onto borrowers, thus “streamlining” the Bank’s own role. This, combined with the Bank’s efforts to cut down on time and paperwork in order to compete in a newly-diversified funding arena, and to increase its loan volume by 50% over the next decade, led to the current review of the environmental and social safeguards.
Photo: World Bank/Simone D. McCourte
The proposed revision: structure and controversies
In 2009, the Bank’s Independent Evaluation Group found that the safeguards had, to some extent, been working, but that they needed to be updated to take into account new lending modalities. The Bank announced that it would review and update the policy framework. The stated goals of the review include incorporating existing requirements, including new ones, providing greater accountability as well as a tailored approach which takes into account the country and sector context. It would “[a]llow, where and when appropriate, for less front-loading during project preparation, with more investment in effective monitoring and supervision for the realization of agreed project commitments”; and “promote a project-based approach focusing on outcomes rather than procedural compliance.” In other words, the Bank is trying to get away from a “box-checking” approach, become more agile, and shift away from prior assessment towards more monitoring throughout the project life cycle.
The new framework replaces the existing Operational Procedures with a statement of Environmental and Social Policy, combined with ten Environmental and Social Standards (ESS). The policy statement is intended to clarify the scope of the safeguards, restricting them to investment project financing. It creates a classification system, ranging from little risk to high risk projects. It specifies the responsibilities of Borrowers, who are given a larger role in design and implementation of safeguards compliance, with the Bank limited to setting timeframes and outcomes.
The new ESSs do amplify existing safeguards in some important areas. There is, for the first time, a labor standard, which includes provisions on nondiscrimination, child labor, forced labor, and worker health and safety and requires a worker grievance procedure. However, it only applies to direct project employees, not to contractors, which greatly reduces its scope. Another ESS consolidates concerns about pest management with other pollution and resource issues, including a requirement to “consider options to reduce project-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.” An ESS on Community Health and Safety includes, for the first time, provisions on oversight and accountability of security personnel, both public and private, used on a project. It also includes provisions on emergency preparedness and a wide array of potential local impacts. Other ESS topics include biodiversity and habitat loss, including controversial provisions allowing limited biodiversity offsets; protection of cultural heritage; rules for financial intermediaries, and general requirements to consult with stakeholders over the life of the project.
The most contentious nucleus of issues around IFI lending to date has involved land, forced displacement and the rights of indigenous peoples to control what happens within their territories. Here too there are some advances: periodic monitoring, for example, of people who have been involuntarily resettled as a result of a project. In the case of indigenous peoples, the draft goes beyond the current requirement of free, prior and informed consultation before any project involving their ancestral lands goes forward. In three specific high-risk circumstances –impacts on lands and natural resources under traditional ownership, use or occupation; relocation from those lands; and significant impacts on cultural heritage — borrowers must go beyond consultation to obtain the consent of the affected indigenous people.
However, a number of worrisome changes have caused a broad coalition of over 300 civil society groups to raise concerns that, despite assurances to the contrary, the draft does “dilute” the existing standards. It does so both through specific provisions and through an overall approach to flexibility and tailoring that will make it more difficult to hold the Bank accountable to a specific set of rules, through the Inspection Panel or otherwise.
The specific concerns include the following:
First, the draft limits its applicability to project finance, leaving out almost half of the Bank’s portfolio, which the Bank argues will be dealt with by having each new financing instrument have its own set of standards.
Second, by cutting down on “front-end” consultation and approval before the actual disbursement of funds, the Bank’s safeguards staff as well as affected peoples lose whatever leverage they might have had to improve projects or mitigate harms. They are left with monitoring, but trying to stop or improve an ongoing project when problems arise has significant political and economic costs, and so is unlikely to be done well or often. The track record to date, at least, has not been promising.
Third, the indigenous peoples standard, while admittedly an advance on the issue of consent, leaves a huge loophole for governments that do not wish to recognize the existence of indigenous people in the first place. The draft allows the application of an “alternative approach” where identifying indigenous peoples would create a serious risk of exacerbating ethnic tension or civil strife, or is inconsistent with the provisions of the national constitution. The borrower must agree that indigenous peoples are treated at least as well as other groups. Civil society groups fear that this may become a broad exemption for governments, wiping out decades of work on the specificity of dealing with indigenous populations.
Finally, the provisions on land and forced displacement allow for communities to be displaced and projects to go forward before provisions for resettlement are in place. The provisions, moreover, leave considerable flexibility to borrower governments to substitute cash compensation for resettlement land and services, a strategy that has proven in the past to impoverish and destroy communities. Nor do the provisions on land cover land titling or land use policies, which have in the past had deleterious effects on communities and encouraged land-grabbing.
There are many more critiques, including that the process of reforming the safeguards has been opaque and disingenuous. Given the problems, civil society groups are calling for the Bank to slow down the approval process and allow for meaningful consultation. As of now, the consultation period runs until the end of 2014, after which another draft will be produced. Hopefully, there is still time to fix the significant flaws in approach and avoid not only a weakening of the Bank’s safeguards, but the demonstration effect that any weakening will be likely to have on the procedures of other development actors.
The current safeguards are OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment; OP 4.04 Natural Habitats; OP 4.09 Pest Management; OP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples; OP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources; OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement; OP 4.36 Forests; OP 4.37 Safety of Dams; OP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways; OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Territories.
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<urn:uuid:00e85b22-3513-4163-aea9-6f032ccb363a>
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CC-MAIN-2018-43
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https://ilg2.org/2014/10/08/will-the-world-bank-cut-back-on-social-environmental-and-human-rights-protections/
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en
| 0.942022 | 2,334 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Gato class submarine
The Gato class submarine was the premier submarine of the United States in World War II. The Gato subs were used extensively in the Pacific theater and waged a highly effective campaign against Japanese merchant shipping.
- Submarine Warfare, by Antony Preston, Thunder Bay Press, 1998
- Submarine: A Guided Tour inside a Nuclear Warship, by Tom Clancy, Berkeley Publishing Group, 1993
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<urn:uuid:cbb7b97c-8224-4a9a-87a2-59408b8a5253>
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http://www.conservapedia.com/Gato_class_submarine
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en
| 0.916862 | 85 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Cuatro Cienegas, a unique oasis in the Chihuahuan desert in the north of Mexico is drying up and dying. The reason: aquifer depletion. Mexico City has sank over 30 feet in the past century. The reason: aquifer depletion. One thing that many of the world’s largest cities have in common with the most far flung [...]
Cuatro Cienegas, a unique oasis in the Chihuahuan desert in the north of Mexico is drying up and dying. The reason: aquifer depletion. Mexico City has sank over 30 feet in the past century. The reason: aquifer depletion. One thing that many of the world’s largest cities have in common with the most far flung of agricultural areas is that they are draining water from the aquifers beneath their surfaces to potentially disastrous consequences.
What is an aquifer?
An aquifer is an underground layer of permeable or fractured rock or porous materials such as sand, silt, or gravel that can contain ground water. Generally, the water sits between the pores or fractures in the sediments and can be pumped up to the surface through wells. Groundwater accounts for 40% of the fresh water in the USA alone.
While aquifers do replenish, or recharge, over time by rain and land water, the process is often very slow — and whether aquifers can truly be considered renewable resources is a matter for debate. When ground water is extracted from an aquifer faster than it can be replenished a process called “over draft” occurs, and the water table begins to lower. The result from excessive over draft can lead to subsidence, the lowering of ground levels in relation to a depleting aquifer.
Rural aquifer depletion
As is the case with Cuatro Ceinegas in the north of Mexico, many of the world’s rural aquifers are being depleted due to large farming operations. As farms extract water from wells to irrigate their crops the water level in the aquifers drop, and if this water is not replenished fast enough, a water deficient occurs. Often, when this happens, spring fed pools and rivers begin to dry up, the surface sinks, and a major threat to future water resources of the area is created — especially if there are not other viable water sources in the area.
As stated above, while aquifers are replenished by rain and land water, the process is lengthy and equilibrium is difficult to maintain. This is especially so when irrigation and rain water seeps into rivers which carries it to other sources rather than recharging the local aquifer.
The Ogallala Aquifer runs beneath the Great Plains of the USA, and is the largest known aquifer in the world. Agricultural extraction of water from this aquifer began in the 1930s, resulting in this region being one of the most agriculturally productive on the planet. But the aquifer is now being depleted at an alarming rate, with reports that in some areas it is dropping five or six feet a year. This is causing some farmers to drill their wells deeper and seek water use reduction practices, such as choosing to grow crops with lower water needs.
Urban aquifer depletion
The problem of depleted aquifers is having just as much, if not more, of a drastic effect in some of the world’s cities as it is in industrial agricultural areas. The water usage habits of some urban populations is literally causing their cities to sink into the earth.
In the past century, Mexico City has sank 28 to 36 feet as its shallow aquifer becomes continually more depleted. Due to its soil composition, the drop in surface level also has not been uniform, and, very often, one side of a building is now significantly lower than the other, apartments are tilting, streets are looking like roller coasters, and large colonial cathedrals are breaking into pieces as the ground beneath sinks in a cockeyed manner further into the earth.
Many other cities are also having the same issue. Hanoi, Vietnam is recorded to be sinking at a rate of two to four centimeters each year, reports from the Kathmandu Valley state that their aquifers will not be able to cope with rises in public demand for water in the coming years, and China admits that at least 46 of its cities are sinking do to groundwater over exploitation.
A major problem with urban groundwater depletion is that, like in agriculture, much of the water that is being pumped up from the ground never returns to the aquifer. In urban areas, much of the extracted well water, after use, is deposited into sewer systems that eventually lead to oceans or large seas rather than back into the local aquifer. This urban disposal of water not only causes the aquifers to go without adequate recharge but is also having a significant impact on rises in ocean levels, according to researchers at Utrecht University.
This is a brief reference page illustrating the issue of aquifer depletion in both the urban and agricultural setting. As cities continue to sink and cones of depression expand, it is clear that long term solutions to aquifer over draft will be needed on a global level.
*Photos taken from government and creative commons sources.
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<urn:uuid:463da7aa-a42c-43be-bdd3-8d9fe3a90c01>
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CC-MAIN-2021-21
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https://www.vagabondjourney.com/aquifer-depletion-is-an-urban-and-rural-problem/
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|
en
| 0.959263 | 1,072 | 3.734375 | 4 |
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/California, University of
CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF, one of the largest and most important of state universities in America, situated at Berkeley, California, on the E. shore of San Francisco Bay. It took the place of the College of California (founded in 1855), received California's portion of the Federal land grant of 1862, was chartered as a state institution by the legislature in 1868, and opened its doors in 1869 at Oakland. In 1873 it was removed to its present site. In the revised state constitution of 1879 provision is made for it as the head of the state's educational system. The grounds at Berkeley cover 270 acres on the lower slopes (299-900 ft.) of the Berkeley Hills, which rise 1000 ft. or more above the university; the view over the bay to San Francisco and the Golden Gate is superb. In recent years new and better buildings have gradually been provided. In 1896 an international architectural competition was opened at the expense of Mrs Phoebe R. Hearst (made a regent of the university in 1898) for plans for a group of buildings harmonizing with the university's beautiful site, and ignoring all buildings already existing. The first prize was awarded in 1899 to Emile Bénard, of Paris. The first building begun under the new plans was that for the college of mines (the gift of Mrs Hearst), completed in 1907, providing worthily for the important school of mining, from 1885 directed by Prof. S. B. Christy (b. 1853); California Hall, built by state appropriation, had been completed in 1906. The Greek theatre (1903), an open-air auditorium seating 7500 spectators, on a hill-side in a grove of towering eucalypts, was the gift of William Randolph Hearst; this has been used regularly for concerts by the university's symphony orchestra, under the professor of music, John Frederick Wolle (b. 1863), who originated the Bach Festivals at Bethlehem, Pa.; free public concerts are given on Sunday afternoons; and there have been some remarkable dramatic performances here, notably Sudraka's Mricchakattika in English, and Aeschylus's Eumenides in Greek, in April 1907. There are no dormitories. Student self-government works through the “Undergraduate Students' Affairs Committee” of the Associated Students. The faculty of the university has its own social club, with a handsome building on the grounds. At Berkeley is carried on the work in the colleges of letters, social sciences, natural sciences, commerce, agriculture, mechanical, mining and civil engineering, and chemistry, and the first two years' course of the college of medicine — the Toland Medical College having been absorbed by the university in 1873; at Mount Hamilton, the work of the Lick astronomical department; and in San Francisco, that of dentistry (1888), pharmacy, law, art, and the concluding (post graduate or clinical) years of the medical course — the San Francisco Polyclinic having become a part of the university in 1892. Three of the San Francisco departments occupy a group of three handsome buildings in the western part of the city, overlooking Golden Gate Park. The Lick astronomical department (Lick Observatory) on Mount Hamilton, near San José, occupies a site covering 2777 acres. It was founded in 1875 by James Lick of San Francisco, and was endowed by him with $700,000, $610,000 of this being used for the original buildings and equipments, which were formally transferred to the university in 1888. The art department (San Francisco Institute of art) was until 1906 housed in the former home of Mark Hopkins, a San Francisco “railroad king”; it dated from 1893, under the name “Mark Hopkins Institute of Art.” The building was destroyed in the San Francisco conflagration of 1906; but under its present name the department resumed work in 1907 on the old site. At the university farm, of nearly 750 acres, at Davisville, Yolo county, instruction is given in practical agriculture, horticulture, dairying, &c.; courses in irrigation are given at Berkeley; a laboratory of plant pathology, established in 1907 at Whittier, Riverside county, and an experiment station on 20 acres of land near Riverside, are for the study of plant and tree diseases and pests and of their remedies. A marine biological laboratory is maintained at La Jolla, near San Diego, and another, the Hertzstein Research Laboratory, at New Monterey; the Rudolph Spreckels Physiological Laboratory is in Berkeley. The university has excellent anthropological and archaeological collections, mostly made by university expeditions, endowed by Mrs Hearst, to Peru and to Egypt. In 1907 the university library contained 160,000 volumes, ranking, after the destruction of most of the San Francisco libraries in 1906, as the largest collection in the vicinity. The building of the Doe library (given by the will of Charles Franklin Doe), for the housing of the university library, was begun in 1907. The university has also the valuable Bancroft collection of 50,000 volumes and countless pamphlets and manuscripts, dealing principally with the history of the Pacific Coast from Alaska through Central America, and of the Rocky Mountain region, including Montana, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Western Texas. This collection (that of the historian Hubert Howe Bancroft) was acquired in 1905 for $250,000 (of which Mr Bancroft contributed $100,000), and was entrusted (1907) to the newly organized Academy of Pacific Coast History. The library of Karl Weinhold (1823-1901) of Berlin, which is especially rich in Germanic linguistics and " culture history," was presented to the university in 1903 by John D. Spreckels. The university publishes The University of California Chronicle, an Official Record; and there are important departmental publications, especially those in American archaeology and ethnology, edited by Frederic Ward Putnam (b. 1839), including the reports of various expeditions, maintained by Mrs Hearst; in physiology, edited by Jacques Loeb (b. 1859); in botany, edited by William Albert Setchell (b. 1864); in zoology, edited by William Emerson Ritter (b. 1859); and in astronomy, the publications of the Lick Observatory, edited by William Wallace Campbell (b. 1862). In 1902, under the direction of Henry Morse Stephens (b. 1857), who then became professor of history, a department of university extension was organized; lecture courses, especially on history and literature, were delivered in 1906-1907 at fifteen extension “centres,” at most of which classes of study were formed. Annexes to the university, but having no corporate connexion with it, are the Berkeley Bible Seminary (Disciples of Christ), the Pacific Theological Seminary (Congregational), the Pacific Coast Baptist Seminary and a Unitarian school.
The growth of the university has been extremely rapid. From 1890 to 1900 the number of students increased fourfold. In the latter year the university of California was second to Harvard only in the number of academic graduate and undergraduate students, and fifth among the educational institutions of the country in total enrolment. In July 1907 there were 519 officers in the faculties and 2987 students, of whom 226 were in the professional schools in San Francisco. In addition there were 707 students in the 1906 summer session, the total for 1906-1907 thus being 3684; of this number 1506 were women. The university conferred 482 degrees in 1907, 546 in 1906, 470 in 1905. The affairs of the university are administered by a board of twenty-three regents, seven state officials and heads of educational institutions, being members ex officio, and sixteen other members being appointed by the governor and senate of the state; its instruction is governed by the faculties of the different colleges, and an academic senate in which these are joined. The gross income from all sources for 1905-1906 was $1,564,190, of which about $800,000 was income from investments, state and government grants, fees, &c., and the remainder was gifts and endowments. There is a permanent endowment of more than $3,000,000, partly from munificent private gifts, especially from Mrs Hearst and from Miss Cora Jean Flood. The financial support of the state has always been generous. No tuition fee is charged in the academic colleges to students resident in the state, and only $10.00 annually to students from without the state. The university maintains about 90 undergraduate scholarships, and 10 graduate scholarships and fellowships. All able-bodied male students are required to take the courses in military science, under instruction by an officer of the United States army detailed for the purpose. Physical culture and hygiene are prescribed for all men and women. A state law forbids the sale of liquor within one mile of the university grounds. To realize the ideal of the university as the head of the educational system of the state, a system of inspection of high schools has been developed, whereby schools reaching the prescribed standard are entitled to recommend their graduates for admission to the university without examination. It was anticipated at one time that the foundation of the Leland Stanford Junior University at Palo Alto would injure the state institution at Berkeley; but in practice this was not found to be the case; on the contrary, the competition resulted in giving new vigour and enterprise to the older university. Joseph Le Conte (professor from 1872 to 1901) and Daniel C. Gilman (president in 1872-1875) deserve mention among those formerly connected with the university. In 1899 Benjamin Ide Wheeler (b. 1854) became president. He had been a graduate (1875) of Brown University, and was professor first of comparative philology and then of Greek at Cornell University; his chief publications are Der griechische Nominalaccent (1885); Analogy, in its Scope of Application in Language (1887); Principles of Language Growth (1891); The Organization of Higher Education in the United States (1897); Dionysos and Immortality (1899); and Life of Alexander the Great (1900).
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Fifth difficult issue is the one of the most important explanation about exact acupuncture diagnosis according to WuXing, five movements. This issue gives practitioner method of defining one of the five movements dominating in each meridian in normal and pathological condition. This difficulty explains comparison between forces of the pulse during each movement of meridian. Each pulse is compared to the weight, which is the force and not level as implied by some practitioners. W = mg. It is different force of Qi corresponding to each of five different movements. It is a very important difference from herbal pulse diagnosis. Acupuncture pulse diagnosis is not only diagnosis of condition but also exact prescription for needling. According to this difficult issue pulse may become more yin or more yang depends of its normal movement and movement it dominates now, showing yin or yang excess and deficiency of each meridian. Fourth difficult issue explains that pulse may contain parts yin or yang. For example pulse of the heart has one part of yin and three parts of yang, pulse of liver has one part of yang and three parts of yin and so on. Only acupuncture pulse diagnosis can indicate exactly how many parts of yin or yang contains each pulse as it may be described in graph known as Pulse map.
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If only Nikola Tesla (inventor of AC or alternating current that is used world-wide, the fluorescent tube that we use to this day ) were alive to see this now; a group of Russian physicists are picking up from where he had left off, using his patents and ideas to finally create the masterpiece that had been long suppressed: wireless electricity transmission.
Their work has been largely forgotten, and just like Tesla himself they have not reached their funding goals, but they still seem to be publishing updates regardless.
In 1891, Nikola Tesla gave a lecture for the members of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in New York City, where he made a striking demonstration.
In each hand he held a gas discharge tube, an early version of the modern fluorescent bulb.
The tubes were not connected to any wires, but nonetheless they glowed brightly during his demonstration.
Wireless electricity transmission solves a number of problems: it allows people to receive electricity without large-scale infrastructure costs, transmission to remote locations becomes feasible, and terrain is no longer a restriction.
This ONE invention could well grant billions of people access to life-empowering electricity… Assuming they succeed that is.
The basis for the project involves using the Earth as a wire, rather than a physical wire.
Anybody who understands electric circuits realizes that most devices come with three wires: Live, Neutral and Earth.
Normal transmission of electricity starts at a power plant, and is sent through the live wire.
It returns via the neutral wire.
There a reason for having an Earth wire though: The Earth is described as the destination of lowest “potential difference”, a potential difference being analogous to gravity… but for electricity. The Earth is also in a sense, for the purpose of electrical transmission, fairly conductive.
Colossal bolts of electricity arced hundreds of feet from the tower’s top to lick the landscape. A curious blue corona soon enveloped the crackling equipment. Millions of volts charged the atmosphere for several moments, but the awesome display ended abruptly when the power suddenly failed…. Tesla confirmed that the Earth itself could be used as an electrical conductor
In the event of a short-circuit, electric current often builds up in the device …. until an object touches it and completes a circuit leading down to the Earth. That object is often an unwary person, who would soon get a shockingly informative lesson on physics.
The Earth wire is designed to take the charge straight into the Earth, in the place of the unfortunate victim. Hence its name.
Anyway, long story short, Tesla hoped to use the reverse process to transmit electricity directly; no need for Live or Neutral wires, when the Earth is sufficient.
The Earth itself would be “charged” up like a giant battery via a Tesla Tower, causing an opposite charge to be created in the ionosphere.
This massive potential difference would allow transmission of electricity to anywhere where a receiver is equipped with an antenna and an Earth wire.
Imagine watching TV via the power of lightning.
By using the Earth as a dynamo, or by making use of the existing potential difference between the ionosphere and the Earth, Tesla had hoped to be able to generate electric charge which would then be dissipated around the world. The man was ambitious.
Tesla’s ambitions were thwarted by money; the first real Tesla tower, the Wardenclyffe Tower, was near completion and showed “encouraging signs”. The project would be abandoned when Tesla himself spent all his savings on the project.
“It is not a dream, it is a simple feat of scientific electrical engineering, only expensive — blind, faint-hearted, doubting world! […] Humanity is not yet sufficiently advanced to be willingly led by the discoverer’s keen searching sense. But who knows? Perhaps it is better in this present world of ours that a revolutionary idea or invention instead of being helped and patted, be hampered and ill-treated in its adolescence — by want of means, by selfish interest, pedantry, stupidity and ignorance; that it be attacked and stifled; that it pass through bitter trials and tribulations, through the strife of commercial existence. So do we get our light. So all that was great in the past was ridiculed, condemned, combatted, suppressed —
only to emerge all the more powerfully, all the more triumphantly from the struggle.”
Disclaimer: the website was written by Russian scientists (duh), and the English used within was at times difficult to understand. I apologize in advance for any misinterpretation of their work.
It should be noted that several potential problems regarding Tesla’s idea exist: wireless energy transmission on its own might be very inefficient, as the stored charge in the ionosphere/ Earth might randomly discharge as lightning.
This problem might be mitigated if we were to use the existing charge in the ionosphere as a means of electricity generation though. Other problems probably exist that reduce the efficiency of this method, but it remains a field worth exploring.
Check out their website: GET
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CONNECTING OUR COMMUNITY
Why build greenways?
Connecting the Place for Life ensures that people have safe opportunities to connect with nature and each other, improving mental and physical health. A survey conducted by the County of Essex found that 96% of respondents would use trails if they were available to them. Similar numbers have been reported in Windsor. Ultimately, improving active transportation opportunities through trail networks make communities more livable. Trails attract tourists to Ontario communities and create jobs. The Ontario Trails Council estimates that trails contribute at least $2 billion a year to the Ontario economy.
Riding a bike or walking along a trail through a woodlot is a simple pleasure. It appeals to people of all ages and abilities, from all backgrounds. Trails support active lifestyles which help prevent coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity, colon cancer, depression and premature death.
According to the Canadian Medical Association, “a 10% increase in physical activity could reduce direct health-care expenditures by $150 million a year”. In fact, research indicates a walk in the woods can strengthen immunity, lower blood pressure, increase ability to focus, and ultimately lower health-care costs.
Connecting our Community Funding Priorities:
- Increase vibrancy in the Place for Life by connecting the ‘Oldcastle Hub’ to our other active trails.
- Rebuild the boardwalk and re-surface the trails at Holiday Beach and Devonwood Conservation Areas
- Support nearly 80 km of safe and accessible greenway trails in the Place for Life.
- Create four community entrances for the Cypher Systems Group Greenway to enhance accesses for the community.
GREENING OUR REGION
Why Plant Trees?
Conserving the Place for Life protects the natural areas that remain in our region, while creating and connecting new habitats. Natural ecological areas within the Essex Region provide numerous benefit that have economic value. These include clean water supply, natural filtration of contaminants, water flow stabilization, greenhouse gas mitigation, erosion control, nutrient cycling, habitat, recreation and health benefits. This natural capital also helps to combat the impacts of climate change and related flooding incidents. In addition to the important economic rationale, there is an unquestionable connection between human and environmental health.
Presently, only 8.5% of the region’s land base is in a natural state. Our community has adopted the United Nations’ standard that requires 12% green space to be healthy and sustainable. In total, approximately 20,000 acres of habitat must be restored to achieve this goal.
An ancient Chinese proverb reminds us that the best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago. The second best time is now. While we’ve been planting trees for more than four decades, we need your help to continue to mitigate our ecological footprint and enhance sustainability in the Place For Life.
Greening our Region Funding Priorities:
- Create two new forests near Holiday Beach Conservation and Cedar Creek Conservation Areas.
INSPIRING FUTURE GENERATIONS
Why Support Outdoor Education?
In today’s world of computers, iPads and cell phones, one of the greatest challenges of our time is connecting our children with the world around us. A compelling body of evidence exists that trees and natural areas are essential elements of healthy communities for children.
Introducing kids to nature supports a diversity of types of play, as well as numerous health benefit which include better motor coordination and balance, increased physical activity, healthier body weight, better concentration and less impulsivity, reduced symptoms of ADHD, less depression or psychological distress and a greater sense of energy.
Research also suggests that a connection to nature in childhood is positively correlated with long-term knowledge about the environment. Studies further support that nature exposure in childhood can have lasting health benefit by building a foundation in which children learn to seek out nature as a lifelong health habit.
Inspiring Future Generations Funding Priorities:
- Ensure that at least 10,000 students each year benefit from outdoor education programs.
- Continue to provide the Earth Day Travelling Road Show to more than 3,500 students each year
- Create an innovative ‘Natural Playground’ at Holiday Beach Conservation Area to connect kids with nature while nurturing their imagination.
PRESERVING OUR HERITAGE
Why preserve heritage?
Sites like the John R. Park Homestead bring together people of all ages. They become focal points for community celebrations and highlight our Canadian story: how our way of life has evolved over the centuries. There are few places where people can experience our history and traditions. As these sites age, legacy funds are required to create sustainable solutions for preservation. If these important elements of our history are not preserved, they will eventually be erased from our community’s memory – and lost forever. Your support is critical to fostering our community’s continued sense of place.
Every historical site has a story to tell and these stories can inform and inspire our culture and convictions. Heritage sites are our connections to the past, and places like the Homestead provide important perspective that has helped to shape our present community.
Preserving our Heritage Funding Priorities:
- Restore the sawmill at the John R. Park Homestead to ensure that our cultural heritage is preserved for the future.
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UK water companies – from hero to zero
Water pollution is an ancient problem in the UK, with sewage spills and other sources of contamination frequently making headlines. UK water quality was one of the worst among European countries in the 1970s and 80s. High levels of contamination were largely due to the discharge of agricultural and industrial waste. Heavily polluted rivers, lakes and coastal waters, along with filthy power stations, were responsible for the country’s reputation as ‘the dirty man of Europe’.
However, starting in the 1990’s the European Union adopted a series of Directives forcing Member States to improve the quality of fresh and salt water.1 During this period, water quality in the UK improved.2 This was the time when water companies were seen as ‘environmental champions’. They took the initiative to talk to agricultural and industrial customers to stop pollutants from entering the water systems in the first place.
So why do sewage spills appear to happen more often now? Water companies are presented with greater challenges from issues such as urbanisation and climate change. Urban water runoff is a leading cause for water quality problems. About 18% of water bodies in England were identified as being damaged by pollution from towns, cities and transport in 2020.3 Climate change also contributes to the problem as increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events raise the risk of flooding. Excessive amounts of rainwater entering sewers can cause sewage spills. According to data from The Environment Agency, sewage was dumped into the ocean and rivers around the UK more than 770,000 times over the course of 2020 and 2021 – the equivalent of almost 6 million hours.4 Sewage overflows could also result in new contaminants such as PFAS chemicals and pharmaceutical residues building up in the environment.5
Deregulations and Underinvestment
Deregulation has been another contributing factor to water pollution in the UK. The deregulation of the water industry in England in 2017 removed some of the requirements for water companies to report on their performance and reduced the role of the regulator in setting service standards. In 2021, the nine water and sewerage companies in England delivered the worst environmental performance in years.6 Moreover, the Environmental Agency’s budget has been severely cut in recent years, which has dramatically undercut its ability to monitor the performance of the water companies. Current prosecutions by the Environment Agency are just 6% of the level they were a decade ago.7
This lack of regulatory oversight has resulted in water companies underinvesting in sewage treatment infrastructure over many years. However, it is essential for water companies to embrace their corporate social responsibility and prioritise the protection of our environment, rather than solely focusing on meeting the minimum regulatory requirements. Unfortunately, the issue of greenwashing is not uncommon in the water sector. Water utilities often tout investment plans to reduce storm overflows and improve water quality, but fail to follow through with adequate funding. The Water Services Regulation Authority revealed that many water firms have invested significantly less than what they are capable of spending, indicating a lack of genuine commitment to environmental protection.8 Hence, there is a pressing need for stronger regulatory oversight and increased accountability within the industry to ensure that water companies prioritise the environment and invest adequately in sewage treatment infrastructure.
Investing in Water Solutions
Water utilities used to be seen as change agents which helped improve water quality in the UK. In the early 2000s, companies like South West Water developed innovative schemes to pay farmers to avoid the use of certain pesticides, saving money in the downstream treatment process and reducing environmental contamination. These innovative practices provided a reasonable justification for including these companies in sustainability-oriented investment funds. Pennon, which owns South West Water, was one of the largest holdings in the WHEB strategy back in 2012. However, due to the years of underinvestment and deregulation, this is no longer the case. WHEB sold its position in Pennon in 2012 and has since then been concerned at the downward trend in the environmental performance of water utilities.9
Water companies have literally gone from ‘hero to zero’ over the past couple of decades and today, investors looking to make a positive impact on water quality should turn their attention instead to companies that provide water treatment equipment and solutions. These companies offer a more tangible and quantifiable environmental impact.
For example, Xylem produces a wide range of water technology products and solutions. It provides water and wastewater treatment technologies including advanced filtration and disinfection as well as chemical treatment. It also produces water monitoring and testing equipment to monitor water quality in real-time.
Another example is Advanced Drainage Systems, which specialises in providing solutions for stormwater and wastewater management. It offers biofiltration systems that use natural processes to remove pollutants from stormwater and wastewater. Their solutions are particularly needed in cities to help manage stormwater runoff and prevent flooding.
Investing in water can be an excellent way to make a genuine positive environmental impact. However, investors need to be cautious and focus on investing in companies that contribute directly to improve water quality and water management. It is also important to consider the impact of climate change and urbanisation on water pollution and how these factors can affect investments. By focusing on companies that provide water solutions, investors can make a difference in creating a cleaner and healthier environment for everyone.
1 This legislation covered everything from water quality protecting shellfish, bathing water quality and drink water quality and dealing with discharges of urban waste water, nitrates and industrial pollution.
9 For example work done by the Environmental Rating Agency clearly highlighted this poor performance years before it became a routine media headline (see https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/water-utilities-next-too-big-fail-matt-prescott/).
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Nursing 1241: Nursing Practice 2
Professional Portfolios: Spreadsheet Application
The concept of "portfolios" often means different things to different people. A portfolio
generally refers to a collection of individual work samples which may include databases, essays,
papers, drawings, photography, lab work, visual aids and other pieces kept together in one
container to illustrate competency in a field. A portfolio provides students with a means to
demonstrate what they know and can do in a comprehensive, integrated manner.
The process of maintaining a personal portfolio over the span of your education and future
career is a vital and progressive one that can help you to recognize, organize and showcase vital
pieces of your personal, academic, and career development. A portfolio also provides you with a
place to gather evidence that you have met a wide range of standards for both education and
practice. This ability is becoming very important with the widespread need for nurse
competency assessment and the continued need for lifelong learning and the development and
maintenance of employability skills.
Portfolios add a qualitative, student-centered aspect to a learner's work, providing concrete
evidence of what exactly the student knows (Hebert, 1998). There are a number of different
purposes for student portfolios. "Showcase portfolios, for example, celebrate the best work a student has done. Descriptive portfolios demonstrate what a student can do, but don't evaluate
it. Evaluative portfolios are used for the sole purpose of assessing the quality of student work.
And Progress portfolios show student work in a particular subject area--writing, for example--over time" (National Education Association of the United States, 1996, p. 17). There are also
Professional portfolios, intended to provide evidence of professional capabilities and
knowledge to potential employers and professional peers. A professional portfolio is a record of
goals, growth, achievement, and professional attributes developed over time. For nurses, a
professional portfolio is a thoughtfully organized collection of facts and artifacts that illustrate
professional status and expertise, subject matter knowledge, knowledge of learning and health
related processes, and professional and personal attributes that contribute to nursing.
Ends in View
This learning activity is intended to give the learner the opportunity to:
1. Recognize the benefits of beginning a professional portfolio during their nursing education.
2. Initiate the process of creating and maintaining a professional nursing portfolio.
3. Develop skill and competence in using computerized spreadsheet programs for tracking of
professional practice experiences, competencies and strengths; as well as course grades.
1. If you own a home computer, check your programs to see if you own a spreadsheet program.
The most common are Microsoft's Excel; Open Office's CALC; Corel's Quattro Pro; and Lotus 1-2-3. If you
do, write down the version number, for instance Excel 2010 or Quattro Pro X5. Bring this information to class.
2. If you do not own a home computer, go to the computer facility room or lab that you usually
use on campus, and find out what spread sheet programs are available there. You should be able to locate Microsoft Excel 2007 or 2010.
3. READ: Stockhausen, L. J. (1997). The Clinical Portfolio. The Australian Electronic Journal of
Nursing Education, 2 (2), p. 1-12. ISSN: 1322-8676
4. BROWSE: Excel 2000 Tutorial by Florida Gulf Coast University. http://www.fgcu.edu/support/office2000/excel/
1. Download the spreadsheet guidelines for your Portfolio Development to help you to design the two spreadsheets
in this assignment.
2. Download the Theory Grade Portfolio Example and the Clinical Placement Portfolio Example to also guide you as you create two personal spreadsheets to track a) grades and b) practice related information for inclusion in your professional portfolio. Create the two spreadsheets and save in a handy place on your computer so that you can add both your theory grades and clinical placement information as you progress through the four years of the program. Also, print out a copy of both sheets to use as a rough copy, so you can keep notes on them and later type them into your electronic versions. These sheets will need to be reduced to about 80% in order to show all information width wise on the page.
3. Create a plan for your own unique portfolio for continual updating and refinement throughout
your entire nursing education.
1. Consider how using a professional portfolio will prepare you for future career recruitment and finding the right job for you.
2. How does planning a portfolio help you to recognize your personal strengths and learning
3. Does setting personal goals for learning affect your view of your nursing education? If so,
Excel 2000 Tutorial by Florida Gulf Coast University. Online: http://www.fgcu.edu/support/office2000/excel/
Hebert, E. A. (1998). Lessons learned about student portfolios. Phi Delta Kappan, 79 (8),
April, p. 583 - 585.
National Education Association of the United States. (1996). The latest on student
portfolios. NEA Today, 15 (3), November, p. 17.
Stockhausen, L. J. (1997). The Clinical Portfolio. The Australian Electronic Journal of
Nursing Education, 2 (2), p. 1-12. ISSN: 1322-8676 http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/nhcp/aejne/archive/vol2-2/v2-2ljs.htm
NEXT: SEMESTER 3 NURSING INFORMATICS LEARNING ACTIVITY.....
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March 26, 2008
Provided and copyright by: Peter Krämer
Summary author: Peter Krämer
The photo above shows a most impressive crimson and gold sunrise over the Ruhr Valley near Bochum, Germany. It was taken at 7:49 a.m. local time on November 19, 2007. What appears to be mammatus clouds are set aglow by the rising Sun. While mammatus are typically associated with cumulonimbus activity, there was no thunderstorm activity in the region at this time but an area of low pressure was positioned over western Europe. The pendulous cloud formations could be "altostratus mamma," formed when an unstable layer of air was forced downward into more stable air. A high-pressure area over eastern Europe resulted in clear skies to the east, thus the rising Sun was able to illuminate the clouds from below, accentuating the cloud structures and making the sky appear like that from another world.
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Fewer Americans are cooking today than in the past. One government agency reports that the percentage of households that cooks an average of once a day declined from 44.3 percent in 1993 to 40.5 percent in 2001. That change might seem negligible, but 4 percent equals about 11 million people.
According to the USDA, Americans spent 26 percent of their food budgets away from home in 1959. By 2000, that figure grew to 47 percent. Other researchers found that buying commercially-prepared meals - including heat-and-eat packaged foods from supermarkets - has steadily increased.
Even though we know commercially-prepared meals often aren't the most healthful, we choose them for convenience. But there are ways to cook nutritious meals quickly and easily.
And it's important for your health. Pre-made, highly processed and packaged prepared food or take-out meals often don't provide enough dietary fiber and other disease-fighting substances. And they are often high in fat, sweeteners and sodium, which are related to such chronic health problems as high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and excess weight. By cooking "from scratch," you can take back control over your nutrition, your health and your weight.
Fish has long been considered a healthful food, but recent news about some fish contaminated by mercury, and carcinogens known as PCBs in farmed salmon, have made many people wary. Health experts advise continuing to eat fish, but with some exceptions. To avoid PCBs, they suggest limiting consumption of farmed salmon to two 3 oz.-servings per week. (Safer wild salmon is usually available frozen.) High levels of mercury have been found in certain fish - salmon, swordfish, king mackerel, shark, tile fish (golden bass) and fresh tuna. But many other fish are still considered safe, such as halibut, cod, orange roughy, trout, hake, rockfish, haddock and monkfish. They are rich in the healthful omega-3 fatty acids that boost health and help prevent chronic diseases.
Content Continues Below ⤵ ↷
Makes 4 servings.
- 4 4-oz. skinless fish fillets, e.g. halibut
- 2 garlic cloves, minced
- 1 tsp. lemon juice
- 2 medium zucchini, trimmed, sliced thin
- 1/2 red onion, cut into very thin slivers
- 1 strip (about 1/2 inch wide) orange peel
- 1/4 cup chopped fresh basil
- Salt and freshly ground black pepper
- 2 tsp. extra virgin olive oil
- Preheat oven to 450 degrees.
- Firmly hold one end of the strip of orange peel skin side down on a cutting board. With the other hand, holding a knife at a low, almost horizontal, angle, cut away the white pith, starting at the end being held down and working down the strip. Cut the strip lengthwise into 4 long, narrow strips.
- Cut four pieces of foil about 12 inches long. Place a fish fillet in center of each piece. Rub garlic into fish. Sprinkle lemon juice over fish. Sprinkle one-fourth of the zucchini, onion, orange zest strips and basil on top of each fillet. Season fillets with salt and pepper and drizzle with oil. Crimp edges of foil together to seal.
- Bake fish 15 minutes. Remove and let cool slightly. Carefully open packets and transfer fish to plates. Top with vegetables and juices and serve.
Nutritional Information Per Serving:
5 g. total fat (less than 1 g. saturated fat),
2 g. carbohydrate,
24 g. protein,
less than 1 g. dietary fiber,
62 mg. sodium
Diabetic Exchanges: 3 Medium-Fat Meat
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FUNCTION OF COURT OF APPEALS
The Court of Appeals is the intermediate appellate court that reviews the proceedings that occurred in trial courts for errors of law or legal procedure. The court consist of 15 judges and hears cases in panels of three. It decides only questions of law, not questions of facts. For example, the COA determines if the judge in the lower trial courts applied the correct law, gave the correctly jury instructions, admitted or did not admit appropriate evidence according to the law. If there was an error the COA determines if it was prejudicial error or not. That means did it hurt the defendant or State to the point that a different outcome would have been had the 'thing" been done correctly. The majority of the cases appealed from the Superior and District courts in civil and criminal cases are heard by the Court of Appeals except capital murder cases (cases where the death penalty has been imposed) and they go directly to the NC Supreme Court for appeal. If there is one judge in the three judge panel that doesn't agree with the decision this is called a dissent. At that point, the challenger has a right of appeal from the Court of Appeals to the Supreme Court. Judges that are elected serve 8 years before re-election. The Court of Appeals hears around 6,000 cases per year and the opinions are available online.
WHY LORA C. CUBBAGE
I believe as Maya Angelou stated- we have the responsibility of tomorrow in our hands today!! Today we have the responsibility to see to it that North Carolina is a state that all of its' citizens are proud to call home and in 2020 we will have the ability to take on that responsibility by voting. I am running as the 2nd highest African American female on North Carolina's ballot in 2020 asking voters to elect me to the 2nd highest Court in the State. Unequivocally, I am the right choice at the right time and I humbly and respectfully as for your VOTE for Lora C. Cubbage for Court of Appeals.
Competency, Fairness & Experience - I have that. I practiced in the courts as a prosecutor and as a defense attorney. I have practiced in the criminal and civil courts. Argued criminal and civil cases to the Court of appeals. I presided in all of the courts on the District Court and Superior Court levels. I practiced before the NC Industrial Commission on workers' compensation cases for six years. I helped establish and practiced in the drug and mental health courts. The Court of Appeals handles cases from the trial courts, thus it only makes sense that a judge that has practiced at both levels of the trial courts should also be present on the court of appeals. I handled cases in misdemeanor criminal, felony criminal, family civil, juvenile criminal and civil, civil litigation, and administrative law. There is no trial court case that I have not touched in my 13 years of practice. I have been elected to serve as Judge in two prior campaigns which is indicative of my fairness and competency on the bench. I have shown compassion and sternness in my rulings as a trial court judge. I understand the need to hold folks accountable while at the same time listening to understand the circumstances that each individual finds themselves in and rule with compassion and fairness. I have listened to the helpless victim, the innocent defendant, the homeless child, the unemployed parent, the offended business partner, the hurt and torn family member of the deceased and through it all I have remained a judge of great ethics and consistency. I will take these same qualities to the Court of Appeals.
Diversity and inclusion on the bench is imperative - We have a diverse array of culture and ethnic groups that represent 100 counties in North Carolina. We are truly a melting pot, and it is paramount that we include and represent every one in all branches of our government. I don't think someone should be elected due to their race, or party affiliation or gender but I do believe the doors of opportunity should be open to everyone that is qualified. Additionally if we have qualified diverse citizens then the landscape of our branches of government should reflect the same. We are in a unique time in our political history where we see a constant fight with whether to turn back the hands of time or to continue to move forward in progress. Some say we need to preserve the traditions and history. Well, frankly I don't disagree to some degree. However, we absolutely cannot repeat some of that history. See there was a time in our tradition and history where women were considered property and could not vote, African Americans considered slaves and could not vote, and never could either serve in the judicial branch. North Carolina has made tremendous strides forward from that time in history, and to continue that progress we need to ensure our judiciary represents and reflects the same diversity that we see in our State. That is the only way every citizens feels like their voice is heard and they are just as much a part of the intricate fabric of our make-up as the next citizen. North Carolina holds a very unique position in politics and a lot if it can be credited to the commitment to grow and develop our citizens, all of them. We must continue to promote diversity and inclusion, and the doors of opportunity need to continue to be open to all members of our state. We must continue to elect qualified candidates that believe in our State and US Constitution in that all people are created equal. We must elect the candidates that believe every voice is important and fairness to all is imperative. The Court of Appeals is a 15 member judiciary and each member should bear records that show they are competent, fair and unbiased. That the outcome of any case will be pursuant to the rule of law and not race, creed, religion or party affiliation.
Judges are involved in every facet of government - No matter what dispute you are involved in or hear about if not settled between the parties most if not all of them will land on the desk of a judge. With judges on all levels the world would be chaos. The Court of Appeals judges will make more than 80% of the case law that lawyers advise their clients about. You will always hear a lawyer argue in court in criminal and civil cases about what the appellate courts of the State have held in prior cases similar to the one they are handling. There is no getting around a judge and the decisions we make. Therefore, it is extremely important that you know who you are putting in the black robe. The choice will most certainly affect your life in one way or another. I am the right choice at the right time because I carefully consider my decisions and the fact that they will change the lives of many immediately. I understand that what I do today will very much affect tomorrow and years down the road. I understand that the decision I make has to balance the constitutional rights of a person with the public policy my decision will inevitably affect.
When we go to the polls in 2020, the decision to turn back the hands of time or continue to move forward will be in the hands of every voter. For the reasons I have stated above, I urge you the voter to help me continue to move this great state forward. Help me to continue to pave the way for other qualified candidates that reflects the same landscape of our State. Help me to continue to ensure that competence, fairness and experience are on the Court of Appeals bench. I respectfully and humbly ask you to join me in announcing that I am the right choice at the right time and Vote Cubbage to the Court of Appeals.
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Saint of the Day – 30 May – St Joan of Arc – Virgin (6 January 1412 at Greux-Domremy, Lorraine, France – burned alive on 30 May 1431 at Rouen, France) – Beatified 11 April 1905 by Pope Saint Pius X, Canonised on 16 May 1920 by Pope Benedict XV. Patron of France; martyrs; captives; military personnel; people ridiculed for their piety; prisoners; soldiers; opposition of Church authorities; WACs (Women’s Army Corps); WAVES (Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service). Attributes – bareheaded girl in armour with sword, lance or banner.
The church officially remembers Joan of Arc not as a martyr but as a virgin—the Maid of Orleans. Of course, Joan was a martyr, but not in the technical sense. Yes, she died because she did what she thought God wanted her to do. But she was killed for her politics, not for her faith. Pagans did not execute her for refusing to worship their gods. Infidels did not slay her for defying them. Political enemies burned her at the stake for defeating them at war.
Paradoxically, Christian people, good and bad alike, cheered at her demise. Other Christians wept. This incongruity may trouble us but Joan would have expected it. The war she fought embroiled French Christians against English Christians. We too have waged wars like that, pitting Christian against Christian. Just as we may have felt that God was on our side, Joan believed that God was with the French. When the judges who condemned her asked if the heavenly voices she followed to war spoke in English, she replied tartly, “Why should they speak English when they were not on the English side?”
Joan of Arc was born into the violent times of the fifteenth century. During her childhood, King Henry V of England invaded France and seized Normandy. He laid claim to the crown of the French king, Charles VI, who was mentally ill. Paralysed by civil war between the duke of Burgundy and the duke of Orleans, the French could not put up much of a defense. Things worsened when agents of the duke of Orleans murdered the duke of Burgundy. The Burgundians reacted by becoming England’s allies. Eventually, Burgundian mercenaries brought the war home to Joan’s family. The raiders sacked the little village of Domrémy-la-Pucelle, forcing them to flee. Thus, the indiscriminate brutality of war disrupted Joan of Arc’s pleasant childhood to acquaint her with fear.
Born of a fairly well-to-do peasant couple in Domremy-Greux southeast of Paris, Joan was only 12 when she experienced a vision and heard voices that she later identified as Saints Michael the Archangel, Catherine of Alexandria, and Margaret of Antioch.
By May 1428, Joan’s voices had become relentless and specific. They directed her to go at once to a town nearby and to offer her services to Robert de Baudricourt, the commander of the royal forces. Reluctantly, she obeyed. De Baudricourt, however, greeted her with laughter, telling her that her father should give her a good spanking.
At that time, conditions were deteriorating for the French. The English had put Orleans under siege, and the stronghold was in grave danger. Joan’s voices became more insistent. “But I am merely a girl! I cannot ride a horse or wield a weapon!” she protested.
“It is God who commands it!” came the reply.
Unable to resist any longer, Joan secretly made her way back to de Baudricourt. When she arrived she told the commander a fact she could have known only by revelation. She said the French army—on that very day—had suffered a defeat near Orleans. Joan urged him to send her to Orleans so that she might fulfill her mission. When official reports confirmed Joan’s word, de Baudricourt finally took her seriously and sent her to Charles VII.
She was outfitted with white armour and provided a special standard bearing the names Jesus and Mary. The banner depicted two kneeling angels offering a fleur-de-lis to God. On April 29, 1429, Joan led her army into Orleans. Miraculously, she rallied the town. By May 8, the French had captured the English forts and had lifted the siege. An arrow had penetrated the armour over Joan’s breast but the injury was not serious enough to keep her out of the battle. Everything, including the wound, occurred exactly as Joan had prophesied before the campaign. A peasant maiden had defeated the army of a mighty kingdom, a humiliation that demanded revenge.
The way to Reims was now open. Joan urged the immediate coronation of the king but the French leaders dragged their feet. Finally, however, at Reims on July 17, 1429, Charles VII was anointed king of France. The Maid of Orleans stood triumphantly at his side. Joan had accomplished her mission.
During the battles at Orleans, the voices had told Joan she had only a little time left. Her shameful end lurked ominously in the shadows. Later, she sustained a serious arrow wound in the thigh during an unsuccessful attack on Paris. In May 1430, after spending the winter in court, she led a force to relieve Compiègne, which the Burgundians had under siege. Her effort failed, and the Burgundians captured her.
Through the summer and fall, the duke of Burgundy held Joan captive. The French, apparently ungrateful, made no effort to rescue her or obtain her release. On November 21, 1430, the Burgundians sold Joan to the English for a large sum. The English were quite eager to punish the maiden who had bested them. They could not execute Joan for winning but they could impose capital punishment for sorcery or heresy. For several months she was chained in a cell in the castle at Rouen, where five coarse guards constantly taunted her. In February 1431, Joan appeared before a tribunal headed by Peter Cauchon, the avaricious and wicked bishop of Beauvais.
Joan had no chance for a fair trial. She stood alone before devious judges, an uneducated girl conducting her own defense. The panel interrogated her six times in public, nine times in private. They questioned her closely about her visions, voices, male dress, faith and submissiveness to the church. Giving good, sometimes even unexpectedly clever answers, Joan handled herself courageously. However, the judges took advantage of her lack of education and tripped her up on a few slippery theological points. The panel packed its summary with her damaging replies and condemned her with that unfair report. They declared that demons inspired her revelations. The tribunal decided that unless Joan recanted, she was to die as a heretic. At first she refused. But later, when she was taken before a huge throng, she seems to have made some sort of retraction.
Cauchon visited her, observed her dress,and determined that she had fallen back into error. Joan, her strength renewed, then repudiated her earlier retraction. She declared that God had truly commissioned her and that her voices had come from him. Having condemned Joan of Arc as a relapsed heretic, the judges remanded her to the state for execution. The next morning she was taken into Rouen’s public square and burned at the stake.
Joan Of Arc In Jail
Twenty-three years later, however, Joan’s mother and brothers asked that her case be reopened. Pope Callistus III appointed a commission to review the matter. In 1456, the new panel repudiated the trial and verdict and completely restored Joan’s reputation. Once again her piety and exemplary conduct had triumphed.
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ERITREA - keeping HIV/AIDS at bay
Eritrea has succeeded in reaching one of Sub-Saharan Africa’s lowest HIV/AIDS prevalence rates.
The recently launched UNAIDS Gap Report shows that Eritrea is amongst a handful of countries in the region to have HIV prevalence rates below the 1% mark in 2013. The estimate of HIV prevalence amongst adults is 0.6%, down from 1.3% in 2005. The average for Sub-Saharan countries was 4.7% in 2013.
– Eritrea is showing great commitment and dedication to confront HIV/AIDS. Activities to prevent the spread, and to support those living affected by the virus need continued support, comments the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator, Christine N. Umutoni.
The UN has been supporting the Eritrean national efforts in combatting and responding to the epidemic. The UN assists the national response in areas such as capacity building, empowering leadership, mobilisation of public, private and civil society, strategic information and facilitating access to technical and financial resources.
Responding to the epidemic
Thanks to an expansion in the coverage of HIV treatment, the Sub-Saharan region has seen a decline in the number of AIDS-related deaths of 39% since 2005. Eritrea, which launched their first national HIV/AIDS response in 1992, saw a decline of 67%. Other countries with major declines since 2005 are Rwanda (76%), Ethiopia (63%) and Kenya (60%). The UNAIDS Gap report attributes the success directly to the rapid increase in the number of people on antiretroviral therapy.
Eritrea adopted their first comprehensive and multi-sectoral strategic plan on HIV/AIDS in 1997. Prevention of infection has remained the backbone of the Eritrean response against the epidemic, and the country has focused on:
Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission
Condom Promotion and Distribution
Counselling and Testing for HIV
Treatment and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections
Transfusion of Safe blood
Knowledge and Awareness about HIV/AIDS
Additionally, Eritrea has specifically targeted key populations who are at high risk of infection. Female sex workers and long truck drivers were identified as some of the high-risk groups, and through peer-based education, these have been targeted to improve knowledge and change sexual behaviours. A marked reduction in HIV prevalence in sex workers was seen from 22% in 2002 to 5.8% in 2011, according to the Eritrean Population and Health Survey.
However, even with the good progress that has been made, the Eritrean authorities are acknowledging that there is still work to be done.
Although 59% of adults with HIV in Eritrea now have access to anti-retroviral therapy, less than half (38%) of pregnant women living with HIV receive antiretroviral medicines for preventing mother-to-child-transmission, and only 21 % of children receive HIV treatment.
The country’s goal, as outlined in the fourth national plan on HIV/AIDS, is to move towards ‘zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths’. The major pillars for moving towards this goal is scaling up access to HIV prevention services; scaling up access to treatment, care and support services; strengthening health systems and strengthening community systems. In addition to fighting the epidemics, improving the quality of life of people affected, is an objective.
Sources: UNAIDS Gap Report 2014
The Fourth Eritrea National Strategic Plan on HIV and AIDS/STI, 2012-2016
UNAIDS in Eritrea
UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, is an innovative partnership of ten United Nations Organizations that leads and inspires the world in achieving universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. UNAIDS Visions is Zero new HIV infections, Zero discrimination & Zero AIDS-related deaths.
UNAIDS in Eritrea supports the Ministry of Health in strengthening HIV and AIDS planning, monitoring and evaluation and in coordination mechanisms to be able to respond to HIV based on evidence.
UNAIDS also collaborates to strengthen the capacity of the association of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) and other relevant civil society organisations like the National Union of Eritrean Workers to make significant contributions to the response to HIV and AIDS.
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This week in room 101 we have been learning new routines and fostering our classroom community.
Our theme this week was that we are all different and these differences enable us to learn from one another. We explored this theme by:
*Making book-marks that illustrate symbols of things we love and what we can teach to the class
*Making self-portraits that illustrate what we love and what unique characteristics we have to share with our class
*Writing poems about our differences
*Exploring our unique, innovative ideas in our Maker Space and Math and Science Lab and creating unique inventions
*Taking on classroom jobs so we can all be teachers/leaders and work together as an efficient unit (i.e., line leader, music monitors, end of day monitor, call-back (signal to attention) monitor, environmental monitor etc.)
*Exploring how we can be role-models in the school by brainstorming what a leader looks like during learning time, in the hallway, in the playground and if we see someone in trouble. Some students also had the opportunity to present this information to the Kindergarten class!
Books we read to support our learning:
*Rosie Revere Engineer
*The Girl Who Saw in Pictures
*How Full is Your Bucket
*Clark the Shark
*The Important Thing
Thank you all for filling out the "Tell Me About Your Child" forms so I have even more insight into your child's strengths and interests.
Stay tuned for another great week ahead of learning!
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IDENTIFICATION OF IRRADIATED SOUTH SEA CULTURED PEARLS USING ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Irradiated South Sea cultured pearls (SSCPs) from the Pinctada maxima mollusk typically show colors from light gray to silver. It is difficult to identify gamma-ray irradiation of SSCPs using standard gemological methods because of their thick nacre. Therefore, an advanced analytical technique such as electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is needed to detect the treatment.
ESR measurements of minute amounts of SSCP powders revealed the formation of CO2 – radicals, and the parameter known as the g-factor was
measured at 2.0015 ± 0.0005. Higher levels of CO2 – radicals were detected in the pearl nacre than in the nucleus. Therefore, the existence of CO2 – radicals is an indicator of irradiated SSCPs.
Irradiation, dyeing, bleaching, and heat treatment are widely used methods to alter pearl color. Although most artificial colors are easily recognized, some resemble attractive colors that occur in nature (Elen, 2001; Li and Chen, 2001; Zachovay, 2005; Wang et al., 2006; “Better techniques improve brown pearls,” 2006; McClure et al., 2010).
Lower-quality freshwater and saltwater cultured pearls are regularly exposed to 60Co gamma-ray radiation in an attempt to simulate black pearls or enhance orient (Crowningshield, 1988; Li and Chen, 2002; O’Donoghue, 2006). In recent years, the irradiation process has been applied to not only Akoya cultured pearls and freshwater cultured pearls (FWCPs), but also to South Sea cultured pearls (SSCPs) (Choi et al., 2012). The irradiation-induced color change results from the darkening of the nucleus, caused by MnCO3 oxidation, as well as denatured damage to the
pearl’s conchiolin (Matsuda and Miyoshi, 1988). FWCPs have a higher abundance of proteinous components and manganese than saltwater pearls (Hatano and Ganno, 1962).
Gamma-ray irradiated SSCPs (figure 1) were first discovered in the Korean market in April 2011. At the March 2011 Hong Kong Jewelry Show, a Japanese trader reportedly sold a Korean counterpart irradiated SSCPs without disclosing the treatment. They were light gray or silver loose cultured pearls and beads 10–16 mm in size. While a cream, yellow, or black color is produced by a protein pigment in the nacre, a blue or silver color is caused by organic material between the nacre and nucleus (Komatsu, 1999; O’- Donoghue, 2006). Korean consumers typically prefer SSCPs with a silver color created by organic material. According to the research of Choi et al. (2012), gamma-ray irradiated SSCPs with colors ranging from white to cream turned light gray to silver, with the depth of color correlating with increasing irradiation dose. A dose of 0.5–1 kGy caused a light gray color, while a dose above 5 kGy produced a silver color.
For Akoya cultured pearls, with a typical nacre thickness of 0.2–0.6 mm, irradiation can be identified through standard gemological tests (Komatsu, 1999; O’Donoghue, 2006). But for SSCPs, which have a nacre thickness of roughly 1.5–3.0 mm, detecting irradiation is difficult with methods such as transmitted light, magnification, fluorescence reaction, and UV-Vis spectrometry (Choi et al., 2012). This study attempted to identify irradiated SSCPs using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. This method, also known as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, identifies the presence of unpaired electrons. Moreover, the study sought to minimize damage during examination by obtaining a minimal sample of powder from each cultured pearl.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For the study, some 300 SSCPs weighing 6.55–18.05 ct (8.0–16.6 mm in diameter) with white to cream color were exposed to gamma-ray irradiation at room temperature. The irradiation was conducted at the 60Co facility of the KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) in Jeongeup, South Korea. The absorbed doses were set at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 5, and 100 kGy.
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer. Chemical composition analyses of the SSCPs were performed with an inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES, Varian Vista-PRO). The nacre, nucleus (bead), and conchiolin were separated and powdered, and 0.2 g of each powder was dissolved in a solution of 37%HCl (6 ml) and 65% HNO3 (2 ml). We tested the samples after 20 minutes at 200°C and after 10 minutes at the same temperature to obtain an average value. Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy. This study relied on electron spin resonance analysis to observe radicals produced by the irradiation process. The ESR spectrometer gauges the absorbed dose corresponding to the splitting energy of unpaired electrons in a magnetic
field. The technique can rapidly identify an irradiation- related signal from a small amount of sample in a few minutes. For this study, we collected at least 10 mg of SSCP powder from both the nacre and the nuclei of each cultured pearl. To determine if the ESR signals correlated with Mn2+, solid samples of FWCP, which contain more manganese than SSCPs, were irradiated with a 100 kGy dose.
Room-temperature ESR spectra were recorded using a JEOL FA-300 spectrometer with a manganese marker (MgO: Mn2+), using 9.8 GHz microwave frequency, 1 mW microwave power, a 1–2 G modulation amplitude, a 2 min sweep time, and a 0.03 s response time (figure 2).
Mn marker for ESR analysis. The g-factors of free radicals created by irradiation are approximately 2.00. For comparison, the “free electron” g-factor is 2.0023. Standard reference samples can be used to correct for any systematic errors in the measured magnetic field values and to verify the sensitivity of the system. Standard samples include DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl), TCNQ-Li (tetracyanoquino-dimethane Li saly), CaO:Mn2+, and MgO:Mn2+. The choice of standard sample used depends on what the user wants to determine. For example, DPPH is used to calculate gfactors, to monitor the sensitivity of the equipment, and to quantify spin concentrations. TCNQ-Li is used to find the g-factor. CaO:Mn2+, MgO:Mn2+, and Mn2+ are used to measure the g-factor and to correct magnetic field variations.
The g-factor of most standard samples is also located around 2.00. The Mn marker is shown with six Mn2+ signals; the third (2.034) and fourth (1.981) signals are used to correct magnetic field variations. Each signal has a regular interval from 2.00. From this property, the MgO:Mn2+ marker could be more suitable to measuring the g-factor than the alternative standard samples. The MgO:Mn2+ marker was supplied with the Jeol X-band spectrometer in the shape of a small rod that can be electromechanically inserted externally into the microwave cavity. When a sample and a Mn marker are measured simultaneously, the resulting ESR spectrum will contain signal contributions from both. It is easy to distinguish the ESR spectra of one from the other, since the Mn2+ signals have the opposite phase to that of the sample’s signal (i.e., the signal’s lineshape will appear to have been flipped across the baseline).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The major element of a pearl is calcium. Chemical composition analysis of bead-cultured pearls using ICP-AES demonstrates that the nacre and the freshwater nucleus contain similar trace elements but vary in their composition. The nacre contains more Na, Mg, and Sr, while the nucleus has higher Mn and P contents (table 1).
After 60Co gamma-ray irradiation at a dose of 5 kGy, the SSCPs exhibited gray to silver coloration (figure 3). The interior of one of the irradiated pearls revealed a grayish brown to dark gray nucleus, along with an altered nacre color (figure 4). The irradiationinduced color change is chiefly attributed to the darkening of the nucleus (bead), which in turn darkens the nacre—especially in the thinner-skinned Akoya cultured pearls (Komatsu, 1999). As shown in this experiment, color change took place in the nacre as well.
Figure 5 shows that the concentration of radicals produced by irradiation exposure increases with the absorbed dose. Formerly undetected free radicals were observed after a low-dose radiation of 0.2 kGy. The g-factor was 2.0015 ± 0.0005, which agrees with that of CO2 – radicals (Wieser et al., 1985; Ikeya, 1993; Seletchi and Duliu, 2007). With higher absorbed doses, the CO2 – radical signal intensity further intensified. The identification of CO2 – radicals through ESR analysis thus serves as a way to distinguish irradiated cultured pearls.
Matsuda and Miyoshi (1988) reported that the irradiation – induced change of color is caused by manganese (Mn). They noted that MnCO3 in the nucleus (bead) turned into oxidations such as Mn3O4, Mn2O3, and Mn2O after irradiation. Their results are still cited in literature related to color change in irradiated pearls (e.g., Komatsu, 1999; Wada, 1999; McClure, 2010).
Yet existing mechanisms are insufficient to explain the alteration of pearl color by irradiation (Li and Chen, 2002). Based on the results of gamma-ray irradiation tests in this study, the authors believe that post-irradiation color change cannot solely be attributed to MnCO3 oxidation. Two factors support this hypothesis:
- After irradiation, the pearl nacre blackened to a similar extent as the nucleus (bead), even though it contains approximately 20 times less Mn (see figure 4 and table 1). Figure 6 is an ESR spectrum comparing untreated FWCP, irradiated (100 kGy) FWCP, and a Mn marker (MgO: Mn2+) attached to the JEOL equipment. The Mn marker consists of Mn2+ and shows six sharp peaks in the ESR spectrum (figure 6b). Before (figure 6a) and after (figure 6c) irradiation spectra of FWCPs (typical in the carbonate spectrum) do not match the positions of the Mn2+ signals. Nevertheless, a change was observed in the spectra before and after irradiation: the formation of CO2 – radicals between the third and fourth Mn2+ peaks (highlighted by the green circle in figure 6c). Because these results were the same among all SSCPs investigated in this study, peaks in the ESR spectrum are unrelated to Mn.2.CO2 – radicals appeared as irradiation doses increased and multiplied in proportion to the dose (figure 7). The intensity of CO2 – radicals was also proportional to the blackening of the pearl nucleus (bead). The CO3
- molecular ion in CaCO3 is easily ionized by radiation. Elementary defects induced by ionizing radiation are an electron center ( CO3- 3–) and a hole center (CO3–). While the CO3- 3– and CO3 – centers are stable at low temperatures, the electron center CO2 –, formed by irradiation, is an electron center similar but more stable than CO3- 3– (Ikeya, 1993). Additionally, we found that the color of nacre and nucleus had been bleached
under incandescent light (approximately 50°C) for 30 days. The color changed by irradiation and heat (by light) is related to the color center. Therefore, the color change of the nacre and the blackening of the nucleus (bead) are believed to be related to color centers formed by CO2 – radicals. Choi et al. (2012) found that after irradiation, glutamic acid decreased 11.43% (from 3.5% to 3.1%), alanin 21.8% (from 22.5% to 21.8%), and histidine 43.75% (from 1.6% to 0.9%), according to amino acid analysis to examine the change of protein between aragonite platelets in pearl nacre. Hatano and Ganno (1962) found that gamma-ray irradiation destroyed 32% of the histidine, 16.6% of the methionine, 11% of the glutamic acid, and 9.3% of the proline in the
protein of the FWCPs. The destruction of protein caused by irradiation can also alter the color of SSCPs.
CO2 – radicals at the absorbed irradiation dose of 0.2 kGy are barely visible in the nucleus sample but far more intense at doses above 0.4 kGy (figure 5, right). In particular, CO2 – radicals emerging after irradiation were better observed in the nacre than in the nucleus at the same absorbed dose (figure 5, left).
After normalizing the results of figure 5 to a nonirradiated spectrum (0 kGy, black line), the increased intensity of radicals was calculated by peak-to-peak height. The intensity of the CO2 – radical is stronger in the nacre than in the nucleus when irradiated with a dose above 0.4 kGy (figure 7).
Ikeya (1993) reported that Mg2+ ions might be accompanied by H2O molecules, leading to a rapid reduction in hydrated radicals. The saturation level of isotropic CO2 – also increases with the Mg/Ca ratio. Barabas et al. (1989) studied synthetic carbonate crystals doped with Mg2+ and observed the following:
- ESR spectra that displayed signals at the same spectroscopic properties as natural carbonates; and
- an increase of the g-factor signal with Mg concentration in the carbonate crystals. Mg also plays an important role in the formation of the crystal lattice of carbonates (Katz, 1973) and may enhance the formation of specific defects (Barabas et al., 1992). Lattice distortions caused by the incorporation of Mg2+ ions (Goldsmith and Graf,1958) may lead to CO2 – by creating larger interatomic distances (Barabas et al., 1992). In this context, thehigher abundance of CO2 – radicals in the nacre is thought to be related to the Mg/Ca ratio.
Considering the combined published observations on Mg2+ and CO2 – (Ikeya, 1993; Barabas et al., 1989, 1992; and Katz, 1973) it is likely that the saturation level of CO2 – rises proportionally with the Mg/Ca ratio in pearls of this study. As shown in table 1, the nacre and the nucleus (bead) contain 100 and 26 ppm of Mg, respectively. The nacre’s Mg/Ca ratio is approximately four times greater than that of the nucleus (bead). Mg, which is more abundant in the
nacre, therefore results in the preferential formation of CO2 – in the nacre rather than in the nucleus when exposed to the same absorbed radiation dose. This is consistent with the higher CO2 – ESR signal intensity observed in the nacre than in the nucleus (again, see figure 5). This suggests it is possible to identify an irradiated SSCP using ESR spectroscopy.
Identifying irradiated SSCPs through traditional gemological methods has been difficult, as their nacre is usually quite thick. But as this ESR study demonstrates, the separation of untreated pearls from irradiated pearls is possible. In doing so, an infinitesimal amount of sample was taken from the nacre in the form of powder. After irradiation, CO2
– radicals were formed, and their presence was confirmed using ESR spectroscopy. The amount of CO2 – radicals increased in proportion to the irradiation dose, and they were more observable in the nacre than in the nucleus
(bead). Until now, irradiation-induced color changes in pearls were thought to be due to the change of the MnCO3 oxidation number. But as this study notes, such color alteration is apparently related to an alteration caused by protein destruction rather than Mn, as well as color centers created by CO2 – radicals.
- Gamma-ray irradiation is routinely applied to South Sea cultured pearls (SSCPs), typically producing a light gray to silver color.
- For SSCPs, which have a particularly thick nacre, detecting irradiation is difficult using methods such as transmitted light, magnification, fluorescence reaction, and UV-Vis spectrometry.
- Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy rapidly identifies the presence of CO2 – radicals, whose concentration is proportional to the absorbed irradiation dose.
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Free Download of The Origin Of The Stonehenge Sarsens Leaflet.
Map of the sarsen route to Stonehenge - The Origin Of The Stonehenge Sarsens leaflet (ISBN 9780957093003)
New theory of a Winter Solstice Sunrise Alignment - Stonehenge and the Winter Solstice leaflet (ISBN 9780957093010)
(Background on the Winter Solstice Sunrise Alignment theory is here)
Tuesday, 24 July 2012
Stonehenge - The Resurrection Alignment
Image created by Tim Daw from an original from Wikipedia. The image is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
This large plan of Stonehenge shows all the stoneholes / holes except the postholes. It also includes cremations except those found in the Aubrey Holes. As well as the unexcavated western side it is believed that cremation scrapes were missed by Hawley so it may be incomplete. (See Mike Parker Pearson - Stonehenge 2012 for example)
It highlights Stones 55 and 56 and the Altar Stone (AS) as well as the holes F,G and H.
The latter three are sometimes dismissed as root holes but were thought by the excavators to be stoneholes.
Stones 55 and 56 are skewed at an angle from the Summer Solstice sunrise line (yellow) The centre gap between them is on this line though. That this skewing is original is shown in previous posts - http://www.sarsen.org/2012/07/stone-56-proof-its-position-is-correct.html and http://www.sarsen.org/2012/06/original-position-of-stone-55.html
The rear or outer faces of 55 and 56 are the flattest of any of the sarsens and these worked surfaces would have aligned on the purple line - a line I have fancifully called the Resurrection Line.
This alignment is to the rising of the midwinter solstice sun - and the setting of the summer solstice sun.
Station Stone 93 and Hole H are also on this line.
(Station Stone 94 and Hole G also are approximately on the same alignment but as they are both missing it is harder to be certain.)
The Altar Stone also is similarly aligned, as are two post holes just to the north of it, but along with other features so aligned that is for further investigation.
This alignment has, as far as I can tell, been missed by all previous researchers because it has just been assumed that the Great Trilithon either is or should be symmetrical with the rest of the Trilithon Horseshoe. See below for Hawkins Plan where such an assumption is made.
But it wasn't. The original builders were clever than that and incorporates two separate alignments into one Trilithon, both sunrises and both sunsets.
There is an argument that because the outer ring of Sarsens, especially stone 10, blocks the actual viewing along the alignment, then it cannot exist. Obviously the Great Trilithon was erected before the outer ring and it may follow the positioning of previous wooden posts.
But just as the Priest facing the Altar in a Christian church is facing the rising sun, even though he cannot see it, an alignment can be significant without being an astronomical sighting device.
And why the Resurrection Line? Our incomplete record of cremation remains seems to show a concentration at the end of the line. And completely without evidence I imagine on the morning after the winter solstice, when the sunset was noted with fear and dread that the sun was dying, the next morning the rising of the reborn sun was greeted with celebration and joy. And maybe hope that the dead would also rise again?
Hawkins - Stonehenge Decoded Plan via Ancient Skies
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The morning after posting my latest blog post, I woke up still thinking about how to explain the concept.
More importantly, I realized that my goal of writing math for humans failed miserably.
So here is a second go at it.
First we're told we're in a world where 85% of cabs are Green and the rest are Blue. Humans love tables (and they are easy to understand). So we start off with a representative sample of 100 cabs:
After this, we're told that a bystander correctly identifies a cab 80% of the time, or 4 out of every 5. Applying this to the 85 Green cabs (85 is 17 times 5), this bystander will mis-identify 17 as Blue (1 out of 5) and the other 68 will correctly be identified as Green:
Similarly, of the 15 Blue cabs (15 is 3 times 5), this bystander will mis-identify 3 as Green (1 out of 5) and the other 12 will correctly be identified as Blue:
Now Kahneman wants us to use the data at hand to determine what the probability is that a cab is actually Blue given the bystander identified the cab as Blue. To determine this probability, we simply need to consider the final row of the table:
This rows tells us that only 29 cabs will be identified as Blue, and among those, 12 will actually be Blue. Hence the probability will be
What this really shows is that even though the bystander has a large chance (80%) of getting the color right, the number of Green cabs is so much larger it overwhelms the correctly identified Blue cabs with incorrectly identified Green ones.
What I Overlooked
- Dense text is always bad
- Using colors and breaking up text makes reading easier (more modular)
- Introducing mathematical notation is almost always overkill
- Tables and samples are a good way to discuss probabilities
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An EV (electric vehicle) can also be referred to as a PEV (plug-in electric vehicle). An EV is any vehicle with an electric motor and a battery that can be recharged by plugging it into an external source of electricity. Batteries in EVs store the electricity which then provides either a portion or all of the power needed to propel the vehicle and operate its systems. There are two basic types of EVs: PHEV and BEV.
These vehicles are powered by both a gasoline engine and electric motor. The battery can be recharged using the vehicle’s gasoline engine and regenerative breaking system or by plugging the vehicle into an external source of electricity. Certain types of PHEVs are also known as Extended Range Electric Vehicles (or EREV), named for the extended driving range the onboard gasoline engine provides.
These vehicles are powered entirely by an electric motor and battery and do not require gasoline. All of the electricity to recharge the battery comes from the utility grid or the regenerative braking system. BEVs typically have a larger battery pack and a greater all-electric driving range than PHEVs.
Typical all-electric range for a PHEV is 10 to 40 miles, after which the gasoline engine will engage to extend the driving range an additional 300 miles or more. PHEVs can also be filled up via the gas tank and driven as far as necessary, similar to a traditional car. The rule of thumb is that vehicle batteries provide approximately four miles of driving range for each “usable” kilowatt-hour of energy stored.
The driving range for a BEV can be up to 100 miles. Two-thirds of all drivers travel 40 miles or less a day, so those drivers can easily recharge their EVs at home overnight.
Estimate the annual fuel costs and environmental impacts of your EV compared to a conventional gasoline vehicle.
Try it now
Take advantage of a special
$10,000 rebate on the 2017 Nissan LEAF EV.
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Jump to: Application Notes Products
Carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene are the most popular materials being studied currently since they carry on so many significant features which are unbelievable to normal materials. By re-designing and decorating the micro-structure, they demonstrate an even greater flexibility to meet human needs. Raman technology is a good tool to collect RBM spectra in CNT and G-band/ D-band in graphene due to the fact that the small Raman peak shift is proof right from the slightly different structure, making it an ideal instrument to characterize the material structure in carbon science.
•Carbon Black At-line Characterization Using a Portable Raman Spectrometer •A Comparison of Raman Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes •i-Raman® Series for Carbon Research Back to Top
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In Remembrance: Senator Robert C. Byrd
On June 28, the animal welfare community lost a stalwart friend when Senator Robert C. Byrd of West Virginia, America’s longest serving senator, died at the age of 92. Byrd was a fierce advocate for animal protection legislation and was well known for his forceful oratory on the subject of compassion to animals.
Byrd’s legislative efforts on behalf of animals began early. As a U.S. representative in 1958, months before taking the senate seat he would occupy for over 50 years, he voted for passage of the Humane Slaughter Act. Later, as a senator, he supported the 1966 Laboratory Animal Welfare Act (later renamed the Animal Welfare Act) to improve the treatment and well-being of animals intended for research. But it was his advocacy on behalf of animals during the last decade of his career for which he is most remembered. Among other things, he sponsored legislation to protect wild horses, co-authored a bill to end horse slaughter and, in 2002, convinced the Senate Appropriations Committee to allocate a record $5 million toward improving enforcement of the Humane Slaughter Act. (At a hearing the following year, under harsh questioning from the Senator, Agriculture Secretary Ann Veneman was forced to admit that no new humane slaughter inspectors had been hired as Congress had directed. Ms. Veneman later recalled that as one of the worst days of her life.)
A noted dog-lover, Byrd delivered a powerful 25-minute speech in 2007 condemning dog fighting as brought to light by the Michael Vick case. Years before, reacting to the news of a little dog thrown into traffic by an angry motorist, Byrd said, "We have a responsibility to roundly condemn such abject cruelty. Apathy regarding incidents such as this will only lead to more deviant behavior. And respect for life, all life, and for humane treatment of all creatures is something that must never be lost."
Byrd was equally passionate about improving the condition of animals raised for slaughter. He told his Senate colleagues: "It is one thing to determine as a culture that it is acceptable to raise and rear and then eat animals. It is another thing to cause them to lead a miserable life of torment, and then to slaughter them in a crude and callous manner. As a civilized society, we owe it to animals to treat them with compassion and humaneness. Animals suffer and they feel. Because we are moral agents, and compassionate people, we must do better."
To members of the animal welfare community, Senator Byrd was an inspirational, resolute champion, one who will be fondly remembered and sorely missed.
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Donation of embryos for human development and stem cell research.
Cell Stem Cell
This manuscript reports the process by which human embryos can be donated for research for generation of stem cell lines and for studies of human development and disease. The process includes a two-stage consenting process designed to help couples make informed decisions about embryo disposition (to keep embryos in storage, donate for research or to discard). The consenting methods minimize conflicts of interest and maximize respect for patient choice.
Using donated human embryos for scientific research raises ethical questions about the donation process. We describe a two-stage consent process designed to help couples make informed decisions about embryo disposition. This consent methodology minimizes conflict of interest, respects patient choice, and provides a much-needed resource to patients and the research community.
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(30 minutes to learn)
The main advantage of the SVM as a linear classifier is that it can be kernelized in order to represent complex nonlinear decision boundaries. Conveniently, since only a (hopefully) sparse subset of the training examples are used, kernels only need to be computed with a small fraction of the training examples. Kernel SVMs are one of the most widely used classifiers in machine learning, because off-the-shelf tools often perform very well.
This concept has the prerequisites:
Core resources (read/watch one of the following)
→ The Elements of Statistical Learning
A graudate-level statistical learning textbook with a focus on frequentist methods.
Location: Section 12.3, "Support vector machines and kernels," up through and including 12.3.1, "Computing the SVM for classification," pages 423-425
Supplemental resources (the following are optional, but you may find them useful)
→ Coursera: Machine Learning (2013)
An online machine learning course aimed at a broad audience.
Location: Lecture "Kernels II"
- Click on "Preview" to see the videos.
→ Machine Learning: a Probabilistic Perspective
A very comprehensive graudate-level machine learning textbook.
Location: Section 14.5-184.108.40.206, pages 496-502
→ Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning
A textbook for a graduate machine learning course, with a focus on Bayesian methods.
Location: Section 7.1, up to 7.1.1, pages 326-331
- create concept: shift + click on graph
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BLISS, JONATHAN, lawyer, office holder, politician, and judge; b. 1 Oct. 1742 in Springfield, Mass., fifth child of Luke Bliss and Mercy Ely; m. there 11 July 1790 Mary Worthington, and they had four sons; d. 1 Oct. 1822 in Fredericton.
Jonathan Bliss’s forebears emigrated from England to Massachusetts in 1635 and one branch of the family established itself in Springfield, where Jonathan was born. Over the years the Blisses had acquired property and status in western Massachusetts, and at the age of 15 Jonathan was sent to join the sons of the colonial élite at Harvard College. A high-spirited youth who rejected the Puritan moral code, he was frequently involved in clashes with the college authorities. In 1761 he was rusticated for taking part in a disturbance, but he was readmitted in 1762, graduated with a ba in 1763, and subsequently received his ma for defending the proposition that “the Offspring of Slaves are not Born Slaves.” Following graduation he studied law in Boston and Cambridge in the offices of Thomas Hutchinson and Edmund Trowbridge; in 1764 he began to practise in Wilbraham. Although later described by Joseph Wilson Lawrence* as “one of the leaders of the Massachusetts Bar,” Bliss appears to have had an extremely limited local practice, and he played at best a minor role in the organization of the legal profession in the colony. He achieved greater notoriety as a politician. His father had sat in the Massachusetts General Court and in 1768 Jonathan was chosen to represent Springfield and Wilbraham. On 21 June 1768 Governor Francis Bernard asked the legislature to revoke a resolution protesting the Townshend duties. Because he voted with the minority of 17 rescinders on 30 June, Bliss was condemned in newspapers from Massachusetts to Virginia as one whose name would “be handed down with infamy.”
The roots of Bliss’s loyalism are not difficult to unravel. His family was moving up in society and, like many lawyers of his generation, Bliss looked to the crown for preferment. He had studied law in the offices of two prominent loyalists and he remained closely associated with Hutchinson, who as acting governor of Massachusetts appointed Bliss a justice of the peace on 9 May 1770 and as governor commissioned him a major in the militia on 23 April 1771. None the less, Bliss was not the stuff of which martyrs are made. He did not seek re-election to the General Court after 1768, and on 30 Aug. 1774, when the Springfield court-house was occupied by a large mob, he signed a pledge not to accept office under the coercive acts. He also signed a non-consumption agreement.
After the battle of Lexington, Bliss sailed for England with his close friend and fellow classmate at Harvard, Sampson Salter Blowers*, who had also studied with Hutchinson. In London Hutchinson used his influence with Lord North to secure Bliss a sinecure as solicitor to the Board of Customs. Many of the prominent loyalists who migrated to England were disillusioned by their years in exile but Bliss retained happy memories of the experience. As one of Hutchinson’s protégés he moved in high society, and he participated in the various clubs formed by the New England loyalists. He travelled on holiday to the Continent, spent his summers in Bristol, and wintered in London. At the end of the war he could not return to Massachusetts, since he had been proscribed in 1778 and his property had been confiscated in 1781. When Blowers declined an appointment in 1784 as attorney general of the newly created province of New Brunswick, Bliss obtained the post through the influence of Sir William Pepperrell, the leader of the New England community in London.
On 2 Feb. 1785 Bliss received his warrant of appointment and set off for Parrtown (Saint John), where he assumed office on 16 May. As attorney general he was theoretically chief legal adviser to the government. In practice he was seldom consulted by Governor Thomas Carleton*, who relied for advice on the chief justice, George Duncan Ludlow*, and the solicitor general, Ward Chipman. In 1786 Bliss admitted, “I have as little to do in the Government as an Attorney General can have.” Yet he was not displeased with the limited role assigned to him since he disliked “the Labor of the Bar” and yearned to retire “to a Farm on the Kennebecasis.” He conducted the major crown prosecutions during meetings of the Supreme Court but, because he rarely went on circuit, Chipman, the clerk of the crown on the circuits, prosecuted at the circuit courts. In view of the lucrative fees involved, however, Bliss vainly tried to prevent Chipman, as advocate general, from monopolizing prosecutions in the Vice-Admiralty Court. Although as attorney general Bliss was automatically at the head of the bar, he trained few students in his office and only two of any prominence, John Murray Bliss and William Botsford*. Since he avoided the circuit courts, his private practice was limited, and his clients were drawn exclusively from the older members of the loyalist élite. He acted as counsel for the plaintiff in the first ejectment suit in the colony and as one of the attorneys for his good friend Benedict Arnold* in the first trial for slander. In 1800 he was one of five lawyers who represented the owner, Caleb Jones*, in the trial of Nancy (Ann), a fugitive slave, and he delivered a lengthy defence of slavery. Despite his efforts the bench was divided and no decision was reached. In this case, as in many others, he was overshadowed by his more talented rival, Ward Chipman, who with Samuel Denny Street acted for Nancy.
In 1785 Bliss and Chipman both ran for election to the first assembly as part of the government slate in Saint John County and City. They were opposed by a rival slate which would probably have coasted to victory if the sheriff had not closed the polls for a time after a minor riot and disallowed a number of votes cast for the opposition candidates. The loyalist-dominated assembly upheld the sheriff’s decision, but because the election was contested Bliss was passed over for the position of speaker. During the session of 1786 the house, prompted by Bliss and Chipman, passed a bill restricting the rights of petitioners to the crown and the legislature, and Bliss eagerly prosecuted a number of his opponents for signing a “most seditious” petition, in order “to convince these Men that they will not be able to subvert this Government.” Bliss frequently introduced government bills into the assembly and acted as spokesman for the administration. He consistently supported conservative measures, voting to re-enact the Nova Scotia law of 1758 establishing the Church of England as the official church, and opposing pay for assemblymen. Although he disagreed with Carleton’s decision to move the seat of government to Fredericton, he held his tongue, but he did criticize the Supreme Court for not meeting in Saint John.
Increasingly disgruntled with a salary of £150 and fees which amounted to about £30 per annum, and disheartened as well by the “cursed cold Climate” of New Brunswick, he unsuccessfully applied for a position on the bench of Upper Canada in 1791. He had also been lonely for some time and in 1786, “weary of this cursed Celibacy,” he had begun to search for a wife. His eventual choice was Mary Worthington, nearly 20 years his junior, whom he had known as a child in Springfield. Mary’s father, John Worthington, was a wealthy and prominent lawyer and her sister was to marry Fisher Ames, one of the leading members of the Federalist party in the American Congress. In 1790 Bliss travelled to Springfield, where he and Mary were wed, and upon his return to Saint John he purchased the large house previously owned by Benedict Arnold. The marriage was a happy one and produced four sons: John Worthington in 1791, Lewis in 1792, William Blowers* in 1795, and Henry* in 1797.
Bliss was defeated when he ran for re-election to the New Brunswick assembly in 1793, but in 1795 he was again selected to represent Saint John County and City. Since the assembly was dominated by opponents of the government [see James Glenie*], Bliss usually found himself voting with the minority. The 1790s were difficult years both for New Brunswick and for Bliss personally since his income shrank, but his wife and boys, he wrote to Arnold, “make my Fire side happy even in this wretched country.” Bliss was devastated by Mary’s death on 17 April 1799. Partly for financial reasons he was compelled to send his younger sons, William and Henry, to live with Mary’s relatives in Massachusetts and he became more and more an aloof figure. After 1802 he did not seek re-election to the assembly. In 1803 he resigned from the board of commissioners of the New England Company, on which he had served since 1787, because of a dispute with his colleagues. Acting on behalf of the commissioners for auditing the public accounts, in 1804 and 1805 he prosecuted the former deputy paymaster of contingencies, Edward Winslow*, with a degree of enthusiasm that seemed to Winslow’s friends to border on vindictiveness. When a vacancy occurred on the provincial bench in 1807 Bliss did not apply for the post because the salary of a puisne judge was so low. But when the salaries of the judges were raised the following year and the office of chief justice became vacant, Bliss used all of his influence in London to secure the appointment. He was sworn into office on 28 June 1809 and on 7 July 1809 he assumed a seat on the provincial council. The following year he moved from Saint John to Fredericton; there he presided over the deliberations of the Supreme Court and the Council conscientiously, but with little enthusiasm, while his health rapidly declined. In 1819 he attempted to retire but neither the British government nor the assembly was prepared to grant him a pension and he clung to his office, although increasingly unable to perform the duties, until his death on 1 Oct. 1822. He was succeeded as chief justice by John Saunders.
In 1796 Bliss had written to a friend that he had lived “too long” in England “to be content in this wretched corner of his Majesty’s Dominions.” New Brunswick was for Bliss, as it was for many of the loyalists whose careers had been shattered by the American revolution, a poor second choice. Some of the younger loyalists, such as Ward Chipman, were able to adjust to their adopted home but Bliss never made the transition. He had not participated in the partition movement which had created New Brunswick and, although out of necessity he accepted the office of attorney general and later the office of chief justice, he played only a minor role in establishing the legal and judicial institutions of the colony. He served two terms as a legislator but mainly acted as the voice of the executive. His commitment to the colony was limited and his contribution to its development minimal. After his death all three of his surviving children, Lewis, William Blowers, and Henry, left the colony for greener pastures.
The best collection of Jonathan Bliss papers is found in the Bliss family papers (PANS, MG 1, 1595–1613), esp. vols.1601–8. There is a smaller collection in N.B. Museum, Benedict Arnold papers, packets 1 and 2, and a number of letters among the Winslow papers (UNBL, MG H2), most of which are printed in Winslow papers (Raymond). Some useful references occur in the Colonial Office files for New Brunswick, esp. PRO, CO 188/4 and 188/14–15. There are also many references to Bliss’s activities in N.B., House of Assembly, Journal, 1786–1822, and scattered mentions among the newspapers of the period.
The most complete secondary source is I. E. McAfee, “Jonathan Bliss: a loyalist success story” (ma thesis, Univ. of Maine, Orono, 1973). The chapter on Bliss in Lawrence, Judges of N.B. (Stockton and Raymond) and the sketch in Shipton, Sibley’s Harvard graduates, vol.15, are useful. There are also brief references to him in Carol Berkin, Jonathan Sewall: odyssey of an American loyalist (New York, 1974); Gorman Condon, “Envy of American states”; Jones, Loyalists of Mass.; MacNutt, New Brunswick; and M. B. Norton, The British-Americans: the loyalist exiles in England, 1774–1789 (Boston and Toronto, 1972).
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Our Pre K 3 classroom utilizes Creative Curriculum. Preschool scholars need opportunities to be themselves. They are learning how the world works through experimenting. We believe that scholars of this age need hands on experiences. They learn through their natural play and sitting at a table will not foster their creativity to learn how the world works. Your scholar is on the brink of becoming a preschooler and we assist in developing skills needed for success. Educators encourage investigation and emerging skills such as matching, sorting, and pattern identification. We recognize that learning is occurring at a fast pace and your scholar is making new discoveries daily. Our curriculum introduces them to a world of learning, growing, sharing, and exploring. Your scholar is almost ready for preschool and has an abundance of curiosity to prove it. Our educators consider the interest of children when organizing spaces and gathering new materials. Our spacious classroom provides a physical environment that allows scholars to see endless possibilities through play while learning. Creative Curriculum stimulates scholar’s ability to learn through building, painting, scribbling, problem-solving, reading, sorting, and pretending at each learning center. Educators expand their interest in learning beyond the classroom. Educators intentionally choose activities to correspond with monthly themes and areas needed for a well-rounded educational experience. Small group opportunities in this room allow educators to teach new concepts while scholars enjoy opportunities to communicate, cooperate, and properly interact with each other. During this age, we introduce our conflict resolution program, which helps your scholar learn the social skills needed to be successful in group settings. Educators observe and guide interactions between scholars with support on learning how to recognize feelings of others, develop problem-solving skills, and learn how to respond appropriately to their friends in an assortment of situations. These social skills are important since learning and friendship go hand in hand. Developmental assessments are conducted quarterly.
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Resources for wellness
Depression can be a difficult illness to understand, particularly since no two people experience it in the same way. As part of the Depression Center’s mission to counteract stigma and prevent recurrences and progression, we provide clear, evidence-based information in a variety of formats to help people understand depression’s causes, its symptoms, and prevention and treatment options.
Our DepressionToolkit.org site provides the latest information on depression, bipolar illness, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse from leading experts in these fields. The Depression Toolkit stresses highly effective “self-management” techniques, offering a wealth of tools and other resources to help individuals with depression and related illnesses gain greater understanding about their condition, take charge of their wellness, and work toward improving their symptoms. It allows individuals to more actively participate in their own care and collaborate with their clinicians on their treatment plans. Visit the Depression Toolkit site to learn more: www.depressiontoolkit.org
Visitors to the Rachel Upjohn Building can browse the Friends Depression Education Resource Center’s lending library of print and video materials, including free brochures, pamphlets, and articles focusing on a wide variety of depressive disorders, as well as computer access to reliable mental health information websites. The Depression Center has also produced a range of brochures, factsheets, worksheets, and other tools that are available for downloading from our website.
We also offer a robust calendar of educational events on understanding depression that are open to the public. Visit our education and outreach pages to learn more.
Family Education workshops offer patients and their families a chance to learn about depression and bipolar disorder, to gather information about risk factors, treatments, family impact, and healthy ways of communicating with one another. These groups meet at the Rachel Upjohn Building and are facilitated by staff from the Depression Center and Department of Psychiatry. See the list of groups and their schedule.
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Many of us know or have heard about bullying. Unfortunately, this word has been installed in our vocabulary by becoming a repeated reality in many classrooms around the world. We know that it has consequences on the emotional state of children, however, some recent studies also speak of alarming Effects that bullying can have on children's brains.
Bullying is a phenomenon of intentional and unjustified aggression (verbal, physical ...) by one person or several over another or others. This occurs in a repeated and sustained manner over time, and the victims cannot defend themselves effectively because they are usually in a disadvantaged or inferior position.
However, to date, studies reveal that this problem is not sufficiently addressed with its relevance and severity. In part, this may be related to the complexity it has for teachers, parents, and even psychologists, to distinguish when behaviors can be considered bullying and when not.
The line that separates a joke from a mockery is very fine and blurred. In my work, I always explain to parents and children in session, that a joke it stops being a joke when the other person to whom it is directed feels offended. In that case, the joke is not shared, it creates discomfort to the person and therefore, continuing to make this type of joke turns them into FUNNY.
In the ANAR Foundation report (Helping Children and Adolescents at Risk) on bullying and cyberbullying seen from the eyes of those affected, it is explained that '90% of the victims of bullying have psychological problems derived from the harassment they suffer, among which anxiety, depressive symptoms and permanent fear stand out. '
But beware! The latest studies warn us that this damage goes beyond a psychological damage with emotional manifestations. These behaviors have consequences at the brain level. Yes, you read it right. At the brain level. And how do these behaviors affect the brain of the child who suffers them?
In one of the first European longitudinal studies called IMAGE, it is observed that adolescents who have suffered chronic bullying present significant decreases in the volume of two regions involved in movement and learning (left putamen and left caudate) in addition to higher levels in generalized anxiety.
Recent studies cannot determine what biological mechanism produces this alteration in brain volume. However, it seems that cortisol (better known as the stress hormone) seems to be behind these changes.
High levels of this hormone allow the body to perform higher when we are exposed to an acute stressor. However, children who suffer persistent bullying and who, therefore, live exposed to chronic stress, generate the opposite effect.
The fact that these children are continually 'alert' causes memory, cognition, sleep, appetite or other functions, do not have the option to be repaired and therefore do not perform well. Since cortisol receptors are found on most cells throughout our body, this chronic stress could lead to receptor damage and neural cell death. And therefore, these changes will have short and long-term repercussions as lower academic performance or suffer from general depression and / or anxiety.
These studies, such as the one carried out by McCullom ('How Bullying May Shape Adolescent Brains') are the first to show that constant bullying can deteriorate a child's mental health by causing changes at the brain level. And therefore, given the serious consequences, we should all double our efforts to limit and above all, prevent the risk of bullying.
You can read more articles similar to The alarming effects of bullying on children's brains, in the Bullying category on site.
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Published in Notebooks
iPad is dangerous
Harvard study says it is not ergonomic
Apple's iPad could cause all sorts of long term health issues because, despite what it looks like, it is not ergonomically designed.
Boffins at the Harvard School of Public Health have been studying the postures we adopt when using tablets and the effect they can have on our joints and muscles and they have come to the conclusion that while the beauty of tablets and other mobile devices is their flexibility, the postures people are in when using a tablet can be awkward and lead to discomfort with prolonged use.
The school’s Occupational Biomechanics and Ergonomics Laboratory, Jack Dennerlein said that when using tablets, participants’ necks were bent more compared to when using a desktop or laptop computer, especially when the tablet was placed on the user’s lap. Understandably, such a position is going to cause extra strain on neck and shoulder muscles, which could cause short-term as well as long-term problems for the user. Dennerlein suggests a number of things to reduce neck and shoulder strain, including changing position every 15 minutes, or at least moving your neck around to give it a break from its previously fixed position.
Using a case can also help, as it enables the device to be propped up at what he describes as an ideal angle of 30 degrees. Of course it would be difficult to find anyone who could use a tablet for longer than five minutes before getting bored. To be fair to Apple [has someone stolen your ID and password again? Ed] they also tested the users with other tablets it is just that everyone reported it as if it was just the iPad which caused the problems.
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Memories from early childhood are notoriously elusive but why can’t we recall our most formative experiences? New research suggests it could be a case of the old making way for the new – neurons, that is.
A study, published today in Science, has found that neurogenesis – the generation of new neurons – regulates forgetting in adulthood and infancy and could significantly contribute to the phenomenon of “infantile amnesia”.
Throughout life, new neurons are continually generated in the dentate gyrus, part of the brain’s hippocampus. This is one of only two areas in the mammalian brain that consistently generates neurons after infancy, aiding the formation of new memories of places and events.
These new neurons compete for established neuronal connections, altering pre-existing ones. By squeezing their way into these networks, new neurons disrupt old memories, leading to their degradation and thus contributing to forgetting.
Neurogenesis is particularly rampant in humans during infancy but declines dramatically with age. So researchers hypothesised that this increased disruption to hippocampal memories during childhood renders them inaccessible in adulthood.
First, a group of infant and adult mice were trained to fear a certain environment through the use of mild electric foot shocks.
Some of the adult mice were then provided access to running wheels, an activity that has been shown to boost neurogenesis. When returned to the initial environment, the adult mice who used the running wheels had largely forgotten their fear of the electric shocks, while those without the wheels maintained an association between the space and fear.
From the group of infant mice a number were given drugs to slow the rate of neurogenesis to see if decreasing the generation of new neurons mitigated the forgetting normally observed in infant mice. In accordance with the researchers’ hypothesis, the ability of these animals to retain memories improved in comparison to their untreated counterparts.
The study was then moved to rodents whose infancy period distinctly differs from mice – and humans – guinea pigs and degus. These rodents have a shorter postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis because they are more neurologically mature at birth. That means they have extended memory retention as infants so those animals were given drugs to artificially increase neurogenesis – which resulted in forgetting.
Psychologist Dr Amy Reichelt, from the University of New South Wales, said it was good the study used infant guinea pigs and degus.
“These animals are born in a ‘precocious’ way – they are basically miniature adults – able to run about independently, as opposed to mice, rats and humans who are vulnerable and dependent at birth,” she said.
“In young animals where neurogenesis is at a high level, memory circuits are constantly changing, so this supports that certain memories are ‘pruned’ out and thus forgotten – supporting the notion of infantile amnesia.”
How could you forget?
Previous studies have examined the relationship between hippocampal neurogenesis and memory, with a focus on its importance in the consolidation of memories in adult animals. But they have not considered how neurogenesis can also jeopardise memory retention.
Behavioural psychologist Dr Jee Hyun Kim, Head of the Developmental Psychobiology Lab at Melbourne’s Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, said: “It has long been speculated that the ‘immaturity’ of the hippocampus may be responsible for infantile amnesia. Back in the days ‘immaturity’ was interpreted as dysfunctional, or low in function.
“However, recent studies speculated that immaturity can also occur in the form of hyper functionality. This study shows that the extreme plastic nature of our brains early in life can be the reason why we forget quickly episodic memories happening early in life.”
Infantile amnesia is not restricted to hippocampus-dependent memories in humans and animals. Dr Kim said it was likely that neurogenesis formed only a part of the story.
“I wouldn’t be surprised if we find undiscovered neurogenesis in other parts of the brain,” she said.
A spotless mind
But does this research hint at ways of improving memory retention in the future?
“It would not be feasible to discourage neurogenesis and reduce forgetting of existing memories,” Dr Kim said, “as adult neurogenesis has a well-established link to depression (low neurogenesis means high depression)”.
Surprisingly, it’s the other side of the coin that promises more potential opportunities. Harnessing neurogenesis to destabilise pre-existent memories could have its own benefits. Dr Kim said depressed or anxious people may want to forget and focus on creating better memories and/or thought patterns.
This can be especially constructive for children who experience trauma in early life, Dr Reichelt said.
“Increasing neurogenesis could be a useful therapy to treat or prevent the onset of post-traumatic stress disorder,” she said.
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CHICAGO, ILLINOIS--Paleoanthropologists working in Africa have discovered stone blades more than a half-million years old. That pushes the date of the earliest known blades back a remarkable 150,000 years and raises a question: What human ancestor made them?
Not long ago, researchers thought that blades were so hard to make that they had to be the handiwork of modern humans, who had evolved the mental wherewithal to systematically strike a cobble in the right way to produce blades and not just crude stone flakes. First, they were thought to be a hallmark of the late Stone Age, which began 40,000 years ago. Later, blades were thought to have emerged in the Middle Stone Age, which began about 200,000 years ago when modern humans arose in Africa and invented a new industry of more sophisticated stone tools. But this view has been challenged in recent years as researchers discovered blades that dated to 380,000 years in the Middle East and to almost 300,000 years ago in Europe, where Neandertals may have made them (ScienceNOW, 1 December 2008).
Now it appears that more than 500,000 years ago, human ancestors living in the Baringo Basin of Kenya collected lava stone cobbles from a riverbed and hammered them in just the right way to produce stone blades. Paleoanthropologists Cara Roure Johnson and Sally McBrearty of the University of Connecticut, Storrs, recently discovered the blades at five sites in the region, including two that date to between 509,000 and 543,000 years ago. "This is the oldest known occurrence of blades," Johnson reported Wednesday here at the annual meeting of the Paleoanthropology Society.
Johnson and McBrearty found the stone blades in a basalt outcrop known as the Kapthurin Formation, including four cores from which the blades were struck. "These assemblages would have been made by a different species of human," Johnson said. "Who were they?" The blades come from the same part of the formation where researchers have found two lower jaws that have been variously described as belonging to Homo heidelbergensis or H. rhodesiensis, human ancestors in Europe and Africa that predate the origin of our species, H. sapiens.
Regardless of the identity of the toolmakers, other researchers say that the discovery of blades this early suggests that these toolmakers were capable of more sophisticated behavior than previously thought, perhaps as a result of the last dramatic expansion of brain size in the human lineage about 600,000 years ago. "It's reflective of a major shift in human cognition," says Alison Brooks, a paleoanthropologist at George Washington University in Washington, D.C.
To convince most researchers that such a dramatic breakthrough really took place so early in human evolution, however, anthropologists will have to find more blades this ancient, says paleoanthropologist Rick Potts of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Stay tuned: The search is already under way for more African blade runners.
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Physical abuse is any non-accidental physical injury (ranging from minor bruises to severe fractures or death) as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, shaking, throwing, stabbing, choking, hitting (with a hand, stick, strap, or other object), burning, or otherwise harming a child, that is inflicted by a parent, caregiver, or other person who has responsibility for the child.
Such injury is considered abuse regardless of whether the caregiver intended to hurt the child. Physical discipline, such as spanking or paddling, is not considered abuse as long as it is reasonable and causes no bodily injury to the child.
Signs and Behaviors of the Child or Teen
- Has unexplained burns, bites, bruises, broken bones, or black eyes
- Has fading bruises or other marks noticeable after an absence from school
- Seems frightened of the parents and protests or cries when it is time to go home
- Reports injury by a parent or another adult caregiver
- Abuses animals or pets
- Explanation of the injury does not seem consistent with the injury
Signs and Behaviors of the Parent or Caretaker
- Offers conflicting, unconvincing, or no explanation for the child’s injury, or provides an explanation that is not consistent with the injury
- Describes the child as “evil” or in some other very negative way
- Uses harsh physical discipline with the child
- Has a history of abuse as a child
- Has a history of abusing animals or pet
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Reliable Energy Conservation Strategies
In today’s world, energy conservation is a hot topic. Whether it’s for bettering the environment or saving money, everyone wants to be doing their part in conserving energy. But how do you ensure that your efforts are actually effective? The answer lies in reliable energy conservation strategies. From changing your daily habits to installing renewable energy sources, there are a multitude of things that you can do to help conserve energy in your home or office. In this blog post, we will offer several tips and tricks that will help you get started on your journey towards becoming more energy-efficient. Read on to learn more!
Home Energy Conservation Strategies
Home energy conservation strategies are important for two reasons. First, conserving energy can save you money on your utility bills. Second, reducing your home’s energy consumption can help protect the environment.
There are a number of ways to conserve energy in your home. One way is to install energy-efficient appliances. Energy-efficient appliances use less electricity or gas than standard appliances, and they often come with government rebates or tax credits. Another way to conserve energy is to make sure your home is well insulated. This means ensuring that there are no gaps or leaks in your walls, ceilings, or floors through which heat can escape. You can also reduce your home’s energy consumption by using energy-efficient light bulbs and turning off lights when you leave a room.
You can also save energy by using alternative sources of energy, such as solar power or wind power. These alternative sources of energy are renewable, meaning they will never run out, and they don’t produce greenhouse gases like fossil fuels do. Finally, you can conserve energy by simply using less electricity. For example, you can unplug electronics when you’re not using them, and wash your clothes in cold water instead of hot water.
By following these tips, you can save money and help the environment at the same time!
Home Based Photovoltaic System
A home based photovoltaic system, also called a PV system, can be a great way to conserve energy and save money on your electric bill. PV systems use sunlight to generate electricity, which can then be used to power your home. PV systems can be used to supplement your existing electricity supply, or they can be used as your primary source of power.
There are many benefits to using a PV system, including the fact that they are renewable and environmentally friendly. PV systems are also relatively low maintenance, and can last for many years with proper care.
If you’re interested in installing a PV system in your home, there are a few things you’ll need to keep in mind. First, you’ll need to determine how much power you need and what size system will best meet your needs. You’ll also need to decide where you want to install the system, as well as whether you want to lease or purchase the equipment.
Installing a PV system can be a great way to save energy and money, while also helping to protect the environment. If you’re considering this option for your home, be sure to do your research and talk to a professional about what size system would best suit your needs.
Transportation Energy Conservation Strategies
Assuming that you would like tips for conserving energy related to transportation:
Carpool, bike, or take public transit whenever possible
In the summer, park in a shady spot to keep your car cooler
In the winter, let your car warm up for a minute before driving off
Combine errands into one trip instead of making several short trips
Keep your tires inflated to the proper pressure- it can improve your gas mileage by 3.3%
Use cruise control on highways to maintain a consistent speed and save gas
Workplace Energy Conservation Strategies
When it comes to conserving energy in the workplace, there are a number of strategies that businesses can adopt to ensure reliable and consistent results. Some of the most effective workplace energy conservation strategies include:
1. Educating employees on energy conservation:
One of the most important steps that businesses can take towards conserving energy is educating their employees on the importance of doing so. By raising awareness about the benefits of energy conservation, businesses can encourage their employees to adopt more energy-efficient habits both at work and at home.
2. Encouraging the use of natural lighting:
Where possible, businesses should encourage their employees to make use of natural lighting instead of relying on artificial lighting sources. This can be achieved by using skylights, solar tube lights or simply by keeping blinds and curtains open during daylight hours.
3. Investing in energy-efficient office equipment:
Another way to reduce workplace energy consumption is by investing in energy-efficient office equipment such as computers, printers and photocopiers. Many modern devices come with energy-saving features that can make a big difference over time.
4. Encouraging employees to carpool or use public transport:
Businesses can also help conserve energy by encouraging their employees to carpool or use public transport where possible. This not only cuts down on emissions from vehicle exhaust, but also reduces traffic congestion and saves everyone time and money.
Renewable Energy Sources
There are many reasons to consider renewable energy sources. They can help reduce dependence on fossil fuels, secure energy supplies, and hedge against price hikes. And, although the initial investment may be higher, the costs of many renewable technologies have fallen sharply in recent years.
The most common renewable energy sources are solar, wind, water (hydro), and geothermal. Solar photovoltaic panels convert sunlight into electricity, while solar thermal systems use the sun’s heat to produce hot water or steam for power generation. Wind turbines capture kinetic energy from the wind and convert it into electricity. Hydroelectric dams harness the power of moving water to generate electricity, while geothermal power plants tap heat from underground to produce electricity or direct-use applications like space heating and cooling.
Each of these renewable energy sources has its own set of benefits and drawbacks. Solar and wind are both widely available and relatively easy to develop, but their output can be variable depending on weather conditions. Hydro is a very efficient source of power but requires large upfront investments in infrastructure, and its development can impact local ecosystems. Geothermal resources are typically found in areas with volcanic activity or geologic hot spots, so not all locations have access to this technology.
No single renewable energy source is perfect, but a mix of different technologies can provide a reliable and sustainable supply of power. A well-designed renewable energy system can provide clean, affordable electricity while helping to protect our environment for future generations.
We hope that this article has provided you with some reliable and effective energy conservation strategies. By implementing these strategies, you can reduce your energy consumption without sacrificing comfort or convenience. This not only benefits the environment but also helps to lower your energy bills. Ultimately, conserving energy is a responsibility that we all need to take seriously and using these techniques can help us achieve our goals.
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The best way to start your day is with a good dose of vitamin C and boosted math skills! We wish we could say that our math learning centers offered both, but while the boosted math skills is exactly what our math learning program does, you’re going to have to get your vitamin C from this week’s word problem challenge (and from your morning glass of orange juice).
This week’s fun word problem challenges students to practice their elementary school math skills such as division, multiplication, fractions, and measurement conversions. It’s a juicy problem to wrap your mind around and solve — orange you glad you stopped by to check it out?
Take your time working out the question. When you're ready, look below to compare your solution with ours!
Question: There are 3 oranges per pound on average. Each pound of oranges produces 6 fluid ounces of orange juice. If Emma picks 144 from an orange tree, how many cups of orange juice can she squeeze from them?
Solution: Since there are 3 oranges in a pound, 144 oranges weigh 144 ÷ 3 = 48 pounds. Each pound of oranges makes 6 fluid ounces—or 3/4 of a cup—of orange juice. So, 48 pounds of oranges makes 48 × 3/4 = 36 cups of orange juice.
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What is a cookie?
Cookies are small pieces of information, stored in simple text files, placed on your computer by a website. Cookies can be read by the website on your subsequent visits. The information stored in a cookie may relate to your browsing habits on the web page, or a unique identification number so that the website can “remember” you on your return visit. Generally speaking, cookies do not contain personal information from which you can be identified, unless you have furnished such information to the website.
- Cookies do not in any way compromise the security of your computer. Visitors can use most of our website with no loss of functionality if cookies are disabled from the web browser.
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The wrist is composed of two bones in the forearm, the radius (outer bone) and ulna (inner small joints. A wrist fracture refers to a break in one or more of these bones.
Types of wrist fracture include:
- Simple wrist fractures (Distal radius fracture) in which the fractured pieces of bone are well aligned and stable.
- Unstable fractures are those in which fragments of the broken bone are misaligned and displaced. Usually, such distal radius fractures are in many pieces (comminuted) or have an associated distal ulna fracture.
- Open (compound) wrist fractures are severe fractures in which the broken bones cut through the skin. This type of fracture is more prone to infection and requires immediate medical attention.
Wrist fractures may be caused due to a fall on an outstretched arm, vehicular accidents or workplace injury. Certain sports such as football, snowboarding, or soccer may also be a cause of wrist fractures. Wrist fractures are more common in people with osteoporosis, a condition marked by brittleness of the bones.
Signs and Symptoms
Common symptoms of a wrist fracture include severe pain, swelling, and limited movement of the hand and wrist. Other symptoms include:
- Deformed or crooked wrist
A preliminary physical examination is performed followed by imaging tests such as an X-ray of the wrist to diagnose a fracture and check alignment of the bones.
Sometimes a CT scan may be ordered to gather more detail of the fracture. MRI may be performed to identify tiny fractures and ligament injuries.
A bone scan may be required to identify stress fractures due to repeated trauma. The radioactive substance injected into the blood gets collected in areas where the bone is healing and is detected with a scanner.
Dr Bala may prescribe analgesics and anti-inflammatory medications to relieve pain and inflammation. Fractures that are not displaced may be treated with either a splint or a cast to hold the wrist in place. If the wrist bones are displaced, Dr Bala may perform a fracture closed reduction under sedation or anaesthesia and x-ray guidance to align the bones.. Dr Bala sometimes utilizes a small camera inserted into the wrist joint to assess and assist in fracture reduction. The reduction may need to be held with wires. A splint or a cast is then placed to support the wrist and allow healing.
Surgery is recommended to treat severely displaced wrist fractures and is carried out usually under general anaesthesia. Distal radius external fixation, such as pins may be used to treat the fracture from the outside. These pins are fixed above and below the fracture site and are held in place by an external titanium or carbon fibre frame outside the wrist. Distal radius internal fixation may be recommended to maintain the bones in proper position while they heal. Devices such as wires, plates and screws may be implanted at the fracture site either on the palm side or the back side of the wrist.
Crushed or missing bone may be treated by using bone grafts taken from another part of your body, bone bank or using a bone graft substitute. Special fractures require special plates called fragment specific plates which Dr Bala is well trained to use. Rarely in fractures that are in multiple small pieces an internal spanning fixator such as a locking plate maybe applied.
The tip of the ulna is often injured and does not need separate attention as it will fall into position on fixing the distal radius. Sometimes if the fragment is large it may need fixation with pins, wires or a fragment specific plate.
Often distal radius fractures can have an associated carpal bone fracture or dislocation which may often be missed. Dr Bala will discuss this in detail with you.
During the healing period, you may be asked to perform some motion exercises to keep your wrist flexible. Dr Bala may recommend hand therapy or physiotherapy to improve function, strength and reduce stiffness.
Risks and Complications
As with any procedure, wrist fracture surgery involves certain risks and complications. They include:
- Nerve impingement
- Residual joint stiffness
- Tendon or ligament injury
Dr Bala uses special magnification loupes to visualize and protect these structures to minimize complications. In the event you may have a tattoo on the forearm Dr Bala is well versed in suturing tattoos back accurately with absorbable sutures.
If you have pain, swelling, numbness or weakness of your wrist or hand after surgery you should contact your doctor immediately.
Dr Bala also deals with poorly treated wrist fractures with non-union, malunion stiffness or infection to salvage upper limb function.
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June 10 in German History
June 10, 1051
Death of St. Bardo in Paderborn, Germany.
Bardo was a Benedictine monk in Fulda. He later became the
abbot at the monasteries in Kaiserswerth and Hersfeld. In
1031 he became the Archbishop of Mainz. He was known for his
piety and gentle nature. It was he who constructed the
present Cathedral of Mainz. He died on a visit to Paderborn
on June 10th, 1051. He was entombed in the
cathedral in Mainz. His grave became a pilgrimage site and
many miracles were attributed to him.
June 10, 1190
Death of Friedrich I (Friedrich
June 10, 1493
Birth of Anton Fugger in Augsburg, Germany.
June 10, 1832
Birth of Nikolaus Otto (1832-1891) in Holzhausen,
Germany. Otto was the German inventor of the first internal-combustion engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a piston chamber. Though the concept of four strokes, with the vital compression of the mixture before ignition, had been invented and patented in 1861 by Alphonse Beau de Rochas Otto was the first to make it practical.
June 10, 1844
Birth of Carl Hagenbeck (1844-1913) in Hamburg,
Germany. He was a German merchant of wild animals who supplied many European zoos, as well as P.T. Barnum. He created the modern zoo with animal enclosures without bars that were closer to their natural habitat. The transformation of the zoo architecture initiated by him is known as the Hagenbeck revolution. Hagenbeck founded Germany's most successful privately owned zoo, the Tierpark Hagenbeck, which moved to its present location in Hamburg's Stellingen quarter in 1907. He was a pioneer in displaying humans next to animals in as human zoos.
June 10, 1864
Archduke Maximilian of Austria becomes
emperor of Mexico. His reign lasts until 1867 when he is
assassinated by the left. He had been installed by France to
rule their new colonial territory. (The French had already
abandoned the "colony" when Maximilian was
June 10, 1865
Richard Wagner's Tristan und
Isolde was first performed in Munich, Germany.
June 10, 1904
Birth of Frederick Loewe in Vienna. He
moved to the USA in 1924 and joined efforts with Alan
Lerner. Among his works are My Fair Lady, Brigadoon, Gigi and
June 10, 1982
Death of the filmmaker Rainer Werner
Fassbinder in Munich.
Back to Today in German History Calendar
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In light of the current U.S. State Department global travel warning, it seems an opportune time for a discussion on how to prepare to travel safely. Perhaps the most important key to remaining out of harm’s way while traveling or working abroad is to know and understand — in advance — some of the idiosyncrasies of each country’s bureaucracy and the security risks that have been identified for your destination. This knowledge and guidance will then allow you to decide whether to even travel to a particular destination. If you do decide to travel, it will help you plan and implement proper precautions for the environment you will be visiting. Fortunately, finding safety and security information for your destination country is easier than ever in the Internet age.
Travel Advisories and Consular Information Sheets
One of the most important first steps U.S. travelers should take before beginning a trip is seeing what the U.S. government says about your destination country. A great deal of information can be obtained from the U.S. government. Travelers accordingly should read the consular information sheet and check for travel warnings and public announcements pertaining to their destination countries before embarking. Such information can be obtained in person at passport agencies inside the United States or at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. This information also can also be obtained by calling the U.S. State Department, but the quickest and easiest way to obtain it is online: The State Department publishes them all on its website here.
A “travel warning” is a document recommending that travel to a specific country be deferred or avoided. A “public announcement” is intended to disseminate information about short-term conditions that could pose a risk to American travelers. Public announcements can be issued even when the U.S. government is not sure Americans will be specifically targeted but is concerned that a potential threat exists. The State Department often will issue public announcements regarding terrorist threats, coups and large public demonstrations, and sometimes will publish them to note upcoming anniversaries of significant past terrorist events.
The State Department issues travel warnings for only a handful of countries. Many countries do not have any active public announcements pertaining to them, but the department maintains a “consular information sheet” for every country, even countries the United States does not have formal diplomatic relations with, such as Iran. The consular information sheet is a useful document that provides information not only about what documents you need to enter the destination country but also on crime, safety, security, political stability, in-country medical care, currency regulations and road safety. It also contains contact information for the U.S. embassy and U.S. consulates (if any) in the country. The consular information sheet also usually contains a link to the local U.S. embassy’s website.
It is a good idea for travelers to print out a copy of the consular information sheet and take it with them on their trip. At the very least, travelers should be sure to print out or write down the phone number of the U.S. embassy — including the after-hours phone number (which generally rings into the Marine security guard on duty at the embassy’s security command center, normally referred to as “Post One,” or to the embassy’s duty officer). The paper with the embassy contact numbers should be kept separate from the traveler’s wallet so that if the wallet gets lost or stolen, the contact information will not be lost with it.
Significantly, consular information sheets generally do not provide advice or security recommendations to travelers. They are intended to provide just the facts, and travelers are then supposed to use the information provided in the consular information sheets to make their own judgments and determine their own courses of action. Because of this, if the consular information sheet for your destination country actually breaks this protocol and does make a recommendation, you should take that recommendation seriously.
It is also prudent for American travelers to register with the U.S. State Department before leaving the country. This will be helpful not only in case something happens to you while abroad or if there is a crisis in the country you are visiting, but also if there is a family emergency in the United States and someone needs to locate you. Registration is free, is accomplished via a secure website and only takes a few minutes. You can register online at with the State Department here. Foreign citizens should also register with their respective embassies if their countries offer similar programs, like Australia’s “Smart Traveler.”
Other Government Travel Reports
In order to ensure that I am getting a balanced look at a specific country and to obtain more detailed information, I generally like to look at travel advice from several additional countries — namely, the British, Canadian and Australian governments. The British travel advice website can be found at here, the Canadian website here and the Australian website here.
The U.S. State Department’s Bureau of Consular Affairs coordinates daily with the British, Canadian and Australian governments, so the four countries will have largely the same big picture of the security environment in a specific country. It is very unlikely that you would find a U.S. travel advisory warning against travel to country X and then visit the British travel advice site and read that visiting country X is fine because everything is “just ducky” there.
However, the real value to be gained by reading these different reports is at the granular level. The anecdotal cases the foreign governments discuss in their travel sheets may differ from those contained in the U.S. consular information sheet. For example, while compiling a travel briefing for a client once, I noted in a British advisory that British citizens in a particular city had been victimized by local criminal gangs who had begun to engage in “express kidnappings” — something that the U.S. consular information sheet did not note. Express kidnappings, which are short-term kidnappings meant to drain the contents of the victim’s bank account via his or her ATM card, were new for that country. Even though we had seen the tactic used elsewhere in the region, it was helpful to be able to warn our customer of the new threat. So in that case, reading the British advisory in addition to the U.S. consular information sheet was well worth my time.
Another great source of granular crime and safety information is the annual crime and safety report issued by the American Regional Security Officer for a particular country or city. Sometimes, these reports can be found on the embassy’s website, but they can also be read on the Overseas Security Advisory Council’s website here. While some OSAC material is for constituent use only, crime and safety reports can be read by anyone and no login is required.
It is also important to remember that conditions in your destination country can change. Because of this, if government travel sites were checked far in advance of the trip, they should be checked again shortly before departure to ensure that no critical changes have occurred.
When travelers leave the United States, they are no longer subject to U.S. laws and regulations but to the laws of the country they are visiting. Therefore, travelers need to learn as much as they can about those local laws before they travel.
Travelers should also keep up with the political situation in their destination country and that of the region it is in. Many websites, including Stratfor, are excellent sources of information pertaining to political, terrorism and security information. General information on the country, its government, culture, customs, etc., can be found at the library or online through any number of websites such as the National Geographic Society and the CIA’s World Factbook.
Travelers should also familiarize themselves with maps of the areas they will be visiting. This will not only help them avoid being victimized by unscrupulous cab drivers and identify key locations such as their hotel or embassy, but can also help keep them from wandering into dangerous areas.
The destination country may also have informative government websites, such as a site run by the government department of tourism or the country’s embassy in the United States. For obvious reasons, these sites should be read carefully. In most cases, the host country government will want to be as positive as possible to encourage tourism. Therefore, such sites rarely provide any information on crime and security because they fear it could scare tourists (and their money) away. If such sites do acknowledge security problems, this is a strong indicator that the problem is too large to ignore and you should pay close attention to any warnings the sites provide.
Prior to travel, you should also go the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s travel health information site, which can be found here. This site provides a wealth of information about vaccinations required for specific countries and regions, and provides important tips about avoiding insect-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever as well as food- and water-borne ailments such as cholera and amoebic dysentery. The CDC also issues travel health precautions and warnings as well as information on sporadic outbreaks of dangerous diseases.
Travelers should also consult with their doctor well in advance of their trip to ensure their vaccinations are up to date and that they have time to receive all the required vaccinations for their destination before they depart. Your doctor can also prescribe anti-malarial medication if required. Even travelers in good health need to ensure they have the appropriate vaccinations and should take measures to avoid contracting dysentery and other food- and water-borne illnesses. (It is very difficult to have fun on a vacation when you are sick and unable to leave your hotel room.) Many times, travel health clinics will not only give vaccinations but will also issue handy medical travel kits that contain adhesive bandages and an assortment of over-the-counter pharmaceuticals such as pain relievers and anti-diarrhea medicines. Sometimes these kits will even contain prescription antibiotics for use in case of severe dysentery.
Another consideration is insurance. You should check your homeowner’s insurance policy or call your insurance agent to determine if your property insurance policy will cover losses or theft abroad. It is also prudent to find out if your health insurance will cover you overseas. In many instances, insurance companies will pay for all or a portion of medical coverage overseas, but you will often have to pay for the services at the time they are provided and then get reimbursed by the insurance company once you return home. Therefore, you should ensure that you have a way to pay for any necessary medical treatment. The U.S. embassy can provide assistance in the way of emergency loans to pay for your medical treatment, but such assistance requires a lot of paperwork.
You should also determine whether your medical insurance will pay for the cost of medical evacuation (medevac) in the case of a dire medical emergency. For example, a colleague of mine at the State Department had to be medevaced from Khartoum with cerebral malaria because local medical professionals could not stabilize him and did not have adequate facilities to care for him in Sudan.
Travelers going to a country with very poor in-country medical care and whose insurance will not pay for medical evacuation should give serious consideration to purchasing a medical insurance policy for the trip that will cover the cost of medical evacuation, which can run into the tens of thousands of dollars. Chances are, you will not need to be medically evacuated. But if you do, the cost of not having the coverage can be staggering.
Editor’s Note: This Security Weekly is a condensed version of a chapter from Stewart’s book, “Shrewd as Serpents and Innocent as Doves: A Practical Security Guide for Christian Travelers.”
“Planning for a Safe Trip is republished with permission of Stratfor.”
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|This article is part of the Getting Started series|
The WRITE and WRITELN instructions print text or variables on the screen. For example: write ('Test'); prints on the screen "Test". Don't forget to put the apostrophes (') before and after the text to be shown. The apostrophes will not be displayed.
The difference between WRITE and WRITELN is that WRITELN prints the text on the screen then places the cursor on the first place of the next row on the screen.
WRITE and WRITELN can also show the contents of the variables. For example: write ('The variable "a" is equal to ',a); prints on the screen "The variable "a" is equal to " then prints the contents of the variable.i Examples
- writeln ('Hello World!'); prints "Hello World!" on the screen and moves the cursor on the next row.
- write ('a=',a); prints "a=" on the screen and then prints the contents of the a variable.
- write; prints nothing.
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El Niño events are not as predictable as previously thought. According to new analyses of climate records locked within ancient corals, the frequency and strength of the ocean-warming phenomenon were more variable during the last century than, on average, during the past 7,000 years.
The scientists published their findings in the journal Science¹. The finding discounts the idea that long-term variations in the Earth’s orbit influence the climate. El Niños are marked with substantially warmer than normal sea surface temperature, which is seen along the equatorial Pacific. These events, coupled with La Niñas, which are defined by cooler than average sea surface temperatures in the same region, steer weather patterns across large parts of the globe. These phenomena are called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and in modern times, El Niños occur once every 2 to 7 years in varying strength and length.
Scientists often estimate the strength and frequency of ENSO events by turning to lake sediments. The layers of sediments provide insight into precipitation. But some of the best climate records are locked in corals because the ratios of oxygen isotopes incorporated into their calcium carbonate skeletons can help scientists decipher past trends in precipitation and temperature on a month-by-month basis.
Kim Cobb and her colleagues looked at long-term variations in the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 isotopes locked in the corals on Christmas Island and Fanning Island. In that region, El Niño causes warmer sea surface temperatures and increased precipitation, which results in lower concentrations of oxygen-18 in coral carbonates.
Radioactive dating was used to estimate when each of the samples were alive and growing. They were sliced, and tiny samples were taken, spread 1 millimeter apart. The chemical analysis revealed the climate change in the area, going back 7,000 years. This triples the amount of climate data available previously from corals.
Long-term variations in ENSO magnitude and frequency during the 20th century were on average much larger than at any time in the last 7,000 years. It’s not clear why the 20th century variability in ENSO is so much higher than in previous centuries, states Cobb. It could be related to the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but there isn’t enough data available to conclude this.
Previous studies indicated that ENSO variability was affected by the amount of sunlight striking the Northern Hemisphere in summer, but the new results seem to indicate that this isn’t the case. The analysis indicates that if such changes play a role, it’s a minor one. ENSO was weaker during the mid-Holocene, 6,000 years ago.
- Cobb, K. M., et al., Science 4 January 2013: Vol. 339 no. 6115 pp. 67-70 doi: 10.1126/science.1228246
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Recently I visited one of the most iconic churches in Beaufort and the Lowcountry, the St. Helena Episcopal Church. Thanks to our lovely guide the free tour was a pure delight (that’s quite a feat with my young and restless 5 years old!).
St. Helena church was established in 1712 as a colonial parish of the Church of England, under the Lords Proprietors of Carolina.
Getting ready to celebrate 300 years of existence, the venerable St. Helena is the state second oldest church, and remarkably, one the fastest growing in the diocese.
St. Helena History and Interesting Facts (content courtesy of St. Helena Church website)
• Built in 1724 (construction delayed by the 1715 Yemassee War), St. Helena was made out of ships ballast bricks and then smoothed over with stucco, bolstering excellent proportions and fine interior decorations
• In 1734, Captain John Bull gave a silver Communion service in memory of his wife, who disappeared during the Yemassee Indian War.
The chalice, paten and tankard, engraved “The gift of Captain John Bull to the Parish of St. Helena” are still used today on special occasions.
• Thomas Heyward, Jr., signer of the Declaration of Independence, was St. Helena’s most noted parishioner during the Revolutionary period.
A wound inflicted at the battle of Port Royal in February 1779 left a scar, which marked him for the remainder of his life.
• During Civil War, Union forces occupied Beaufort in November 1861, the entire congregation fled and the church was converted to a hospital.
The church was stripped of its furnishings, balconies were decked over to make a second floor and slab gravestones from the graveyard were used as operating tables.
Bishop Thomas noted soon after the war was over “the church was a wreck of its former self and could not be used”. All that remained of the antebellum furnishings was the 1784 baptismal font.
The St. Helena Church graveyard and the legends…
The old cemetery, enclosed by a brick wall constructed around 1804, is entrenched in the local history.
• One of the earliest burials was Colonel John Barnwell (1671-1724), better known as “Tuscarora Jack,” a famous Indian fighter and a founder of Beaufort Town in 1711.
• Two British officers, killed in the battle of Port Royal at Gray’s Hill during the American Revolution in February 1779, are buried in the churchyard.
Recovered from a hasty grave on the battlefield, they were interred by an officer of the American forces, who read the funeral service from St. Helena’s altar prayer book:
“Soldiers and fellow citizens: We have now shown our enemies that we have not only the courage to face and best them in the field, but that we have the humanity to give their dead a decent and a Christian burial.”
• Two Confederate generals rest in peace in the old cemetery, Lieutenant General Richard Heron “Fightin’ Dick” Anderson and Brigadier General Stephen Elliott, Jr.
• Beware of John, legend has it he asked to be buried with a jug of milk (or was it wine?), a loaf of bread and an axe so when the time comes he can come out his tomb!…
How St. Helena Church changed over the years…
• The church has been enlarged 3 times, in 1769, 1817, and 1842. The northeast corner of the building and the original bricks in the outer walls have been retained over the years
• The 1817 west side extension was retained in 1842 while the rest was demolished. The present sidewalls were constructed at that time, and the foundations of the 1769 church were used to support the interior galleries.
• In 1874, a new roof was put on the church. Two years later a new organ replaced the one lost in the Civil War and the original cedar box pews were replaced with heart of pine benches.
• The current altar was given by the officers, and carved by the sailors, of the U.S.S. New Hampshire stationed in Port Royal Sound during the reconstruction.
A hurricane in 1896 destroyed the east end of the church. When the debris was cleared away, the altar remained intact. The building was subsequently rebuilt in its present form.
• The present steeple was built in 1941, (the old one was removed for safety during Civil War). Designed by Simons and Lapham of Charleston, it stands 118 feet high, the only existing specification of the earlier steeple.
• The church was repaired and redecorated in 1959 following Hurricane Gracie, which ripped off half of the roof. Disaster struck again on Easter Sunday 1970, when a hailstorm broke 150 windowpanes on the south side of the church.
• Taylor and Boody organ builders of Staunton, Virginia, installed a tracker pipe organ in 1985. Patterned after 17th-century organs of northern Europe, this two manual organ has 19 stops and over 1,150 pipes housed in a beautifully crafted oak case.
• By 1998, the 286-year-old church was badly in need of restoration and repair. 19 months of hard work and $2.6 million later, the church reopened on Palm Sunday 2000.
With its Gregorian makeover edition St. Helena is now ready to celebrate its tricentennial in 2012. No need to wait that long, you are always welcome to visit this magnificent church year around from 9AM to 4:30PM.
Worship Services are on Sunday at 8AM, 10:15AM and 6 PM, Wednesday at 5PM and Thursday at 11AM.
St. Helena Church is located downtown Beaufort at 505 Church Street Check out the official website for sermons, tours, summer camps and ongoing events.
Open your heart and free your mind in spiritual Lowcountry region of South Carolina!
Filed under: Beaufort, Edisto Island, Edisto Island State Park, Free Things to Do, Historic Carolina Sites, Hunting Island, Inspirational | Tagged: attractions near Edisto and Hunting Island beaches, Beaufort and Port Royal free weekend fun activities, Beaufort free things to do, Beaufort most historic sites, Beaufort must see churches, Civil War Union troops hospitals, Jorn Barnwell mystery tombstone, legendary milk jug bread loaf and ax tomb, oldest active churches in South Carolina, St. Helena Church history and famous parishioners, St. Helena Episcopal Church photos, what to do with kids in Beaufort | 4 Comments »
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PEMF and The Conditions Responsive to It
You can consider PEMF as a battery charger for the entire body. Just as batteries need to be charged so that they can perform the desired operated, so do the cells of the body need recharging. The cells actively move, participate and cause functioning of various operations. The cell membrane of each cell has a charge which is more for a young cell as compared to an aged cell that has a lower charge. When this charge becomes critically low, the cells cease to work properly and they need extra charging to be active and operable.
PEMF gives them this charge. When exposed to the Pulsed Electromagnetic Field, the cells get charged and rejuvenated performing functions as before.
Conditions Responsive to PEMF
Inflammation: The electromagnetic current given to the cells through a PEMF device helps in reducing inflammation. When the cells get charged, the sequence of inflammation is reversed which results in reduction of the pain and swelling that is associated with inflammation.
Detoxification: Unwanted toxins in the body are readily ousted from the body with the help of PEMF. When PEMF is used, the body has an increased production of adenosine triphosphate or ATP, which is the major product that causes the breakdown of blood sugar. With the rise of ATP in the body, the toxins are made to leave the body. PEMF being negative in nature expel the positively charged toxins and thus cleanse the body.
Cancer: PEMF helps in breast and brain cancer by popping all the cancer cells. The negatively charged current, exposes and overcharges the cancer cells causing them to die.
Bones and cartilage: PEMF works to mend fractures very easily. The natural healing process of the bone is enhanced when the electrical current is introduced to the body.
Lower Back Pain: PEMF also helps in healing lower back pain. The non-united lower back injuries heal faster when the area is exposed to PEMF.
Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis treatment gets benefit from PEMF exposure due to similar reasons as mentioned above.
In addition to these problems, diabetes, hypertension, chronic fatigue and arthritis are other conditions that have been found to be highly responsive to PEMF.
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://www.pemfdiscovery.com/post/2016/04/29/pemf-and-the-conditions-responsive-to-it
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| 0.949104 | 478 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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