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In ancient Chinese medical science, the key to Chinese herbal medicine is to choose a combination of plant species based on the particular symptoms and characteristics of the patient and guided by the various theories of traditional Chinese medicine. There are many schools of thought on the causes of disease and the best way to formulate herbal medicines to tackle them.
One of the most influential theories is the principle of jun-chen-zuo-shi（君臣佐使）. The jun (emperor) herbs treat the main cause or primary symptoms of a disease. The chen (minister) herbs serve to augment or broaden the effects of jun, and relieve secondary symptoms. The zuo (assistant) herbs are used to modulate the effects of jun and chen, and to counteract the toxic or side effects of these herbs. The shi (courier) herbs are included in many formulae to ensure that all components in the prescription are well absorbed, and to help deliver or guide them to the target organs.
So based on this theory, to choose which elements as the emperor, which elements as minister, assistant or courier for different person become a very important key to choose right tea for different people to drink.
As we mentioned in our online course - Foundations of Chinese Tea, no matter what different kinds of names of teas you get, there are always has six major different kinds: Black Tea, Yellow Tea, Green Tea, White Tea, Dark Tea and Oolong Tea. Based on the traditional Chinese medicine theory, tea is original is a medicine, it’s not a simple beverage, and different teas relate with different elements, has different medical benefits:
Basically the five elements include: Metal / Wood / Water / Fire / Earth.
The five elements are actually not only relating each other, also support or control each other. So between those five elements there are support cycle and control cycle and weakening cycle are existing.
The support cycle ( In Chinese called 生Sheng) is the relationship more or less like one gives another the nutrient as the supporting relationship, it’s sort of very nurturing relationship between the two.
(Fire is support Earth / Earth support metal / Metal support Water/ Water support Wood / Wood support Fire)
The control cycle (In Chinese called 克Ke) is the relationship more or less like just as the name’s meaning: control. When one is controlling other is too much, or doesn’t have the energy to control good enough (both are imbalance way), then the one which supposed be controlled will often imbalance, then it will be causing us lots of health disease.
(Fire is control Metal / Metal is control Wood / Wood is control Earth / Earth is control Water / Water is control Fire)
For example: In traditional Chinese medicine theory, Wood can comb the earth energy, let earth move smoothly, at same time can avoid to have too much earth energy to grow over too much metal)
The weakening (insulting) cycle (In Chinese called 侮Wu) is an imbalance within the controlling cycle, where that, what is destroyed, injures the destroyer. The imbalance follows along the opposite route of the controlling cycle; each element can insult the one that normally restrains it. The reverse of the controlling cycle normally occurs when the balance is broken, especially when one element is insufficient.
For example: Wood suppose to control the Earth to make our body in the balance. But, If we have too much earth energy in our body, the wood energy will turn to weak, then will causing us some wood organs diseases, because of wood weakness. To heal sort of problem, we need to get more wood energy and comb the earth energy to reach the balance.
So when we trying to check if our body health enough in the balance situation, we need to check support cycle, control cycle and weakening cycle at the same time.
How 5 elements relate with tea?
In traditional Chinese medicine believe human beings want to live longevity need to follow the nature’s law, which means the Sky(Heaven), Earth and Man must be match all together, In The Tao Te Ching, is a fundamental text for both philosophical and religious Taoism also had described a key principle of Tao:
ren fa di (人法地）– Means man follows the ways of earth
di fa tian (天法地) - The earth follows the ways of heaven
tian fa dao (地法道) - Heaven follows the ways of Tao
dao fa zi ran (道法自然) - Tao follows its own ways as nature
The only solution can reach this goal which is follow the 5 elements law.
In ancient Chinese medicine book Huang Di Nei Jing(黄帝内经), translate into English called The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Medicine, which is the most important ancient text in Chinese medicine as well as a major book of Daoist theory and lifestyle. In this book has very clearly explanation how important the five elements relate with human prolongation of life.
In this book, it recorded:” From ancient time (it has been thought that) the root of life is closely bound up with the heavens and root is Yin and Yang.” Only Yin Yang in balance, we can be healthy and live in longevity. To keep the Yin Yang in balance, it’s all within the Qi of heaven and earth balance. Qi in Chinese means the energy or natural force which which fills the universe. The Chinese believe in three powers of the universe: Heaven, Earth and Human. Heaven has heaven Qi, Earth has earth Qi, Human has Human Qi. And Heaven Qi is the most important of the three, consisting of forces exerted by heavenly bodies, such as sunshine, moonlight, gravity and energy from the stars. Weather, climate and natural disasters are governed by heaven Qi. If we don’t follow the heaven Qi’s rules will give rise to the invasion of Evil- Qi into the body and damage our health.
Because of heaven Qi’s key is evolves into the Five elements, to keep Yin Yang healthy balance in our body is to follow the rules of Five elements. To follow five element rules to keep our body healthy balance by using different kinds of teas, need to focus three major important keys:
• Which organs and teas relate what elements.
• The key of heaven Qi relate to five elements we need to follow is weather.
• Our emotions relate each of five elements, understanding how to control the emotions by using five element theory is also important to keep our Qi in healthy balance.
After understand how five element works relate human body, then we can know how to choose correct teas to brew in the accurate way for keeping our healthy in the well balance.
So, how to choose correct tea correspond each of five elements to keep our organs and emotions in healthy balance in different weather with different tea brewing method is the key for brewing tea.
If you are interested in exploring more in-depth details about which type of tea belongs to the Five Elements and how to properly brew tea according to the Five Elements theory to achieve a true balance of the Five Elements of Yin and Yang for our bodies, check out one of the world's few most highly rated online tea courses：
• ITA Certified Online Course - Ancient Chinese Science & Art of Brewing Tea
• Tea book 5 Element Tea
• More you can learn from our Online Tea Courses
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Certified Tax Rate
Before a county or municipal body can set a property tax rate, the tax assessor is required to certify to that body the total assessed value of taxable property in the county. The county or municipal body must then take that assessment value into account and "certify" or approve the tax rate required to provide sufficient operating revenue for the coming year.
Setting the County Tax Rate
In accordance with the County Budgeting Law of 1957. the Shelby County Board of Commissioners must pass a rate and adopt a budget no later than the third Monday in July. Special provisions allow for the continuation of an operating budget from the previous year should unforeseen delays arise.
Setting Municipal (City) Tax Rates
Most municipal charters contain provisions about financial administration. However, some general laws, such as the Municipal Budget Law of 1982, have been also been enacted. Under the Municipal Budget Law, municipalities must publish their annual operating budgets showing comparisons of the proposed budgets with the actual budgets for the prior year along with the estimated expenditures for the coming year. Publication generally occurs prior to the end of the fiscal year. In the case of the City of Memphis, the budget is adopted and the certified tax rate is set by the City Council by the third week in June.
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DESCRIPTION OF DISEASE
Areas affected by Brown Patch are initially roughly circular and vary in size from one to five feet. It is a foliar disease that does not affect crowns or roots.
During early morning hours, fine strands of grayish, cobwebby fungal growth (mycelium) may be evident at the margin of actively developing patches. The band (often called a smoke ring) is caused by advancing mycelium and water-soaked infected grass blades. This “smoke ring” disappears quickly as the dew dries.
Tall fescue and perennial ryegrass are the lawn grasses most susceptible to Brown Patch. Fine fescues and zoysia are all moderately susceptible to the disease. Occasionally, Kentucky bluegrass lawns can be affected by Brown Patch, although this grass is less susceptible than others. Seedlings of all grasses are more susceptible to infection than established plantings.
CONDITIONS FAVORING DISEASE
Brown Patch is most destructive when the weather is humid and temperatures are stressful to the grass. Thus, in cool-season grasses such as tall fescue and perennial ryegrass, the disease is most severe under high temperatures (highs above 85 F, lows above 60 F).
→ Don’t overwater or water in late afternoon.
→ Aerate to reduce excessive thatch.
→ Don’t mow grass when it is wet.
→ Keep mower blades sharp, dull mower blades also can enhance disease se-verity.
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I think the magical restorative flower depicted on the Shield of Dionysos is the one that Óðr (either alone or with his comrades) went searching for when the Gods of Ásgarðr were suffering from the theft of Iðunn’s golden apples, as well as the μῶλυ flower which Hermes gives to Odysseus. What we’re seeing are different stages of an underlying myth, scattered through diverse and seemingly unrelated sources.
And I think another stage of this myth involves a confrontation with a Giant, before the long sought for flower can be recovered. This Giant is either one-eyed or three-headed, and can change its shape into that of various animals – most commonly an eagle or a snake.
Note that Nonnos recounts Ganymedes’ abduction by the giant golden eagle as a prelude to the story of Moria, Damasen and Tylos; Ganymedes represents youthful vitality, just like Hebe did before he replaced her as cup-bearer of the Gods. While in the Norse it is her fruit rather than Iðunn herself that is stolen, that theft is performed by Þjazi, a Giant who turns himself into an eagle. And Odysseus has to face off against the Laistrygones and Polyphemos (both terrible, uncivilized, maneating offspring of Poseidon of immense size) before he can make it to Aiaíā and receive Hermes’ benefaction. (Kírkē’s fabled abode is called “Eagle Island” by the way, from the Greek aietos, eagle.)
This is what I had in mind when I mentioned the possibility of a lost myth in connection with the dolphin coins of Olbia. It’s also possible I’m making this myth up as I go, or that there is a myth but I’m forging connections that don’t exist or are tenuous at best. Remember what I said about biases? Don’t think I’m immune to that, just because I’m clever!
However, if I’m right I believe that a great deal of this myth has been depicted on the Golden Horns of Gallehus. I’m not going to bombard you with a ton of links (though man have I researched the hell out of these things) but I will suggest you start with these four here, here, here and especially here. Obviously I don’t agree with all of the ideas expressed therein but a rough picture should start to emerge by the time you’re finished with them.
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Nobel champions (of Stalin) Pablo Neruda, left, and (of Hitler) Knut Hamsun. Photograph: AFP/Corbis
For all their august reputation, the Swedish poet’s fellow winners have a notably chequered history.
By John Dugdale
In becoming the 108th winner of the Nobel prize for literature, Tomas Tranströmer joins a curious club in which giants such as WB Yeats, Rabindranath Tagore, TS Eliot and Jean-Paul Sartre are outnumbered by obscure figures (often Scandinavian realist novelists or poets from Mediterranean or Latin countries) you’ve never heard of. Several should not be in at all, according to the contemporary interpretation of the prize’s rules as excluding anyone except imaginative writers; the roll of honour includes the philosophers Henri Bergson, Rudolf Christoph Eucken and Bertrand Russell, the Roman historian Theodor Mommsen and Winston Churchill, whose chronicle of the second world war (put together by young researchers) secured his entry as a historian. Erik Axel Karlfeldt, a Swedish poet, was not only dead when awarded the 1931 prize but until his death had been permanent secretary of the awarding body, the Swedish Academy. Two more little-known Swedes who were then academy members, Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson, were scandalously jointly honoured in 1974.
Politically, the laureates range from Knut Hamsun, who eulogised Hitler, to Pablo Neruda, who composed an ode to Stalin, and Mikhail Sholokhov, who had been a Supreme Soviet member under him; left-of-centre views perhaps predominate (Jorge Luis Borges’s support for rightwing regimes is said to have put paid to his chances), but conservatives such as Eliot, François Mauriac and VS Naipaul have received the nod too. Creatively, authors at the avant-garde end of modernism or writing experimental novels, plays or poetry after 1945 are scarce – Eliot, William Faulkner, Samuel Beckett, Claude Simon and José Saramago are the most obvious adventurers. Conversely, Proust, Joyce and other difficult authors have been shunned.
Of the 107 laureates since 1901, only 12 have been women, and a longstanding European bias is evident when countries are ranked Olympics-style by wins: first France, then the US, UK, Germany, Sweden, Italy and Spain, followed by Russia/Soviet Union, Ireland and Poland all on level pegging. Naguib Mahfouz is so far the Arab world’s sole winner and is one of Africa’s four; Asia has had three, divided between India and Japan; Latin America and the Caribbean seven.
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Istanbul Electric Tram and Tunnel Operations (IETT for short), an organization that provides public transportation services in Istanbul, affiliated to the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality.
In 1939, it gained its current status under the name of "Istanbul Electric Tram and Tunnel Enterprises General Directorate" with the law numbered 3645, which nationalized various companies. In 1945, Yedikule and Kurbağalıdere air gas factories and the Istanbul and Anatolian air gas distribution systems fed by these factories were transferred to IETT. Trolleybuses, which were commissioned in 1961, served Istanbulites until 1984. All electricity services by a law enacted in 1982, the rights and obligations of Turkey Electricity Authority (TEK) was transferred. Later in 1993, air gas production and distribution activities ceased. Providing only urban public transportation services today, IETT is responsible for the management, operation and supervision of private public buses and Istanbul Transportation Inc., as well as bus, tram and tunnel management. IETT also undertook the construction of some of the rail systems (metro and tram) in Istanbul (Eminönü-Kabataş, Sultançiftliği-Edirnekapı, Edirnekapı-Topkapı, Otogar-Başakşehir).
Istanbul urban transportation started in 1869 with the establishment of the Dersaadet Tram Company and the construction of the tunnel facility. In 1871, the company started transportation on four lines as a horse-drawn tram. These lines were Azapkapı-Galata, Aksaray-Yedikule, Aksaray-Topkapı and Eminönü-Aksaray and 4,5 million people moved in the first year. On these lines, 430 horses and 45 tram cars were traveling on rails with a line width of 1 meter. In 1912, the activity of the horse-drawn tram was interrupted for one year because all the horses were sent to the front during the Balkan War.
The tram network was electrified on February 2, 1914. On June 8, 1928, the tram started to work between Üsküdar and Kısıklı. By the 1950s, the length of the tram lines had reached 130 km. It lived its peak years in 1956 with 56, even 270 trains and 108 million passengers. After the 27 May Coup, tram service started to be closed. The roads were dismantled, and roads were built where motor vehicles that could move faster and faster in the conditions of that day could advance. The old trams continued to serve on the European side of the city until August 12, 1961 and on the Anatolian side until November 14, 1966.
Construction of the tunnel was also started at the same time as the tram. The construction of the funicular line between Pera and Galata began on 30 July 1871. The funicular was opened on December 5, 1874, after the London subway, as the second subway line in the world. Initially, passenger transport was also started on January 17, 1875, which was used only for the transportation of cargo and animals. This service is still ongoing.
In order to support tram transportation, which has been in operation since 1871, four Renault-Scémia brand buses were purchased from France in 1926 after the Dersaadet Tramway Company was given a license to operate buses. One of the buses operating under the Tram Company made its first flight on the Beyazıt-Taksim line on June 4, 2. Others started to work on Beyazıt-Fuatpaşa-Mercan Yokuşu-Sultanhamam-Old Post Office-Eminönü route five months later. This line was later extended to Karaköy. The first buses of Istanbul started to serve on the slopes where trams have difficulty getting out. The Bağlarbaşı warehouse, which was previously used as a tram hangar, was turned into a garage in 1927 for the maintenance and repair of buses.
The company had 3 buses during the nationalization and transfer to IETT. In 1942, 23 buses were ordered from American White Motor Company. The 9 buses, which will constitute the first batch of these buses, were sailed in pieces and chests on February 27, 1942. However, due to the intensification of the war materials were being brought to Turkey without the port of Alexandria. By 1943, the chests were brought to Istanbul under very difficult conditions, but some of the chests were found to be destroyed and some parts were missing. The assembly of the materials withdrawn from the customs began immediately, but only 9 White Motor Company buses were put into service due to the factory's stop in the United States. The remaining 14 were wasted before ever coming to Istanbul. Alternative lines to which they will work were opened and they entered the service. Since the first Renault received door numbers 1-4, they were given fleet numbers in double numbers between "6-22". In 1947, two buses were scrapped. After the Scania-Vabis joined the fleet with mass purchase, the remaining 2 were withdrawn from service at the end of 7.
At the end of the same year, 25 Scania-Vabis brand gasoline trucks were imported from Sweden by the Trade Office and allocated to IETT. In April 1943, a fleet of 15 was created with the purchase of 1944 busses from the truck and 5 Scania-Vabis buses in 29. This fleet was sent to Ankara on October 17, 1946, instead of buses burning in a fire in the bus depot of Ankara Municipality.
A fleet of 12 buses in total, consisting of 2 Twin Couch, 1 Chevrolet and 15 Fargo brands, was created with the initiative of the municipality. These buses served until 1955. Until 1960, bus purchases of various brands such as Skoda, Mercedes, Büssing and Magirus continued and the number of buses in the fleet increased to 525. This was followed by 1968 Leyland buses purchased from England in 1969 and 300. Bus purchases were made between Mercedes-Benz, Magirus and Ikarus in 1979-1980; He continued with MAN in 1983-1984. Ikarus Brand Buses were purchased from Hungary in 1990-1991-1992-1993-1994. Air-conditioned and low-floor buses with Euro III environmental engines were put into service. In the first months of 1993, new double-decker red buses started to operate.
In September 2007, Metrobus started to serve. In this line, buses with high passenger capacity, air conditioning, low floors and suitable for the transportation of disabled people are used.
IETT has 2014 buses as of the end of 3.059. These buses are solo, gusseted and metrobus type. The distribution of these buses by brands is as follows: 900 Otokar, 540 Karsan Bredamenarinibus, 1569 Mercedes-Benz and 50 Phileas. In addition, there are 3075 buses belonging to Private Public Buses under IETT control.
The first electricity distribution company in Turkey are brought to life in Istanbul. In 1908, II. During the modernization movements that developed with the declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy, the electricity distribution concession in Istanbul was given to Ganz Anonim Şirketi, whose headquarters is located in Pest. The building, which later turned into an Ottoman Anonymous Electric Company with other partners in 1910, started producing electricity especially for trams in the first world war and after, in Silahtar. Ankara government with the declaration of the Republic; The company recognizes the company by making additional agreements on the subject of being a Turkish citizen, investment obligation and service development. The Private Electricity Company was expropriated to 31 million 1937 thousand Liras on December 11, 500, and became the General Directorate of Electrical Affairs affiliated to the Ministry of Nafia and was responsible for electricity production and distribution.
Founded on June 16, 1939, IETT Operations General Directorate undertakes electricity generation and distribution. Having carried out production and distribution together until 1952, IETT starts to buy electricity from Etibank after this date. In 1970, the electricity distribution laws of Turkey Turkey Electricity Authority Electricity Authority (TEK) would be responsible. In 1982, the electricity distribution service was completely transferred to TEK.
Air gas production in Istanbul was first started in 1853 with the aim of lighting the Dolmabahçe Palace. The production and distribution business, which was carried out by private companies with foreign capital in Yedikule until 1878 and in Kadıköy in 1891, was transferred to IETT in 1945 with the transfer law numbered 4762, after a few changes were made.
With the transfer of Beyoğlu Polygon Air Gas Factory, whose concession was completed in 1984, IETT becomes a monopoly in the production and distribution of air gas. The company, which also produces coke production and sales, employs nearly a thousand people, has an average daily capacity of 300 thousand cubic meters, and has been serving Istanbul for 80 years with its 1993 thousand subscribers without saying summer and winter, it is liquidated in June XNUMX due to natural gas entering daily life and back technology. .
When the trams, which served Istanbul residents for many years on both sides, could not meet the needs of the city in the 1960s, it was decided to establish a trolleybus system, taking into account that it would be more economical than buses. The first line for trolleybuses powered by double overhead power lines is laid between Topkapı and Eminönü. The trolleybuses ordered to Italian Ansaldo San Giorgia in 1956-57, were put into service on 27 May 1961. Its total length is 45 km. The cost of the network, 6 power centers and 100 trolley buses is 70 million TL. The number of vehicles becomes 1968 when the vehicles, which are connected to Şişli and Topkapı garages and whose door numbers are listed from one to one hundred, were added to the production of IETT workers in 101 in 'Tosun'. Tosun provides service to Istanbul residents for sixteen years with its 101 door number.
Trolleybuses, which are often on the roads due to power cuts and disrupted expeditions, are removed from operation on July 16, 1984, on the grounds that they prevent traffic. The vehicles are sold to the ESHOT (Electricity, Water, Air gas, Bus and Trolleybus) General Directorate of the Izmir Municipality. Thus, the 23-year Istanbul adventure of trolleybuses ends.
IETT Bus Fleet
|Otokar||Kent 290 LF||898|
|Karsan||BM Avancity S (Bellows)||299|
|Karsan||BM Avancity + CNG||239|
The bus line that was put into service on September 17, 2007 was put on the D 100 highway. The total length of the line, which will consist of 7 stops, 38 on the Asian side and 45 on the European side, is 50 km. At the opening ceremony held on 8 September 2008, metrobus started to serve between Avcılar and Zincirlikuyu. Zincirlikuyu station is the last stop in Europe in the direction of Asia. There are 9 lines. Metrobus carries around 750.000 passengers a day.
Private public bus fleet
Since 1985, "Private Public Buses" operated by the private enterprise started to serve under the IETT control. Private Public Buses operating under the supervision of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Traffic Directorate were given to the management and supervision of the General Directorate of IETT Operations with the decision of the Transport Coordination Center (UKOME), which was taken in 1985 based on the proposal of the mayor. In this context, a directorate has been established to carry out the operations related to Private Public Buses. These studies are still carried out by the Special Transportation Directorate under the Transportation Planning Department.
As of the end of 2014, there are 3075 private line buses.
IETT and private public buses
|Private Public Buses||1283|
|Regional Public Buses||683|
|Touristic (Double Storey)||13|
|Sea - Airline Integrated||30|
|Istanbul Bus Station||922|
- Avcılar (Metrobus Garage)
- Anatolia [Kayışdağı]
- Edirnekapı (Metrobus Garage)
- Hasanpaşa (Metrobus Garage)
- Şahinkaya [Beykoz]
- Cobancesme [Alibeykoy]
- Beylikdüzü (Metrobus Garage)
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Virginia War Memorial Presenting Program About Native American Soldiers Who Served In World War I
The Virginia War Memorial will present “Great War, Great Warriors,” a history of Native Americans who served during World War I, on Tuesday, November 27 from 6-8 p.m. The program is free and the public is encouraged to attend.
Powhatan Red Cloud Owen, a member of Virginia’s Chickahominy Tribe, decorated Vietnam veteran, and volunteer docent at the Virginia War Memorial, will discuss how, from the Choctaw Code Talkers to the North American Indian Cavalry, Native American soldiers served with distinction in Europe during what was then called “The Great War.”
“It is particularly appropriate to tell the often overlooked role of Native Americans who served in World War I. November is Native American Heritage Month and we are commemorating the 100th Anniversary of Armistice Day when the war ended,” said Owen. “These proud warriors volunteered to defend an America that did not even offer them citizenship until 1924 – six years after they returned home.”
“Great War, Great Warriors” will be presented in the VMI Alumni Hall of Honor, part of the Paul and Phyllis Galanti Education Center at the Virginia War Memorial at 621 South Belvidere Street in Richmond. Seating is limited and will be on a first come-first seated basis. Because of the expansion construction, parking is limited at the Memorial but will be available in the VHDA surface lot next door and in the Afton Chemical Corporation lot at Belvidere and Spring Streets.
For more information, please visit www.vawarmemorial.org/event/great-war-great-warriors or call 804.786.2060.
About the Virginia War Memorial
The mission of the Virginia War Memorial is to Honor Veterans, Preserve History, Educate Youth and Inspire Patriotism in All. Dedicated in 1956, the Memorial includes the names of the nearly 12,000 Virginia heroes who made the ultimate sacrifice during World War II, Korea, Vietnam, the Persian Gulf and the Global War on Terrorism. Situated on nearly five acres overlooking the James River at 621 South Belvidere Street in Richmond, the Virginia War Memorial is a division of the Virginia Department of Veterans Services and serves as an integral part of its mission in support of all Virginians who served in our military. More at www.vawarmemorial.org
The Virginia Department of Veterans Services (DVS) operates 31 benefit offices throughout the state that assist military veterans and their families in filing claims for federal veterans benefits; two long-term care facilities offering in-patient skilled nursing care, Alzheimer’s/memory care, and short-term rehabilitative care for veterans; and three cemeteries that provide an honored final resting place for veterans and their families. DVS provides veterans and family members with direct linkages to services including behavioral healthcare, housing, employment, education and other programs. The Department also operates the Virginia War Memorial, the Commonwealth’s monument to honor the memory and sacrifice of Virginia’s men and women who served and fought to defend our way of life from World War II to the present. For more information, please visit www.dvs.virginia.gov.
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Watching Special Videos May Not Make Kids Brainier
MONDAY March 1, 2010 -- Well-intentioned parents who prop their infants in front of supposedly brain-enhancing DVDs in the hopes they will learn more words might actually be accomplishing nothing, new research shows.
What's more, the study found that children who started viewing the DVDs at an earlier age actually had lower levels of overall language achievement.
"Kids this age are basically little scientists exploring the world, figuring out how it works," said Dr. Jeffrey Brosco, a pediatrics professor at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. "They walk around stuff to see what it looks like on the other side. They drop something to see what happens. They're active learners so you would think that a video that doesn't really promote active learning or social engagement would probably not promote language acquisition."
Rahil Briggs, director of Healthy Steps at Children's Hospital at Montefiore and an assistant professor of pediatrics at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City, added that, with such DVDs, "there might be a little bit of science and a whole lot of marketing."
Lack of social interaction while watching a TV screen might be the main explanation for the lack of progress that the researchers found.
"We've known for a long time that live social interaction is very important for how children learn -- things like interacting with parents, a teacher or even an older sibling," said Rebekah A. Richert, lead author of the study, which is scheduled to be published in the May print issue of Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. "Our study suggests that a TV screen and people on a TV screen can't replace that live interaction."
Dozens of so-called educational DVDs and videos are marketed to parents. According to the study, infants start watching this type of programming at, on average, 5 months old.
More than one study, however, has reported that this type of media can hamper vocabulary development. After research from the University of Washington found that the DVDs did, indeed, hinder new-word acquisition, one of the creators of the Baby Einstein series filed suit against the university, alleging that it had failed to respond to requests for public records.
The new study involved 96 infants, between 12 and 25 months old. Half were assigned to watch the Baby Wordsworth DVD (one of the Baby Einstein series) at home five times in every two-week period over a total of six weeks.
Children were tested in a lab every other week to see if they were learning the words highlighted in the DVD. Parents or caregivers also reported on the children's progress.
The researchers found that the video did not enhance language acquisition, nor did it hamper it. But the earlier a toddler started watching the videos, the lower the child's overall language development, the researchers found, though they added that this could have been related to other characteristics in the child's home.
"This doesn't tell you very much because the sort of family that turns on a video player for a 1-month-old may not talk much to their kids anyway," Brosco said.
"There are lots of reasons why that could be," added Richert, who is an assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside. "We ask that parents think about why they're showing children DVDs at young ages."
Overall, though, interaction with actual human beings seems to be the key learning tool for young kids.
"Social interaction seems to be most important to kids in the first few years of life," explained Brosco, who is a father of four. And Briggs agreed.
"We know that from the first days of infancy through the toddler and early childhood years, social interaction is absolutely the ideal mode for learning," Briggs said. Rather than spending 30 minutes or so going to the store to buy a video, parents should just take that time to "talk to their kids about what they see outside," he said. "I tell parents to pretend to be sportscasters, narrating action on the field, so to speak."
Learn more about children's language and speech development from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
Posted: March 2010
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The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors' decision today to study an automated wildfire detection and response system was lauded by residents of wildfire-prone foothill communities, but fire experts are skeptical whether such technology exists or if it would be effective.
The board authorized studying a 24-hour, all-weather system that could result in wildfires being put out within minutes of starting.
"The Station fire graphically spotlights the need to study and identify solutions for establishing an automated early detection system," the motion by Supervisor Mike Antonovich reads. "The goal of a technology-based system would be to . . . have a programmed airborne response within minutes to suppress the fire before it spreads."
Last summer's Station fire, the largest wildfire in Los Angeles County history, scorched more than 160,000 acres, killed two firefighters, destroyed dozens of structures and cost more than $95 million to fight.
If technology exists to detect a fire more quickly, "that's an advantage to everyone," said Elaine Aguilar, city manager of Sierra Madre, a San Gabriel Valley town nestled against fire-prone hills. "Fires don't always start somewhere where somebody sees it driving by; they can happen in remote areas and travel quickly."
Wildfire experts said there is merit in detecting wildfires early, but expressed doubts about whether technology is that advanced.
"Does the technology even exist to do this kind of thing?" asked Max Moritz, co-director of UC Berkeley's Center for Fire Research and Outreach. "I think that's an open question."
"Under mild weather conditions we are very successful at early detection and putting fires out," he said. "But under the conditions we're most worried about -- Santa Ana winds, for instance -- it's not clear that we'd be able to get airborne resources deployed within minutes."
The idea is preliminary, said Tony Bell, a spokesman for Antonovich, whose district contains the Station fire burn area.
Antonovich and Rep. Adam B. Schiff (D- Burbank) have called for a congressional inquiry into the U.S. Forest Service's response to the Station fire amid criticism over delays and the decision to withhold water-dropping aircraft while the blaze was still small.
The county's Quality and Productivity Commission is being instructed to look for any technology that could be applied to wildfires, including satellite imagery and military surveillance systems, Bell said.
"It would involve looking at . . . what's being used anywhere in the world to provide early notification" so a fire could be extinguished before it grows, Bell said.
The commission is to report back in May.
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The Properties of Optical Glass
Dr. Hans Bach
Dr. Norbert Neuroth
This book has 414 pages, with 161 figures and 62 tables
This volume describes the properties of the optical glasses developed by Schott. The properties of optical glasses for classical optical elements such as lenses and prisms are treated in detail. Further topics treated include special applications in optoelectronics, the mechanical and thermal properties of optical glasses, the interaction of glass surfaces with aqueous solutions and gases in the atmosphere, the production of optical surfaces, special glasses for ophthalmics, the ultraviolet and infrared spectral regions, photo- chromic glasses, glasses for lasers and nuclear engineering, and coloured and eye protection glasses.
The book is a monograph, but the individual chapters are by leading Schott experts on the corresponding topics. In all the chapters, tables and examples are chosen to support the reader’s daily work with glass and glass ceramics. Numerous references are given to more detailed literature. The volume fills the gap between the basic knowledge of glass provided by material science and catalogue data supplied by glass manufacturers.
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| 0.858033 | 225 | 2.75 | 3 |
The UK has become one of the first countries to agree to a milestone agreement to reduce the emissions of a super greenhouse gas.
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Michael Gove, Environmental Secretary said:
“Adopting this ambitious target marks the UK as a world leader in tackling climate change. This deal will reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent of around 70 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide by 2050 – the same as more than 600 coal-fired power stations would produce during that time.”
Compliance365 can help your organisation to reduce your super greenhouse gas emissions. We provide assistance with GHG reporting, which is mandatory for all UK quoted companies. The GHG report will outline the size of your company’s carbon footprint, providing recommendations of ways to reduce CO2 emissions.
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Within audiovisual practices (defined here as the combination of sound and image and its combinatory outcomes that include cinema, television, video, installation), realtime is a defining element whose existence is closely related to technological developments.
“Television – says William Kaizen referring to Stanley Cavell’s thoughts – is a tele-technology. Like the telegraph, telephone, radio, it is a machine used for the real-time representation of an event with an unlimited distance between the event and its reception.” At its beginning, back in the 1920s, realtime (live cut and paste/repeat) was a radical technological feature that constituted the televion experience. This immediacy of live television expands by covering long distances and diffusing the same signal to many viewers. Before the 1940s all television “broadcasts had been live and had to be repeated across different time zones”.
Sequently, the Sony portable video recorder from 1965 came to open new possibilities to art making by providing affordable access to recording audiovisual technology. Since then, the relation between what is captured and its visualization on screen is immediate. Deviated from its original purposes, and facilitated by emerging technologies, live capture, cut and repetition served the artistic purposes of many artists, from the 1960s and 1970s, interested in the mergence of art and technology as a way to question culture and television itself, exploring to this end the performative.
Nowadays, we look into realtime as the feature of several artistic expressions. To us, audiovisual performers, the practice of the ephemeral is a way to totally embrace the present moment as artistic expression. The nowness of the realtime and the legitimating role of the performer(s) through its presence, are key elements of the performative.
Although technologies for capture, editing and mixing have evolved enormously since their appearance in the market, the moment as artistic practice expanded further into multiple directions with communication technologies fueling the possibility of multisources and multilocation (especially through the Internet). Our contemporary landscape of both customized and authorial hardware and software possibilities, fast connections and small processors with great storage capacity, presents a shift from the technological to the conceptual and crossdisciplinary.
The possibilities of realtime are endless, as it allows the mergence of expressions (dance and body expression, sound, film, generative graphics), the mergence of knowledge (electronics and engineering, sciences, arts) and combination/re-combination of data.
When related to cinema, a practice of recorded linearity, realtime opens up new frontiers to an over a centenary well defined practice. Realtime provides other contexts to the cinematic experience besides to the cinema room. It proposes abstraction, experiment and immersion. The performative moment, the presence of the performer and its interaction with the audience demands a more complex lexicon (that the cinematic) to include loop, overlay, patterns, distortion, feedback, participation, and others, and other kinds of narrative: multiple narrative, non-linear narrative and networked narrative. Its current features have a technological origin that artists use to develop concepts which challenge definitions.
This text looks at the performative practice of Tiago Pereira to establish a relationship between live audiovisual performance, ethnography and documentary.
Documentary is a non-fictional cinematic category. Each documentary focuses on a specific subject of social-historical reality from the director/author’s point of view. In itself, documentary is a document (has fixity), which establishes itself already in oppostion to realtime audiovisual performance (which is momentary and therefore has no fixity). What defines a documentary has changed along with technological and sociological developments and is very strongly influenced by the history of cinema.
European contemporary documentary, strongly affected by portable capture technology and the great capacity of software editing, tends towards the close connection of the personal with the subject of the film, as is the case of Les Glaneurs et la Glaneuse (2000) by Agnes Varda and exploring the experimental and non-linear, as is the case of L’HiStoire(s) du Cinema (1998) by Jean-Luc Godard. Within a territory of approaches to documentary as a field that welcomes blurred definitions (see mokumentaries, fictioned documentary, etc.) and individual expression, Tiago Pereira’s work combines it in a peculiar way with live audivisual performance.
Tiago records the arts, talents and knowledges of the people from the rural and secluded Portuguese landscape onto digital format and remixes it in realtime for an urban audience.
Our conversation took place during a journey to Cornwall where we both met to work on our personal contributions to the project Decalcomania. . Escaping from a mildly rainy Summer afternoon, we looked for shelter in the Jubilee Wharf in Penryn, an ecological structure that comprises flats, artist studios, shops, a nursery and a café-bar. There, between two recording sessions, we talked for about an hour. The recordings of our meeting form Tiago’s contribution to this text about the possibilities of audiovisual realtime in documentary.
“To listen is a way to understand better the world and the role we play in it - Tiago Pereira tells me – I record sounds to make people aware of this beautiful capacity that we all have that is to listen: to things, to people and to what they have to say about their work, to the soundscapes, and to music. I am really obsessed with the idea of listening, and this is why I collect and make visualizations of sounds. The sentence “see this sound” suits well my work. I am always looking for ways to make visible the sound and the people who make each sound. The image is as important as the sound, because seeing the sound, where it comes from, is a way to understand it better.
After the radio and the recording devices, this capacity to listen, connected with its visual source, has been misregarded. My work stands somewhere between the ethnographic sound-collecting by Alan Lomax and the cultural remixes by DJ Spooky. It is my intention to abolish hierarchy in music. Instead of a maestro and all subsequent hierarchical structure of an orchestra, I have all sounds at the same level. In my performance, an old woman singing folk songs from the countryside, for example, and the famous pop musician from Lisbon who makes gigs for two thousand people are equal in expression. The video We Are Not Old Ladies Singing, We Are Musical Instruments explores this concept“.
Travelling across Portugal while capturing songs and instrument playing, Tiago Pereira has been developing a database of knowledge that has been passed on from one generation to another by musical means. If not kept on digital format, this knowledge would eventually be lost. Tiago is not so much interested in preserving culture as it is, but rather to reinterpret it.
His position differs from the one of the ethnographer: When ethnographers and ethno-musicians go to the countryside, to the same places I go, they study people (and their behaviours). My recording work is different from the one of the scientist. When I go to the countryside to record the singing and dancing, I am recording the sounds, not studying their context. People are not subjects of a specific scientific study. This is the big difference: I am an artist.
Tiago’s methodology of work encompasses audio and video capturing, editing, collecting, archiving and producing outcomes (as live performances, video works and video installations). Although the director’s process related to collecting, implies a methodology similar to documentary film, once at the editing stage it takes a different route, the one of the audiovisual performance.
All elements produce sound, and we (humans) produce many sounds: breathing, working, walking, etc., therefore we are walking (mobile) musical instruments. Under a specific concept or idea, these sounds can be remixed and become music. So I am a guy who makes music with the music made by other people. My captures are not only sounds but also visuals which afterwards I transform into samples. I treat each sample as a living unit. Like a living cell that has a life of its own but that also can relate with other cells in infinite possibilities. They allow infinite combinations because each one of the cells has different behaviours in different contexts. To these different combinations I call virtual mixes.
It is important to have archives in order to have material to remix with. This is not a novelty, but when these archives don’t exist they have to be created. It is the case of the online Portuguese channel called A Música Portuguesa a Gostar Dela Própria (Portuguese Music Enjoying Itself).
The project MPAGDP is a database of small clips available online. The clips contain artists singing and playing, across several generations, and in a prolific mixture of styles. The database is fed regularly with recorded material by several artists. In a stage of potentiality, this database provides the visitor with access to the diversity of Portuguese music, at the same time motivating to use it for the creation of new outcomes.
Through performance I take musicians from the countryside to other places – Tiago Pereira continues to tell – where audiences can experience different kinds of music. In art there is a growing hybridism that allows the blurring of definitions. Our society is becoming hybrid and this is important to me. I find a big charge of fascism related to folklore in Portugal. It has a bad connotation, because of its relationship to fascism. We never had a visible political concept for culture, as we never had a cultural revolution as such.
The only individual who attempted to develop a strong political concept of culture was António Ferro, and he did this under fascism times. In the attempt to bring up the essence of culture, through folklore, he divided the country into regions attributing specific features to each one of them. But reality is not categorized this way. Obviously, after the revolution , people detached themselves from folklore and tradition.
This remains the norm to our days. It is important to break this prejudice by conceptualizing, taking things out of their original context, finding ways to make possible to show ethnographic work.
Expanding on the conceptualization of folk traditions and taking his work to other contexts outside Portugal, as participant of the Decalcomania (http://decalcomaniaproject.wordpress.com/), Tiago was in Cornwall in the UK to record musicians and create a performance that will be presented at The Exchange Gallery in Penzance in October 2011.
The musicians I am filming here (in Cornwall) are not known, the same way the old ladies are unknown to the public in Portugal. My virtual mix will provide the space for musicians who live in Cornwall but don’t play together, to actually play together with musicians from Portugal. It will be an intercultural virtual mix that allows musicians from two different countries to play, which otherwise would be impossible to happen.
For those in the audience who don’t know each of the individuals, it will not be possible to distinguish between Portuguese and Cornish musicians, because the way we connect with music is the same anywhere. The performance (this can be almost perceived as a metaperformance) allows music to be celebrated and, through it, life to be celebrated, too.
Realtime in audiovisual practices is changing documentary, and the combination brings different perspectives on oral tradition and digital culture. The capture of oral tradition (converting its ephemerality into digital documents) is the start of a process towards the performative moment (as ephemeral practice).
Both orality and performativity are unique and permanently evolving (a story is never told twice, and each performance is also unique). As evidence, the process is in the database containing the collected data. This process takes me to the “story-collecting model for VJing” and the possibilities of non-linear narratives as addressed by Paul Mumford when describing his practice and research as part of The Narrative Lab.
The audiovisual performance Mandragora Officinarium , is made of collected material, recorded musicians, interviews and photographic images. The viewer will experience an historic and cultural insight into the use and accounts of the hallucinogenic plant Mandragora in Portuguese culture, through descriptions, songs and spells. The remix of visual and musical sources in a complementary manner unveils a multitude of meanings. This being complementary in the performance of documentaries touches a point in the correspondence between what is heard and what is seen, in a similar way to that of Visual Music.
It is from the visuals that audiovisual can be reached – Tiago Pereira explains – in time-based aristic expressions, it is through the image that it becomes audiovisual. I am a visualist. The visualist is a digital artist that explores the audiovisual media to its limits. This is what I am doing, while telling people’s stories and make them listen.
“In oral tradition we listen to someone singing a song, and then we play it our own way. Between Penryn and Falmouth (both in Cornwall), the same music is played by different people in different ways. This happens all over the world. We are always transforming knowledge. By doing so, we are making the tradition of the future. The concept of tradition, when it is perceived as the exact repetition of the same, is very conservative.
That is against oral tradition. I locate tradition in a different context, by expressing that tradition is emission. In this sense, having in mind the endless possibilities of the remix, my performances are within a tradition achieved through remixing. We construct the audiovisual archives, and afterwards we construct the archives of remixing, in a transformative process of the remix itself.”.
In the digital society we live in – Tiago Pereiraconcludes – the same way we have open source software, we also have open source documentation. In our post-cinema and live cinema times is not necessary to seat inside a black room doing nothing else but looking at the screen. The cinematic experience can happen while the audience is having a drink or is talking to their friends. The audience can watch the director manipulating footage live.
What is really good in performance is that it cannot be repeated. Everything is unrepeatable. Therefore, my way of making documentary embraces the unrepeatable. The documentary I’ll perform here in Cornwall will be different from any other. We are documenting beings, always changing and changing the documentation with us. Documentary is in this sense an open concept”.
- William Kaisen, Live on Tape: Video, Liveness and the Immediate, in Art and the Moving Image, Leighton, Tanya (ed.), London: Tate Publishing, 2008, 262 – 263.
- Leighton, Tanya (ed.), Art and the Moving Image, London: Tate Publishing, 2008.
-More information can be found on the project’s blog at:
http://decalcomaniaproject.wordpress.com [accessibile dal 23/09/2011].
- Alan Lomax was a musician ethnographer and collector of folk music in the United States and beyond.
- http://amusicaportuguesa.blogspot.com [accessed in 23/09/2011].
- 25th April 1974 Portuguese revolution. For being peaceful, it deserved the title “Revolution of Carnations”, and indeed: a red carnation is its symbol. It marked the end of the longest dictatorship in Europe’s history.
- Mumford, Paul, Visual Music in Cornelia and Holger Lund (ed.) Audio.Visual – On Visual Music and Related Media, Stuttgard: Arnoldsche Art Publishers, 2009, 154 – 160.
- Blog of the project Mandragora Officinarium: http://avmandrake.blogspot.com [accessibile dal 23/09/2011].
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Teacher Resources by Grade
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Alphabiography Project: Totally You
|Grades||6 – 8|
|Lesson Plan Type||Standard Lesson|
|Estimated Time||Two 50-minute sessions|
- write an autobiography using the letters of the alphabet.
- describe significant life events and interests.
- apply summarizing skills to their entries.
- assess their entries using a checklist.
- Begin the session by asking students to share what they know about biographies and autobiographies. Try to make connections to any texts that have been covered in class.
- Next, share the word “alphabiography” with the class by writing it on the board or on chart paper. Invite students to share their reactions to the term, encouraging them to break the word into two parts to determine its meaning.
- Follow up the discussion by reading the letter that Joe writes to his teacher Mr. Daly before he shares his alphabiography in Totally Joe.
- After sharing Joe’s letter, tell students that they will also be crafting their own alphabiographies, writing about a person, place, thing, or event for each letter of the alphabet.
- Explain that after the entry, students will sum up the life story by recording life lessons (what they have learned from the experiences). Share details from the last question in the Teaching Tolerance interview with author James Howe, “Totally James,” to provide the author’s commentary on the life lessons in Totally Joe.
- Read a few of Joe’s alphabiography entries with students; or if there are multiple copies of the text available, ask students to choose examples to share with the rest of the class.
- Pass out copies of the Sample Alphabiography Entry, and read the model with the class.
- Discuss the voice and tone of the entries in Howe’s book and the Sample Alphabiography Entry with the class. Note that both authors use very informal style and that this tone and voice is fine for their own writing as well.
- Once students have experience with an alphabiography, work together as a class to discuss what the requirements of the project should be. You can begin the discussion by creating a guideline for the tone and voice of the entries.
- As you create the class list, be sure to answer questions such as “What should be included in each entry?” and “What should we do if they cannot think of anything for a letter of the alphabet?”
- Record the requirements and tips on the board or on chart paper; and use the information to create the students’ self-assessment checklist to be shared at the next session. Alternately, customize the Alphabiography Self-Assessment to incorporate students’ observations and suggestions.
- Pass out the self-assessment checklist that students helped to create in the previous session, or pass out your customized version of the Alphabiography Self-Assessment.
- As a class, decide how often assignments will be turned in. Will students turn in a letter or two per week, or wait and turn in the entire project as Joe did?
- Once a deadline has been determined, provide time for the students to write in class and as homework. Students can write their alphabiography in a notebook, or they can use the Alphabet Organizer as a means of publishing. Suggest that students choose Option 2 in the Alphabet Organizer, as it best fits the entries they will compose.
- Remind students that they do not have to write this alphabiography in a linear fashion: A, B, C, and so forth. They can write entries as they think of them and then relate their entries to the appropriate letter of the alphabet.
- In the same vein, students can publish when they have entries done, or when their entire alphabiographies are completed.
- When students have completed all entries of their alphabiographies, re-read to the class the letter that Joe writes to his teacher Mr. Daly.
- Ask students to write similar letters to the teacher, which will serve as an introduction to their alphabiographies. For more strategies on composing these letters, explore the Draft Letters: Improving Student Writing through Critical Thinking lesson plan.
- If there are students who would like to share an entry or two from their alphabiographies, allow time for them to do so.
- Provide time for the students to assess their alphabiographies, using the criteria set by the class or using the customized version of the Alphabiography Self-Assessment.
- Adapt this strategy as a book report alternative, asking students to write alphabiographies from the point of view of a character in a book they have recently read.
- See the lesson plan activity in “Totally Us,” from Tolerance.org, for additional alternatives for composing alphabiographies with students.
Review the work that students complete during this project on an on-going basis for the thoroughness and completeness. As students work on their entries, talk to them and observe their work. Pay particular attention to the connections they make from their life to their writing. Collect completed self-assessments when collecting the finished alphabiographies, and use the checklist to provide feedback on students’ work. As you review the artifacts, look for evidence that students’ assessment accurately reflects their performance in the alphabiographies. Focus feedback on places where students’ understanding of the requirements seems lacking and/or where their performance does not match the assessment they completed.
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Senior Correspondent Mike Causey is on vacation. In his absence, Federal News Radio asked regular Federal Report readers to write guest columns. This is the final part of a three-part series from a German-born DoD civilian who was in Europe for much of the Cold War.
From the early 1960s until the end of the 1980s, when someone mentioned Berlin, it was usually in connection with the Wall. And if it wasn’t, most often you thought about the Berlin Wall anyway.
On one trip to Berlin in the late 1980s, we had a chance to visit Checkpoint Charlie, and not just pass through. Checkpoint Charlie was the passageway between West and East Berlin — the place where East met West and often the focus point of contention between the two. The French, British and Americans had their own facilities. The French and British were local construction but completely different styles. For example, the U.S. station was a prefab metal box. The eye hooks that were used to deliver it were clearly visible on the upper four corners. The reason for that was that the “situation” was temporary. I had a good chuckle at that.
Across the street diagonally was the Checkpoint Charlie Museum. It was a private museum, and I understand it is still open. In it here was the history of the Wall. But mostly it was about the people that tried to escape to the West.
There was a balloon made from material you would not consider really suitable. Supposedly some used a zip line to slide into the West. A lot of the escapees were uniformed personnel who were supposed to be guarding, but decided to make a quick dash or hop into freedom. There was a tiny car, the smallest I have ever seen, in which some contorted themselves hidden and passed though the checkpoint. There were also tunnels attempts.
There were unsuccessful attempts, and not just by being caught. Depending on who is counting, 136 (official East German Police tally) or well over 200 people were killed attempting to escape. The first person who died while trying to “defect,” jumped form a building into West Berlin. The first person shot was trying to swim across one of the canals. The last died in the spring of 1989.
Across the street from the museum was the Wall. Between the sidewalk and the Wall was a large open space. At one time there probably were houses sitting along the sidewalk, which were later removed by the East Germans. The Wall did not start out with a lot of planning, or any planning in fact. A situation triggered a response and soon barbed wire was strung up hastily and people were cleared out of their houses if they had a window into the Western Zone
Allegedly, one of the masons who was to block up the windows in one of those houses, was left alone for a moment. He cut into the mortar joint and destroyed the integrity. He then smoothed things over so no one would notice. Well, no one on the east side. Sometime later he and a number of people knocked trough the weakened wall and had a relatively small hop to freedom
Others did not have the luxury of a first floor window. I can still remember seeing black and white films on one of the nightly newscasts. A bunch of people were on the second floor. Some West Germans were down below to help. I don’t know whether the West Germans knew the escapes, or if they were just ordinary citizens passing by. Both occurred. Suitcases and other belongings were dropped and caught. Then the people jumped. The West German men were able to catch the children and the smaller women without too much injury to the jumpers. When the father jumped, the men below were more like cushions that slowed the fall rather than act as catchers. But a broken leg is a small price for freedom.
Along the sidewalk across from the museum, at the edge of the cleared lot were a series of posts, maybe 50 feet apart. I went over and looked at the nearest one. It had a little sign about 4 inches wide. It was about Peter Fechter. Peter and friends tried to run into the West. He was shot and fell on the barbed wire not far from the actual line. But the West Germans could not help him, as the official East German orders were to shoot anyone inside that tried to help. Peter died of blood loss. This was not the first time this had happened. But it was the first time it was in front of the media and captured on black and white film. I can also remember seeing that film on the evening newscast; he and his friend running through the barbed wire; him getting shot; and later the uniforms carrying his body back. It is kind of burned into the back of my brain.
I mean, what kind of country shoots/kills its own people when they try to leave? Well, in my lifetime, I can think of three off the top of my head: Cuba, Vietnam and North Korea. There may be others. The U.S. will let anyone leave, as long as they are not indicted for a felony or suspicion thereof. Having all your money leave with you however might be much more difficult. The “defectors” didn’t worry about taking all their things with them. Unlike most refugees who were forced to leave everything behind, the “defectors” chose to leave most of what they had behind. Freedom was worth it. — “Old Geezer from Energy”
NEARLY USELESS FACTOID
About one-third of comments in new stories that quoted President Barack Obama were categorized by researchers as uncivil, according to a study which scoured more than 6,400 messages in the comments section of the Arizona Daily Star. However, the type of article most likely to bring out the trolls? Sports.
TSP winning streak continues for second month The Thrift Savings Plan continued a summer winning streak through June, with all funds in federal employees’ 401(k)-style retirement accounts finishing out the month in positive territory, according to new data from the Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board.
USPS offers buyouts to 3,000-plus postmasters As part on an ongoing effort to reduce costs, the Postal Service will offer early- outs and buyouts to more than 3,000 postmasters. Those who accept will leave the agency Sept. 30 — the last day of fiscal 2014.
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Map Courtesy of the University of Illinois
As a result of a strong Chinook effect at noon MST on December 19, 2003, Cut Bank and Great Falls recorded highs of 59 and 56 degrees respectively. Valier, 20 miles south of Cut Bank, reached 61 degrees. In contrast, Kalispell and Missoula only reached 23 and 31. The temperature map above shows that a large areas east of the Rocky Mountains experienced Chinook winds on that day, as evidenced by the warmer colors extending from Canada to Colorado.
Below: When you compare the topography map below to the temperature map (above) you can see a strong correlation between the Chinook winds and the shape of the land. The warm winds develop on the east slope of the Rockies. In some places this area is called the "Rocky Mountain Front".
Map courtesy of NASA
Not exactly . . .
|Back to Chinook Effect|
|This energy demo will help you understand the role of latent heat.|
|Snow cover image shows the effect of Chinook winds|
|Current Snow cover image|
Earth Science Teacher at Helena High School
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A root canal is a type of endodontic surgery that is used to treat infected teeth by removing the damaged material, filling the tooth, and capping it with a crown. Despite how common and simple the procedure is, root canal therapy is often incorrectly depicted as painful and inconvenient.
The team at Redmond Art of Dentistry wants to pull the curtain on mysterious root canal therapy to give our patients correct information that will lead to a more accurate view of the treatment. Here are a few of the most common myths about root canal therapy:
1. Root Canals Hurt
This is the most common (and least accurate) myth about root canals. The process is actually very similar to having a filling placed, and it is performed using numbing agents, so you won’t feel a thing. You can even be sedated during the procedure to ensure a comfortable visit. Your tooth may ache a bit after treatment, but that’s nothing compared to the pain and discomfort of a toothache, which is a common symptom of an infected tooth.
2. It Takes A Long Time To Recover From A Root Canal
This is also false. You can go back to your normal, day-to-day activities as soon as the procedure has been completed. However, you may notice some discomfort and tooth sensitivity. This usually goes away in just a few days.
3. It’s Better To Just Pull The Infected Tooth And Replace It
This is false! Saving a natural tooth is always the best option. Artificial replacements, like dental implants, are a good option if the tooth cannot be saved. However, if you can have the tooth treated with a root canal and a dental crown, this is always going to be a better choice. It will be less expensive than having your tooth extracted and replaced, and there will be fewer complications with the surrounding teeth and supporting oral tissue.
4. Root Canals Are Expensive
Though root canals are an investment in your oral health, they are usually covered by dental insurance. Even if you do have to pay out of pocket, a root canal is much cheaper than having a tooth extracted or getting a partial denture, dental bridge, or implant.
5. Root Canals Don’t Last Very Long
The success rate of root canal treatment is over 95%, and most patients who have a root canal can keep their tooth for the rest of their lives. As long as the crown and the surrounding teeth are properly maintained with regular brushing and flossing, as well as routine exams with Dr. Bickel, your root canal will last for the rest of your life.
Understand The Truth Behind Root Canals: Don’t Be Intimidated!
Root canals are an extremely common procedure, and Dr. Bickel has performed hundreds of root canals in Redmond. If you think that you may need a root canal, don’t wait. Get help as soon as you can by contacting us at (425) 883-1331, or stopping by our office at 16455 NE 85th Street, Suite #101, Redmond, WA 98052.
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There’s always something on at the Schenectady County Historical Society! Check back regularly for updates and newly scheduled programs!
Women on Wheels
May 13, 2017 –
When women and girls first rode bicycles in large numbers in the 1890s, they celebrated their new freedom to move around in the world. Susan B. Anthony said she stood and rejoiced, “every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel…the picture of free, untrammeled womanhood.” She thought bicycling had “done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world.” Is it surprising that conservatives panicked at visions of women riding alone, with other women, or with unsuitable men, and campaigned to stop them?
Bicycling women wanted to keep their new mobility, and there were plenty of arguments back and forth. Some claimed that women would damage themselves by acquiring a “bicycle face,” or would get sexual pleasure from bicycling — and thus ruin their reproductive capacities. Although this seems like something that happened long ago, women, especially, are often still discouraged from physical activity and mobility in the US and in other countries. How did that happen? Could bicycling again offer freedom to all?
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ML in healthcare is revolutionizing the way doctors work with patients. It’s improving diagnosis and treating diseases faster than ever before.
It’s also helping to ease processes like interpreting medical documents that contain information in human language. That’s a big deal since most of these documents are not easily machine readable.
1. Faster Diagnosis
Inaccurate or delayed diagnosis is a leading cause of medical mistreatment, which can have life-altering consequences for patients. In the worst-case scenario, a delay in treatment can lead to death.
Machine learning can help with diagnosis by speeding up the process and removing human error. It can also improve consistency and accuracy. For example, it can provide a standardized interpretation of data and imagery. It can also broaden access to healthcare. For instance, it can allow non-specialists to perform complicated tasks in at-home care settings or smaller clinical settings.
ML technology can also analyze large, unstructured datasets to identify trends and patterns that might signal an illness. The algorithms can then rearrange and organize these data sets so that medical professionals can quickly glean insights from them. However, it’s important for clinicians to have a thorough understanding of how ML works and how it may be biased by training data. This way, they can be critical when using ML in their practice.
2. Accurate Diagnosis
Inaccurate diagnosis is one of the most dangerous healthcare problems that can lead to improper treatment or even death. Machine learning can help improve diagnostic accuracy by analyzing large datasets and using predictive algorithms.
Another way that machine learning can improve diagnostics is by helping doctors spot patterns in data that they may not have noticed before. For example, it can help identify correlations between diseases or find subtle changes in a patient’s vital signs that could be indicative of an illness.
However, it’s important to note that ML is not foolproof and can still be prone to bias. This is because humans are responsible for training machine learning algorithms, and our own existing prejudices can often creep in and influence the results. This is why it’s critical that ML in healthcare is used responsibly and accompanied by robust data collection and accountability measures. It should also be backed up by human expertise and consultation to ensure patients are not mistreated.
3. Predictive Diagnosis
Machine learning can help to identify early warning signs of diseases and predict how the disease might progress or respond to treatment. This helps to ensure that patients get the correct care at the right time.
Logistic regression is a popular machine learning algorithm that can help with this. It can predict which outcome is more likely to occur, making it useful for healthcare professionals to make decisions on risk assessment, adjusting behavior plans and diagnosing at-risk patients.
The technology can also be used to monitor patient data and alert medical devices or electronic health records when a particular condition is detected. This can be particularly useful in areas of the world where access to medical professionals is limited.
However, the ability for machine learning to do this depends on the quality of the data that is available. Without good, unbiased data that is structured in a way that allows for analysis, the algorithms will not work.
4. Preventive Diagnosis
With the right data and analytics, machine learning can identify the risk factors for certain diseases. This will help healthcare professionals proactively address the problem.
In addition, it can be used to prevent patients from getting into medical emergencies. For example, it can be deployed to identify skin cancer through images or detect the onset of pre-diabetes through routinely collected health data.
ML can also be used to speed up drug discovery and development processes. It can help in identifying the most promising candidate drugs and predict how they will work with specific patients.
However, it is important for developers to create ML technologies that are compatible with the current clinical workflows. This will minimize the effort and disruption required for medical professionals to use these technologies.
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How To Cope With Restless Leg Syndrome
What is restless leg syndrome?
In 1945 a doctor of neurology by the name of Karl Ekbom diagnosed this condition and so it's sometimes referred to as 'Ekbom's Syndrome' or 'Willis-Ekbom' Disease. The 'Willis' named is the English doctor Sir Thomas Willis who, in 1672, first described the symptoms he had noted in a number of people - the symptoms in the 17th century are the same as they are today.
This is then a condition that is not new and at the present time affects millions of people worldwide. Let's first of all have a more in depth look at this condition and the symptoms.
Common Symptoms of restless leg syndrome
There are many conditions people can develop much more painful and certainly more serious than restless leg syndrome (RLS). However, for anyone who has suffered from this - either temporarily or permanently - it can be one of the most stressful conditions you could ever have. In addition to all this, it can be painful for some people.
Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is often classed as a neurological disorder as well as a sleep disorder. There is also another connected condition that can occur with RLS, called 'periodic limb movement of sleep' (PLMs). In addition, although a separate ailment, people can develop 'periodic limb/leg movement disorder' (PLMD).
RLS is also known as a spectrum disorder since the feelings can vary between people from mild annoyance to extreme symptoms. It also increases in severity for some but goes into remission for others. According to medical research carried out by the National Center on Sleep Disorders, (NCSD) USA, women are more likely than men to suffer from RLS as are people who have northern European ancestry. As we can see, this is a complex subject and medical research is ongoing. To date, the exact cause is unknown and there is no cure.
Let's take a look at what people experience when they suffer from RLS. The main symptoms are:
- Unpleasant feelings in the legs - or arms/torso - when resting. Moving the limbs stops the feelings for a few seconds.
- You can also have jerking/spasms of the legs while sleeping. This experience wakens people, leading to disrupted sleep and fatigue in the morning. This is known as periodic limb/leg movements of sleep,(PLMs). Another condition called periodic limb movement disorder, (PLMD), is an entirely different complaint but often occurs along with RLS. However, RLS is sometimes experienced during the day, PLMD is only experienced during sleep.
- RLS tends to be worse from evening onwards. However, as previously mentioned, there are people who suffer during the day as well. Symptoms can arise while sitting on a chair at home or at work, or perhaps sitting on a bus or even in a theatre.
- RLS - in some cases - might be a symptom of another medical condition. Although the cause of RLS is not known, researchers have linked it to rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, anaemia and kidney problems.
Feelings in the limbs have been described as:
- pins and needles
- very deep pain/aches
This is one of those conditions that may not sound much to people who don't experience it. However, RLS can in effect rule a person's life. Here are some experiences from people from the NHS (National Health Service) UK Website:
- "...It's the afternoons and evenings! I cannot sit down in an armchair or sofa. The kitchen stool seems better (why?) I cannot go to see a film or play or just slob and watch the TV - I would love to. Sometimes I have to stop driving, because if it is really bad the leg jerk is uncontrollable. I work in an office and sometimes can't sit at my desk - I work standing up. As for the journey home on the train ..... It is worse if I feel closed in too. RLS rules my life and I am so sick of it."
- "I have had RLS for about 6 years now and it is getting worse I am now taking ropinirole 3 mg just to get through the night. I take citalopram for stress which I'm told makes the RLS worse, but as yet no one has come up with an alternative. If anyone can help out there that would be great."
As we can see from just these two people, RLS is not a joke and it can have serious consequences for many. In particular the loss of sleep that leads to depression, stress, the inability to do everyday things and so on.
There are plenty of websites out there that give excellent support and advice for anyone who is suffering from RLS. Having said that, because as yet doctors don't know what causes the condition, the information given on one site might only help a few people. Others would have to try another site for something else that may help. However, because I've also had to put up with RLS - and still do on occasion - I thought a hub showing some of the things I've done to combat RLS might be helpful to others as well as showing the main changes that helped me. I'm not suggesting that everything I've done will give you the same results, but at least it will give you ideas to think about.
Restless leg syndrome poll
Have you ever experienced restless leg syndrome?See results without voting
Factors relating to restless leg syndrome
The following is a list of some of the common factors of RLS:
- Although it does affect mainly adults, children are known to suffer from it.
- The condition can be temporary - for example brought on by certain medication - when the medication is stopped then RLS symptoms disappear. Some anti-depressants such as prozac (fluoxetine), are particularly bad for causing RLS. In addition some medicines used for heartburn, such as Zantac, have also been known to trigger RLS.
- The severity of the symptoms varies between each person as well as the actual sensations and levels of pain. In addition people can have RLS continually without any remission.
- People who have a job where they are sitting for long periods of time have a higher rate of RLS. This is thought to be in part due to the circulation of blood being reduced for long periods of time.
- There are numerous triggers for RLS - and we'll look at these a little later.
- People have various methods and techniques that they use to combat the effects of RLS.
- Pregnancy has been known to cause RLS but usually disappear after the baby is born.
- Smoking, caffeine and alcohol are known to cause RLS symptoms in many sufferers, but not all.
- Some medical conditions seem to show a higher rate of RLS among patients - such as anaemia, kidney disease, diabetes, obesity and thyroid problems.
- RLS increases with age.
- Some women experiencing the menopause feel that their RLS symptoms are worse.
- People with circulatory problems of the lower legs, for example varicose veins, can develop RLS.
- Exercises that help to increase circulation to the bottom half of the body have been known to have a good effect in decreasing or stopping RLS symptoms, whether the person has circulatory problems or not.
- People who are involved with some level of frequent exercise - even just walking - have a lower incident level of RLS.
So managing RLS is frequently a case of looking at your lifestyle and making changes in the areas that you feel are triggering RLS. To help with this a bit, I'll go onto to tell you how I've managed to reduce significantly the symptoms of RLS and this should give you some ideas about your own lifestyle.
Simple Exercise For Restless Leg Syndrome
Diet and restless leg syndrome
Coping with restless leg syndrome
There are a number of strategies that can be used to combat the symptoms of RLS. For most people it's a matter of reviewing your entire lifestyle and making adjustments until you find the combination that works best for you. It's important to realise that some people who have the severest form of RLS often end up depending on medications such as those used for Parkinson's Disease to control the symptoms. Therefore, it might be the case that due to various factors, lifestyle changes may not be enough for those who are badly affected. In addition, it's always best to consult your doctor before making any changes, especially if you are on any kind of medication or have an existing medical condition.
The main areas you need to look at for triggers to RLS are:
- Diet and fluids taken
- Activity levels
- Type of job you do
- Herbal or other supplements used
- Type of chairs and mattress used
- Current medical conditions such as - fibromyalgia, anaemia, arthritis (especially rheumatoid), thyroid problems, diabetes, kidney problems, peripheral neuropathy.
I occasionally still get restless leg syndrome, but attacks are now far and few between. If it does come on it's usually because of something I have done or something I've neglected to do. The main areas I realised I had to focus on were - my diet, the type of seating I used, sitting too long and medications.
As you can see, there is not usually one trigger for RLS, there can be a few. Although it can take time to eliminate the triggers it's well worth doing this. Find out what starts an attack, what doesn't and if there are things that help.
Lifestyle changes that helped me:
- Diet - I'm mainly vegetarian so I need to watch my vitamin and mineral levels. This also means I can be prone to anaemia and this actually runs in my family. So iron supplements are a must, but I'll mention this later on. What I also have to watch for are meals that are high in salt - such as macaroni cheese. I now tend make meals with lower fat cheeses and very little salt. Another food that causes me major problems is savoury rice - the kind you buy in a pack and boil up. I'm sure this is also because of the salt content. I also avoid salted peanuts like the plaque as they bring on very bad bouts of RLS with me. So have a look at what you enjoy eating and see if RLS symptoms start because of some items of food that you eat. A general rule seems to be that the healthier your diet, the less likely RLS will be a problem.
- I know that on most sites/forums for RLS its stated to avoid caffeine. To be honest I've never had a problem with caffeine, but I can say that de-caffinated coffee can cause me all sorts of problems with RLS, especially if I drink it at night. Whether this is due to the chemicals used in the de-caffinated coffee, I don't know. All I know is that it causes me problems.
- Alcohol can cause bad RLS symptoms if I'm not careful. One or two glasses of good wine are fine and I also like to drink Bailey's Irish Cream - so far I haven't had any problems. However, when I was younger I did drink more spirits and lager, then RLS did affect me badly.
- Anaemia - as I've already mentioned - is a problem for me. I am prone to low iron levels and I also have to watch my vitamin B levels as I don't absorb this too well, meaning that I have to ensure that I take extra vitamin B supplements, especially B12. Now iron and vitamin B supplements are very easy to come by. However, what I've discovered is that the tablet forms of iron and vitamin B just don't work for me at all. They certainly didn't reduce my RLS symptoms. What I take now is a good quality iron supplement in liquid form and they also have vitamin B12 as well as folic acid (B9) and the rest of the 'B' group added. I know they are much more expensive but the plus side has been drastic reduction in RLS and no iron side effects such as gastric problems.
- People have also found that other supplements such as potassium and magnesium seem to help the symptoms of RLS. However always consult your doctor before taking these supplements as they can be toxic if taken in too large a quantity.
- Type of seating. The type of seating and for how long people sit down can cause enormous problems with RLS. I tend to find the worse kind of seating for me is the common office type chairs - especially if you have to sit down for long periods. I used to end up standing for most of the time at work. However, I have found that RLS is improved by firstly taking short walking breaks after sitting. I would get up at least every 15 minutes and keep standing or have a walk for at least 5 minutes, longer if possible.I know that many people with RLS find that sitting in a cinema, going for a meal, sitting on a train/bus/plane will also trigger off symptoms. However, some exercises that you can try, have helped many people with this issue.
- I've being doing RLS exercises for a while now - especially the ones that help with circulation. I have to say, that they have been a huge benefit to me. Other sufferers also state that they have found walking and/or running on the spot alleviates RLS symptoms.
- If your legs, feet and buttocks get too hot after you've been sitting or walking, then find a way to cool them down. For example, a cold compress or cold water splashed or dabbed onto the feet and lower legs in particular. I've found that when my legs and feet get over heated this can trigger off an RLS episode. In addition to cooling your legs down, also do some of the exercises from the video that are for RLS. I have to say that I haven't had the problem of hot feet/legs for a long time. Since using a quality iron/vitamin B supplement, changing my diet and doing the exercises this problem seems to have gone.
I hope this article will be of some benefit to those of you who suffer from this distressing condition. However, a word of warning - there are many websites out there that claim to have a cure for RLS - this is false. To date, there is no cure. There are, as we have seen, lifestyle changes that can help to prevent or dampen down the symptoms of RLS, but there is no cure.
Lastly and as always, this article is for information only and is not a substitute for seeking proper medical advice from a doctor. Good luck!
More by this Author
Most of us think that itchy skin is just a nuisance. However, persistent itchy skin could be a sign of a serious medical condition.
Thousands of animals and insects all over the world are venomous. However, how many of us know why venom is dangerous or why it produces the affects that it does?
All types of negative energy can build up in a room or house. Not all are paranormal in nature but they can cause unhealthy atmospheres and even illness.
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Pictures from the Elektro-L No.1 Russian weather satellite of Earth are the highest-detail images yet, and come in at 121 megapixels. The color scheme comes from the image capture method, which combines data from three visible and one infrared wavelengths of light when it takes full-sized images of Earth every 30 minutes.
There’s been a long history of NASA-provided “Blue Marble” images of Earth, but now we’re getting a different perspective thanks to photos taken by the Elektro-L No.1 Russian weather satellite. Unlike NASA’s pictures, this satellite produces 121-megapixel images that capture the Earth in one shot instead of a collection of pictures from multiple flybys stitched together. The result is the highest-resolution single picture of Earth yet. The image certainly looks different than what we’re used to seeing, and that’s because the sensor aboard the weather satellite combines data from three visible and one infrared wavelengths of light, a method that turns vegetation into the rust color that dominates the shot.
An educator named James Drake obtained over 350 full-resolution photos from the NTs OMZ (Russian Research Center for Earth Operative Monitoring), and used them to make several videos showcasing a day in the life of Earth. The satellite takes a full image of Earth from its stationary point over 35,000 kilometers above the Indian Ocean every 30 minutes, providing the material for the video below. The images have a resolution of one kilometer per pixel, and the one you see above was taken on May 14, 2011. Be sure to check a zoomable version of the image to see the detail for yourself and be reminded of just how tiny we really are.
- VIA: ,
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In a brief article, Japanese scientists cage light, The Register reports that scientists working for NTT have used photonic crystals to trap light by over one nanosecond. In fact, light was trapped inside a wavelength-sized micro-cavity, delaying its transmission. So the apparent speed of light was reduced by a factor of 50,000, or just 5.8 kilometers per second. This is not the first time that physicists have 'reduced' the speed of light, but this achievement could lead to new ways of storing information in future light-based or quantum computers.
Let's start with the first sentence from the article: "Scientists have used silicon crystals to trap light and slow it down to the lowest speed ever recorded in the material." Sorry, but this is not true. In October 2005, I've written a post about Californian researchers who slowed light down to 245 meters per second!
But the goal was different. The researchers at Berkeley were working on future faster communication networks by eliminating the need for optical-electronic-optical (OEO) conversions. On the contrary, the NTT Basic Research Laboratories are working on how to trap light to store data for future photonic computers.
Below is a figure describing the fabricated Si photonic crystal used by the NTT researchers. "Our device is based on a photonic crystal that comprises an array of air holes, 100 nanometers in radius, arranged in a hexagonal lattice, fabricated on a silicon chip by state-of-the-art nano-processing technology. The ultra-small optical cavity consists of a single line of missing air holes defined in the matrix of a photonic crystal acting as a photonic insulator. The key design feature is that some of the holes adjacent to the line defect are intentionally displaced outward by three to nine nanometers. This small displacement modulates the width of the line defect, thereby enhancing its ability to confine light." (Credit for figure and caption: NTT Basic Research Laboratories).
You can see more explanations and figures in what NTT calls a press release, "Success in trapping and delaying light for over one nanosecond using photonic crystals" (December 21, 2006). If all company press releases were like that, it would be refreshing: it's almost a scientific paper!
For more information, this research work has been published by Nature Photonics under the title "Trapping and delaying photons for one nanosecond in an ultrasmall high-Q photonic-crystal nanocavity" (Volume 1, Issue 1, January 2007). Here are the links to the abstract, the full text and to a PDF version (4 pages, 585 KB).
Sources: Chris Williams, The Register, December 21, 2006; and various websites
You'll find related stories by following the links below.
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From nature lovers to budding horticulturalists, Plants will appeal to readers eager to learn how plants can survive everywhere from rain forests to deserts, how they reproduce, and how humans use plants. Additionally, readers will discover if all plants have roots and leaves and other fascinating information from seeds to stems to trunks.
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Remarkably plants spend their
ecosystems around the world Faith in a Seed
Africa animals areas assassin bugs Bees blueberries bugs cactus cactus flower called camp carnivorous plants celery cells chiltepines clover clubmosses Cocoa Beans conduct water cones contain seeds cotton crops desert digested energy from sunlight environment farmers Favorite hangouts Feed feet female fern allies field guide field meadow flowering plants fronds fruit George Washington Carver ginkgo grains grass ground Group name harvest Hazel Herb insects Key ID points land plants leaves Leif live look Monkey cup Mosses Nature nectar NS/S nutrients Once organ pipe ovary peanut photosynthesis pine pipe organ pistil plants have adapted pond potatoes produce rain forests rice roots Rudy Saving seeds Scientists estimate seed bank seed dispersal soil Sorghum species stalk starch stay sticky strangler fig stream sugar sunflowers survive Suzanne Nelson Thoreau Today Tree ferns trewia triffids Tuskegee vegetable Venus's flytrap wheat Whisk ferns wild chiles woods
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Westerbork concentration camp (Dutch: Kamp Westerbork, German: Durchgangslager Westerbork) was a World War II Nazi refugee, detention and transit camp in Hooghalen, ten kilometres north of Westerbork, in the northeastern Netherlands. Its function during the Second World War was to assemble Roma and Dutch Jews for transport to other Nazi concentration camps.
On 15 December 1938, the Dutch government closed its border to refugees. From then on, any refugees would not have any rights. In 1939, the Dutch government erected a refugee camp, Centraal Vluchtelingenkamp Westerbork, financed, ironically, partly by Dutch Jewry, in order to absorb fleeing Jews from Nazi Germany. The Jewish refugees were housed after they had tried in vain to escape Nazi terror in their homeland. During World War II, the Nazis took over the camp and turned it into a deportation camp. From this camp, 101,000 Dutch Jews and about 5,000 German Jews were deported to their deaths in Occupied Poland. In addition, there were about 400 Gypsies in the camp and, at the very end of the War, some 400 women from the resistance movement.
In 1950, the Dutch government appointed the Jewish historian Jacques Presser to investigate the events connected with the massive deportation of Dutch Jewry and the extent of the collaboration by the Dutch non-Jewish population. The results were published fifteen years later in "The Catastrophe" ("De Ondergang"), a book which shocked the reading public and had a profound and lasting effect on the Dutch perception of the war years. Presser also published a novel (" The night of the Girondins") set in Westerbork camp itself. The hero is a Jewish prisoner, who is appointed an officer and has the problematic role of helping the Nazis transporting his "brothers" to their obvious deaths in Occupied Poland.
Between July 1942 and September 1944, almost every Tuesday a cargo train left for the concentration camps Auschwitz-Birkenau (65 train-loads containing 60,330 people most of whom were gassed on arrival), Sobibór (19 train-loads of 34,313 people, all of whom were killed on arrival), Bergen-Belsen and Theresienstadt (9 train-loads of 4,894 people some 2,000 of whom survived the war). In the period from 1942 to 1945, a total of 107,000 people passed through the camp on a total of 93 outgoing trains. Only 5,200 of them survived, most of them in Theresienstadt or Bergen-Belsen, or were liberated at Westerbork.
Anne Frank stayed in the hut shown to the left from August until early September 1944, when she was taken to Auschwitz. She and her family were put on the first of the three final trains (the three final transports were most probably a reaction to the Allies' offensive) on 2 September 1944 for Auschwitz, arriving there three days later.
Etty Hillesum stayed in this camp from 30 July 1942 until 7 September 1943, when she and her family were put on a train to Auschwitz.
Full article ▸
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AppDNA stores data in a Microsoft SQL Server database. The Database Creation step in the Configure AppDNA Environment wizard configures the database.
Note: The wizard creates the new database in the default database file location set in SQL Server. To store the database files in a different location, change the default location in SQL Server before you run the wizard.
Server name – Enter this as Machine\Instance, where Machine is the name of the machine that hosts the SQL Server installation and Instance is the SQL Server instance if a named instance is in use. If a named instance is not in use, omit the backslash (\). If the SQL Server uses a non-standard port, specify it using the Machine,Port notation, where Port is the custom port number.
Database name – The name of the new database. If the database administrator has created an empty database for you to use, enter its name here. Otherwise accept the default name, AppDNADB, or enter a name that does not already exist within the SQL Server instance.
Database authentication – The credentials for connecting to SQL Server when creating the database. The user account must have the sysadmin server role.
- Windows authentication – This type of authentication uses the logged on Windows user account when connecting to SQL Server. When using this type of authentication, the logged on user must have a Windows user account that has a password set.
- SQL Server authentication – Enter the user name and password to use to connect to SQL Server and create the database and database tables.
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Looking back at my childhood days, I realize what an important role British novelist Roald Dahl played in it. He transformed, what would have otherwise been a mundane existence, into something magical. As the world celebrates the late author’s 100th birth anniversary, let us reflect upon Dahl, the raconteur and man.
Born in 1916 to Norwegian parents in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales, Dahl was raised by a single mother since age three, following his father’s untimely death. This was only weeks after Dahl’s then seven-year-old sister Astri had died due to a burst appendix. Having witnessed death at such close proximity, that too at a tender age, Dahl’s literature frequently features children who are orphaned, lonely or troubled.
After a successful stint with the Royal Air Force during World War II, Dahl returned to a full-time career in writing, churning out children’s short stories, novellas, poems, and even adult literature.
Like many writers, much of Dahl’s literature draws on real life experience. As his granddaughter Sophie recalls in a tribute to her grandfather in The Guardian, Dahl grew up at a time when chocolate was hard to come by. Instead, as a boy, he saw around him shops filled with hard-boiled sweets, gobstoppers, lemon sherbets, bootlaces and candy. These “scrumdiddlyumptious” treats are almost an inseparable part of Dahl’s children’s tales. Further, Dahl’s unpleasant experience at Repton School, Derbyshire (which he attended from 1929) find place in stories like Matilda (1988), featuring cruel administrators like Ms. Trunchbull. The draconian principal of Matilda’s eponymous heroine’s school, Ms. Trunchbull has almost become synonymous with cruelty.
Dahl was not just any wordsmith; he was an inventor – a magician who could whip up words that bordered on alliteration, portmanteaus, anagrams, onomatopoeia, and other literary devices. On his centennial birth anniversary, the Oxford University Press has compiled a book of words invented by Dahl. Dr. Susan Rennie, professor, University of Glasgow, has curated a glossary of Dahl’s words, called The Oxford Roald Dahl Dictionary. Dahl’s words transcended the boundaries of language, which probably explains the writer’s enormous appeal to children and adults alike. Words like “bundongle” (something that only contains air), or “fizzwiggler” (a cruel, loathsome person) are highly evocative, and often serve to describe people, their situations and surroundings far better than the words they are derived from. Needless to say, these words also add to the dark humour, which Dahl was known for.
Despite the diverse nature of his stories and characters, nearly all of Dahl’s literary figures are bound by a common trait: being courageous, and creatively so, in the face of adversity. Be it James Henry Trotter from James and the Giant Peach (1961) or Sophie from The BFG (1982)or even Danny, the eponymous hero of Danny, the Champion of the World (1975), all these characters show remarkable courage through hardship, and emerge victorious in the end. Dahl’s ability to celebrate, and never underplay the human condition, won him love and appreciation the world over. Dahl always sided with children, who were oppressed by villainous adults. But these tales, which are peppered with the adversities that Dahl himself faced during his lifetime, are never told without a generous dose of satire.
The raconteur also wrote volumes of limericks and nonsense rhymes. Many of these compilations, like Revolting Rhymes (1982), feature a bond between animals and children. Dahl was a great lover of nature, and as recalled by his granddaughter Sophie, he spent several hours pottering about his garden.
While Dahl is best remembered for his children’s stories, he also wrote many a compelling read for adults. Some of his noted adult works include the collections Kiss Kiss (1960) and Switch Bitch (1974), and the novel My Uncle Oswald (1979).
Many of Dahl’s tales have also been adapted for the screen, the most recent one being Steven Spielberg’s 2016 film The BFG.
Among the many honours that Dahl received during his lifetime are the 1983 World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement, and the British Book Awards’ Children’s Author of the Year in 1990. In 2002, the Oval Basin plaza, a modern landmark in Cardiff Bay, was renamed “Roald Dahl Plass”. “Plass” means “place” or “square” in Norwegian, and is a reference to the writer’s roots. This year, the writer’s birthplace Llandaff, will be celebrating his centennial year, through a series of events titled Roald Dahl 100.
For more on the writer’s life, watch a 1990’s interview with Roald Dahl.
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2/2 POLITICAL SCIENCE. States, was elected by universal suffrage. " One must be blind," he adds, " not to see that this was to give the nation up into the hands of a master. In a country with the tradi- tions of monarchy the president elected directly by the people will hold in his hands the destinies of the national assembly, * To suppress it he will need only to give the word of command. The people does not comprehend any power that is not repre- sented by a person ; in their eyes the impersonal power of a deliberative body is a mere shadow. It is necessary, then, that the president must be named by the parliament. The election of the president by the people in the United States every four years calls forth a periodical crisis too intense for the European nations to endure.* That would be enough to give a disgust for the republican regime. . . . Switzerland changes its president without attracting notice. Scarcely has she a functionary deserving of the name ; but while in Switz- erland the competence of the president is almost a nullity, in France it is universal, immense, unlimited. It is absolutely necessary for the parliament to have a legal and easy method of recalling [*'. e.9 deposing] the president, since temptations and encouragements to usurpation will not be wanting to him. The upper chamber should have the power of removing him from his place on the demand of the lower chamber.11 M. E. Duvergier d'Hauranne, in his " Republique conser- vatrice " (Paris, 1873), discusses with ability the same subject at some length, (pp. 186-204). Some of his positions .are that the relations of the executive and legislative powers can- not be regulated in an isolated way on abstract principles ; but it is necessary to know how these powers will be adjusted to one another. The executive power cannot be constituted in the same way with two .chambers and with oneŚwith a chamber renewed in part at intervals, and with one the mem- bers of which go out of office together ; " with a sovereign assembly invested with powers almost revolutionary and with * The crisis of a presidential election, and the feeling then excited, are magnified in the imaginations of the European writers on Amer- ican affairs.
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There is a 'significant risk' that conventional oil production will peak before 2020, and forecasts that delay the event beyond 2030 are based on assumptions that are 'at best optimistic and at worst implausible'.
So says a major new report that puts the excitement over recent ‘giant’ oil discoveries into perspective and directly contradicts the British government’s position. It also warns that failure to recognise the threat of peak oil could undermine efforts to combat climate change.
The report, entitled 'Global Oil Depletion: An assessment of the evidence for a near-term peak in global oil production', comes from the UK Energy Research Centre, an independent group funded by the Research Councils, whose mission is to resolve contentious technical issues and deliver clear guidance for policymakers.
This report is significant because it is the first dispassionate academic attempt to reconcile the highly polarised debate over whether and when oil supplies will start to decline, yet its conclusions chime with a growing number of recent forecasts that warn of an early peak in production.
'This is an important conclusion,' says Steven Sorrell, of Sussex University’s Science Policy Research Unit, and lead author of the report, 'because the worst impacts of oil depletion could come sooner than the worst impacts of climate change. Both are important, but depletion has been largely ignored by policymakers'.
What's the evidence?
The UKERC set out to assess the evidence that conventional oil production will be limited by physical depletion of the geological resource, as opposed to ‘above-ground’ constraints such as a lack of investment or resource nationalism, before 2030.
After reviewing the data, they found there were large uncertainties, and that peak oil forecasting techniques were often too pessimistic about future supply. Yet they concluded the information was good enough to assess the risk of global oil depletion, and that the peak of conventional production was 'likely' before 2030.
The main reason is the relentless treadmill imposed on the industry by the falling output of most existing fields, as a result of falling reservoir pressures and a long-term decline in the size of the fields being discovered. The UKERC found that total production from existing fields is declining at 4 per cent or more each year, meaning the world has to add 3 million barrels of daily production capacity annually just to stand still, equivalent to developing a new Saudi Arabia every three years. This will present 'a major challenge, even if ‘above-ground’ conditions are favourable', says the report.
Once the economy comes out of recession, satisfying demand growth would usually require another 1 million barrels of daily production capacity each year.
The report also puts the breathless reporting of recent discoveries in the Gulf of Mexico and offshore Brazil into a more sober context. BG’s Guara field, discovered last month, contains 2 billion barrels of recoverable oil and was lauded as a ‘supergiant’, prompting some pundits to claim such finds would banish peak oil for decades.
However, the UKERC argues that each additional 1 billion barrels delays peak oil by less than a week. To postpone the peak by a year would take 7 times what was discovered in 2007. 'We’re unlikely to explore our way out of this,' says Sorrell.
Heads in the sand
The report also implicitly challenges the British Government’s position on peak oil. In response to an online petition last year, the Government insisted there is enough oil for the 'foreseeable future', and that reserves will meet rising demand until 'at least 2030'.
The Government also refuses to conduct a risk assessment that peak oil might come before 2020, despite maintaining a comprehensive risk assessment and rapid response network for an outbreak of smallpox, which it admits has already been eradicated.
But the UKERC concludes the risk of a conventional peak before 2020 is significant and, given the long lead times needed to develop alternatives, requires serious consideration.
'If you don’t even recognize the problem you will inevitably be unprepared,' says Sorrell. 'The Government needs to wake up to oil depletion and start planning, because it’s going to mean major changes infrastructure, investment and lifestyles'.
The Government bases its view on the work of the International Energy Agency, which forecasts conventional oil will peak in 2020, but which argues that rising output from non-conventional sources, such as the Canadian tar sands, will push the overall production peak out to 'around 2030'. The UKERC report does not address the potential for non-conventional oil, but the numbers in the report show how unlikely it is that they will defer the peak for long, because of the sheer size of the hole left by conventional depletion.
The UKERC report shows that two thirds of current oil production capacity – 60 million barrels per day - must be replaced by 2030 before allowing for demand growth. By contrast, non-conventional resources are expensive and difficult to produce and unlikely to expand by anything like that much. One of the most optimistic industry forecasts for tar sands production, for instance, from energy consultancy IHS CERA, shows output reaching 6.3 mb/d by 2035.
'But by then we’ll need to add around ten times that much capacity without allowing for any growth in demand,' says Sorrell, 'so it’s very hard to see non-conventionals riding to the rescue. We haven’t demonstrated it in the report, but I think it’s likely that conventional peak oil will turn out to be peak oil full stop'.
Peak oil: bad for climate change?
As the UN climate talks in Bangkok reach their climax tomorrow – the penultimate round before the crucial Copenhagen summit in December - the UKERC warns that running short of oil may actually be bad for global warming. The report notes that climate policy assessments generally make no reference to oil depletion and frequently rely on optimistic oil price assumptions, which Sorrell says are unjustified. Further oil price spikes could tip the economy into recession again, sapping climate change efforts to mitigate climate change of political will and financial resources.
Peak oil could also hamper attempts to mitigate climate change by creating a strong incentive to exploit vast deposits of carbon intensive non-conventional oils – even though they are unlikely to fill the gap in time.
The report comes amid a growing consensus that the oil supply will fail to meet demand far sooner than 2020 for ‘above-ground’ reasons. Both the IEA and Christophe de Margerie, chief executive of Total, have warned of a supply crunch in the next few years as demand recovers, because of shrinking investment in new production capacity following the collapse of the oil price. Bankers Morgan Stanley recently predicted that tightening supply will push oil price back up to $105 per barrel by 2012, while analysts Douglas-Westwood have noted that an oil price of more than $80/bbl sends the US into recession.
The UKERC report has been broadly welcomed by depletion experts, who urged the Government to act on it. Christopher Patey, chairman of the Oil Depletion Analysis Centre, and a former executive with Mobil, said 'this excellent report exposes the British Government’s position on peak oil for what it really is – obstinate denial in the face of the growing evidence, and a reckless gamble on all our futures'.
Jeremy Leggett, convenor of the UK Industry Taskforce on peak Oil and Energy Security, said:
'Having rejected the concerns of a cross-section of British industry about a peak in global oil production in the next decade, hopefully the government will listen to the concerns of the country's premier energy research establishment.'
'This is the right report at the right time,' said Bernie Bulkin, Energy and Transport Commissioner at the Sustainable Development Commission and former chief scientist for BP, who introduced the report at its launch yesterday. 'The Government should look at how we can run our economy effectively and efficiently without oil,' he said in an interview. 'It means electrification of road transport, and then making electricity zero carbon'.
A spokeswoman for the Department of Energy and Climate Change said: 'Government met with UKERC in July to discuss their initial findings – we’re interested in their report and will assess their conclusions closely'.
David Strahan is author of The Last Oil Shock, a trustee of the Oil Depletion Analysis Centre, and served on the Expert Group of advisors to the UKERC report.
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Once a month the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Environmental Education Center adorned with taxidermy and kids’ artwork fills up with preschoolers and their parents as well as a few siblings eager to learn, play and create.
This past Thursday, when kids arrived to Little PEEPs — Preschool Environmental Education Programs — they saw laminated paper mice, shrews and voles — the theme of the session — scattered about the main room of the center.
After Michelle Ostrowski, education specialist at the refuge, read a story with help from the kids who counted mice in the illustrations of the book, she taught them the difference between the creatures.
Then she set the kids loose to find the paper mice, shrews and voles in the room. When the kids found most of them and got some high-fives from parents, Ostrowski helped the kids identify which animal they had — a mouse with a long tail, a vole with a short tail or a shrew with a pointy nose.
After the kids sorted their creatures into the right group, it was time for a game. Ostrowski pulled out a parachute and said that it represents snow. With the adults holding the parachute, the kids took turns in groups hurrying under the parachute and pretending to be mice, shrews or voles hiding under the snow. The kids also took turns walking or crawling on a rope Ostrowski unwound on the floor for the kids to follow like mice in a snow tunnel. Ostrowski said the kids usually do a couple activities each session.
“I let the kids kind of run around and be noisy and get that energy out,” Ostrowski said.
Two poems and a snack came before craft time. The kids made a little mouse with part of an egg carton, pompoms, yarn and googly eyes, and they made a vole family out of their thumbprints on paper plates.
DeeAnn Steffensen, who has been bringing her son Daniel Steffensen, 5, to the program for a few years, said the variety of activities and subjects has kept them coming back. She said after a session they often further discuss what Daniel learned at home.
Between the two morning sessions, about 45 preschoolers attended as well as some older and younger siblings.
“I think it’s great to target the youngest kiddos and get them excited about what our refuge is and just the basics — learning the different Alaska animals and wanting to learn more,” Ostrowski said.
The refuge has been putting on the free program for about four years for 2-5 year olds. Ostrowski said it’s important to her that the stories she reads for the sessions are fairly realistic not “bear and mouse held hands and skipped to the lake and had a picnic” type of stories.
Refuge intern Bailey O’Reilly has been assisting with the program since August 2013.
“It is adorable,” she said.
Ostrowski said while siblings are welcome to come, the preschoolers have priority when it comes to craft and snack supplies. She said parents are not allowed to drop off kids at the center because the program is meant to be experienced together between parent and child.
Anna Lattin, of Soldotna, said she regularly brings her kids to Little PEEPs. She said it has a broad appeal for younger kids and it’s informative and entertaining.
“I just think it’s a wonderful community program,” Lattin said.
Kaylee Osowski can be reached at [email protected].
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wo years ago, the Swiss business software maker Abacus Research AG
decided to port its complete product line from Borland's Delphi to Java/Swing. The Abacus Delphi development team faced the unenviable task of rewriting hundreds of GUI applications in Swing without the aid of tools like Delphi or Visual Basic. When Abacus Research looked at the few GUI builders available at the time, it found three basic disadvantages:
- Abacus developers found them complicated, in part because they required Swing knowledge in order to create an application. The developers wanted to create forms within minutes without Swing knowledge.
- The tools lacked XY layout managers and the canvas-style interface that VB offered.
- Abacus Research needed the ability to separate the UI forms from the business logic, which the third-party tools that it reviewed did not provide.
With so many applications to rewrite, time constraints, and a large number of seasoned GUI developers who had little experience in Swing, Abacus Research developed a plan to bridge the gap: writing its own Java tool that functioned like Delphi and Visual Basic and making it available to all developers under the GNU General Public License. Its solution would allow the developer to more easily separate the UI design from the rest of the application logic.
Thus was born the Abacus GUI builder (AbaGUIBuilder), an open-source Java GUI builder designed to provide GUI developers with an easy and rapid Java/Swing development tool. Abacus realized early that its application developers do their best work when they can concentrate on the business logic and UI, instead of the technical details of Swing. Thus, its immediate goal became the implementation of a WYSIWYG tool powerful enough to handle any user interface requirement.
Abacus's first decision was to provide an XY layout with object anchoring, similar to Delphi or VB (see Figure 1). The XY layout transforms the JFrame into a canvas where a developer can drop Swing objects from the class palette. In contrast, most Java layouts managers dynamically render screens according to the resolution of the display.
Next, Abacus determined that the AbaGUIBuilder would output jar files instead of "usable or reusable" Java code. It manufactures and compiles an application jar that hides the UI implementation details. In order to run the application jar, a wrapper program with an AbaRenderer object loads the jar and renders it on your desktop. Other noteworthy features include the abilities to create JFreeChart objects visually, import third-party classes into the class palette, and create database applications using JDBC data sources and DB-aware components.
The following sections use a sample application to walk you through an AbaGUIBuilder build, from creating the application and running it to adding event handlers and writing your own wrapper.
|Editor's Note: The author, Mario Castillo, is a member of the Open Abacus team, which develops the AbaGUIBuilder tool. We have selected this article for publication because we believe it to have objective technical merit.
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Crystals found on the sandy beaches of Mauritius suggest that chunks of an ancient continent called "Mauritia" may lie beneath the ocean floor, between the land masses of India and Africa.
The beaches of Mauritius surround the island like a foamy white trim and sprinkled in the sand are clues to a lost, submerged continent.
Ancient zircon crystals harvested from sand samples were found to be curiously older than the island itself. The island is only 8.9 million years old, but one of the hardy crystals dated back almost 2 billion years, and others are estimated to be at least 660 million years old.
Scientists who found the minerals explain that they belong to an ancient continent they have named "Mauritia" and estimate that there are chunks of it lying beneath the ocean and under the ocean floor between the land masses of India and Africa. A team led by Björn Jamtveit from the University of Oslo surmises that the telltale zircons rose to the surface on columns of hot magma welling up from under the crust. They coated Mauritius — itself the product of a recent volcanic belch — and remained there until they were picked up, sorted and analyzed by the Norwegian crew.
Mauritia would have been part of a single land mass called Rodinia that included what’s now India and Madagascar, Jamtveit told National Geographic. Per the scientists' theory, Mauritia sank beneath the ocean when India was pried away from Africa to form the Indian Ocean. Their findings were published in Nature Geoscience this week.
While some experts agree that there isn't another likely source for the crystals, as Conall Mac Niocaill told Nature News, others like Jerome Dyment don't rule out the possibility that they could have landed on the beach on board human-made machinery or materials.
But based on what they've found, Jamtveit and and his team write that they fully expect to find other land masses hiding under the sea, too.
More about past and future continents:
- Lost city of Atlantis believed found off Spain
- Tree species reflect supercontinent's split
- The next supercontinent will amaze you
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Philadelphia – New research from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania has shown for the first time that pneumonia is the most common serious infection after heart surgery. The new study, presented at the 2011 American Heart Association Scientific Sessions, also revealed that most infections occur about two weeks after surgery, not one week as physicians previously thought.
"In the past, focus has been on sternal wound infections after heart surgery, rather than other prevalent infections such as pneumonia," said Michael A. Acker, MD, the study’s lead researcher and chief of Cardiovascular Surgery at Penn. "This new research should help guide more effective management strategies to reduce overall occurrence of all infections."
In the new study, researchers analyzed more than 5,100 patients in the Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network (CTSN). Patients, average age 64, were treated at nine U.S. academic medical centers and one Canadian center. The median time to major infection was 14 days after heart surgeries. Forty-two percent of all major infections occurred after hospital discharge.
"Half of these patients had no evidence of infection before they were discharged from the hospital," Acker said. "Then they had to return because of the new infection. One implication is that patients must be followed more closely after discharge."
In this study, which excluded patients who were infected before surgery, researchers found 761 infections: 300 were classified as major infections (occurring in 6 percent of patients) and 461 were minor (in 8.1 percent of patients).
The most commonly performed procedures were isolated coronary artery bypass graft and aortic and mitral valve surgeries.
Several risk factors appeared to increase the risk of developing infection, including congestive heart failure, hypertension, chronic lung disease, corticosteroid use prior to surgery, and length of cardiopulmonary bypass time.
The study was funded, in part, by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
Read more about the full study through the American Heart Association news release http://newsroom.heart.org/pr/aha/_prv-pneumonia-most-common-infection-217814.aspx.
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TAB G - DU Exposures in the Gulf
Gulf War personnel were exposed to DU in a number of ways. Some US combat vehicles were mistakenly destroyed or damaged by US tanks using DU sabot rounds. Personnel worked inside US vehicles contaminated with DU fragments and particles. Several accidental tank fires and an ammunition explosion/fire at Camp Doha, Kuwait, resulted in DU rounds being burned, oxidized, or fragmented, which created a potential exposure hazard to troops operating in the vicinity. Other troops entered Iraqi armor disabled by DU. Determining the medical consequences of these exposures, if any, requires a systematic, scientifically sound evaluation. The exposure scenarios observed during ODS/DS and in months following, were categorized into three levels based on the activities of the soldiers involved, and the resulting potential for direct contact with DU. These three exposure levels provided a prioritized approach to describing and evaluating the potential exposures that occurred:
Level I - Soldiers in or near combat vehicles at the time these vehicles were struck by DU penetrators, or who entered vehicles immediately after they were struck by DU munitions. These soldiers could have been struck by DU fragments, inhaled DU aerosols, ingested DU residues, or had DU particles land on open wounds, burns, or other breaks in their skin.
Level II - Soldiers and a small number of DoD civilian employees who worked in and around vehicles containing DU fragments and particles (mostly friendly fire wrecks). These soldiers may have inhaled DU residues stirred up (resuspended) during their activities on or inside the vehicles, transferred DU from hand to mouth, thus ingesting it, or spread contamination on their clothing. Soldiers who were involved in cleaning up DU residues remaining on Camp Dohas North Compound after the July 11, 1991, explosion and fires are also included in this group.
Level III - An "all others" group whose exposures were largely incidental (fleeting). This group includes individuals who entered DU-contaminated Iraqi equipment, troops downwind from burning Iraqi or US equipment struck by DU rounds, or downwind from burning DU ammunition, such as soldiers at Doha during the July 11 fire. While these individuals could have inhaled airborne DU particles, the possibility of receiving an intake high enough to cause health effects is extremely remote.
As research progressed, 13 categories of possible DU exposure were identified and classified within the three levels as shown in Table 1. These categories are described below.
A. Level I Participants
Eight friendly fire incidents involving DU munitions are known to have occurred during the Gulf War. These incidents (distinct from non-DU friendly fire incidents or cases where friendly vehicles were evacuated and then deliberately destroyed to prevent their capture) resulted in the contamination of six M1/M1A1 tanks and 15 Bradley Fighting Vehicles. Another M1A1 was hit by a large shaped-charge round, believed to be a Hellfire missile fired from an Apache helicopter, that ignited an on-board fire. This incident is described in the "Tank Fires" section. Darkness and low visibility caused by heavy rains, sandstorms, etc., were major contributing factors in all of these incidents.
Figure 22. M1A1 Lost to Friendly Fire
In most cases, owing to battlefield confusion, soldiers manning the targeted vehicles initially believed that the Iraqis had fired the shots that penetrated their armor. The distinctive radioactive trace DU leaves on the entrance and exit holes allowed a team of battle damage assessment experts to determine (after the fact) which vehicles had been hit by DU sabot rounds fired from Abrams tanks. After-action investigations and word-of-mouth reporting among the units involved generally resulted in the affected soldiers learning that they had been victims of friendly fire. Not all of these soldiers, however, were aware of the potential health effects associated with DU. Therefore, the investigation of friendly fire incidents is being accompanied by an effort to identify, locate, and contact all surviving soldiers who were in or on vehicles at the time they were penetrated by DU rounds.
Level I soldiers, injured or not, were in or around combat vehicles at the time they were struck by DU sabots, or immediately afterward. Besides the embedded fragments from wounds, these individuals may have inhaled DU aerosols generated by fires or by the impact of the DU projectile penetrating the target. The following discussion describes the circumstances under which Level I soldiers were mistakenly targeted by US tank crews.
As the "spearpoint" of the ground campaign, US armored crews were often forced to make very rapid "friend or foe" decisions, where failure to engage could allow enemy gunners to take a fatal shot. Invariably, given the swirling meeting engagements and close-in fights that erupted between friendly and enemy units, tragic misidentifications occurred. A total of 21 US combat vehicles (6 Abrams tanks and 15 Bradley Armored Fighting Vehicles or Cavalry Scout vehicles) were struck by 120mm DU sabot rounds fired from US M1A1 tanks. Some of these vehicles were struck once, others, several times. Based on typical manning configurations for the Abrams tanks and Bradleys as well as information gathered from veterans, an estimated 113 soldiers were on board these combat vehicles at the time that they were struck by DU penetrators. Actual manning at the time of the friendly fire incidents varied, since crewmembers and dismount infantry often left the vehicle, or vehicles picked up the occupants of disabled vehicles. Table 6 lists the individual systems struck by DU and their estimated manning. Reports have suggested that at least one vehicle was struck initially by enemy fire, evacuated, and subsequently struck by a DU round. If these reports are verified, the numbers reported in Table 6 may go down.
Table 6. Summary of US Vehicles Hit by DU Tank Rounds
|Army Unit||Vehicle Type||Bumper Numbers||Estimated Soldiers Onboard|
|4-7 Cavalry||Bradley||A-24, A-31, & A-22||
|1-41 Infantry||Bradley||B-21, B-26, B-33, D-21 & D-26||
|3-66 Armor||Abrams||B-66, B-22, A-14, A-31 & A-33||
|3-15 Infantry||Bradley||C-11, C-22 & C-23||
|4-66 Armor||Bradley||HQ-55 & HQ-54||
Level I participants are separated into two categories: soldiers who were in or on combat vehicles at the time they were struck by DU rounds, and soldiers who entered those vehicles immediately afterwards to rescue wounded comrades. Since the former are believed to have incurred the highest risk from embedded DU fragments and/or inhalation of the DU aerosols resulting from penetrator impact, this group will be discussed first.
1. Soldiers in Vehicle on Impact
Armor crewmen and the "dismounted" infantry transported in Bradley Fighting Vehicles supplied the offensive striking power for Operation Desert Storm. The highly mechanized US armored and mechanized infantry units counted on the speed, mobility, and firepower of their Bradleys and Abrams to maintain a rapid rate of advance while engaging and neutralizing enemy formations standing between Coalition troops and their objectives.
2. Soldiers Entering Vehicles Immediately After Impact
Friendly fire incidents were usually witnessed by other US soldiers who in most cases served in the same platoon or company as the struck combat vehicle. Typically these troops would rush to the aid of the stricken vehicles occupants to perform emergency first aid and rescue operations. The responding troops often entered damaged or destroyed vehicles moments after they had been hit, raising concerns that they may have been exposed to DU residues or oxides still airborne from impacts, or stirred up by the activities of survivors and rescuers inside and outside the vehicles. An estimated 30-60 soldiers are currently believed to be included in this category.
B. Level II Participants
This category includes soldiers who worked in and around DU-contaminated vehicles (mostly friendly fire wrecks). It also includes personnel who took part in the cleanup of DU contamination from the motor pool pads at Camp Doha, Kuwait, after several hundred rounds of DU sabot ammunition were detonated or burned in an explosion and fire on July 11, 1991.
Table 7. DU Contaminated Vehicles
|Reason for Contamination||Abrams||Bradleys|
|Accidental Friendly Fire||6||15|
|Intentional Friendly Fire||3||0|
|Tank Fire Caused by Hellfire||1||0|
|Accidental Tank Fires||3||0|
|Tanks Burned in Doha Fire||3||0|
A total of 16 Abrams and 15 Bradleys (Table 7) were contaminated with DU in the Gulf during 1990-1991. In addition to the accidental friendly fire vehicles mentioned earlier, three bogged-down Abrams were deliberately destroyed by other US tanks (after their crews had evacuated) to prevent them from falling into Iraqi hands. The Level II group also includes personnel whose maintenance or salvage duties required them to frequently enter and exit, or spend extended periods of time working in, contaminated vehicles. Finally, soldiers who cleaned up DU residues or spent penetrators inside Camp Dohas North Compound following the July 1991 ammunition supply point explosion/fire, fall under this classification.
1. Downloading Munitions
Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) personnel entered DU-contaminated vehicles. This group should have been aware of DU hazards. EOD personnel were trained and equipped to operate in a nuclear as well as DU-contaminated environment. Unfortunately, the EOD troops may not have been aware in every case that the vehicles they were working in had been struck by DU. The exposure of EOD personnel remains under investigation by this office.
2. Inspection and Maintenance Operations
A number of individuals entered US equipment contaminated with DU within hours or days of penetrator impact. Unit personnel usually entered destroyed or damaged systems to recover sensitive equipment or to salvage undamaged system components. These individuals were not only potentially exposed to DU dust, but also may have inadvertently spread parts and equipment containing trace amounts of DU to other vehicles. One member of the Battle Damage Assessment Team said that more that 27 major components had been removed from the first four Bradleys he inspected (three of the Bradleys were considered contaminated with DU). Investigators are currently compiling a list of maintenance soldiers who entered contaminated tanks or Bradleys. At least one or two maintenance personnel are believed to have entered each contaminated vehicle.
3. Logistics Assistance Representatives (LARs)
In addition to unit maintenance personnel, a number of LARs (Logistics Assistance Representatives) also entered damaged or destroyed vehicles. Civilian systems experts deployed to the Gulf Theater on behalf of the Department of the Army. These personnel were often called upon to determine the disposition of knocked-out equipment. Because the LARs had more direct communication with the Army Munitions and Chemical Command (AMCCOM), they were more aware of DU hazards and the proper procedures for mitigating those hazards. A December 20, 1990, message to the LARs advised them on the proper assessment, repair and recovery techniques:
The number of personnel who take part in the vehicle recovery should be kept to an absolute minimum. They are to be dressed in protective coveralls, gloves, rubberized boots, and they are to also wear the M25 or M17A2 protective mask with M13A2 filter element and the accompanying head covers (i.e., Mission Oriented Protective Posture [MOPP] level 4). The coverall pant legs are to be worn over the rubber boots and sealed with tape at the ankles. Likewise, the sleeves are to be slipped over the gloves and taped. The edges of the hood are to be draped over the coveralls and taped to them and the place where it contacts the respirator. Also, any remaining openings are to be sealed with tape.
Despite this guidance, at least one LAR has stated that he entered contaminated systems in a tee shirt and without a respirator. When interviewed, the deputy to the officer in charge of M1-series tank LARs stated that, despite warning messages that highlighted the potential exposure risks to DU, he had received numerous reports after the war of his LAR personnel entering damaged Abrams tanks without proper protective equipment. Efforts are continuing to identify, interview, and assess the DU exposure potential of these LARs.
4. Battle Damage Assessment Teams
A group from the US Army Ballistics Research Laboratory (BRL) at Aberdeen, Maryland, conducted battle damage assessments on damaged or destroyed US ground combat vehicles. This 12-man BDAT (Battle Damage Assessment Team) looked at damaged and destroyed US combat vehicles to determine how they had been knocked out, what damage had been sustained, the type of weapon/munition used, the effectiveness of survivability features, etc. These close, in-depth inspections entailed frequent entry into disabled, often DU-contaminated vehicles. The BDAT Team was trained in proper handling procedures and safeguards for DU-damaged equipment. Some members of the BDAT followed the prescribed precautions and only entered DU-contaminated tanks after donning yellow radiation suits including surgical masks, gloves, and boots. Other members were not as rigorous in taking protective measures. Assessments typically took between six and eight hours to complete. The BDAT arrived in the Gulf on or about January 21, 1991, and were attached to combat elements prior to the ground war. Because the BDAT personnel had more technical expertise with DU than most soldiers, they were sometimes called in to help evaluate potential crew and equipment radiation contamination and to assist in friendly fire investigations.
5. Processing Damaged Equipment
Disabled or destroyed US combat vehicles were transported to King Khalid Military City (KKMC), the central receiving and storage site for all damaged/destroyed US combat vehicles (and many Iraqi "trophy tanks"). The 144th Service and Supply Company, a National Guard unit from New Jersey, was tasked to assess battle damage and prepare the vehicles for shipment back to the US. Although their mission did not include maintenance or repair, members of the 144th have indicated that they periodically re-entered the contaminated vehicles to cannibalize equipment for other units. The 144th personnel were not familiar with proper procedures for handling DU-contaminated M1-series tanks or Bradleys. Because their original mission did not involve tanks with DU armor, the unit did not have any copies of Army Technical Bulletin (TB) 9-1300-278 that contained guidance for handling DU-contaminated M1 tanks.
The 144th worked on DU-contaminated equipment without taking any precautions (e.g., wearing dust masks). They reportedly had no knowledge that some of the damaged equipment was contaminated with DU until after March 11, 1991. In many cases, contaminated equipment was interspersed with uncontaminated vehicles. Until the arrival of a radiation control (RADCON) team from the Armament Munitions and Chemical Command (AMCCOM), access to the equipment was not controlled. As many as 27 soldiers in the 144th worked in or around damaged Bradleys and Abrams without protective gear for an undetermined period of time. Although the BDAT commander stated that he informed personnel from the unit about the hazard from contaminated vehicles on or about March 11, 1991, various members of the 144th have questioned the date they were actually notified, and stated that they continued to enter contaminated equipment after this date. The exact date will probably never be confirmed due to the intervening time period and lack of documentation.
6. Radiation Control Activities
After completing their initial battlefield assessments, the Battle Damage Assessment Team went to KKMC on March 11, 1991, to see if any equipment they had missed had been evacuated to the vehicle collection point, which was being managed by the 144th Service and Supply Company. Finding many DU- contaminated vehicles at KKMC, the BDAT requested on-site AMCCOM personnel to arrange for an AMCCOM radiation control (RADCON) team to be sent to KKMC.
AMCCOM deployed RADCON teams to identify, assess, and respond to incidents involving DU contamination. RADCON teams performed their duties primarily at King Khalid Military City (KKMC) and at Camp Doha, although limited excursions to other locations occurred.
On March 24, 1991, a RADCON team of health physicists from AMCCOM arrived to assume responsibility for identifying, collecting, and surveying DU-contaminated equipment. Much of this equipment was already at KKMC. The AMCCOM RADCON team segregated the DU-contaminated vehicles, set up a guarded perimeter to restrict access, and instructed 144th personnel in the proper handling of DU. The team examined the vehicles at the site and concluded that their DU radiological and chemical contamination levels, while low, required basic protective equipment, such as surgical gloves and dust masks, and strict personal hygiene measures. Their work, completed around April 12, 1991, cleared the way for contract personnel to inspect, decontaminate, package, and retrograde the contaminated systems to the US. In all, 15 Bradleys and 10 Abrams at KKMC were contaminated with DU. Some merely had DU "splatter" and could be returned to duty after decontamination. Others had to be sealed to contain the contaminant, then shipped to the US for final processing and disposal.
The AMCCOM personnel also surveyed captured Iraqi equipment being prepared for shipment to the US. According to the person in charge of the survey operation, the most acute radiological hazard on these Soviet-built tanks was radium used in their gauges, which were often leaking. These gauges had to be removed prior to shipping. One T-72 tank had substantial internal and external DU contamination. It was not shipped, but its ultimate fate is unknown.
An AMCCOM recovery team deployed to Camp Doha, Kuwait, from July 19 until early August 1991. The team did a radiological survey in and around four M1A1 tanks that were damaged or destroyed in the July 11 fire. After determining that three of the tanks contained low-level contamination, the AMCCOM team did an initial decontamination of their exteriors and prepared them for shipment to the port of Dammam. A sizeable quantity of spent DU penetrators and fragments were also collected from the 2nd Squadron motor pool pad, and deposited in the tanks interiors, which were then sealed. On August 6 the tanks were shipped from Dammam and returned to the US for processing at the Defense Consolidation Facility at Snelling, SC.
On July 24, a RADCON Emergency Response Team from the US Armys Communications-Electronics Command (CECOM) Safety Office at Ft. Monmouth, NJ, arrived at Camp Doha. The CECOM team was headed by the Project Director for the US Army Radiological Control Team. The team conducted what one member called a "site characterization survey." This was not a grid-by-grid survey, but rather a more general survey, mostly in and around the motor pool. Nevertheless, the CECOM team was able to survey and clear an estimated two acres of the motor pool (which was the size of several football fields).[108,109]
Investigators have interviewed several members of the AMCCOM and CECOM RADCON teams. All interviewed used some form of personal protection, although only about half routinely used respiratory protection while working in and around contaminated vehicles. Based on studies done before the war, the likelihood of stirring up DU dust was thought to be negligible. All team members interviewed said that they were careful to survey each other with a RADIAC meter at the end of each work day to ensure that they were not tracking DU residues away from the taped-off portion of the 2nd Squadron motor pool pad. Ten to twelve personnel performed radiation control activities at one time or another. Investigators from the Office of the Special Assistant are continuing their efforts to locate and interview these personnel.
7. Camp Doha Cleanup Activities
A July 11, 1991 fire in Camp Dohas motor pool complex (the North Compound) destroyed or damaged tons of ammunition as well as 20-30 combat loaded vehicles and dozens of trucks and other support vehicles and equipment. One M1A1 tank was damaged and three destroyed in the fire. The three destroyed tanks were also contaminated since their "combat load" of DU rounds (an estimated 37 M829 sabot rounds per tank) had cooked off. In addition to the estimated 111 rounds in the tanks, more than 500 M829 rounds stored in nearby conexes (metal shipping containers) were also damaged or destroyed. Most of these rounds had detonated, leaving behind a scorched, exposed DU penetrator rod. In most cases these exposed rods showed little oxidization; however, a number were oxidized or fragmented to various degrees.
Within the North Compound, almost all of the DU penetrators, fragments, and oxides were concentrated in the 2nd Squadron motor pool and wash rack area. Between July 14-23, an EOD detachment and a company of Combat Engineers cleared approximately 1/3 of the 2nd Squadron motor pool. While the area with the heaviest concentration of DUthe burned M1A1swas cleaned up by AMCCOM and CECOM personnel, the surrounding motor pool pads may have contained residual DU. In addition, many exposed or "spent" DU penetrators were scattered and in some cases partially burned in and around the MILVANS or conex containers. As sections of the concrete pad were cleared of unexploded ordnance and DU, regular troops were brought in to do a final cleanup using brooms and other hand tools. These soldiers could have inhaled or ingested residual DU stirred up by sweeping, and could also have picked up DU fragments.
A more comprehensive discussion of the Camp Doha Explosion and fires and the cleanup and recovery operations can be found in Tab I.
D. Level III Participants
This group comprises "all others." It includes soldiers downwind of burning DU-contaminated equipment, exposed to smoke or resuspended particles from burning or burned (oxidized) DU, and personnel who entered DU-contaminated Iraqi equipment. It also includes personnel who were present at Camp Doha during and after the motor pool fire, but who did not take part in cleaning operations in the North Compound. Based on existing research, this entire group probably received minimal exposures.
1. Camp Doha
This group consists of individuals who were at Camp Doha during the fire and subsequent cleanup activities, but were not directly involved in the sweeping operations or with picking up spent DU penetrators, fragments, or oxides in the North Compound. Individuals in the North Compound when the fire and initial explosions started are also included in this group. An M992 ammunition carrier loaded with non-DU 155mm shells burned for approximately 30 minutes before the explosions started, giving most soldiers time to evacuate the immediate area. Cleanup activities in the South Compound are included in Level III because all of the known DU contaminant remained in the North Compound, except for a number of penetrators transported to an off-base trash dump.
2. Tank Fires
During Operation Desert Storm/Desert Shield (ODS/DS), three accidental tank fires caused onboard DU munitions to "cook off" (detonate). In addition, a large shaped charge weapon, most likely a Hellfire missile fired from an Army Apache helicopter, struck an Abrams, setting it on fire. In all of these incidents, the crews escaped without injury. Some individuals, however, may have been exposed to DU aerosols from these fires, or to DU oxides or residues stirred up during clean up or equipment salvage operations. Individuals who were potentially exposed to fumes from the fires and related incidental contact with DU are included in this category. Those who performed cleanup, equipment processing, and similar activities are included in the appropriate categories of Level II. Tab J contains an incident-by-incident account reflecting our current knowledge of these incidents.
3. Entering DU-Contaminated Iraqi or Coalition Equipment
This is believed to be one of the largest groups of people potentially exposed to DU. US troops often entered destroyed Iraqi armor out of curiosity or to collect souvenirs, despite express warnings against this practice from AMCCOM and other environmental health agencies. The 7th Corps Deployment After Action Report said:
War trophy hunting became a problem. Many soldiers and leaders did not recognize the hazards in war trophy hunting. Booby traps, radiation [sic, i.e., radioactive] contamination from depleted uranium, and unexploded ordnance combined to make this practice dangerous. In addition, units wanted to take home pieces of enemy equipment. This equipment can have gauges and other items that contain radium-226. We also found some Iraqi tanks with asbestos blankets. We never thought we would have to worry about the occupational health considerations of enemy equipment.
A March 11, 1991 message stipulating the Army requirements for captured Iraqi vehicles warned that "many of these captured vehicles pose a radiation hazard, either because devices on the vehicles do not meet US safety standards, or because of damage or destruction by depleted uranium munitions."
Many soldiers had legitimate operational requirements to enter Iraqi equipment, such as checking for survivors, completing the destruction of the vehicles, or looking for items of intelligence value. Exposures of individuals searching enemy equipment would depend on their activity level inside the vehicle (how much dust they stirred up), as well as the time spent inside the vehicle.
Radioactive items in various foreign vehicles are typically sealed sources contained in chemical agent detectors, radiation monitors, and radiation instrument sources. Instrument dials painted with luminous paints containing radium, tritium, or promethium are noted exceptions to this rule. However, these radioactive materials are normally in very small quantities and would not present a hazard unless the source was damaged. Examples of radioactive sources in Iraqs Soviet-made equipment include the following:
4. Exposure to Smoke from Equipment Struck by DU
US personnel often operated in close proximity to burning enemy equipment knocked out by DU rounds. These exposures could be fleeting, such as driving past burning wrecks, or longer-term, such as extended operations near sites where multiple enemy vehicles had been set afire by DU rounds. A large number of US troops fall into this category.
E. Other Activities Under Investigation But Not Yet Categorized
The Office of the Special Assistant is often contacted by veterans who wish to report incidents that they believe could have exposed them to DU contamination. The incidents they describe are often relatively isolated or unique events, and the available information is incomplete or unsubstantiated. Each of these reports is investigated and analyzed, but in the following cases the Office of the Special Assistant does not have enough information to conclusively determine that DU exposures did or did not occur. Hence, they remain uncategorized and under investigation. The following cases fit this description.
Several members of the Alabama-based 900th Maintenance Company, Army National Guard, deployed to the Saudi port of Dammam to support an upgrade program for M1 tanks. This refit operation was implemented to bring earlier-model M1-series tanks to a more survivable M1A1 standard. Part of the upgrade involved welding armor panels (approximately an inch thick) to the frontal turret armor of the Abrams tanks. Some of the welders involved in the refit operations told OSAGWI investigators that they had been told the armor panels were DU.[116, 117, 118] In addition, two former members of a New Equipment Training Team offered similar accounts, with one saying that he had seen radiation warning symbols on the panels, which he described as machined, solid slabs of DU that were much heavier than steel.[119,120]
Other personnel, including fellow welders and senior personnel involved in the refit program, have contradicted these accounts. The Program Manager for Ground Systems Integration in Warren, Michigan, indicates that he had no knowledge of any such activity. A retired Colonel, interviewed on August 7, 1997, stated that there were a few dozen workers welding � inch RHS plates on the left and right glacis (the part of the turret to the right and left of the main gun) of M1 tanks in Dammam. He also said that he was involved in ordering the plates and knows they were not DU. The production manager at Dammam likewise insists that the plates were RHS. He says that the RHS plates were shipped to him directly from the contractor by airfreight. Fellow welders and unit members who worked alongside the individuals reporting the panels as DU recalled the add-on armor being either steel or titanium. The belief that the panels were DU may have originated with informal remarks by civilian co-workers that the M1A1 tanks contained DU armor (factory-sealed inside the turret armor, not retrofitted later). A welding supervisor noted that that when he and other welders were preparing to leave the Gulf Theater in March 1991, they were told their medical records would be annotated to reflect the fact that they had worked around depleted uranium armor.[124, 125, 126] ,, This may have contributed to the belief that the add-on armor was DU. A metalurgist who participated in research and development efforts that led to the decision to put additional armor protection on the front glacis of some of the Abrams vehicles recalled that the Abrams manufacturer, General Dynamics, had fabricated the armor from steel plate. Asked to comment on the feasibility of welding the pyrophoric DU onto regular armor, he said, "Metallurgically, welding a uranium plate to steel would be a disaster." After giving a technical explanation for his remark, he concluded: "Bottom line is that no welding engineer, metallurgist, vehicle designer, or armor designer would ever want a DU plate welded to the vehicle." Although this allegation remains under investigation, the initial assessment is that DU was not involved.
2. Reported Ammo Truck Explosion
A veteran reported seeing a US ammunition truck explode in the area of the 1st Infantry Division on the third or fourth day of the ground war. The incident reportedly occurred about 75 to 100 miles northwest of Hafar Al Batin and was witnessed from a distance of 1 to 2 kilometers. According to the veteran, a mixed load of high explosive and DU rounds exploded. He reported finding blue sheaths on the ground which he believed (erroneously) to be characteristic of DU rounds.
Other soldiers in the platoon also recall the incident but thought the vehicle was carrying artillery rounds or powder bags for 155mm artillery rounds. The veterans platoon leader remembers hearing that the vehicles brakes caught on fire and the driver, unable to extinguish the flames, drove the truck off Main Supply Route (MSR) Blue into the desert to reduce the hazard to other soldiers. After the explosion there was nothing left but the engine block. A munitions expert at Picatinny Arsenal stated that the color blue is not indicative of DU munitions, but rather is associated with training rounds.
The theater ammunition officer was unaware of any truckload of DU, which blew up during the war. He is fairly certain he would have heard of it if it had happened. Civilian ammunition experts in theater, including one from the 2nd Corps Support Command, that was responsible for transportation in the area, had no knowledge of a load of DU munitions exploding. An officer commanding an ordnance storage area in the vicinity of the explosion recalled seeing the explosion at around 3 AM. He later heard that a trucks brakes had gotten stuck and caught on fire and caused a trailer load of artillery rounds to explode. The former battalion commander of the 101st Ordnance Battalion confirmed this story.
Information regarding this incident is still being sought.
Figure 23. Crashed A-10 at KKMC
3. Airmen Responding to A-10 Crash
An A-10 aircraft reportedly crashed and burned while trying to recover at KKMC. The crash could have exposed emergency response personnel (firefighters, security policemen, rescue personnel) to smoke and DU oxides from burning 30mm DU rounds carried as part of the A-10s combat ammunition load. In addition, cleanup crews might have been exposed as well, if they did not wear proper personal protective equipment. This case is under investigation.
4. "Hot Gun" response for A-10 Aircraft
30mm DU rounds sometimes misfired in the A-10s GAU-8 cannon. These "hangfires" would have to be cleared and removed from the gun barrel, potentially exposing ground crews to airborne DU. This office is still investigating these incidents.
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The “Non-Violence” (or “Knotted Gun”) sculpture by Swedish artist Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd on display at the UN Visitors’ Plaza. UN Photo/Rick Bajornas
Definition of Non-Violence
The principle of non-violence — also known as non-violent resistance — rejects the use of physical violence in order to achieve social or political change. Often described as “the politics of ordinary people”, this form of social struggle has been adopted by mass populations all over the world in campaigns for social justice.
Professor Gene Sharp, a leading scholar on non-violent resistance, uses the following definition in his publication, The Politics of Nonviolent Action:
“Nonviolent action is a technique by which people who reject passivity and submission, and who see struggle as essential, can wage their conflict without violence. Nonviolent action is not an attempt to avoid or ignore conflict. It is one response to the problem of how to act effectively in politics, especially how to wield powers effectively.”
While non-violence is frequently used as a synonym for pacifism, since the mid-twentieth century the term non-violence has been adopted by many movements for social change which do not focus on opposition to war.
One key tenet of the theory of non-violence is that the power of rulers depends on the consent of the population, and non-violence therefore seeks to undermine such power through withdrawal of the consent and cooperation of the populace.
There are three main categories of non-violence action:
- protest and persuasion, including marches and vigils;
- non-cooperation; and
- non-violent intervention, such as blockades and occupations.
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We live in an age of finance capitalism, when trading money, risk and associated products is more profitable than trading goods and services. That, in short, is what people often refer to as the ‘financialisation’ of the economy. This has huge implications for where capital is invested and the everyday exposure of people to capital markets, as more and more aspects of everyday life – from home ownership to pensions and schooling – are mediated through finance.
Financialisation is now penetrating all commodity markets and expanding from areas such as social reproduction (pensions, health, education, housing) into natural resources management. Just as the privatisation of public assets and services served as a building block for the financialisation of the economy, so the commodification of the natural commons is the basis for the financialisation of nature.
Financialisation, however, should be regarded as more than just a further stage in the commodification or privatisation of the commons. It represents a systemic transformation in the very structure of capitalism.
The crisis of 2007-09 resulted from a financial bubble marked by weak production, expanding bank assets and growing household indebtedness. For these reasons it casts light on the financialisation of capitalist economies.
The literature on financialisation generally links weak production with booming finance. According to some, causation runs from weak production to booming finance, while for others it runs in the opposite direction. This dichotomy is becoming more and more misleading. Rather, as pointed out by Costas Lapavitsas and others, financialisation represents a systemic transformation of both capitalist production and finance, which ultimately accounts for the crisis of 2007-09.
This transformation represents a response to the ongoing crisis of accumulation that began during the 1960s. By that time the overproduction of the US economy in relation to existing markets, coupled with diminishing returns on new investments, triggered the globalisation process. This involved the creation of much larger global markets through extensive liberalisation and privatisation as well as deflationary policies against labour to reduce costs of production – in short, neoliberalism.
This generated new problems at the end of the 1980s (such as the 1987 financial crisis), when aggregated demand was still low, following the reduction of labour income, and financial elites turned instead towards the new global capital market in pursuit of the biggest profits. This was in fact the first global market to be built after the break-up of the Bretton Woods monetary system and the related removal of controls on movements of capital in the 1970s. Still today the global capital market is much deeper and larger than any other global market of goods and services.
When the same crisis of accumulation manifested itself again, given the still-dominant neoliberal ideology banning direct state intervention in the economy to support global demand, a new solution was developed. This involved an unprecedented ‘private Keynesian’ response aimed at boosting aggregate demand through the indebtedness of corporations, banks and households, all made dependent on the functioning of capital markets for their financing. This triggered financialisation in the form we know it today, affecting all major actors in the spheres of production and finance.
Since the beginning of the past decade, after the ‘dotcom bubble’, financial capital has been seeking new asset classes in which to invest huge and growing private wealth. New key areas have thus emerged in which financialisation has started unfolding. These include natural resources (soft commodities such as coffee, corn, soya and fruit, and new commodities such as ‘carbon’) and public finance.
Concerning the latter, the financialisation approach is leading to a third wave of privatisation, with the first being the privatisation of public assets at a discounted value and the second the creation of public-private partnership (PPP) vehicles to help privatised companies finance new investments in infrastructure development. After the blatant failure of the PPP approach in many sectors, the third wave of privatisation is being conceived as the creation of a new financial system suited to capital markets.
Since the financialisation of the global oil market in the 1980s and 1990s through the establishment of oil future markets, financial speculation on other hard and soft commodities has significantly increased. This has been mainly driven by deregulation of derivative markets, the increasing involvement of investment banks, hedge funds and other institutional investors in commodity speculation, and the emergence of new instruments such as index funds and exchange-traded funds and products. While new financial actors such as hedge funds have attracted wealthy individuals and institutional investors, new financial products, such as exchange-traded funds, have opened the commodities world to retail investors as well.
Financial deregulation in particular has transformed soft commodities into financial assets. Holding (for example) a tonne of corn had never, until as recently as the beginning of the past decade, been able to produce a revenue stream or rent. This is now possible through financial engineering. This is not just paper money or speculation on virtual markets. Financial markets are penetrating deeper and deeper into the real economy as a response to the financial crisis, so that speculative capital is being structurally intertwined with productive capital, in this case commodities and natural resources.
The 2007-09 crash of the financial markets and global economy, coupled with the need to diversify investments beyond traditional financial markets – including equity, bonds and real estate – has made it necessary to further develop and even create new financial market risk. This is to enable the absorption of the massive liquidity that exists globally and is in search of high returns, including to cover heavy losses some institutional investors experienced during the crisis.
While turbulent markets have usually driven investors towards government bonds, the 2010 sovereign debt crisis, during which the bonds of southern European governments first took a dive, pushed investors towards alternative assets. The current figures on exchange-traded funds and hedge funds highlight the huge amount of money flooding into commodities trading, which has exacerbated food and fuel prices across the globe and created conditions for the kind of social unrest the world experienced two years ago.
New financial assets are today being created from existing commodities, and where markets do not yet exist natural resources will have to be traded so that new commodities and markets can emerge. Such is the case with carbon markets, where the new commodity ‘carbon’ is a derivative in itself – a prediction of emissions being avoided in a certain period against a baseline.
This is also why financial engineers are devoting much more attention to ecosystem services, including natural habitat, biodiversity and species trading. As recently discussed at the Rio+20 summit on sustainable development, new initiatives have been launched to give a monetary value to services provided by the earth’s different ecosystems. In this way, payments for these services will be possible all over the world. Experts say that we are talking of a £20 trillion market every year.
Private actors, and not just state agencies, will also be charged with managing some protected areas. As a next step, financial assets built on ecosystem services could be traded in global markets to be constructed through mechanisms for biodiversity conservation, permit trading and offsetting, such as those established in carbon markets.
Financialisation is just one of several possible answers to the crisis of accumulation affecting the current capitalist cycle. It still has a long way to go with the natural commons, as well as many difficulties to overcome. Fabricating new commodities, financialised from scratch, building global markets for these and inducing scarcity so that financial engineering can perform an extra extraction of value is not easy, as the experience of carbon markets over the past ten years demonstrates. Many of these attempts will lead to new financial bubbles and crashes, even though in the meantime key financial actors will make huge profits at the expense of affected communities and the environment.
The commodification of nature is nothing new, and the resistance of the commoners against this privatisation, or accumulation by dispossession, as David Harvey would put it, has been a leitmotif of human history. The financialisation of nature will, however, bring an acceleration in the expropriation of land for offset projects and new extractive schemes.
New financial assets require more natural resources to be extracted and traded, so that the financialisation of nature will inevitably lead to a renewed emphasis on mining and other extractive industries, as well as the implementation of massive and unnecessary infrastructure projects. This could be part of the proposed way out from the economic crisis, particularly in Europe, with severe implications for local populations and their territories and environment.
So the financialisation of nature risks locking us into an extractivist and privatising pattern despite the limits imposed on us by the ecological and social crises. And as in the case of carbon markets, financialisation is instrumental in pushing us towards the continued extraction of fossil fuels instead of keeping them in the ground to tackle the climate change challenge.
The role of government in the financialisation of natural commons will be key. This includes fabricating new commodities by law through schemes for monetising and trading natural resources, creating the financial infrastructure of their global markets and exchanges, and inducing scarcity in these markets to make them work.
Contrary to what is sometimes suggested, neoliberalism and financialisation do not aim to destroy the state. Actually they require a strong state to create markets, including financial markets, and new asset classes. This is something that the private sector can’t do alone. At a time of crisis a strong state is also needed to control dissent. So challenging and reversing the financialisation of nature inevitably means questioning the role of both markets and states and putting forward a comprehensive alternative political project centred on reclaiming the commons.
Antonio Tricarico is an analyst at Re:Common, an Italian organisation working for the defence and expansion of the global commons
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Reclaiming Holloway Homes
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Report from the second Citizen’s Assembly of Podemos
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Protect our public lands
Last summer Indigenous people travelled thousands of miles around the USA to tell their stories and build a movement. Julie Maldonado reports
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Aiming to re-evaluate the radicalism and efficacy of queer counterculture and rebellion - April Park takes us through David Alderson's new work.
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Write a program that reads several integers and prints whether they are palindrome or not. A number is palindrome if it is unchanged after being reversed. The number 616 is palindrome. The number 1234 is not palindrome.
Input will consist of several lines each with a number n where 0 ≤ n ≤ 1 000 000 000.
For each line of input, output should contain a single line with one of the following two messages:
<n> is palindrome, if the number n is palindrome;
<n> is not palindrome, if the number n is not palindrome;
<n> replaced by the number n.
616 1234 789987
616 is palindrome 1234 is not palindrome 789987 is palindrome
Your program should be implemented using a
that receives one integer and
returns a boolean value indicating whether it is palindrome.
Please refer to the information for the chosen language:
int palindrome(int x);
palindrome :: Int -> Bool
bool palindrome(int x);
public static bool DigitPalindrome(int x)in a public class
public static boolean digitPalindrome(int x)in a public class
function digit_palindrome (x)
Submit your solution to be graded according to the following list:
Copyright © 2020-2021 Rudy Matela
All rights reserved
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- Historical event
- 11 June 1727
- British King George I was born as Georg Ludwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Hanover, Germany. When he was proclaimed King of Great Britain and Ireland, he was not yet in the country, but arrived only a month-and-a-half later. At first, he did not even know English.
On this day British King George I from the House of Hanover died.
He is very interesting by the fact that he was the first German who ruled the British Isles (England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland).
King George I can truly be considered a German because he was born in Germany, and spoke German and the majority of his ancestors were Germans.
George I was born as Georg Ludwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the German city of Hannover.
It is interesting that he, as a young German prince, took part in the famous Battle of Vienna in 1683, in which that city was successfully defended from the Ottoman Turks.
At that time, probably no one could have guessed that this young man would one day become the British king.
How did then the German Prince Georg Ludwig manage to become the ruler of Great Britain and Ireland?
It was due to the fact that the ruling elements in the parliament did not want a Catholic king.
Indeed, the former King James II, who was a Catholic, was deposed in 1688 and Protestant Dutch ruler William of Orange (along with James’ Protestant daughter Mary) was placed on the throne.
When this line died out, the question of a successor arose. Georg found himself the favorite candidate, despite that there supposedly existed as many as 56 people with superior inheritance rights, but they were all Catholics!
Thus, in 1714, Georg was declared King George I, and arrived in England to take the throne only a month-and-a-half later.
He ruled until his death on this day in 1727.
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An accountant is a professional who is responsible for a wide variety of financial aspects of a business or an individual. These financial aspects vary from keep financial records, to organizing them, analyzing and interpreting them according to the needs of the client. The job of an accountant has however evolved a lot during last few decades. They are no more just number crunching individuals. Accountants nowadays have to be as good with people as they are with numbers.
For many businesses accountants are what drive business decisions by accurate and orderly analysis of finances. With this, it should not be surprise that job prospects in the field of accountancy are one of the fastest growing ones, across industries. In fact, according to a research by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics employment prospects for accountants and auditors is to grow 7% p.a. from 2020 to 2030.
This surely intimates how lucrative accountancy is as a field of study and from job outlook point of view. You must now be wondering what it takes to become an accountant. If so, the following steps highlight how you too can take a step towards becoming an accountant.
Steps to Becoming An Accountant
This is a detailed list of what you should do to get an entry level job as an accountant and progress further.
1. Earning a Bachelors’ Degree
The first step into becoming an accountant is to get a bachelor’s degree from an accredited university. Many states in the US require that the candidates who wish to attain a CPA have a bachelor’s in the science of accountancy. Though ideal, it is mandatory. There are some states that do not place such a requirement. Either way, you will be required to have studied some of the financial and accountancy subjects.
States that do not mandate a bachelor’s in accountancy might still mandate a certain number of credits in its field. It is best if you check the state requirements for the respective state that you wish to appear for the exam in.
2. Decide whether you want to become an account or a CPA
As evident from the first stipulation, there are different requirements for becoming an accountant and a CPA. This is because while all CPAs are accountants, not all accounts are necessarily qualified CPAs. CPA stands for certified public accountant, but we will elaborate on that later on in this article.
However, it is important to note here that CPAs have to fulfil extra rigorous state requirements to attain the practicing license. In fact some employers who value CPA license even offer bonuses to those employees who have a CPA license. Some firm even offer incentives to on-the-job employees to attain CPA license.
3. Pick a Specialty
Once you have decided whether you want to go for a CPA or with a regular accountancy position, the next step is deciding a specialty. There are many sub-segments to accountancy itself, and it is always better to be an accountant skilled in a specific sector. So carefully contemplate your interests and scope of the specialty you are interested in. The best way to decide for yourself is to analyze what type of accounting you can see yourself doing on a daily basis.
4. Gain relevant or some entry level work experience
Though this is not one of the mandatory requirements, most consider it ideal to gain some real world experience. It is advisable that you gain some experience while earning your bachelor’s degree to give yourself an extra edge. Also having some real world experience and knowledge of accounting can help you fair better in your studies.
5. Sit for the CPA examination
If you are one of the individuals who decide on getting the CPA license, then the next step for you is sitting for the examination. But do so you must not only earn your undergraduate degree but also fulfil the relevant state requirements. As mentioned before, look into what the respective state requires of you before you appear for the CPA exam.
6. Apply for the state licensure
Once you have successfully passed the CPA exam, the next step is to apply for the state license. The steps involved in the application process vary from state to state just like the exam eligibility/ requirements. So must check up with the state authorities regarding the same.
7. Apply for a job
Once all is said and done, the last step of becoming an accounting is to actually look for a job. While most you will have to start at the entry level, some may fair a little better than others based on your educational achievements and prior work experience.
As per the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average salary (2020) for an accountant is USD 73,560 p.a. and USD 35.37 per hour.
8. Continue developing via education and study
It is always best to continue you study in the field of accountancy so as to keep growing and staying up to date. Some states even mandate for accountants to continue education/ study for them to keep their license and certification. Given the nature of the job, it is critical that you state up to date with the latest reforms and policies etc.
In addition to this, in certain cases earning a certificate in a specific specialization or getting a master’s degree will definitely be beneficial. This not only gives you an edge, but also helps advance your career and bag a higher salary package.
Following the above mentioned steps will ensure you a career in accountancy. Now let’s have a look at the various degrees in accounting.
Various Accountancy Degrees
Though most of the states require you to earn a bachelor’s degree in accounting/ related field to get an entry level job in the field. It is still not the only options for those seeking an entry in this field. The other degree options worth exploring for a career in accounting are:
1. Associate Degree
Available via both online and offline platforms across institutions, this degree provides students with a solid foundation in accounting. It takes about 1-2 years to complete this degree. It covers a wide spectrum of topics like basic accounting principles, taxation fundamentals, personal finance and payroll accounting.
An associate in accounting and accounting technology is a good way to attain an entry-level position in finance and administration. For example- billing clerk, staff bookkeeper, accounts receivable clerk etc.
If you are not sure about becoming an accountant, then getting an associate degree is a good way to test the waters before enrolling for a bachelor’s program. An associate degree can thus be a stepping stone to a bachelor’s degree. It is however important to note that neither all degrees nor all classes transfer credit-for-credit. So do your research before enrolling for the degree.
2. Bachelor’s degree
This degree is usually offered as- Bachelor of Science. It is a 4 year degree with highly specialized programs to prepare students to work in various parts of the accounting industry.
As mentioned earlier a bachelor’s degree in accounting is a prerequisite for CPA in many states. However there are some states that allow students from degrees in related field to appear of license exams. Either way getting a bachelor’s degree is a must, even for those who not wish to become CPAs but accountants.
For those of you who are sure that you want to become an accountant but are not sure as to which state you will work in, getting a bachelor’s in accounting is best. Other advantages of getting a degree in accounting is that it gives the opportunity to make lasting contacts, for example with instructors, professors, and even students. These connections will help you down the line in establishing a stable career in accounting.
3. Master’s Degree
Master of Accounting, MAcc, is ideal degree for students who looking to either become a CPA or aspire to hold any high-level competitive position in big firms. For students who already have an educational background in accounting, acquiring this degree may take only one year.
However, students without prior education in accounting will have to fulfil a certain number of prerequisite courses before beginning the master’s program. These requirements vary from institution to institution, and hence the time for degree completion varies.
A master’s program will subject students to study advance topics with specialization focus. An alternative to MAcc is an MBA in accounting. While MBA accounting programs focus more on business management and leadership courses, the curriculum is mostly similar to a MAcc.
4. Doctoral Degree
This degree is for those individual who wish to either move into research within accounting or enter academia. Acquiring a PhD typically takes anywhere between 4-5 years of full time study. Just like most doctoral degree, there are 3 components- coursework, dissertation research, and examinations.
Skills you will gain if you wish to pursue a PhD are a deeper understanding of all topics, ability to conduct deep research, think from a psychological perspective etc.
5. Chartered Public Accountant (CPA) Certification/ License
The CPA certification is one of the most widely known and sought after licensure. Gaining a CPA requires individuals to undergo extra hours of study and must pass a comprehensive examination. They are specialists who have thorough knowledge of the field of accounting. And are able to file reports with the SEC and are also able to represent clients before the IRS.
As mentioned before, different states have varied prerequisites for letting candidates appear for a CPA exam. Look into the requirements of your state to attain a CPA.
6. Other certifications and credentials
Even though not everyone necessarily needs to have an accounting license/ certification, there are definitely benefits to having one. Besides a CPA, there are many other certifications and credentials that help enhance careers opportunities.
Certified Management Accountant (CMA)
This is a great option for those seeking to enhance both their finance and managerial skills. To get this certification, candidate must have minimum 2yrs of experience in management accounting. And must pass the examination under Institute of Management Accountants.
Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA)
This is a postgraduate certification offered by the CFA Institute. This certification signifies that the holder is a specialist in investment management. Candidates need to have minimum 3 years of experience, be a part of the local CFA chapter and must pass the three levels of the CFA program to become a CFA charter holder.
Chartered Global management Accountant (CGMA)
This professional management accounting designation began in January 2012. Its aim is to promote science of management accounting globally.
Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA)
An accountant with minimum 5 years of experience in information systems is eligible for this certification exam, offered by ISACA.
Certified Internal Auditor (CIA)
This certification is specifically beneficial for those who wish to work as an auditor. The Institute of Internal Auditors requires candidates to pass a four part test and have minimum 2years experience as internal auditor.
Certified Payroll Professional (CPP)
Enrolled Agent (EA)
This certification focuses on tax law. Accountants who attain this certification are authorized tax practitioners. It is the highest qualification offered by the IRS, but is a lot less intensive that a CPA.
Careers in Accounting
Aspiring for a career in accounting can land you in many surprising places. Gone are the days when accounting was a boring profession. Today the scope of accountancy careers are vast and interesting. Some of the most common career options when considering a career in accountancy are as follows:
Book-keeping, accounting and auditing clerks
This is one of the basic/ entry-level position in the field of accountancy. These individuals produce and keep financial records for employers (organizations) and check them for accuracy. Usually candidates do not necessarily need a bachelor’s degree to get this kind of a job. The median pay for this position (2020) was at USD 42,410.
Accountant/ Corporate Accountant
An individual with a bachelor’s degree or higher is eligible for this position. These are professionals who prepare and examine financial statements for individuals or businesses. They examine client expenses (costs) and prepare balance sheets. They also help plan budgets and file for tax returns. The average salary for accountant is USD 70,500, and might be higher for corporate accountants.
Anyone with a bachelor’s of science in accounting can get an entry level auditor position. Though they will need specializations/ certification to get higher auditor profiles. The average pay for this profile is USD 70,500 and higher for senior profiles. These professionals examine/ analyse and investigate an organizations’ financial operations. In doing so, they assess the financial risk facing the company and prepare financial statements and strategies accordingly.
A candidate needs a bachelor’s degree to become a budget analyst, and some firms may even require specialist certification. These professionals help businesses/ organizations plant their finances for the best. The media pay for this profile (2020) is USD 78,970.
Tax advisor/ consultant
An accountant with specific/ advanced knowledge of and training in tax law, is a tax advisor/ consultant or even a tax accountant. Individuals or organizations usually hire them to minimize tax liability in keeping with the law. The median pay for this profile is approximately around USD 54,440.
A cost accountant/ estimator is an individual who analyses the expenses of a business. This includes all cost types like materials, labor, production, shipping, and other miscellaneous say-to-say expenses. These professionals collect, analyze and present this data with the aim of improving the respective businesses profitability. They also help management leaders make sound and informed decisions. An individual would need a bachelor’s degree to get this profile, for which median pay is USD 66,610.
Personal financial advisor
An individual will need a bachelor’s degree or higher to bag this profile. These are professionals who analyze their client’s financial situation and help design financial strategies to attain individual client goals. These advisors also research investment options and other opportunities to help clients make decisions for a stable financial future. The average salary for them is USD 89,330.
Management accountant/ analysts
A candidate will require a master’s degree or a CPA certification to get into this position. As the name suggests this is a higher profile, and these professionals work closely with higher executives to make sound business decisions. They also analyze and prepare reports for financial performance of the business and recommend best business growth opportunities. The average pay for these professionals is about USD 87,660.
These are professionals that investigate allegations of fraud, bankruptcy and other financial wrongdoings. They work both independently and with the government to testify in court as witness. They have knowledge of advance data analysis techniques which they use to analyse cases and give their best opinion. Individuals can start out in this field with a bachelor’s degree but will need to acquire special certifications to grow to senior positions.
Some additional career options in the field of accountancy include:
- Business Valuation
- Government finance
- Environmental accounting
- Investment accounting
- Staff accountant
- International accounting
It is clear now that the field of accountancy is quite vast and interesting both from point of view of study as well as employment. Even though the exact amount of time it takes an individual to get a degree varies according to personal discussions. In general, the amount of time it takes to earn a bachelor’s of science in accountancy is about four years. After which an individual can either choose to seek employment, or pursue further study, or do both.
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Wish Wonder Surprise – English Literature and Creative Writing
This book is useful for grades 7 through 10, for it is a study of literary genres that includes such stylistics as prose narrative, scientific descriptive narrative, poetry, oratory and speech-writing. Some of the finest representations of each genre are provided for study as the student is led towards his own creative expressions. Activities in illustrations support these creative writing lessons.
The Quiet Awe of Fallen Snow
The teacher should create an imagination of being in the midst of fallen snow through her description to create a setting for this lesson. She might tell of a simple episode from her own memory or from a literary source. The falling snow swallows all the sound of the forest and creates an eerie silence. The world gleams brightly from the reflected light on all of the surfaces. At times the reflections are so bright, that it seems as if the world has turn to crystalline light and is ready to disappear before our eyes. All the sharp protruding and angled forms such as rocks, boulders, sticks and broken branches become rounded and smooth. The angled sharp world suddenly seems soft and gentle like a room full of pillows. All the shapes and form become bedecked with the purity of freshly fallen snow. A meadow become magical, and even a yard with trash strewn about becomes ennobled and beautified —all of the old and broken things disappear beneath the pure white mantle. The way the world is beautified by snow seems to be a metaphor for what? Grace? Love? Purity? Adornment? Yet we know that we must be careful where we step for underneath the glistening luster may lie dangerous objects and pitfalls. Now the covering of snow has become a metaphor for deception or the glossing over of the truth of something with a façade.
After the teacher has described a scene of the falling snow, she can introduce the poem.
by Elinor Wylie
Let us walk in the white snow
In a soundless space;
With footsteps quiet and slow
At a tranquil pace,
Under veils of white lace.
I shall go shod in silk
And you in wool,
White as white cow’s milk
More beautiful than the breast of a gull.
We shall walk through the still town
In a windless peace;
We shall step upon white down,
Upon silver fleece,
Upon softer than these.
We shall walk in velvet shoes:
Wherever we go
Silence will fall like dews
On white silence below.
We shall walk in the snow.
Writing/ Dictation Exercise
The student should copy the entire poem into his book. An illustration in color pencil with a theme of snow could accompany it. Try using only one color such as blue for the entire picture.
Lesson Activities: Snow Poems
Help the student find synonyms for some of the following words and phrases from the poem. How many ways can one describe snow?
Silver fleece, downy feathers, ice cream, angel’s lace, silver fire, silver firs, blankets and pillows, the silver flood; flashing white; the frozen foam, fleecy mirrors, etc. Other phrases from the poem for example:
Soundless space –silent expanse; still emptiness; not a breath of wind
Quiet and slow—-hushed and softly; unhurried and hushed; silent softness
Tranquil pace —-placid tread; quiet step; calm step; unheard step; quiet amble
Shod in silk —-draped in lace; mantled and veiled; a bridal veil; wound in silk; laden with
fleece; the trees are silken boughs
The still town —-the frozen village; spellbound city; the enchanted place, quiet lanes,
hushed streets, frozen sound; sound swallowed in white, Etc.
You can write these on a chalkboard or a large piece of paper as they are discovered. The new phrases could now be rearranged in various ways to suggest ideas to the student’s imagination. You could try to stay with a similar rhyme scheme as the poem by Elinor Wylie, but that’s not important. Though the poem by Wylie describes a walk in the snow, as you rearrange the poetic phrases that you have created, an entirely different scene might be suggested. Go with it. Let Wylie’s poem be a sail for your imagination rather than an anchor. Below are two examples of verses written from images inspired by Wylie’s poem.
We shall walk beneath silken boughs
Wherever we go
Silent petals tremble on the ground below
Shed like dew among the floes
We shall walk in the snow
We shall walk along the quiet lanes
Where not a breath of wind shall stir
The frost upon the window panes
Will gleam with silver fir
Cast upon a fleecy mirror.
However, as it was already stated, the lines do not need to fall into any kind of rhyme scheme as these examples do—that makes the exercise much more difficult. For now, be content to string together like a strand of pearls, some phrases that seem to naturally follow one another. Write several poems on snow, using the raw material you have created in this way. Later, if you wish, you can try to work these into a set meter or rhyme pattern.
Use a piece of black or dark blue construction paper (or pastel paper) as the base for a snow scene. Use a white color pencil to draw mounds of snow, snow upon trees and rooftops, etc. to create an illustration. The dark background provides for shadows and a dark sky. The illustration of the snow scene in this book was created in this way. The dark silhouettes of trees in the background are the black paper showing through. In other words, the trees were formed by filling in white around them. Cut the paper small enough to be glued into the student’s lesson book when completed.
- The Daily Lesson
- The Main Lesson Book
- How to Use this Book
- An Anecdote on Wonder
- The Theme of Wonder: The Whale Nursery
- The Quiet Awe of Falling Snow
- Wonder: The Fantastic Ice Cave of Kubla Khan
- Leonardo and the Remarkable Cloud
- Galileo’s Amazement with the Moon
- Rachel Carson: Wonders in the Ocean’s Depths
- Earth Shining on the Moon
- Surprise: The Pharaoh’s Great Kingdom
- Surprise: The Carpe Diem Theme
- Surprise: A Gust of Wind
- Surprise and Wonder: Pippen Lost at Sea
- The Surprise at the End of a Series of Events
- Surprise: Thoreau and the Woodchuck
- The Surprise Ending
- Martin Luther King Jr.’s Wish for Brotherhood
- Patrick Henry’s Wish for Liberty
- Emerson: Hitch Your Wagon to a Star
- The Wish for the Golden Touch
- Aladdin’s Wishes
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There seems to be little sound evidence in the Bible that the ancients, in Biblical times used a 360 day year. It is always assumed. The Bible always refers to time as a number of days, months, years, or "times" but never comes right out and says "a year is 360 days." The Biblical references of Genesis 7 and 8 suggesting that the month was 30 days is entirely coincidence. (The water was on the Earth for 150 days. 150/30=5! So what?) The fact that a 30 day month provides exactly 360 days when multiplied by 12, is at best, an attempt by Biblical scholars to "fit" what the Bible says about days, months, years, and "times" into a "year".
However, it seems entirely logical that the year WAS thought to be 360 days in Biblical times. The keen observer of old noticed that the number of days between the 12 sightings of the New Moon, led that same observer to insist that there must be some relationship between the number months, and the number of the days of the year and therefore the "month" must be 30 days. When you factor in the fact that the ancients did not comprehend or understand "fractions", you can immediately comprehend that they would try their level best do make things fit into integral days.
Now, consider you are a First Eon human and you are watching the cycle of the sun, exactly where on the horizon the sun rises each day. In what we call September today, the sun steadily rises further south, where on September 21 or 22nd, you notice the sun is due East. You know from your observations that the sun will once again appear due South, but not until it has gone way South, and then returned by progressing Northward each morning. So you wonder, when will the sun be back at this same spot, i.e., due East after having gone as far South as it gets.
You know from your previous observations that the sun continues rising further and further South on the horizon each morning, until one day (in what we call December today), the Sun stops going South and seems to literally stop, and then begins going North again! So you keep watching, and lo and behold, one day (in what we today call "March"), the sun is once again rising exactly due East. You look at how many days it's been since Sep 21 and what do you discover? The number of days elapsed was 180! Amazing! (to the First Eon human.) Therefore they concluded, 180 days must equal 1/2 year, and therefore the year must be 360 days long!
So you can see by pretending to be a First Eon human that you would conclude the year must be 360 days long, and you will quite naturally try to "force" the lunar month to be 30 days, because 30 "fits" into 360 exactly 12 times.
But as you said, if you try to create a calendar of 360 day years, the seasons get out of whack. The fact that the calendar got seriously out of whack is precisely why the Hebrew calendar adds a 13th month every 2nd or 3rd year! It is the very same reason that today, by the Gregorian calendar, we add one day every 4 years, but not if the year is divisible by 100 but do if the year is divisible by 400! Every calendar MUST have some complex sequence of leap days to account for the non-integer number of days of a tropical year.
Every society, regardless of the calendar they chose to observe, had to add days to their "Year" to bring the "calendar" back in line with the observed seasons. It really matters not exactly how many days we want to call the "year."
It is often argued that the citation in Esther 1:4 requires the year to be exactly 360 days! Why? Because they used a "180" day period. The reader assumes that 180 days had to be 1/2 of a year. Consider my argument above. "180" days was thought to be 1/2 of a year, simply because that matched observation of the rising sun. It is likely this reason that the reader is correct. But using that reasoning (i.e. taking a number of days quoted in the Bible and assuming it had something to do with a "year") wouldn't one also argue that the number "40" must have something to do with the "year"? After all, Moses was "40 days" on Mt Sinai. And it rained 40 days and 40 nights on Noach. Goliath came 40 days before being killed by David. So must there be a relationship between "40" and the number of days in a year? Well, coincidentally, there are "9" 40-day periods in one 360 day year, but we see nothing special in the Bible about "9" or the relationship of "40" to a year.
What our article on the calendar attempted to convey was that the 7 day period of the week is what is truly important. It is so important that, today, we still measure the week in 7 days, and despite the enormous power of the ancient leaders to do so, they never broke the steady counting of the 7 days! Therefore we can be sure that when we honor the Sabbath on Saturday, the 7th day of the week, we are doing as did EVERYONE who is ever mentioned in the BIBLE, who obeyed Yahweh! We are truly honoring Him on the day He asked! That is simply one remarkable fact!
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http://www.nunncenter.org/buffalotrace/FRANKFORT, Ky. -- Two hundred years of history surrounding the Buffalo Trace Distillery have been preserved on video. The distillery's oral history project took two years to complete and is now housed at the Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History at the University of Kentucky Libraries. A news release from the university says the videos are accessible on the Nunn Center website at http://www.nunncenter.org/buffalotrace. Next year they will also be available on computer terminals at the distillery in Franklin County. The interviews give viewers an in-depth look at the history of the bourbon industry and the distillery, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Nunn Center for Oral History is a collection of nearly 8,000 interviews on topics such as Appalachia, politics, horses and coal.
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Understanding Story Structure: Building a Strong Foundation for Short Stories
A well-structured story forms the backbone of any compelling narrative. Whether you’re writing a short story or a novel, understanding the fundamentals of story structure is essential. In this blog post, we will explore the key elements of story structure and how to build a solid foundation for your short stories.
The Three-Act Structure:
The three-act structure is a widely recognized framework for storytelling. While short stories may not adhere to this structure as rigidly as longer works, it can still serve as a useful guide. The three acts are:
a. Act 1: Introduction – Set the stage, introduce the main character(s), and establish the story’s central conflict or goal. Engage readers from the beginning, capturing their attention and curiosity.
b. Act 2: Development – Build tension and develop the conflict. This act comprises the majority of the story, where obstacles arise, characters face challenges, and stakes are raised. Create obstacles and complications that test the protagonist’s resolve.
c. Act 3: Resolution – Reach the climax and provide a satisfying resolution. Tie up loose ends, deliver a sense of closure, and provide a final insight or emotional impact. Remember, in short stories, the resolution may be more abrupt and concise compared to longer works.
Every story should involve some form of character development or transformation. In a short story, this arc may be subtle but still impactful. Establish the main character’s desires, fears, and flaws early on. Throughout the story, present situations that force the character to confront these aspects and evolve. The character arc should align with the central conflict and contribute to the story’s overall theme.
Conflict and Tension:
Conflict is the driving force of any story. It can be internal (within a character’s mind or emotions) or external (a clash with another character, nature, or society). Establish conflict early and escalate it as the story progresses. Introduce obstacles and challenges that the protagonist must overcome. Maintain a sense of tension and suspense to keep readers engaged and invested in the outcome.
Short stories demand immediate engagement. Begin with a captivating opening line or paragraph that hooks the reader’s attention. Start in medias res (in the middle of the action), introduce an intriguing scenario, or pose a thought-provoking question. Avoid excessive exposition or backstory; instead, dive right into the heart of the narrative.
Economy of Words:
In short stories, every word counts. Trim unnecessary details, avoid lengthy descriptions, and focus on the essential elements that move the story forward. Create vivid imagery using precise and evocative language. Show rather than tell, allowing readers to experience the story through sensory details and actions.
Pacing and Structure:
Consider the pacing of your story. Short stories often benefit from a tight and brisk pace, but allow for moments of reflection and breathing space. Experiment with the structure to enhance the impact of your narrative. Use flashbacks, non-linear timelines, or multiple perspectives to add depth and intrigue.
While short story endings can be open-ended or ambiguous, they should provide a sense of resolution or leave the reader with a lasting impression. Avoid abrupt or unresolved endings that may leave readers feeling unsatisfied. Aim to deliver a final twist, revelation, or emotional impact that resonates with the theme or core message of the story.
Revision and Refinement:
Once you’ve drafted your short story, revise and refine it. Polish the language, strengthen the pacing, and ensure coherence in the plot. Consider feedback from trusted readers or writing groups to gain fresh perspectives and identify areas for improvement.
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More than four decades ago, curious researchers carefully analyzed the stomach contents of a Central American coral snake that had been captured in Chiapas, Mexico. They quickly realized that the serpent had ingested a smaller ten-inch-long snake, but the real challenge came when they attempted to identify the species of the snake turned snack.
Image Credit: University of Texas at Arlington
To their astonishment, the devoured snake didn’t match the profile of any known species, and scientists became hellbent on figuring out what it was. The only problem? – This was much easier said than done; experts have been unable to find another snake just like it, and the lone specimen has been preserved in a museum ever since.
More than 42 years later, a team of herpetologists from the University of Texas at Arlington have revisited the mystery snake. Based on its unique physical characteristics, they’ve identified it as a new species dubbed Cenaspis aenigma, which somewhat humorously translates to “mysterious dinner snake” in Latin. But perhaps most important of all, it belongs to an entirely new genus; the findings appear in the Journal of Herpetology.
"This small snake was obtained now over 40 years ago, and the report of its discovery has been a long time in coming," UTA biology professor Jonathan Campbell and colleagues wrote in the paper. "We were optimistic that additional specimens might be secured, but after at least a dozen more trips into the region spanning several decades, we have been unrewarded."
Among some of the physical features that set Cenapsis apart from other known genera are its subcaudal scale pattern, the structure of its hemipenes, and the form factor of its skull. As it would seem, the scales were undivided, the hemipenes sported cup-like features rather than spines, and skull shape was consistent with that of a burrowing snake.
While no one has officially unearthed another Cenapsis aenigma specimen since its initial revealing in 1976, the researchers don’t yet believe that the species is extinct or in any state of endangerment. Instead, they attribute its elusiveness to its burrowing lifestyle; it’s likely that the species eludes us because it spends most of its time underground where it can’t be seen.
"This provides evidence of just how secretive some snakes can be," Campbell said. "Combine their elusive habits with restricted ranges and some snakes do not turn up often."
Although Cenapsis enigma is the first and only of its genus to be discovered by scientists in more than 40 years, it’s entirely possible that additional subsets of the genus exist in the range where it was discovered. The researchers urge local governments to consider this range for protected status such that thriving species there remain both undisturbed and discoverable.
It remains to be seen whether scientists will ever actually find another Cenapsis enigma, but hunts of this nature tend to fuel excitement for continued exploration. With a little luck, perhaps we’ll learn more about the species or its relatives in the near future.
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Portland State University. Department of History
Charles M. White
Date of Award
Master of Arts (M.A.) in History
1 online resource (89p.)
Poor laws -- Great Britain -- Historiography Great Britain -- History -- Tudors (1485-1603) -- Historiography
The Elizabethan poor laws stand as a great work from a dynamic period. How and why they were formulated have been questions which historians have asked for centuries. The discussions of these questions have varied, depending on the personal values and biases which each historian brought to this study. It is generally agreed that a very important function of the historian is interpretation. The study of history is not only a study of the events, but a study of the historians and their differing interpretations of those events.
In the past one hundred years, numerous historians have devoted themselves to studying the Elizabethan poor laws. Their interpretations varied considerably in some areas and very little in others. This essay examines some of those interpretations and attempts to find methodological and/or ideological differences which may account for the differing opinions. The study focuses upon four broad schools of historical thought-Whigs, legal historiains, economic historians, and social historians.
The historians selected represent a wide range of interpretations. James A . Froude, C. J. Ribton-Turner, and George Nicholls represent the Whig interpretation. William Holdsworth and G. R. Elton represent the legal interpretation. William J. Ashley, R. H. Tawney, and Peter Ramsey were selected as the economic historians. E. M.Leonard, B. Kirkman Gray, Sidney and Beatrice Webb, A. L. Rowse, and W. K . Jordan are the social historians.
Whig historians saw the poor laws as part of a continuing constitutional development. They interpreted them as representing the inevitable forward progress of the English system of government. Legal historians were concerned with the formulation of the law and with the machinery provided for its administration. Their interpretations focused on the law itself and its position in the legal system as a whole. Economic historians examined the factors behind the law and the economic factors in particular which they believed led to its passage. Thus, their interpretations centered upon discussions of the significance of such topics as enclosure, inflation, urbanization, and vagrancy. Social historians offered interpretations of the Elizabethan poor laws designed to explore the structural relationship between social classes.
McNaught, Susan C., "A historiography of the Elizabethan poor laws: late XIXth and XXth century historians" (1974). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 1979.
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The topic of domestic violence is an emotive one conjuring visions of child abuse by parents or carers, or marital violence, in general abuse by men of their wives or partners. According to published police statistics in Scotland for the years of 2012 – 13 male violence of women accounted for 80% of all domestic abuse, and in 2014 over 2,600 children in Scotland were identified as needing protection from abuse. This is particularly concerning since the NSPCC suggests that, for every child who has been identified, there are 8 other children who are at risk but who are ‘under the radar’.
Home supervision requirements are a type of legal supervision order at home which is unique to the Scottish system of child legislation.
Article explains the rationale for the digitization of social work heritage material and the virtualization of an archived nondigital museum exhibit constructed by a Scottish Museum of Social Work.
The project involved the “virtualization” of an existing social work museum exhibition on the migration of “Home Children” from Scotland to Canada in the late 19th and early 20th century and the digital preservation of historical assets (both text and images) held by the contemporary social care organization involved in the migration of the children.
Review that explores the growing emphasis being placed on the relationships of children and young people in care. It examines: the nature and type of these relationships; what indicators are used to define quality; why relationships are beneficial; what barriers there are to their formation; what initiatives have been designed to support relationships; and what evidence there is about their impact.
This Insight was written by Karen Winter (Queen's University Belfast).
The first annual report of Scotland’s coalition supporting Putting the Baby IN the Bath Water
Putting the Baby IN the Bath Water is coalition of 98 organisations and individuals focused exclusively on two issues:
- the primary prevention of harm (i.e. keeping bad things from happening in the first place);
- the first 1,001 days of life (from pre-birth to preschool).
The coalition was a significant influence on the content of the Children and Young People Act 2014. This report outlines its impact on the Act and what it has achieved since.
Evidence review that is intended to summarise the evidence in this challenging area of work and to support practitioners to reflect on their practice in this context. An enhanced understanding of trauma can enable practitioners and managers, from all the agencies working with children in care, to improve their practice with severely distressed children and to reduce the negative impact of trauma not only on children but also on the adults caring for them.
Document that presents key findings from a project that investigated family and school influences on children's social and emotional well-being.
The project explored possible influences on children's behavioural and emotional difficulties, and on their subjective well-being. It used data collected from mothers and children in the first birth cohort of the Growing Up in Scotland study, interviewed in 2012/13 when the child was seven years old. Mothers were asked about the child's behavioural and emotional problems, and children were asked about their life satisfaction.
In this report, Barnardo's is asking for children to be identified when a parent is sentenced to prison so that they can receive the practical and emotional support they need as soon as possible. The organisation is calling on the Ministry of Justice to appoint a Minister to look after the needs of children afffected by parental imprisonment and to deliver a National Action Plan to ensure that this large and vulnerable group of children are recognised.
The Children’s Social Care Innovation Programme seeks to support the development, testing and sharing of more effective ways of supporting children who need help from children’s social care services.
The documents on this page provide further information about the programme.
Paper that considers how the Common Weal can connect to children and young people's concepts of social justice. It considers children and young people's experiences, in light of the Christie Commission's call for public service provision to confront inequalities.
The paper poses questions about the extent to which children and young people will be involved in, and be able to define, the Common Weal.
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A few years ago, on a crisp winter afternoon, I found a beautiful bound translation of The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio at the Black Swan bookstore in Staunton, Virginia. A masterpiece written on the cusp of the Italian Renaissance, The Decameron, composed between 1349 and 1351, presents 100 novellas by 10 storytellers who had taken refuge from the Black Plague sweeping through Florence. I bought it immediately and took it back to a friend’s cabin where a group of us had gathered for the weekend.
Reading Boccaccio can be therapeutic because it reminds us that there have been many times in history during which upheaval was both sharp and sustained. The first decades of the 14th century were a difficult time for Italian city-states. Natural and political calamities stacked up in rapid sequence. A glance at Giovanni Villani’s New Chronicles reveals that earthquakes, floods, famine and political turmoil all struck Florence between 1300 and 1348. Then, the plague swept through Europe and left close to half the population dead in its trail.
In the midst of this turmoil, Boccaccio mustered the fortitude and inspiration to create a narrative world of relationships, craft and imagination. Society is completely reimagined in The Decameron. Many of Boccaccio’s characters are practical – they want to make their lives work. Woven through the 100 novellas are stories of merchants who remake the world with their ingenuity, and lovers who stand up to convention to fulfil their desires. The narrative in Boccaccio is working on two different levels. There are the stories themselves, all 100 of them, but there is also the frame, that is, the story about how 10 young citizens of Florence decided to carve out a time and a space to re-imagine their world. The 100 stories in The Decameron are as diverse as can be conceived. They depict nobles as well as the clergy, merchants and artists. Some are told earnestly, others poke fun at established orthodoxies, religious and otherwise. Part of what was happening in that masterful text was the shedding of outdated theologies, of narratives that had become stale and no longer served, and the creation of new patterns, and of new economic, religious, familial and sexual identities.
Much has been made of Boccaccio’s earthy bawdiness and off-colour scenes. What sometimes gets left out is that the humour and sexuality weren’t generally gratuitous. Boccaccio loved to play with religious tradition, upending it with erudite and comically surprising narratives. For example, there’s the story of Dom Felice, a young monk who convinces Frate Puccio, an older merchant with religious aspirations, but who’d been neglecting his wife, that he should spend his nights doing a particular form of sophisticated penance on his rooftop. Meanwhile, Dom Felice takes advantage of the situation he’s created to get busy with Frate Puccio’s wife who, in the midst of their lovemaking, playfully concludes that ‘You make Frate Puccio do penance, but we are the ones who go to Paradise.’ The story is risqué and comical but, most significantly, it’s risqué metaphysically, needling as it does some of the more ascetic religious traditions that neglected day-to-day relationships in favour of their attention to the afterlife. The story’s message couldn’t be clearer. Pay attention! Here! Now!
None of Boccaccio’s stories represents a unified ethical or prescriptive programme, nor are they meant to faithfully convey the views of the author. Boccaccio would later demonstrate a conflicted relationship with his earlier writing. He wrote The Decameron while he was in his 30s, drawing on material he’d collected in Florence and Naples. But later in life, his friend the great poet and humanist Petrarch would scold him for some of his more daring texts and would make an effort to steer him back towards the traditions of Latin literature.
These communities have a commitment to a more examined way of living, a more conscious way of consuming, a pause from the rhythms of daily life
Many of The Decameron’s novellas, however, would reverberate powerfully throughout history. Consider the story of Melchizedek the Jew, which is one of a trio of novellas exploring the nature of faith and religious belief. The story recounts the episode of the Saladin (well known in history as the Muslim leader Salah ad-Din, who lived from 1137 to 1193) who, needing money, attempts to entrap Melchizedek, a rich Jewish man, by asking him which of the three great religious traditions – the Jewish, the Christian or the Muslim – was the most ‘authentic’. Melchizedek artfully dodges the question by telling a parable of a father with three sons and only one ring to bestow. Each of the three sons receives a ring, but none of them knows which is the authentic one. As the literary scholar Pamela Stewart has ably illuminated, the story had made some previous appearances in medieval and early Italian literature. But Boccaccio, through his storyteller Filomena, complicates the narrative. Melchizedek, previously the stereotype of a rich Jewish merchant, is presented with far more nuance as a genuinely wise interlocutor. Also, whereas in previous versions one of the rings remained the authentic one, Boccaccio emphasised the impossibility of distinguishing the original ring, thereby casting a veil of uncertainty over the three faiths. Not surprisingly, the novella was censored during the Counter-Reformation and various editors made attempts to expunge it from their editions of Boccaccio’s work. Thankfully, Boccaccio’s version survived, and became the inspiration for Gotthold Lessing’s play Nathan the Wise (1779), which tackles issues of religious tolerance directly.
As interesting as any single one of the novellas is The Decameron’s frame – the story of the three young men and seven young women who took their leave from plague-infested Florence and retreated to the countryside where they set up a disciplined programme of storytelling. Boccaccio envisioned a creative micro-community of men and women who set out to reinvent the world through stories. Throughout history, as well as in works of fiction, we find many examples of fringe communities giving shape to new imaginative frameworks. I’m not talking here about the kind of civil society described by Alexis de Tocqueville in 1835 – the organisations devoted to causes, great and small. Those are important too – but what I’m referring to here is a subset, the world of communities built to craft relationships, foster creativity and create alternative ways of life. Religious traditions have sometimes promoted these kinds of movements, often on the periphery – engaged and progressive religious communities continue to play this role in the present. But I think too of artist enclaves and phenomena as diverse as Burning Man or the Slow Food movement. What these heterogeneous communities have in common is a commitment to a more examined way of living, a more conscious way of consuming, a pause from the rhythms of daily life and the demands of the economy. In a society otherwise driven by soundbites and micro-marketing, this is a space for relating, for pausing, for playing and reconnecting, for re-engaging with our critical faculties and imaginative abilities.
We live in a strange existential moment, full of hope, innovation and ambition, yet perched on the verge of disaster. Our consciousness is being pulled apart at the seams, stretched at one extreme by narratives of technological quantum leaps and those who emphasise the upward-sloping curves of technological progress, and on the other extreme by accounts of current and pending calamities and the scientists who point to similar curves as they apply to excess consumption, resources depletion and climate change. These factors create a profoundly strange existential predicament – a dangerous blending of technological hubris and existential resignation. It’s also a strange moment, because the great hopes fuelled by the end of the Cold War – when we’d allegedly reached the ‘end of history’ – have been tempered by the more sobering reversion to nationalisms and authoritarian-leaning regimes. The short-term indicators are not good. They point to instability, depletion of resources, increasing inequality, potential wars, famines and pandemics. What is a citizen to do in the face of so much extended uncertainty?
Historically, there are a few different ways that alternative communities have engaged with the world around them, and with other political and economic structures. During the early centuries of the medieval period, following the collapse of the Roman empire, monastic communities preserved strands of culture and learning through rigorous discipline and attention to valuable textual sources. They created their own microcosms of cultural resistance, preserving and translating manuscripts and keeping learning alive in Europe. Of course, it’s possible that climate change and other natural and political calamities might again bring us to a period during which societal structures collapse entirely, there’s widespread unrest, and perhaps our universities will become the beleaguered guardians of dialogue and rationality. But we’re not there yet, and hopefully we won’t get there. While historical analogies are inevitably fraught with danger, the late-medieval and early Renaissance period offers a better model. Yes, there was upheaval and political instability, but there was also enough order to allow the citizens of European cities to engage and imagine new ways of being, and this is where Boccaccio shines.
The challenge for alternative communities in the present age is to be both imaginative and engaged with reality. Escapism doesn’t help anyone. Dismissing political structures is both illusory and dangerous. It’s the fertile space between the imaginative and the concrete that we must occupy. What else can we glean from the pages of The Decameron? Boccaccio channels lots of good advice. Embrace the bizarre. Mock arbitrary authority and oppressive orthodoxies. Shed beliefs that are no longer reasonable. Take time. Pause. Be ruthless when necessary, and always use intelligence – the human ingenuity that is the engine of innovation. For Boccaccio, this set of attitudes would be the basis for a playful, irreverent humanism that would feed into the deep streams of Renaissance thought and culture. But a nostalgic look to the Renaissance, as appealing as it might sound today, is hardly the point in this case. Rather, re-reading a creative genius such as Boccaccio can provide us with the fortitude and inspiration to craft our own renaissances, in the midst of uncertain times.
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Mice are carriers of potentially diseases and bacteria. Areas of your home infested by mice will no doubt contain considerable amounts of urine, feces and saliva. Once all the mice have been removed and their continued entry prevented then it is important to clean up the mess. Mouse contamination inside cupboards, behind appliances or on top of counters can be very dangerous stuff. It is essential that certain safety measures are observed.
Hantavirus is one of the greatest health concerns associated with mouse droppings. The virus lives inside mice feces and when disturbed can become airborne. Humans that inhale the disease are most at risk for transmission. During the cleaning process, every effort should be made to prevent stirring up harmful dust. This is why we always recommend homeowners always rely on a professional removal and cleaning service that removes all harmful materials without spreading them throughout the home.
Step One: Be sure to wear proper safety equipment during cleanup. It is recommended to wear a full-face respirator with certified P100 filter cartridges. These can be purchased at safety supply stores. Disposable paper dust masks do not provide the same amount of protection and should not be used to clean up toxic messes. Non-absorbent or rubber gloves should also be worn.
Step Two: Begin by airing out the infected space. Open as many doors and windows as possible for at least 30 minutes to allow for proper ventilation. Remain out of the space during this time.
Step Three: Carefully soak all infected surfaces with commercial grade disinfectant. A mixture of 1 part bleach to 10 parts water can also be used.(To prevent hazardous particles from becoming airborne, never sweep or vacuum mouse droppings.)
Step Four: Wipe up all droppings and nesting material using a paper towel and dispose of it in well-sealed plastic bags. Place bags outside in a sealed container and put them out for garbage collection. Be sure to dispose of gloves and towels as well.
Step Five: Thoroughly wash hands and clothing with soap and water.
Mice that have found their way into a home will spend a great deal of time in the attic. The warm and darkness of attics makes it an ideal place for mice to hide and breed. Homeowners can often go years without knowing they have mice in their attic and are shocked to discover just how much activity has been going on just above their heads. With time, the attic that is home to mice will begin to show significant evidence. One quick look into the attic will reveal not only their tunnels through the insulation but also the thousands of droppings they have left behind. Mice scatter their droppings wherever they go, making it impossible to perform spot clean ups. In many cases, a full attic restoration is required.
Mouse droppings inside your attic are not only harmful to your health; they can also significantly hurt the value of your home. Documented mouse activity on home inspector’s report will not go unnoticed by potential buyers. To avoid this situation it may be necessary to remove and replace all contaminated insulation. Your Skedaddle wildlife technician can advise you of our proven, safe and effective attic restorations services. Click here to learn about our environmentally friendly cellulose insulation or call 1-888-592-0387.
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Vaccines, Blood & Biologics
Donating Blood Questions and Answers
The blood safety system established by FDA is dependent upon: 1) accurate and complete educational material for donors so that they can assess their risk; 2) sensitive communication of the donor screening questions; 3) donor understanding and honesty; 4) quality controlled infectious marker testing procedures; and 5) appropriate handling and distribution of blood and blood products for patient use. Because of the improvements in donor screening procedures and the use of a variety of new tests in the last few years, the blood supply is safer from infectious diseases than it has been at any other time.
A person's suitability to donate blood depends on two general considerations: that the donation will not be injurious to the donor, and that the donated blood will not be unnecessarily hazardous to the recipient. Regulations enforced by FDA require that as part of the suitability criteria, a donor be free from any disease transmissible by blood transfusion, in so far as can be determined by health history and medical examination.
- Questions about UK Visits and nvCJD Information
- Questions about Individuals Diagnosed with Hemochromatosis and Blood Donations
- Reasons for Other Deferrals Explained
Why are good donors being deferred because they have visited the U.K.?
Regulations enforced by FDA require that as part of the suitability criteria, a donor be free from any disease transmissible by blood transfusion, in so far as can be determined by health history and medical examination.
FDA periodically issues guidance providing recommendations to decrease the potential for transmission of infectious disease when new information or testing methodology becomes available. In August, 1999, FDA issued guidance for Industry entitled, "Revised Precautionary Measures to Reduce the Possible Risk of Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) and New Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (nvCJD) by Blood and Blood Products". After reviewing the comments received, FDA further revised the guidance on November 23, 1999. A copy of the most recent revised guidance titled: Guidance for Industry Revised Preventive Measures to Reduce the Possible Risk of Transmission of CJD and Variant CJD by Blood and Blood Products is available.
The guidance states that, "FDA believes that donors who have resided in the United Kingdom (as identified by questions in section III.D) may be at risk for exposure to nvCJD. As a precaution, FDA recommends that donors who have spent six months or more cumulatively in the United Kingdom from 1980 through 1996 (i.e., from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1996) be indefinitely deferred."
FDA takes a conservative approach to ensure the safety of the Nation's blood supply and therefore, issues guidance relating to both known infectious diseases as well as potentially emerging diseases. This conservative approach may result in the deferral of otherwise acceptable donors.
FDA recognizes that the scientific technology for determining individuals at risk for CJD and nvCJD, and detecting the infectious agents in tissues and in products, is continuing to advance, and that there may be a need for future updating of the relevant guidance.
How many people have died as a result of nvCJD?
Cases of variant CJD are very rare, and most have occurred in the United Kingdom. The latest information (October 2, 2000) issued by the Department of Health, United Kingdom indicates that there have been 73 confirmed cases of vCJD in the United Kingdom. These cases have all been diagnosed since 1995. France has reported two cases. The Republic of Ireland reported one case in 1999. No cases have been recognized in other European countries, or in the United States.
Where can I obtain more epidemiological information or statistics regarding nvCJD?
Further information about the disease can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Road
Atlanta, Georgia 30333
Is it true that individuals diagnosed with hemochromatosis can now donate?
FDA has always allowed individuals diagnosed with hemochromatosis to donate blood. However, FDA is now allowing variances to the requirements that blood establishments 1) label such blood with the donor's disorder, and 2) have a physician examine the donor at the time of donation if less than eight weeks has passed since the previous donation. These variances are specific for individuals with hereditary hemochromatosis.
The existing regulations require that blood establishments using blood collected during therapeutic bleedings label these units with the disease that necessitated the therapeutic bleeding (21 CFR Part 640.3 (d)) and limit the frequency of whole blood collections (21 CFR Part 640.3 (f)). FDA has the authority to permit exemptions to the blood regulations under the provisions of 21 CFR 640.120, Alternative Procedures.
In August 2001, FDA issued Guidance for Industry: Variances for Blood Collection from Individuals with Hereditary Hemochromatosis providing recommendations to blood establishments that wish to apply for these variances. Refer to the guidance document for the conditions blood establishments must meet in order for us to approve the variance requests. Not all blood establishments have applied for these variances. Ultimately, it is the decision of each blood establishment to apply for any variance.
In summary, when a blood establishment desires to use blood from a therapeutic hemochromatosis bleeding for transfusion purposes, the blood establishment must either 1) label the collected blood with the donor's disorder and have a physician examine the donor on the day of donation if less than eight weeks has passed since the previous donation, or 2) apply for the variances.
I was diagnosed with hepatitis at a young age. Am I still deferred?
Under Title 21 CFR 610.41, persons with a history of a positive (confirmed) test for hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), regardless of age at the time of the positive test, may not serve as a donor of human blood, plasma, or serum.
Donor suitability in regard to a history of viral hepatitis at the age of 11 years or later should be assessed by asking the donor for recollections of experiencing physical signs or symptoms of clinical hepatitis (e.g., "yellow jaundice," or other pertinent physical evidence of clinical hepatitis), or having received a diagnosis of viral hepatitis from a physician. Records of laboratory data (e.g., serology, ALT, AST, bilirubin, prothrombin time), if available, may assist the medical director in making the donor suitability determination in the face of an inconclusive history. However, certain isolated laboratory test results should not be considered equivalent to a history of viral hepatitis. In particular, a history of an elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or a reactive test for antibodies to Hepatitis A Virus (anti-HAV) or Antibodies to Hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) need not be a cause to defer a donor.
If a clinical history or diagnosis of viral hepatitis occurring at age 11 years or later is established, the donor will should be permanently deferred, and blood and blood components collected from the donor should not be used in the manufacture of products intended for transfusion. If viral hepatitis infection before the age of 11 is suspected to have occurred, the donor should be temporarily deferred and blood and blood components collected from the donor should not be used in the manufacture of products intended for transfusion until the circumstances are investigated and a medical opinion rendered on the significance of the history, and the conclusion drawn that there is no history or diagnosis of viral hepatitis after age 11.
Please be aware, however, that a blood center may voluntarily elect to adopt more stringent donor deferral criteria in its Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) than those required or recommended by the FDA. Under these circumstances, FDA does require that the blood center follow its own SOPs.
There are two relevant documents available that can further clarify FDA's current donor deferral criteria:
Memorandum to blood establishments: "Exemptions to Permit Persons with a History of Viral Hepatitis Before the Age of Eleven Years to Serve as Donors of Whole Blood and Plasma: Alternative Procedures, 21 CFR 640.120" - April 23, 1992.
Memorandum to blood establishments: "Donor Suitability Related to Laboratory Testing for Viral Hepatitis" - December 22, 1993.
I was recently deferred for an inconclusive Hepatitis B core test. Can you explain the reasoning behind the deferral?
Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) is an antibody that generally appears close to the onset of clinical hepatitis and may persist for years or life. In the mid-1980s, U.S. blood banks voluntarily began anti-HBc screening of blood and blood components for transfusion. This test was intended as a surrogate non-specific test for hepatitis C (formerly called non-A, non-B hepatitis). In addition, studies of transfusion-associated hepatitis B prior to anti-HBc testing indicated that hepatitis B still occurred, despite the use of a sensitive test for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
On September 10, 1991, FDA issued a memorandum to all registered blood establishments providing recommendations and guidance on testing for anti-HBc, donor deferral, product labeling and quarantine. FDA recommends that blood and blood components found to be repeatedly reactive for anti-HBc should not be used for transfusion. Studies have demonstrated that transfusions of blood that is reactive for anti-HBc, but negative for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen, were associated with some cases of post-transfusion hepatitis. The numbers of transfusion recipients developing hepatitis in such circumstances are, indeed, extremely low, but FDA is committed to ensuring the safest blood supply possible. See the September 10, 1991, memorandum entitled "FDA Recommendations Concerning Testing for Antibody to Hepatitis B Core Antigen (Anti-HBc)". In addition, FDA recommends that donors having a repeatedly reactive test for anti-HBc on more than one occasion be indefinitely deferred until a licensed confirmatory test is available for use. At present, there is no licensed confirmatory test available. Please note that the FDA does not prevent blood banks from developing procedures more stringent than FDA's regulations and recommendations. When a blood bank incorporates a standard operating procedure, the FDA requires the blood center to specifically follow the procedures that the center has developed. Therefore, the blood bank where you donated may be following a standard operating procedure that is more rigid than current FDA recommendations.
If you have had only one reactive test for anti-HBc, then you may be eligible to donate blood again, provided that all other donor suitability criteria are met and the blood center's procedures are followed. Again, the blood bank where you donated may be following a standard operating procedure that is more rigid than current FDA recommendations and, for that reason, you may be excluded from donating.
The reasons for testing blood donors for anti-HBc were reviewed in January 1995, when the National Institutes of Health held a Consensus Development Conference for Infectious Disease Testing for Blood Transfusions. The panel of experts, who are not government employees, based their report on presentations by investigators working in areas relevant to the consensus questions, questions and statements from the conference attendees, and closed deliberations by the panel. The panel's recommendations included continuing testing for anti-HBc as part of the donor screening process, both to prevent hepatitis B and as a surrogate marker for HIV risk. The panel also emphasized the need to improve the specificity of screening tests for anti-HBc. FDA certainly will continue to cooperate in this effort, even potentially allowing a re-entry scheme in the future. In December 1998, a re-entry algorithm for anti-HBc was discussed at FDA's Blood Products Advisory Committee (BPAC) meeting. However, after reviewing scientific data, this panel of outside experts, which provides scientific advice to FDA, did not recommend the re-entry algorithm at that time.
Individuals can be perfectly healthy, give a negative history, and yet be carriers of one or more hepatitis viruses. Unfortunately, the presence of hepatitis viruses cannot always be detected with absolute certainty by any presently available means, including history, physical exam, or laboratory tests. While some FDA requirements and recommendations may seem inconvenient or not reasonable in all situations, they actually represent measures taken to ensure that blood and blood products are as safe as possible. There is no doubt that some persons, without hepatitis or other infectious diseases, are deferred as a result of established criteria.
If you would like further information about the NIH Consensus Conference, a summary statement can be obtained from the NIH Consensus Program Information Service, P.O. Box 2577, Kensington, MD 20891, phone 1-800-644-6627.
More recently, on October 21, 2004, FDA discussed and obtained endorsement at our BPAC of a candidate re-entry algorithm, which is now being studied.
Recently, I was informed by my local blood bank that I would no longer be able to donate blood because of an indeterminate test result for HIV. My physician has tested my blood and determined that I am negative for any infectious diseases. In light of the fact that there is a reported blood shortage, how can I be deferred if it has been determined that I do not have HIV?
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for establishing policies which will maximally protect the recipients of blood products. Part of the protective strategy includes screening of all blood and plasma collections for markers of transmissible infectious diseases. Unfortunately, current technology does not permit perfect testing, i.e., 100% sensitivity with the absence of false positive tests.
The possibility does exist for indeterminate or inconclusive test results to occur when HIV-1 testing is performed. FDA recognizes that the deferral of donors who have had a repeatedly reactive screening test result may exclude individuals who probably have little risk of HIV-1 or other viral infection. FDA's intent is to eliminate blood that has the potential to transmit HIV-1 viral infections from the nation's blood supply. Although the need for donors is great, it is in the best interests of the recipients of such donations to err on the side of safety. Unfortunately, once an indeterminate or inconclusive result is obtained, the donor should be indefinitely deferred.
FDA established a mechanism for previously deferred donors to re-enter the donor program. Under certain circumstances a donor with an indeterminate Western Blot may be tested for possible re-entry after a six-month period if an unlicensed Western Blot was used for the original test. A licensed Western Blot must be used for re-entry. If a licensed Western Blot was used for the original test, a donor with indeterminate results may not currently be considered for re-entry.
Although it is highly unlikely that individuals with indeterminate or inconclusive test results are actually infected with HIV, FDA is erring on the side of safety to assure that the nation's blood products are as safe as possible. Although this policy may disqualify some healthy individuals from donating blood, it has proven effective in protecting the nation's blood supply.
Guidance for Industry: Revised Preventive Measures to Reduce the Possible Risk of Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) by Blood and Blood Products Questions and Answers on "Guidance for Industry: Revised Preventive Measures to Reduce the Possible Risk of Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) by Blood and Blood Products" Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Questions and Answers Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Guidance for Industry: Variances for Blood Collection from Individuals with Hereditary Hemochromatosis Exemptions to Permit Persons with a History of Viral Hepatitis Before the Age of Eleven Years to Serve as Donors of Whole Blood and Plasma: Alternative Procedures(PDF - 4KB) Donor Suitability Related to Laboratory Testing for Viral Hepatitis and a History of Viral Hepatitis(PDF - 9KB) FDA Recommendations Concerning Testing for Antibody to Hepatitis B Core Antigen (Anti-HBc)(PDF - 15KB)
Division of Communication and Consumer Affairs
Office of Communication, Outreach and Development
Food and Drug Administration
1401 Rockville Pike
Suite 200N/HFM-47Rockville, MD 20852-1448
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england LANGUAGE WISE PAPERS
About England :The England is a nation of having more than 500,000 years. About 35,000 to 10,000 years ago, the first modern humans, called the "Homo sapiens" arrived the region. During the time the sea levels were lower and the Britain connected to the European mainland. Later, the Celtic tribes from Central Europe and France migrated to Britain and they created a new culture with the indigenous inhabitants.
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The first days of these holidays fall within the month (30-day period) following the vernal equinox every year. The timing within the annual cycle is provided by the sun, while the phase of the moon brings us near or to the beginning of these periods. In the case of the Christian calendar, a third (weekly) cycle marks the exact days (the Hebrew calendar is lunisolar and is therefore synchronized to the motions of the sun and moon).
In astrological terms, both holidays start while the sun is in the tropical sign of Aries. Since in the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere – where the two cultures originate from – it is always springtime during the “month” of Aries, it is no wonder that the holidays’ symbolism of resurrection and freeing from bondage both point to the renewal of nature in spring. In the English language, the term for this season indicates a “bursting forth” or “springing up” of plants. Starting at the end of the 19th century, the verb form of this word took on the meaning of “release” (from imprisonment), closely paralleling Passover symbolism. Other meanings of the same word include “source of a stream” and “elastic coil”, both painting the imagery of coming to life.
It is this time of year when various media outlets proudly announce the start of spring, equating this day (even the exact time) with the timing of the vernal equinox. From a symbolic perspective, there can be no doubt that the two holidays occur during springtime. Does it follow then that the vernal equinox, as one of four “corners” of the year, marks the start of spring? To answer this question, we first need to find out what “spring” means.
And here we come up against a bit of a challenge: there seems to be no precise and unambiguous definition of seasons. Moreover, the definition of spring depends on which reference one checks. There are three main definitions, and the following is an overview of which camp the major references belong to (results are from the first three pages of a web search for “define spring season”):
- Astronomical definition (from the vernal equinox to the summer solstice, March 20/21 – June 21/22): Cambridge Dictionary, Encyclopedia Britannica, The Old Farmer’s Almanac, Collins Dictionary
- Meteorological definition (the three-month period between the coldest and warmest months, typically March, April and May): American Heritage Dictionary, Oxford Dictionary
- Natural or ecological definition (according to the cycles of nature; timing depends on local conditions and varies from year to year): BBC Nature UK blog http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/natureuk/2011/02/how-do-you-define-spring.shtml
Wikipedia mentions all three definitions (and some more) with the following introduction: “There are various technical definitions of spring, but local usage of the term varies according to local climate, cultures and customs.”
It is clear from the above that only by adopting the astronomical definition could spring possibly start on the day of the vernal equinox. But does it really? The vernal equinox is the moment when the sun crosses the celestial equator in a northerly direction (in the northern hemisphere). This is equivalent to saying that the sun moves into (ingresses) tropical Aries at that time. So what is the relation of this movement to the season of spring? The clue lies in the meaning of the word “equinox.” There are two equinoxes and two solstices each year, marking the four cardinal points of the zodiac. The word “equinox” means “equal night” in Latin: this time of year, day and night are about the same length (but not exactly due to the size of the sun’s disc and the bending – refraction – of light by the atmosphere). “Solstice” on the other hand means “sun coming to a standstill” because on these days the sun reaches its highest and lowest points (altitude) in the sky, making them the longest and shortest days of the year, respectively.
In terms of daylight (or the sun’s altitude, to be precise), it would then make sense to define astronomical summer as the one and a half months preceding and the one and a half months succeeding the summer solstice since this is the quarter of the year when the days are the longest. Similarly, astronomical winter would be defined as the three months surrounding the winter solstice, coinciding with the shortest days of the year; therefore, winter solstice would mark the middle of winter. To say that (astronomical) winter starts at the winter solstice is just as nonsensical as saying that night starts at midnight (when the sun reaches its lowest points during the daily cycle). Similarly, midday doesn't start at noon (which is the marker for the middle of the day) just as (astronomical) summer cannot start at the summer solstice, the highest point of the sun’s annual cycle.
It is easy to see then that the vernal equinox cannot possibly mark the start of spring, even in the astronomical sense of the term (other definitions have no direct relation to the Aries point). The four cardinal points of the year mark the middle of astronomical seasons and so the vernal equinox coincides with the middle of astronomical spring. It would be more appropriate to say that the start of (astronomical) spring is in early February, which is around Candlemas in the Christian calendar. The symbolism of the presentation of child Jesus at and later his first entry into the temple is analogous with the sun’s presentation at and entry into the new season of (astronomical) spring. The simple reason for having eight significant points within the year, meaning the cardinal points of the annual circle and their midpoints, is exactly to demarcate the sun’s annual path into four seasons. The midpoints (Candlemas, Ascension, Transfiguration and All Soul's Day in the Christian calendar), falling approximately in the middle of fixed signs in the zodiac, signify the starts and ends, while the corners (Christmas, Easter, St. John the Baptist and Michaelmas), positioned close to the beginning of cardinal signs, mark the middle of astronomical seasons. In the pagan wheel of the year, these festivals are exactly aligned with the tropical zodiac and are called Imbolc, Beltaine, Lughnasadh (Lammas) and Sanhain for the seasonal boundaries, and Yule (Midwinter), Ostara, Midsummer and Harvest Home (Mabon) for the middle of astronomical seasons.
We are only talking about astronomical seasons of course; nobody in their right mind would actually say that spring arrives in early February in places where the lengths of the four seasons are roughly equal. Heat follows light due to a number of factors, and this is the primary reason why we experience seasons closer to the meteorological and natural definitions. Notional springtime is the three-month period from March to May in the northern hemisphere, but the actual start of spring will vary depending on location and year-to-year variations in nature. While this might be difficult to pin down, one thing is for sure: it will not coincide with the vernal equinox other than by sheer luck.
It is the end of Easter Sunday here but in Greenwich the clock has already turned over to a new day and a new month. But just because it is April 1st there, it doesn’t mean that I’m joking here. And that of course is another topic for another day!
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Facts about Thomas Newcomen tell the readers about the English inventor. The Newcomen atmospheric engine is considered as the most popular and well-known invention of Newcomen. It was known as the first practical steam engine. He created it in 1712. Newcomen was born in February 1664 and died on August 5th, 1729. Newcomen also assumed the role as a Baptist lay preacher and an ironmonger.
Facts about Thomas Newcomen 1: the birthplace
The birthplace of Newcomen was located in Dartmouth, Devon, England. On February 28th, 1664, he was baptized at St. Saviour’s. Newcomen was from a merchant family.
Facts about Thomas Newcomen 2: flooding
Flooding was considered as a big problem for the tin and coalmines. Newcomen was interested to remove the flooding water from the mines by pumping it out.
Facts about Thomas Newcomen 3: the ironmonger business
Newcomen developed an ironmonger business. It sold the mining tools. It also manufactured and designed the tools.
See Also: 10 Facts about the Telegraph
Facts about Thomas Newcomen 4: the role in the local Baptist church
Newcomen also took an important role in the local Baptist church as a teacher elder and a lay preacher. He took the higher role as the pastor after 1710.
Facts about Thomas Newcomen 5: the spread of his steam engine
The steam engine invented by Newcomen was popular due to his connection with the Baptist church. Jonathan Hornblower was also member of the church. He was an engineer.
Check Also: 10 Facts about Telecommunication
Facts about Thomas Newcomen 6: the famous invention
The most famous invention of Newcomen was his steam engine. The ideas of steam engine of Denis Papin and Thomas Savery were combined by Newcomen in his work. He developed it in 1712. The primary function of his stream engine was to pump out the flooding water from the tin mine.
Facts about Thomas Newcomen 7: the later life
The later life of Newcomen was not known much. The ‘Proprietors of the Invention for Raising Water by Fire’ was the unincorporated company, which managed the engine affairs after 1715.
Facts about Thomas Newcomen 8: the material
For almost 75 years, material change was not spotted on the Newcomen engine. It was distributed to mainland Europe, and many regions in United Kingdom.
Facts about Thomas Newcomen 9: the change
In 1720s, the Coalbrookdale Company applied the new iron casting to replace the brass cylinders.
Related Article: 10 Facts about Television
Facts about Thomas Newcomen 10: the number of production
The number of Newcomen engine built was around 600 pieces by 1775.
Do you enjoy reading facts about Thomas Newcomen?Tags: English inventor
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The average blood pressure of New Zealanders in middle life appears to have increased, an "alarming" finding that could contribute to a predicted rise in the heart attack death rate after a 40-year-long reduction.
Hypertension - abnormally high blood pressure - increases the risk of stroke, heart failure and heart-artery disease. It can also eventually damage the kidneys and eyes. High blood pressure can be caused by obesity, high intake of salt or alcohol, and lack of physical activity.
Otago University researchers have published results of the first national check of blood pressure, based on tests of 4407 people done as part of the 2008/9 adult nutrition survey.
Comparisons were made with Auckland blood pressure studies dating from 1982. Published in the latest New Zealand Medical Journal, the new study found that 31 per cent of adults had hypertension, yet only 15 per cent of the whole sample were using medication to treat the condition.
Compared with a 2002 Auckland study, average pressure when the heart was pumping (systolic) and not pumping (diastolic) had increased in most age/sex categories. One of the most marked increases was in the average systolic blood pressure for men aged 45 to 54, to 133.8mm of mercury, from 123.9mm.
The study authors, including Dr Rachael McLean and Professor Jim Mann, say in their journal paper that mean systolic blood pressure has increased since 2002 in the NZ European and other (NZEO) ethnic category for those aged 35-54 and Maori aged 35-74, reversing a downward trend observed in NZEO between 1982 and 2002.
"It really is quite alarming," Professor Mann told the Herald.
Dr McLean said the 2008/9 check was "just one data-point" suggesting blood pressure had risen and repeat checks - which the Health Ministry had indicated it was planning - were needed to confirm a trend.
"When you put it in the context of the increase in other important risk factors like the increase in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance and increased prevalence of obesity ... it is quite alarming."
The research paper cites 2006 projections by Heart Foundation medical director Professor Norman Sharpe and others which suggested the heart attack death rate, despite its downwards trend since the late 1960s, may increase for men born after 1956 and women born after 1961.
Professor Sharpe said the projection was for the rates to plateau by 2015 and he expected they might then rise. The blood-pressure reversal, linked to the obesity epidemic, was "a really bad mix. This provides justification, if we needed it, for stronger preventive measures particularly for heart health and diabetes checks".
Dr McLean said the blood pressure results demonstrated the need for a return to healthy-eating policies discarded by the National Government, a reduction in GST on fruit and vegetables and the British-style publication of targets to encourage the food industry to reduce salt content.
In 2008/9 Mew Zealand adults ate 9g a day, unchanged from a decade earlier and well above the recommended maximum intake of 5.8g.
31 per cent of adults have abnormally high blood pressure
15 per cent report taking drugs to reduce blood pressure
35-54 year-old NZ Europeans and others - average blood pressure up since 2002
35-74 year-old Maori - average blood pressure up since 2002
Source: Otago University and 2008/9 Adult Nutrition Survey
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In 2019, these stakeholders published a report identify a multitude of potential strategies, including wiping and reusing entire hard drives, removing and reusing magnet assemblies, grinding old hard drive magnets, and using the powder to make new ones new, and the extraction of purified rare earth elements from shredded discs. Each of these strategies has its own challenges: removing magnet assemblies by hand is labor intensive; Rare earth mining technology can be chemical or energy intensive and produce significant waste.
Making even the relatively minor supply chain adjustments necessary to place used or recycled rare earth magnets inside new discs “is difficult,” Jin said. “And especially when you have to start from a small amount with new technology.”
However, some companies have started to take the first steps. In 2018, Google, hard drive maker Seagate, and electronics renovator Recontext (formerly Teleplan) conducted a small demo project that involved removing magnetic arrays from six hard drives and placing them in new Seagate drives. This demonstration, according to Frost, was the “catalyst” for the larger 2019 study in which 6,100 magnet assemblies were extracted from Seagate hard drives in a Google data center before being inserted into new drives. drives in a Seagate manufacturing plant. Frost, who led the 2019 study, believes this is the largest such demonstration ever.
the results, which will be published in a future issue of the journal Resources, conservation and recycling, not only showed that rare earth magnets could be harvested and reused on a larger scale, but that there were significant environmental benefits to doing so. Overall, reused magnet assemblies had an 86% lower carbon footprint than new ones, according to the study. Frost says this estimate conservatively took into account the energy mix of the local power grid where the data center was operating. Considering Google’s almost 24-hour renewable energy consumption at this particular data center, the carbon footprint of reused magnets was even smaller.
Google declined to say if it had any ongoing follow-up projects, but directed Grist to his publicly announced goal to develop an evolutionary process for recycling rare earth magnets. Ines Sousa, head of the supplier environmental impact program at Google and co-author of the new study, says there are still some challenges to overcome before this becomes a reality.
These include the need for extreme cleanliness when recycling magnets “because modern hard drives are very sensitive to small particles” and the fact that hard drives are constantly changing, resulting in new magnet designs every day. a few years.
“There is an opportunity to make the design of magnets constant between generations so that the process of reuse can evolve,” Sousa said.
Seagate spokesperson Greg Belloni told Grist the company is “committed to working to solve the complexity” of rare earth recycling in “close collaboration with customers.” Another of his clients, computer maker Dell, is exploring another approach to recycling.
In 2019, Dell launched a pilot program with Seagate and Recontext to salvage magnets from computer hard drives (collected through a Dell trade-in program), crush them, mine rare earths, and use them to make new magnets. To date, some 19,000 pounds rare earth magnets were collected to be recycled through this collaboration. The project “remains a pilot program as we continue to look for ways to evolve within our own operations,” Dell spokesman Mel Derome told Grist.
While it may be years before rare earth magnets are recycled en masse by any approach, the Biden administration could help accelerate those efforts. Through the Critical Materials Institute at Ames National Laboratory, the federal government is already funding several projects focused on the development of cleaner and more efficient processes for recycling rare earth elements from magnets. In a recent supply chain resilience building report, administration officials wrote that the 4,000 data centers operated by the US government represent a “short-term opportunity” to harvest rare earth magnets using this type of federally funded research and development.
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22 Sep 2008
Saving the Seeds of the Next Green Revolution
With food prices skyrocketing and climate change looming, the world needs a green revolution like the one a generation ago. But many valuable seed varieties have been lost – and scientists now are scrambling to protect those that remain before they vanish down the genetic drain.
Suddenly plant breeding is sexy. In recent months, soaring prices of food, coupled with fears of runaway climate change, have brought calls for a renaissance in agricultural research — to boost crop yields and deliver new varieties that can stand the heat and drought of a greenhouse world.
The world needs a repeat of the advances made during the last green revolution a generation ago, which doubled global food output.
But the truth is that this new revolution is hobbled before it starts. Decades of underinvestment since the last green revolution have left the world’s crops in genetic meltdown. In many cases, the feedstocks for a new push for plant breeding simply aren’t there.
Seed at the CIMMYT Seed Health Laboratory in Mexico is cleaned of dust and chaff, then dried to keep it viable.
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This isn't the first time the popular game has piqued someone's interest in physics. Over at Wired's Dot Physics blog, physicist and Angry Birds fan Rhett Allain produced a series of posts examining the physics within the game over the last couple of years. Per Allain:
"Angry Birds and other video games have a whole new set of rules. Rules that I don't know. And these kinds of games let me set up my own little experiments to determine these new rules. Sometimes the game behaves the same as real life and sometimes it doesn't."
Allain has investigated launch speed, launch angle, and acceleration and velocity of the birds, among other factors, complete with graphs and equations to represent the data gleaned from hours of play.
The CERN/Rovio collaboration is skewed towards a younger audience, intended more to pique kids' interest in science as part of the company's ongoing efforts to augment Finland's national kindergarten curriculum with their Angry Birds Playground brand. (Rovio is a Finnish company.)
In the Playground version, players will be able to roam an island searching for traces of the stolen eggs, solving puzzles along the way. Some of those puzzles will relate to CERN's particle physics research, although no specific details have been shared so far. If this effort is successful more physics-based games may be developed with Rovio.
"Rovio has quite a comprehensive educational program," CERN's Rolf Landau told Symmetry magazine. "To hook onto that and provide content that gives young children an idea of what CERN is doing and what modern physics is all about with the help of the little angry birds, I think that's quite promising."
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Countries in Europe and Asia promote an alternate form of transportation to the four-wheeled, polluting vehicles we most often drive in Canada. Many of these places are far friendlier to cyclists and motorcyclists than Canada, and they’re more accustomed to sharing their roadways with two-wheeled vehicles.
Due to Canada’s climate we have only six months in a year in which choosing a motorized two-wheeler is possible, but is this all that is stopping Canadians from leaving their cars in the garage and choosing a more environmentally friendly option?
In a society that puts so much emphasis on the reduction and offset of personal carbon footprints, it’s still difficult for many Canadians to find the motivation to make changes. Other than the obvious benefit to the environment, Canadians need better reasons to change.
Should our government incentivize the use of motorized cycles? Cities such as Toronto, Edmonton and Halifax already have regulations in place to provide free parking for motorcycles and scooters because they produce fewer emissions and use less parking space than cars, but what about the rest of Canada?
Urban centres are moving to encourage the use of bicycles by providing easy, safe storage of bikes, and the benefit is twofold. Not only is it better for the environment, but studies show that a workforce who regularly cycles to work will be more fit and healthy and take less time away from work for illness.
Vancouver and Calgary offer a parking fee break and designated parking spaces for motorcyclists and scooterists; while this is a start, why is it taking so long for the federal government to get on board?
Although bicycle and roadway laws are generally governed provincially, the federal government could assume a mandate to have a greater influence. If it would move to providing a tax relief to bike commuters, electric scooter riders and motorcyclists and provide a free-parking incentive to daily travelers, we would see a shift it the way our society commutes. We would benefit from less congested city centres, less carbon emissions and a healthier society in general.
Kelly Connor is the creator, designer and author of City Mom, a blog that follows her adventures raising a daughter in the heart of downtown London, Ont.
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A useful phrase to know when having regular conversations in Japanese is と言えば (to ieba). How do you use “to ieba” in Japanese?
It translates as “speaking of” in English, and it’s used when you want to focus on something that a person mentioned at an earlier part of the conversation.
Kinō watashi wa michi ni hebi o mita. Hebi ga suki janai yo.
Yesterday I saw a snake on the street. I don’t like snakes!
Hebi toieba, dōbutsuen ni wa atarashikute ōkina mono ga aru.
Speaking of snakes, the zoo has a new big one.
The format for using to ieba is fairly simple. If you want to say “speaking of ~” where the squiggly line (~) is the thing you want to talk about, you simply say ～と言えば in Japanese.
- 猫といえば (Neko to ieba) = Speaking of cats…
- 中国といえば (Chūgoku to ieba) = Speaking of China…
- 東京での運転と言えば (Tōkyō de no unten toieba) = Speaking of driving in Tokyo…
It’s a pretty straightforward word to use and understand. What interesting is the particle it uses, と.
The Connector と “to”
と is often used as a connector of sorts. As you see from と言えば, it basically takes the place of the word “of” in “speaking of…”
It is also used extensively when quoting other people, although it doesn’t really have a counterpart in English for those situations. You could think of it like a spoken quotation if you will.
Heiki da to iimashita.
He said it’s fine.
Usually what the other person said will be in brackets, the exact same way that we would use “quotation marks”.
“Heiki da” to iimashita.
He said “it’s fine.”
So as you can see, these are the Japanese quotation marks: 「」and you would use them exactly the same way as the English quotation marks.
For the most part, whenever you are quoting someone’s words in this way you will want to make sure that you put the part that is being quoted into its simplest verb form.
“Aishiteru” to iimashita.
I said “I love you.”
Unless you’re trying to be very specific, like if you are making a point that what was said was at a particular level of politeness.
“Aishite imasu” to iimashita. Sore wa yakkai deshita.
I said “I love you” (in a formal way). It was awkward.
And you should also know that a lot of times in colloquial speech, the quotation marker と will get changed to って.
“Aishiteru” tte itta.
I said “I love you.”
I see it written as って a lot more than と in manga. I also hear って more often in anime.
Where Else Does と get used?
There are some other phrases that you’ll probably want to know when learning Japanese that use the と (or って) quotation particle:
-When asking how to pronounce something:
Kono kanji wa nan to iimasu ka?
How do you say this kanji?
-When asking what something is:
“Kabuki” tte nan desu ka?
What is “Kabuki”?
-When asking for a translation of a word:
“Tako”‘ wa eigo de nan to yu imi desu ka?
What does “タコ” mean in English?
Note that the word “to say” in its plain form (言う or いう) is actually pronounced like “yu” rather than the “iu” that it’s written as.
-When you are thinking of something:
Kanojo wa yasashii to omou.
I think that she is kind.
And there you have guys. You should understand “to ieba” and be able to use it, and you know a little more about the quotation particle と, and its informal version って.
Let me know with a comment below if that all made sense.
If you want some more examples, or if you’ve got some better explanations that you’d like to share with anyone else who’s reading, then let me know!
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As Temperature Rises Does the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Spike?
The higher the thermometer climbs outside, the higher the risk of gestational diabetes, according to Canadian researchers.
In the database study, and after adjusting for influential risk factors, each 10°C increase in mean 30-day outdoor air temperature was associated with a 6%-9% relative increase in the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, according to Gillian Booth, MD, of St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto, and colleagues.
Gestational diabetes occurred among 4.6% of women who were exposed to extremely cold mean outdoor air temperatures (≤ -10°C) in the 30-day period before screening. That percentage increased to 7.7% among those exposed to overly hot mean 30-day temperatures (≥ 24°C). Each 10°C increase in mean 30-day temperature was associated with a corresponding 1.06 (95% CI 1.04-1.07) times higher likelihood of gestational diabetes, after adjusting for factors including maternal age, parity, neighborhood income quintile, world region, and year, they wrote in the CMAJ.
"We observed a direct relation between outdoor temperature and the risk of gestational diabetes among nearly 400,000 women residing in a single urban area in Canada," Booth stated in a press release.
Booth's group used databases at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences and included women in the greater Toronto area who gave birth from Apr. 1, 2002 to March 31, 2014. Those with "extreme" preterm (<28-week gestation) or post-term (>42-week gestation) births were excluded from the study population, as were those who had type 1 or type 2 diabetes before they became pregnant.
Ultimately, 5 Continue reading
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On the unity of the Church, p. 421.
The epistles have already been elucidated as the best exposition of this treatise. Little need be added. But, to illustrate the bearings of this treatise upon the history of Christian unity, we need only refer to the manner in which the subject was treated as soon as the papacy was created by Nicholas I. Thus, he astounded the Greeks by his consummate audacity (a.d. 860) in the matter of the disputed succession in Constantinople.826 "It is our will," he says, "that Ignatius should appear before our envoys," etc. He declares it the rule of the Fathers, that, "without the consent of the Roman See and the Roman pontiff, nothing should be decided." Also, he affirms, "The Creator of all things has established the Princedom of the Divine Power, which He granted to His chosen apostles. He has firmly established it on the firm faith of the Prince of the Apostles,-that is to say, Peter,-to whom he pre-eminently granted the first See," etc. He was now speaking on the strength of the forged Decretals, to which he appeals, and which he succeeded in making law for the West. He thus created the lasting schism with the Easterns, who had never heard the like before his time.
Obviously, therefore, had Cyprian entertained such ideas, his treatise could never have been written; for it is a masterly exposition of a curious point, viz., the fact that (1) the Apostle Peter received the first grant alone, and yet (2) all the apostles received precisely the same; while (1) Peter had thus a primacy of honour, but (2) in no respect any power or authority over his brethren. On these admitted facts he constructs his theory of unity, expounding by it the actual state of the Church's constitution. Peter's memory he honours, but without any less reverence for all the apostolic Sees, which over and over again he maintains to be of equal authority and sanctity. That the Church was founded on Stephen any more than on the Bishop of Carthage, he never imagines; for it is one thing to allow that a bishop has succeeded an apostle at the place of his last labours, and quite another to assume that therefore such a bishop is virtually the apostle himself. Yet this assumption is the ground of all Roman doctrine on this point.827
Had such been Cyprian's idea, his Treatise on Unity must have proceeded thus: (1) "Our Lord said to Peter only, I will give unto thee the keys; (2) to the rest of the apostles He gave only an inferior and subject authority; (3) to the successor of Peter, therefore, at Rome, all other bishops and churches must be subject; for (4) in this subjection the law of unity consists; and (5) if even all the other apostles were alive to this day, they would be subject to Stephen, as Prince of the Apostles, or would be rebels against Christ."
Compare this treatise of Cyprian, then, with any authorized treatise on the subject proceeding from modern Rome, and it will be seen that the two systems are irreconcilable. Thus, in few words, says the Confession828 of Pius IV.: "I acknowledge the Holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church for the mother and mistress of all churches; and I promise true obedience to the Bishop of Rome, successor to St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles, and Vicar of Jesus Christ." This is the voice of Italy in the ninth century; but Cyprian speaks for Oecumenical Christendom in the third, and the two systems are as contrary as darkness and light.
Falsifying of the text, p. 422.
Loquitur Dominus ad Petrum, Ego tibi dico Tu es Petrus, etc.(a)
(a) Et iterum eidem, post ressurectionem suam dicit, Pasce oves meas.
Super unum(b) ædificat ecclesiam.
(b) Super ilium unum ... et illi pascendas mandat oves suas.
Hoc erant utique et cæteri apostoli quot fuit Petrus, qui consortio præediti et honois et potestatis, sed exordium ab unitate proficisitur,(c) ut(d) Christi ecclesia(e) una monstretur.(f)
(c) Et priQui Ecclesiæ resistitur et resistit,(g) in ecclesia se esse confidit?
(g) Qui cathedram Petri, super quem fundata est ecclesia deserit, etc.
Cyprian is often innocently quoted by Romanist controvertists against the very principles of Cyprian himself, of his life and his writings. This is due to the fact that they have in their hands vitiated and interpolated copies. Thus, take a famous passage as follows:-
This is but a specimen of the way in which Cyprian has been "doctored," in order to bring him into a shape capable of being misinterpreted. But you will say where is the proof of such interpolations? The greatly celebrated Benedictine edition reads as the interpolated column does, and who would not credit Baluzius? Now note, Baluzius rejected these interpolations and others; but, dying (a.d. 1718) with his work unfinished, the completion of the task was assigned to a nameless monk, who confesses that he corrupted the work of Baluzius, or rather glories in the exploit.829 "Nay, further," he says, "it was necessary to alter not a few things in the notes of Baluzius; and more would have been altered if it could have been done conveniently." Yet the edition came forth, and passes as the genuine work of the erudite Baluzius himself.
An edition of this treatise, with valuable annotations, appeared (a.d. 1852) from the press of Burlington, N.J., under the very creditable editorship of Professor Hyde, who was soon after called to depart this life. It exhibits the interpolations, and gives a useful catalogue of codices and of editions. Though its typographical execution is imperfect, I know not where so much condensed information on the subject is to be had at so little cost.830 I am grateful for the real advantage I derived from it on its first appearance.
If ye do not forgive, etc., p. 454.
The Jewish liturgies contained the petitions of the Lord's Prayer essentially; but our divine Lord framed this comprehensive and sublime compend, and gave it to His children for ever, with His own seal upon it in the exceptional petition which imparts to it the impress of His own cross and passion. In the Gospel of St. Matthew831 we find our Master commenting on the fifth petition in a very striking manner, as if it were the essence of the whole prayer; and, indeed, it is so, regarded as its evangelical feature, i.e., something added to the law in the spirit of the Atonement. As such, it surprised the apostles; and He who knew their thoughts instantly anticipated their inquiries: "For if ye forgive men," etc.
From the criticism of a very able editorial hand,832 I feel it a privilege to insert the following valuable comments:-
"The petitions of the Lord's Prayer, as is well known, are to be found for the most part in the Talmud and Jewish liturgies. In the latter we have frequently the phrases, `our Father, our King, '`our Father, Father of mercies, 'and `our Father that art in heaven.' The third petition in the Shemone esre is, `Let us hallow the Name in the world as it is hallowed in the high heaven. We will hallow Thee, and Thy praise, O God, shall not leave our mouth for ever and ever; since Thou, O God, art a great and holy King. Praised be Thou, O Lord, thou holy God. Thou art holy, and Thy name is holy, and holy men praise Thee everlastingly every day.' The ineffable name of God represented all His attributes, and is consequently frequently substituted for Him. The end of the first petition in the Kaddish prayer runs thus: `May He extend His kingdom in your days, and in those of the whole house of Israel very soon.' In Berakhoth (29 b) we have, `What is a short prayer? Rabbi Eliezer said, "Thy will be done in heaven, and peace of heart be unto those who fear Thee on earth."' The same tract gives another prayer: `The needs of Thy people Israel are many, but its discernment is small. Do Thou, O everlasting One, our God, give to each man what he needs for his support, and what his body wants; but do what seemeth Thee good.' In the Mekhilta we read that Rabbi Eliezer of Modin, near Jerusalem, said: `Whosoever has enough for the day to eat, and says, What shall I eat to-morrow? is of little faith.' This passage seems to illustrate the meaning of the Greek e0piou/sion. The third petition in the Shemone esre runs `Forgive us, O our Father, for we have sinned; forgive us, O our King, for we have transgressed: since Thou art He that forgiveth and pardoneth.' In reference to this the Midrash Shemoth (par. 31) states, `There is no creature who does not owe thanks to the Lord; but He is pitiful and long-suffering, and remitteth old debts.' The daily morning prayer of the Jews contains this petition: `Lead us not into the power of sin, of transgression and crime, of temptation and shame. Let not passion have dominion over us, and keep us far from wicked men and evil Company.' In one of the prayers composed in Aramaic for the rabbis and leading men of the Jewish community, the passage occurs, `Defend and deliver them from all evil, and from all evil hap, 'which may be compared with the petition, `Deliver us from evil.' The Doxology at the end of the Lord's Prayer has equally Jewish parallels. Thus, one of the daily evening prayers concludes with the words, `For Thine is the kingdom; 'i.e., God alone is ruler of the world. The words `the power and the glory' seem to come from 1 Chronicles 29:11, which is quoted in the Talmud; and the Mishna Berakhoth (ix. 5) states, `In the temple all blessings did not end with "Amen," but with the words "for ever and ever"' When the heretics multiplied, however, there was only one world; so the concluding formula became `from everlasting to everlasting.'"
Lift up your hearts, p. 455.
It is demonstrated by Sir William Palmer that the Sursum Corda is of a date to which no history runneth contrary, and is to be found in all the primitive liturgies of whatever family. For a very early example of its use, I must refer to the Alexandrian liturgy cited by Bunsen;833 and, in short, I beg to refer the reader to all the resources of the fourth volume of his Hippolytus. Little as I can approve of the magisterial air with which Dr. Bunsen undertakes to decide all questions, and little as I sympathize with his abnormal religion, which seems to coincide with that of no existing church or sect in the world, I feel grateful for his industry in collecting materials, and am always interested in the ingenuity with which he works them into his theories. Although he possesses some touchstone unknown to the rest of mankind, by which he reaches and utters pontifical decisions as to what is genuine and what is corrupt, I must record my doubts as to many of his facts, and my dissent from most of his inferences. But, unwilling to refer to Anglican authorities on points so much disputed, I cordially turn to the learned Chevalier, and to the treasures he has collected. See the Greek forms on p. 335 of his fourth volume, followed by the preface on p. 336, and the Tersanctus on p. 337: "$Agioj, a$$gioj, a$$gioj, ku/rie Sabaw/q k.t.l.
To pray and give thanks, p. 457.
Here comes into view that reference of the apostle834 to the usages of the primitive assemblies: "How shall he that occupieth the room of the unlearned say Amen at thy giving of thanks." Though Cyprian omits the final Amen from his express commentary, it is to be noted that our Lord makes it virtually part of this prayer, by His precept (John 16:23, 24), to ask in His name. Now, He makes this word Amen one of His own names835 in the Apocalypse; throwing back a new character upon His frequent use of it, especially in St. John's Gospel, and giving it as a sort of appropriation of 2 Corinthians 1:20, when He calls Himself "The Amen, the faithful and true Witness." He thus makes it infinitely dear to Christians.836 As in the Jewish usages,837 with which the disciples were familiar, it was a matter of course, we may suppose they added Amen in reciting this prayer, but not with their subsequent knowledge that it implies the merits, and claims the mediation, of the Great Intercessor. Revelation 5:8, 8:3, 8:4; John 17:8.
Tertullian838 refers to the responsive "Hallelujah" as "enriched prayer," and the Amen usually accompanied this ejaculation.
Its failing estate, p. 458.
Hippolytus839 foresaw the democratic age into which the feudal era of iron should pass, corroding in the toes by contact with the miry clay of the despised plebs, "the seed of men." No lasting strength was to be imparted to imperialism by the plebiscite (Daniel 2:43); and the prophet might almost be supposed to have the epoch of dynamite in his sight, as he speaks of the unwillingness of the people to cleave to the effete system of empire. Now, then, if "the failing estate" of the world was apparent in the days of Philip and Decius, how much more in our own! Sixteen human lives span the gulf of time between us and them, for we have many centenarians among us; and with the Lord "a thousand years are as one day." Compare 2 Peter 3:9. And, putting such Scriptures together, is it not clear that "the last time" (i.e., the last of the seven times of the Gentiles) is drawing to its close? The three and a half times of Daniel extend to the convulsive epoch of Mohammed; the second moiety (of the seven) to our own age. See Faber, Sacred Calendar840 vol. i. cap. iii. pp. 308, 309, etc.
Peter, upon whom, etc., p. 486.
Launoi, the eminent Gallican, found but seventeen of the Fathers and Doctors of the Church (among whom he reckons "Fathers" down to the twelfth century) who understand St. Peter to be "the rock," and he cites forty of the contrary opinion.841 Yet of the "seventeen," most of them speak only rhetorically, and with justifiable freedom. I have often done the same myself, on the principle which the same apostle applies to all Christians: "Ye also as lively stones,"842 etc. But it is quite noteworthy that the Council of Trent itself momentarily adopts the prevailing patristic and therefore the Catholic interpretation, speaking of the Nicene Creed:843 "In quo omnes qui fidem Christi profitentur necessario conveniunt, ac fundamentum firmum et unicum, contra quod portaeinferi nunquam praevalebunt (Matthew 16:18)." Thus, the faith of Peter is confessed the only foundation, in a direct exposition of the text so often quoted with another intent. In spite of all this, the Creed of Pius IV. was enjoined as soon as that council closed; and every member of the late Vatican Council was made to profess the same verbally before any other business was undertaken. Now, even this spurious creed forced them to swear concerning the Holy Scriptures," I will never take and interpret them otherwise than according to the unanimous consent of the Fathers." Obviously, according to this rule, there is no Catholic doctrine on the subject; much less any Catholic teaching to the effect that the modern bishops of Rome are "the rock," as really as St. Peter himself.
The Eucharist carried in it, p. 488.
The modern usage of the Latin churches is for the priest to put the wafer into the communicant's mouth, an ordinance dating no farther back than a.d. 880. A new doctrine having been forged, and faith in the corporal presence of Christ being forced upon the conscience, a change of ceremonial followed, which indicates the novelty of the idea. Contrast the teaching of St. Cyril of Jerusalem,844 informing his catechumens how they should receive, as follows:-
"Approaching, therefore, come not with thy wrists extended, or thy fingers open; but make thy left hand a sort of cushion for thy right, which is about to receive the King. And having hollowed thy palm, receive the Body of Christ, saying after it, Amen." "Not discerning the Lord's body," etc., is the language of Scripture; but, had the apostles taught transubstantiation, this could not be said, for everybody can discern the host when it is uplifted. The Lord's Body is therefore discerned by faith, and so taken and received.
Which should be greatest, p. 493.
How differently our Lord must have settled this inquiry had He given the supremacy to one of the Apostles, or had He designed the supremacy of any single pastor to be perpetual in His Church! "Who should be greatest? "ask this question of any Romanist theologian, and he answers, in the words of the Creed of Plus IV., "the Bishop of Rome, successor to St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles, and Vicar of Christ." But why was no such answer given by our Lord? And why does St. Peter know nothing of it when he says, "The elders who are among you I exhort, who am also an eider ... feed the flock of God, taking the oversight ... not as being lords over God's heritage," etc. So also in the Council of Jerusalem, how humbly he sits under the presidency of James,845 and gain how cheerfully he permits the apostles to send him forth, and "give him mission" to Samaria!846 St. Paul, moreover, who was "not a whit behind the chiefest of the Apostles,"847 overrules him, and reforms his judgment.848
If I have forborne in these notes to refer frequently to the Treatise of Bishop Sage, who often elucidates our author in a very learned manner, it is because he is almost wholly a controvertist, and therefore not to my purpose in this work. For his Cyprian,849 however, I entertain a sincere respect; and, as it might seem otherwise should I omit all reference to that work, I place its title in the footnote. Profoundly do I feel what another Scottish Doctor850 has beautifully said, "It is a loss, even to those that oppose errors and divisions, that they are forced to he busied that way."
From the slender twig, my son, thou hast ascended, p. 513.
The text of Cyprian851 is: "Catulus leonis Juda, de frutice fill mi ascendisti, recubans obdormisti velut leo, et velut catulus leonis." Now, with this compare the comment of Calmet, citing the Septuagint (e0k blastou= = e germine), and rendering by metaphrase, "e medio plantarum, sive herbarum germinantium, ascendisti."
Here, then, we have the idea precisely equivalent to Jeremiah 49:19: "Ecce quasi leo ascendet de superbia Jordanis." The lion is recumbent among the sprouting twigs (frutice, or foliage) of the Jordan's banks in the springtime. The swelling of the river, which the melting of snows from Lebanon causes to overflow, rouses the reposing creature; and he goes up into the mountains. But Cyprian had in hand the old African,852 which seems to follow the LXX., and St. Jerome's vulgate did not; and this word frutice animates Cyprian's poetic genius. Its spring-tide imagery corresponding with Easter,853 he reads into it all the New Testament fulfilment: "Thou layedst down and sleepedst as a lion, and as a lion's whelp-but, from the shooting of the first verdure in spring, thou hast gone up on high-thou hast ascended." "Quis excitabit illum" is separated from this in the Paris text, and in the Septuagint, which the Old Latin followed, and so I have pointed it, though the Edinburgh reads: "and as a lion's whelp; who shall stir him up? "
Third Book ... religious teaching of our school, p. 528.
Quirinus, Cyprian's "son" in the Gospel, seems to me to have been a catechumen of the competent class, i.e., preparing for baptism at Easter; or possibly of the higher sort, preparing for the first communion. Many tokens lead me to surmise that he may have been of Jewish birth; and, if so, he was probably baptized Quirinus after Luke 2:2, as St. Paul borrowed his Roman name from Sergius Paulus.854 The use of the word secta, here rendered "school," suggests to me that the Vulgate got it (and so our English version) out of the old African Latin in Acts 28:22. If Quirinus was a Hebrew, there is a playful irony in Cyprian's use of the word in expounding the pure morality of "the sect" everywhere spoken against.
Origen's treatise Against Celsus shows how cunningly the adversaries of the Gospel could assume a Jewish position against it;855 and the first two books of that work are designed to establish a perfect harmony between the Old Testament and the New, proving Christ to be the substance and sum of both. Cyprian may have foreseen the perils menacing the Church from the school of Plotinus, already rising, and which soon sent forth the venomous Porphyry. He was but a presbyter when he wrote this excellent defence of the faith; and his earnest pastoral care for his pupil is shown by his addition of a third book, entirely practical. The catechetical system of St. Luke's day856 had become a developed feature of the Church (St. Cyril's lectures in the succeeding century show how it was further expanded), and it also illustrates the purity of her moral teaching. Our author harmonizes faith and works, and presents her simple scriptural precepts in marked contrast with the putrid casuistry857 which Pascal exposes, and which grew up in the West with the enforcement of auricular confession by Innocent III., a.d. 1215. The theory of transubstantiation was also made a dogma at the same time, and operated, with the other, to the total extinguishment of the primitive discipline and worship. The withholding of the chalice in the Holy Communion followed, a.d. 1415.
Good works and mercy, p. 528.
Clement was able to remind the heathen, half a century before,858 that Christ had "already made the universe an ocean of blessings." Here we have the moral canons of Christianity reflecting the Light of the World, and they show us how practically it operated. As I have noted, the first Christian hospital was founded (a.d. 350) by Ephraem Syrus. His example was followed by St. Basil, who also rounded another for lepers. The founding of hostels as refuges for travellers was an institution of the Nicene period. "In the time of Chrysostom," says one not too well disposed towards the Gospel,859 "the church of Antioch supported three thousand widows and virgins, besides strangers and sick. Legacies for the poor became common; and it was not infrequent for men and women who desired to live a life of especial sanctity, and especially for priests who attained the episcopacy, as a first act, to bestow their properties in charity. A Christian, it was maintained, should devote at least one-tenth of his profits to the poor. A priest named Thalasius collected blind beggars in an asylum on the banks of the Euphrates. A merchant named Apollinus founded on Mount Nitria a gratuitous dispensary."So here our author's canons enforce (1) works of mercy; (2) almsdeeds; (3) brotherly love; (4) mutual support; (5) forgiveness of injuries; (6) the example of Christ's holy living; (7) forbearance; (8) suppression of idle talk; (9) love of enemies; (10) abhorrence of usury, (11) and avarice, (12) and carnal impurity: also, (13) obedience to parents; (14) parental love; (15) consideration of servants; (16) respect for the aged; (17) moderation, even in use of things lawful; (18) control of the tongue; (19) abstinence from detraction; (20) to visit the sick; (21) care of widows and orphans; (22) not to flatter; (23) to practise the Golden Rule; and (24) to abstain from bloodshed. In short, we have here the outgrowth of the Sermon on the Mount, and of St. Paul's epitome, "Whatsoever things are true," etc.860
In the thirteenth Psalm, p. 546.
The note says that the Oxford edition gives it as the fourteenth, while in our English Bibles it is the fifteenth. As I find that some of the readers of these works are puzzled by such confusions, I note retrospectively, as well as for future reference, the origin of such apparent blunders.
1. Our English version follows the Hebrew numbering, which is reputed the most accurate. By that a psalm is cited in the New Testament as if the numbering itself were important, and the product of inspired wisdom.861
2. But the Greek Psalter differs from the Hebrew; Psalms 9. and Psalms 10. being made into one, as confessedly their material suggests. The Seventy joined also Psalms 114. and Psalms 115. But they divided Psalms 116., and also Psalms 142.
3. The Vulgate Latin follows the LXX.; and our Ante-Nicene Fathers usually quote the Septuagint, or else the Old Latin, by which the Vulgate was probably governed. In the Vulgate, also, the Hebrew prefaces are often numbered as if they were verses, which is another source of confusion.
4. By the fusion of Psalms 9. and Psalms 10., our Psalms 15. becomes the Psalms 14., and so the Vulgate gives it; and the Oxford translators follow that.
5. But our text says "Psalms 13.," and for this it is not easy to account. The Oxford editors regard it as a mere corruption of the text, and change it accordingly.
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The pressure points can be utilized during emergencies in order to diminish the circulation to certain areas in the body. Through the reduction of bleeding, it will allow the individual to survive the waiting period until medical care can be provided as well as prevent the individual from going into shock. In traumatic accidents, internal bleeding might occur which could not be easily controlled with the application of direct pressure.
If the individual has bruises, vomits blood or have other indications of possible bone damage or bleeding from the genitalia, it is best not to intervene. In case the individual is cold, has moist skin or seems to have difficulty breathing, it can be life-threatening which would require medical care. If the medical team is on the way, you can help the individual to sit down or lie down. If possible, the affected limb should be elevated above the heart in order to minimize the flow of blood to the wound. You have to locate for a pulsating feeling at the suitable pressure point. You can learn about these pressure points by enrolling in a first aid course today.
Face or head wounds
You have to trace starting from the outer corner of the eye towards the ear. You will feel a dip close to where the ear starts to extend from the head. You have to press and hold to check for a pulse which will indicate the temporal artery.
Start tracing from the center of the Adam’s apple and stop right before the ropey-like neck muscles. You will feel a strong pulse which indicates the carotid artery which is responsible for supplying blood to the brain. Do not apply pressure for a long time since this can lead to loss of consciousness.
You have to look for the femoral artery within the center of the lowest crease in the groin which is amidst the groin and upper thigh. Take note that this artery would require substantial pressure by pressing down using the entire heel of the hand to reduce the circulation.
Upper arm and elbow wounds
Locate the brachial artery on the interior side of the arm right above the elbow bone in between the large upper arm muscles. Take note that this artery might not be as evident as the carotid artery.
Lower leg wounds
You have to press the rear part of the knee directly at the rear of the kneecap in order to gain access to the popliteal artery. The individual should not move or bend the leg. You have to reach around the rear part of the leg and press up.
Hand and feet wounds
On the interior of the wrist, move starting from the thumb up to the tip of the forearm. As for wounds on the feet, you have to trace over the upper part of the foot where it connects with the shin. In both circumstances, you have to sense for a pulse before pressure is applied.
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Men and Women Roles
How to respond to…
Roles of Men and Women
Adapted from Matt Chandler’s “Role of Women,” The Village Church, Flower Mound, TX by Pastor Neal Radichel, Luther Memorial, Fond du Lac, WI (†CLC)
In modern America today, the debate has pretty much ended on the roles of men and women in the home, church, and society. The reason for this is because our society has, in the last couple of centuries and recent decades, greatly influenced the roles of men and women not only at home, but also the many of Christian churches today. Since the beginning, it has been true that man and woman were created equal in dignity, value, and nature, as seen in:
Genesis 1:26-27 which shows that man and woman share the same nature. Both men/women were created in God’s image; both given commission to rule the earth.
Galatians 3:28 shows God’s redemption of those Christ came to save. God made no distinction between male and female.
1 Corinthians 12:7-11 shows that God distributes to His people an abundance of varying spiritual gifts, regardless of gender.
1 Peter 3:7 shows women and men are fellow-heirs with Christ.
What Scripture verifies God’s DESIGN for Role Distinctions?
A. Genesis 2 gives four features supporting roles before the Fall.
1. The order of creation shows God’s design of male authority in the male/female relationship. [cf. 1 Corinthians 11:8, 1 Timothy 2:13]
2. God’s instruction to Adam not to eat the fruit, before Eve’s creation. There is certainly an implied responsibility Adam was to teach/protect his wife from violating God’s will.
3. Eve was called Adam’s helper- It is true that this same word is often used of God “helping” people. But it is also clear that Paul (in A.1. passages above) understands Eve’s view of “helper” to mean she is to have male headship.
4. Adam’s naming of Eve Before / after the fall. [Genesis 2:23, 3:20]
B. Genesis 3:1-7
But God seeks Adam as being ultimately responsible. [Genesis 3:8] Paul clearly teaches that Adam is responsible for the sin, [Romans 5:12, 1 Corinthians 15:22] even though Eve sinned first. [1 Timothy 2:14]
C. Genesis 3:16ff
Sin produces a perversion in the male/female relationship. History has proven this to be true ever since the Fall into sin.
D. 1 Corinthians 11:1-16
A women’s submissive role within church is linked to God’s created design. The home is the same picture to God as the Church. [The Bride of Christ – Revelation 21:2, 9]
E. 1 Corinthians 14:34-36
Prohibition on women teaching men doesn’t mean absolute silence upon entering God’s house. [1 Corinthians 11:5] The verses here deal with orderly worship as well as with women honoring husbands both at home and at church.
F. 1 Timothy 2:8-15
Women are not to have authority over a man, but should receive instruction with submissiveness. The word “usurping” authority (taking hold of a position not appointed to) is the key here.
G. Ephesians 5:22-33
The parallel is between the headship role (authority) of man over his wife, with the headship (authority) of Christ over the Church. Women submit to husbands, as the Church submits to Christ.
H. 1 Peter 3:7
While the woman is fully equal in essence, man bears a particular God-sanctioned responsibility to care for and lead his wife.
I. The Trinitarian Analogy
God is one in essence and three in person (this is somewhat similar to marriage as in God’s eyes as the two are one flesh). The three persons of the God-head are absolutely equal in essence, but they are also distinct in function or roles. The distinction in function is best seen in Christ being subject to the Father [1 Corinthians 11:3] and the Spirit to the Son. [Matthew 28:19]
Where are Biblical EXAMPLES of distinct Male/Female Roles?
A. Male Leadership in Israel
From the Garden of Eden on, God called men out and held them responsible for religious leadership. Examples: Adam, Noah, 12 sons of Jacob/12 tribes of Israel, Male priestly order, prophets.
B. Male Leadership with Christ
Jesus was not reluctant to challenge customs and traditions that ran contrary to the Kingdom of God. He frequently addressed and rejected the humanly fabricated restrictions put on people. [Matthew15:3-9, 23:1-36] His taking of women also along with Him and His disciples during His travels is a testimony of this. [cf. Matt 27:55; Luke 8:1-2] But what Jesus didn’t do, though He clearly could have, was to choose a woman to be among the twelve apostles.
C. Male leadership in the Church
God’s Word restricts women from certain places of leadership and instruction in the church, [seen earlier: 1 Corinthians 11:1-16, 14:34-36; 1 Timothy 2:8-15] consistently requiring that the Church’s ultimate human spiritual leadership be gender-specific. This is not based on ability, but on God’s designation of roles. Further evidence of this is shown in the qualification passages concerning that Elders must be the HUSBAND of one wife. [1 Timothy 3:2, Titus 1:6]
D. Male leadership in the home.
As discussed above, but [1 Peter 3:1-7] confirms and furthers these roles, even if the husband is an unbeliever -the wife submits to him to witness Christ, but doesn’t participate in his sin. [Acts 5:29]
What are some common objections to Male/Female roles?
Accusation #1: “You have left out those significant examples of female leadership in Israel, in the gospels, and in the early church. It is NOT correct to say that the Bible exhibits a uniform pattern of religious male leadership.”
Response: Women did play a significant religious and at times leadership role in the Bible, but there are two things to consider:
1. Most examples of female leadership appear in roles other than those of the highest religious authority. That is, there are some prophetesses and female teachers in the Old & New Testaments, but no mention of any women priests (priestesses were of heathen origin), women heads of tribes of Israel, woman kings [Athaliah wrongly usurped (took over) the throne], woman apostles [Junia of Romans 16 is highly disputed], or women elders in the church. The highest level of religious authority God always gives a consistent principle to follow… male leadership.
2. But what about Deborah? [Judges 4 and 5] Given the state of Israel, most see Judges not as a description of God’s prescription for His people. In fact, Deborah’s judgeship demonstrates just how far from God’s designed purposes Israel had strayed. Yet He still used her to accomplish His purpose and will. Her exception does not disprove His principle.
Accusation #2: “Doesn’t the Bible teach mutual submission? How is there a hierarchy if there is supposedly mutual submission?”
Response: The Bible does say that we should walk in mutual submission to each other. This does not, however, remove male headship. Husbands submit to wives by loving them like Christ loves the Church regardless of how he feels, or how she acts. A wife submits to her husband by willingly submitting to his headship through respect and obedience to Christ, just as the Church of all believers should to Christ, as Christ to His Father.
What can we affirm in response to the Scriptures above?
1. Both Adam and Eve were created in God’s image, equal before God as persons and distinct in their manhood and womanhood.
2. Distinctions in male/female roles are ordained by God as part of the created order and find an echo or pulse in every human heart.
3. Headship was established before the Fall and not a result of sin.
4. The Fall introduced sinful distortions between men and women.
A. At home, the husband’s loving, humble headship is replaced by domination or passivity; the wife’s intelligent, willing submission is replaced by usurpation or servility.
B. At church, sin inclines men toward a worldly love of power or abandonment of spiritual responsibility, and sin inclines women to resist limitations on their roles or neglect the use of their gifts in appropriate ministries.
5. The Old and New Testaments manifest an equally high value and dignity which God attached to the roles of both men and women. Both Testaments also affirm the principle of male headship in the family (home) and in the fellowship of believers (church) in Christ.
6. Redemption in Christ aims to remove the distortions of the curse.
A. At home, husbands, forsake harsh or selfish leadership and grow in love and care for their wives; wives, forsake resistance to husbands’ authority and grow in willing, joyful submission.
B. At church, redemption in Christ gives men and women an equal share in the blessings of salvation; still, some teaching/governing roles are restricted to men.
7. In all of life, Christ is the supreme authority and guide for men and women, so that no earthly submission -domestic, religious, or civil – ever mandates to follow a human authority into sin.
8. In both men and women a heartfelt sense of call to ministry should never be used to set aside Biblical criteria for particular ministries. Rather, Biblical teaching should remain the authority for testing our subjective discernment of God’s will.
9. With over half the world’s population outside the reach of Scripturally based evangelism, and with the stresses, miseries of sickness, malnutrition, homelessness, illiteracy, ignorance, aging, addiction, crime, incarceration, neuroses, loneliness, and toleration of sinful lives; no man or woman, who feels a passion from God to make His grace known in word and deed, need live without overwhelming opportunities for a very fulfilling ministry for Christ’s glory and the good of this fallen world.
10. Denial or neglect of these God given principles will continue to lead to increasingly destructive consequences in our families, churches, and the culture at large. The need for truth remains!
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Compost Tumbler Ingredients(Last Updated On: June 22, 2016)
Creating and maintaining a compost pile is the best way to have a healthy garden. You’ll not only be generating the best fertilizer for your garden, but you will have healthy soil. You will see first-hand how leaves, food scraps, and grass clippings can be converted into nutrient-rich compost infused with earthworms and other soil organisms.
The secret to a rich compost soil is the perfect combination of compost ingredients. If you use the wrong proportions, then you are likely to generate poor quality compost with an offensive odor.
In order to achieve the best quality compost soil, use this list of ingredients in the correct proportions to blend together an ideal compost mix.
Brown materials contain carbon. Good types of brown material are newspapers, cardboard, dried leaves, sawdust, wood chips, eggshells, and tissue paper.
- Newspapers, tissue paper, and cardboard must be shredded before they are added to the composter. It is important to note that you should use newspapers printed in black and white with full vegetable oil-based ink. Don’t add papers printed with color ink to the pile. Hard cardboards must be torn into tiny pieces or shredded before adding them to the compost pile.
- Sawdust and wood chips have low nitrogen content and they tend to be broken down very slowly. Sawdust must be used in very thin layers or combined with a green material like food scraps or grass clippings. Big wood chips are often used as a mulch because they take a very long time to decompose. Make sure that you don’t use chemically treated sawdust or wood because they are known to add arsenic to the soil.
- Dried leaves are superior ingredients for a good compost. Autumn leaves have a high carbon content and other nutrients that can be absorbed into the soil. It is best to shred the leaves before loading them into the tumbler because whole leaves tend to stick together and block the airflow. It is best to avoid walnut, oak, and waxy leaves because they break down very slowly and require a separate composting process.
- Eggshells are an excellent ingredient to add to the compost pile because of their high calcium content. However, they tends to break down slowly, so you need to crush them thoroughly before adding them to the pile.
If you put food scraps into your compost tumbler, be sure to balance it out with a larger amount of any of these types of brown materials. If you overload your tumbler with brown materials, you will end up with a compost pile that takes longer to decompose.
The right amount of brown material is needed for a faster composting process. Ideally, you should follow a ratio of 3:1 of brown and green materials, which means a higher volume of brown materials to balance the green materials.
When it comes to the weight of the materials in the compost pile, a 1:1 proportion is recommended. You should load an equal weight of green and brown materials.
Green materials contain nitrogen. Green materials include grass clippings, vegetable peelings, seaweed, and manure.
- Grass clippings have a high nitrogen content. Add thin layers of grass on top of each layer of brown material. You can also combine grass with other green ingredients. Don’t add too much grass at once because it tends to clump and block aeration. If clusters of grass clippings are formed, they will emit an unpleasant ammonia-like odor as the materials decompose.
- Vegetable peelings include fruit and vegetable scraps. Cooked vegetables are not recommended because cooking oil may decelerate decomposition and attract pests and rodents.
- Seaweed is rich in nutrients that can insulate the compost pile for a faster composting process. Before adding seaweed, wash it to eliminate salt.
- Manure has high nitrogen content which will hasten the composting process. You can use manure from horses, cows, and chickens, but don’t use manure from dogs, cats, or pigs because they can have parasites that can cause human illnesses.
It is important to note that if you put weeds in the tumbler, make sure that they have no seeds. Don’t load too much green in the tumbler or you will produce a greasy compost pile with an offensive smell. If this happens, you can rotate the tumbler for better aeration.
Compost accelerators have a high nitrogen content which quickens the composting process. If you want to speed up the composting process, you can boost the decomposition by adding some compost accelerators like a manufactured compost starter that has a balanced blend of nitrogen and microorganisms.
You can add the accelerators when you layer the brown and green ingredients. When combined thoroughly with the food and garden scraps, the accelerators can help initiate the composting process at a faster rate.
In addition to the proper ratio of green and brown materials, the compost pile must be oxygenated to nourish the microorganisms present in the compost pile. You can oxygenate the compost pile by spinning the tumbler.
With this motion, both brown and green materials are broken down with the help of better air circulation. It is best to aerate the compost pile regularly to keep the brown and green materials from clumping together and blocking the airflow. This aeration process also reduces any bad odors that may occur due to a lack of oxygen.
Keep the compost pile moist inside the tumbler so the bacteria will multiply for a faster decomposition rate of the green and brown materials. It is necessary to check the compost pile regularly to determine its condition. If the material is too dry, you will need to add water. You want to maintain a damp sponge consistency. Don’t add too much water or the compost pile will become soggy.
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Pardon the absence, but I’ve been horribly sick for the past two weeks, I had the plague. Alright, today I’m going to show you how to
|make a couple different kinds of mini catapults–first, a small, simple little catapult that you can make with a bit of stuff (popsicle sticks, rubber bands, spoon, etc.) that you can find around the house or pick up at the grocery store, and then I’ll show you how to make a proper torsion catapult (the kind that they actually used in the middle ages–they didn’t
have rubber bands then, you know 😉 ) that’ll require just a little bit of handiwork (cutting wood, drilling, etc.) but it’s still pretty easy to put together. Most of the tools and materials that you’ll need can be found around the home and/or office and are very inexpensive. Here we go.
How to make a desktop catapult out of popsicle sticks and rubber bands
First of all, here’s a list of what you’ll need:
- 3 small binder clips (19mm)
- 1 Plastic Spoon
- 4 Wooden Clothespins
- 9 Rubber Bands
- 9 Popsicle Sticks
- Tape (scotch, electric, whatever you’ve got should work fine)
Right, now that you’ve got all that stuff, here’s what to do:
Here’s the book that they refer to in that video if you’re amongst the majority of office workers and have nothing else better to do with most of your day : Mini Weapons of Mass Destruction: Build Implements of Spitball Warfare. The 35 devices include catapults, slingshots, minibombs, darts, and combustion shooters.
How to build a mini torsion catapult
This one’s much nicer, plus it’s historically accurate since it’s a torsion catapult which is the type of design that was used for medieval catapults. A power drill isn’t required, but it is recommended. Here’s what to do:
Added Bonus: REALLY Simple Catapult Made from Office Supplies
Just saw this and thought I’d throw it in here for you guys who are browsing this at work and can’t be bother to go out and buy supplies but you’d still like to be able to harass your coworkers with some medieval weaponry–all you need is a binder clip, rubber band, pen, and a water/soda bottle cap:
Additional Resources and Further Reading
If you’re really into this sort of stuff and would like to learn how to make various potato guns and tennis ball mortars and such, check out a book called Backyard Ballistics, it’s got all that and more, very cool stuff.
If you’d be interested in building a much larger backyard catapult that you can use to launch tennis balls and full soda cans a couple hundred yards, then have a look at my article on how to build a French counterweight trebuchet.
You have got to check out the Catapult page over at StormTheCastle.com, they’ve got all sorts of various homemade siege devices and information about this sort of stuff.
Here’s a really cool article over at instructables.com on how to build an office supplies trebuchet.
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Falling stars aren’t stars at all, they’re actually tiny pieces of dust impacting the Earth’s atmosphere and burning up. You might also have heard them called “shooting stars”, but their scientific name is “meteors”. Let’s learn some more about falling stars.
Space looks empty, but there’s all kind of stuff out there: gas, dust and tiny rock and ice fragments. The tiny pieces of rock or ice are known as meteoroids. They could have been left over from the formation of the Solar System 4.6 billion years ago. Or maybe they were part of the tail of a comet that was making a near pass to the Sun. Rocks and asteroids can collide with one another in space and generate meteoroid debris. Who knows how long the tiny object was orbiting the Sun until its path finally crossed the Earth.
When a meteoroid strikes the Earth’s atmosphere, it burns up leaving a tiny trail in the sky. This trail is the falling star, or meteor. The size of the trail depends on the speed of the object, the angle it struck the atmosphere at, and the amount of mass that it has. The largest objects can leave a trail across the sky that lasts for a few seconds.
Although you can see falling stars any night of the year, there are certain times when they’re more frequent. These are the times when the Earth orbit takes us through the tail of an ancient comet. We’ll pass through the tail fragments at the same time every year, so a meteor shower is predictable. Some famous meteor showers are the Perseids in August, and the Leonids in November.
So remember, when you’re looking for falling stars, you’re not seeing stars at all, but meteors; tiny chunks of rock and ice impacting the Earth’s atmosphere and burning up.
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- Recognize the need for all actors to be able to work in a musical production.
- Recognize the basic construction of a musical.
- Be familiar with the vocal and dance expectations placed on a performer in a musical.
- Understand the collaborative process involved in mounting a musical.
- Understand the demands placed on the performer in a 'golden age' and contemporary musical.
- Text analysis skills that allow the actor to maximize information provided in brief librettos
- Ability to add depth and history to characters that are not multi-layered as written
- Ability to recognize and play the subtext in brief librettos
- Ability to bring honesty to extended realism/dated text often found in musical librettos.
- Ability to service the stereotypes found in musical theatre without pandering to them
- Ability to submerge quickly into the imaginary world of short scenes often found in musicals
- Ability to act IN and ON the text and music in a musical
- Ability to make choices that capture the "essence" of an acting scene in a musical as readily as the music and dance do
- Ability to work quickly with little rehearsal of the "book scenes" of a musical
- Ability to adapt one's "concentration mix" when acting/singing/dancing in a musical.
- Develop professional wok habits including dependability, punctuality, cooperation and dedication.
- Further develop sensory organs that allow one to see, hear, smell, taste and touch more fully
- Further develop the actors' innate sense of following an impulse, objective, honesty, and working through a partner
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Poolbeg station actually consists of two separate power stations:
Fuel type: Oil; Natural Gas
Second tower added: 1978
Current name: Poolbeg CCGT station
Fuel type: Gas
Commissioned: 1994; 1998
The City of Dublin Electricity Works founded Pigeon House Power Station in 1903 and the site supplied most of Dublin’s electricity until the 1950s.
We took over the site in 1971 and the station has been through several technology changes since then. The first two 120MW sets were originally oil-fired – the first set were commissioned in August 1971 and the second set were commissioned in December 1971. A new 270MW set was added in November 1978. Boilers 2 and 3 were converted to gas incrementally, with both fully commissioned in May 1984. The conversion of boiler 1 to gas was completed by July 1984, and the three sets were fully synchronised in March 1985, at a combined capacity of 510MW.
More recently, in 2000, we upgraded Poolbeg to use combined gas cycle technology (CCGT). At the time, this brought the CCGT unit thermal efficiency to 52% and overall output to 480 MW. The CCGT technology includes: two Siemens V94.2 gas turbines, two Siemens/Austrian Energy Heat Recover Steam Generators (boilers) and one Siemens steam turbine. Siemens electrical generators are fitted to each of the two gas turbines and steam turbine.
Finally, on 31 March 2010, we retired Poolbeg Units 1, 2 and 3, leaving the station’s output at 480MW MW from the CCGT unit.
Click the images below for more information relating to the operation of Poolbeg station.
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Tuesday , March 18, 2014 - 1:09 PM
Researchers have some reassuring news for the legions of coffee drinkers who can't get through the day without a latte, cappuccino, iced mocha, double-shot of espresso or a plain old cuppa joe: That coffee habit may help you live longer.
A new study that tracked the health and coffee consumption of more than 400,000 older adults for nearly 14 years found that java drinkers were less likely to die during the study than their counterparts who eschewed the brew. In fact, men and women who averaged four or five cups of coffee per day had the lowest risk of death, according to a report in Thursday's edition of the New England Journal of Medicine.
The research doesn't prove that coffee deserves the credit for helping people live longer. But it is the largest analysis to date to suggest that the beverage's reputation for being a liquid vice may be undeserved.
"There's been concerns for a long time that coffee might be a risky behavior," said study leader Neal Freedman, an epidemiologist with the National Cancer Institute who drinks coffee "here and there." "The results offer some reassurance that it's not a risk factor for future disease."
Coffee originated in Ethiopia more than 500 years ago. As it spread through the Middle East, Europe and the Americas, its popularity was tempered by concerns about its supposed ill effects. A 1674 petition by aggrieved women in London complained that coffee left men impotent, "with nothing moist but their snotty noses, nothing stiff but their joints, nor standing but their ears," according to the book "Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World."
In more modern times, the caffeinated beverage has been seen as "a stimulating substance, a commonly consumed drug," said Rob van Dam, an epidemiologist at the National University of Singapore who has investigated the drink's health effects but was not involved in the latest study.
"People get somewhat dependent on it," van Dam said. "If you try to rapidly reduce coffee consumption, you get headaches or other symptoms."
The National Coffee Association estimates that 64 percent of American adults drink coffee on a daily basis, with the average drinker consuming 3.2 cups each day. To get a deeper understanding of the risks and benefits of all that joe, the National Cancer Institute researchers turned to data on 402,260 adults who were between the ages of 50 and 71 when they joined the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study in 1995 and 1996. The volunteers were followed through December 2008 or until they died -- whichever came first.
When the team first crunched the numbers, coffee seemed to have a detrimental effect on longevity. But people who drink coffee are more likely to smoke, and when the scientists took that into account (along with other demographic factors), the opposite appeared to be true.
Compared with men who didn't drink any coffee at all, those who drank just one cup per day had a 6 percent lower risk of death during the course of the study; those who drank two to three cups per day had a 10 percent lower risk, and those who had four to five cups had a 12 percent lower risk. For men who drank six cups or more, the apparent benefit waned slightly, with a 10 percent lower risk of death during the study compared with men who drank no coffee.
The relationship between coffee and risk of death was even more dramatic in women. Those who drank one cup per day had 5 percent lower odds of dying during the study compared with women who drank none. Those who consumed two or three cups a day were 13 percent less likely to die, those who downed four or five cups were 16 percent less likely to die, and those who drank six or more cups had a 15 percent lower mortality rate.
The effect held across a number of causes of death -- including heart disease, respiratory disease, stroke and diabetes -- but not cancer, the researchers found. And the link was stronger in coffee drinkers who had never smoked.
The correlation even held for people who mostly drank decaf brew, the researchers found.
"If these are real biological effects, they seem to (have) to do with the substances in coffee that are not caffeine," van Dam said. Other compounds in the coffee could be linked to the lower death rates, he said -- or there could be no causal relationship at all.
And, van Dam added, the researchers didn't make distinctions between different types of drinks. Unfiltered brews like Turkish coffee or Scandinavian boiled coffee have been shown to raise cholesterol and could present very different results from the current study if examined separately, he said.
To prove that coffee deserves the credit, researchers could study each of the 1,000-odd compounds in the brew and test them on subjects over time to see if they reduced inflammation, improved the body's sensitivity to insulin or caused any other useful biological effects, he said.
(c)2012 the Los Angeles Times
Visit the Los Angeles Times at www.latimes.com
Distributed by MCT Information Services
Sign up for e-mail news updates.
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FEATURE for the MONTH of July 2008...
Philippine Governement Officials
The Philippines political system takes place in an organized structure of a presidential, representative, and democratic republic wherein the president is both the head of government and the head of state within a multi-party system. This system has three co-dependent branches: the executive branch (the law-enforcing body), the legislative branch (the law-making body), and the judicial branch (the law-interpreting body). We categorized them from executive, legislative (senate and house of representative), judicial, and political parties and party list groups.
Philippine Country Links
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Children require clear vision in each eye and both eyes working together properly to be successful in school and extracurricular activities. We use our eyes to read, write, throw a ball, utilize computers, and watch TV as well as other activities. As children advance in school, the demand for clear vision increases because they spend more time reading and learning. Thus, any vision problems should be addressed at an early age to prevent visual and/or learning difficulties.
There are many signs of difficulty with vision that may be more complicated than blurry vision alone. Children may:
- Avoid reading
- Have trouble learning
- Notice that letters float on the page
- Experience double and/or blurry vision
- Rub their eyes
- Experience headaches
- Have trouble focusing
There are many different conditions that can cause the above complaints including:
- Strabismus (Eye turns in or out)
- Amblyopia (Poor vision in an otherwise healthy eye )
- Eye Teaming Disorders
- Eye Tracking Disorders
- Visual Perception Disorders
Luckily, if these conditions are diagnosed early, many of these visual problems can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, patching, or vision therapy.
Many parents assume that when a child passes their school screening, they do not have any visual problems. However, school screenings usually only test distance vision, and may not assess other aspects of the eyes including near vision, eye teaming, and eye health. Additionally, these screenings are not performed by eye care professionals and some children have been known to trick their way past the screening. All of the components of an eye examination need to be checked to ensure that a child has the proper vision to learn appropriately. Children’s eyes are constantly changing and developing, and he or she may not even notice when problems start.
It is not unusual for someone not to realize they don’t have good vision until they are shown what good vision is. Visual problems have even been misdiagnosed as learning disabilities and attention deficits. Therefore, if no problems have been noted sooner, the first time a comprehensive eye exam should be completed is at six months of age and continued yearly from age three, unless recommended more frequently by your eye doctor.
At Eye Specialists of Mid-Florida, we strive to provide excellent care for children and adults of all ages. Please contact one of our locations with any questions or concerns.
Bio: Ophthalmologist David M. Loewy, MD specializes in laser and cataract surgery and practices at Eye Specialists of Mid-Florida.
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A Reconciling of Modern Baptist Faith in Regards to Anabaptist Teachings Concerning Oath Taking.
The division over Baptist origins is palpable. While several different starting points are often cited, the one with the most mythology has to be the Anabaptist connection. While Landmarkism offered the view of Baptist faith being present in apostolic times, a Protestant heresy dealing with secessionism if there ever was one, a more commonly accepted explanation comes from the English Separatist Movement. Here the account of John Smyth and Thomas Helwys as the original founders of the Baptist faith is laid out. The Anabaptist connection, while either directly or simply spiritual in essence, bestowed upon Baptists in the 16th and 17th centuries and extending through today, offered many different influences ranging from the practice of baptism, the stance on war, and the separation of church and state. While individually these distinctions offer insight, they are rooted in a common understanding of swearing fealty and oath taking. Post modern Baptists have dissociated themselves from this concept and have unfortunately missed out on a viable tenet which possesses both historical and contemporary significance in how their confessed faith is practiced. If a correlation is found, Baptists today would need to question their voice on issues of the separation of church and state and their devotion to certain political parties. These issues revolve around a single question; what or whom does one swear to?
Baptist Walter Shurden states in his work Not A Silent People that Baptists have always disagreed about their past to some degree, but recently have taken a laissez faire attitude toward their history and resorted to the phrase “let bygones be bygones.” However, Shurden is quick in not letting modern Baptists off the hook so easily. “That attitude is o.k., except for the impossibility of it. Bygones are not just bygones. Our bygones are not has-beens. They are still with us, helping and shortchanging us, damning and redeeming us, perverting and saving us.” In Shurden’s opinion Baptists’ bygones are present whether they want to admit them or not. In other words, yes, the past is behind us, but only right behind us.
Scholars such as Winthrop Hudson rejected Anabaptist influence, citing that modern Baptists are the result of English Congregationalism which identifies them more with Calvinistic and Puritan understandings of the Christian faith. Hudson believed a more accurate commonality existed between modern Baptists with those called Particular Baptists who in the early years of the Reformation accepted oath swearing and rejected pacifism. In contrast, William Estep was a supporter of Anabaptist influence and referenced similarities between Anabaptist sects like the Dutch Mennonites to the early General Baptist group. “They not only practiced believers’ baptism but also held religious liberty, separation of the church and state, and Arminian views of salvation, predestination and original sin.” More still, both groups “objected to swearing oaths, preferred a threefold ministry, and held a peculiar Hofmanite Christology which said Christ did not take His human flesh from Mary.” Baptists have longed practiced dissidence within their own faith communities, Hudson and Estep continue the ongoing legacy of Baptists who disagree, much like those who represented General and Particular Baptist groups. Yet, the key component is that these men, and early faith communities, pulled from what they felt was a common source at least up to a point. While one can still see the direct influence of Particular Baptists and their Calvinistic understanding in modern Reformed Baptist traditions, a dogma of thinking which has found its way into the modern Southern Baptist Convention, one wonders of the lasting connection with those who come from the General Baptist tradition and hold closer to Anabaptist practices.
Iconoclast Baptist preacher Will D. Campbell was fixated on a shared Anabaptist ancestry. In his fictional work, The Glad River, he tells the story of Mississippi Baptist Doops Momber who goes off to war and starts a close friendship with two other young men lasting a life time. Campbell’s character Doops has troubling thoughts about the act of baptism from an early age. His mother continues to pressure him about it before and after the war. Throughout the book Doops gives somewhat vague responses as to why he hasn’t been baptized nor saw it happening in his foreseeable future. It is only near the end of the book where Doops is sitting on the witness stand during a murder trial involving one of his close friends, Fordache, does he share with the reader his most clear answer as to why. During the scene, Doops is questioned about a fictional story he wrote while recovering from illness in an army hospital. Doops writes of a group of Christian believers living in Holland in the early 16th century. On the stand, Doops said he was inspired by a book entitled Martyrs Mirror which a pastor had given to him as a young boy. Doops's character is being questioned by the prosecuting attorney for not having been baptized. When Doops's counsel has the chance to cross examine his client the following conversation ensues;
‘What did the people you wrote about believe?” he said again. What made them different?’
‘They did not believe in baptizing infants. And because they did not believe in taking human life, would not go to war. They did not believe in the death penalty so they were not allowed to serve on juries. They believed the Church and the State should be completely separate. They would not swear, because they understood the scripture to forbid it. They led simple lives, did not engage in politics. And some of them, a few of them, practiced community of goods.’
‘And what exactly was that? ‘Community of goods’?’
‘They had a common treasury. Property and possessions were owned by the community, not the individuals. It was the only way they could survive in times of persecution.’
‘Mr. Momber, you admired the people you wrote about, didn’t you?’
‘Yes, sir. I still do.’
‘Do you know anybody like that today? Like they were?
‘No, sir. Not so far.’
‘And if you found someone like they were, would you ask them to baptize you?’
Campbell, through his character of Doops Momber, would suggest the kind of Baptist he was searching for was believed extinct. Campbell affirms his belief of an Anabaptist connection, seemingly suggesting the last fire warming this idea by modern observance had grown dim but had not completely been snuffed out.
With enough shared support of some relation, while debatable, between Anabaptist and modern Baptist, the issue comes to whether any modern Baptists still hold to Anabaptist tenets. The reason for the debate is linked to the lack of practice seen. How would one compare these differences? One of the earliest confessions expressing a standard set of beliefs is the Schleitheim Confession from 1527. The confession, attributed to a group of Anabaptist led by Michael Sattler, consisted of seven articles. The last of these dealt with oath taking.
Christ, who teaches the perfection of the Law, prohibits all swearing to His [followers], whether true or false, - neither by heaven, nor by the earth, nor by Jerusalem, nor by our head, - and that for the reason which He shortly gives, For you are not able to make one hair white or black. So you see it is for this reason that all swearing is forbidden: we cannot fulfill that wich we promise when we swear, for we cannot change [even] the very least thing on us.
The gravity of oath taking affected many of the other six articles, such as the community's shared beliefs around non-violence and the self imposed separation from the evils of the world. “To us then the command of the Lord is clear when He calls upon us to be separate from the evil and thus He will be our God and we shall be His sons and daughters.” This form of separation from the world would include refraining from holding governmental positions of power, specifically that of a magistrate. Failure to uphold these beliefs would result in “the ban” a form of excommunication.
To ban members along with the imposed removal of oneself from society is extreme. Special attention and reflection are meant to be given to those like the Amish who have separated themselves from the cultural norms and worldly ways. While not openly observed, most modern Baptists could practice such beliefs if they so desired. Of all the differences between Baptists, all would agree upon the virtue of freedom. For most Baptists, these freedoms are often referred to as “fragile” since they are loosely held with determination and are not to be confused with any sort of creed. Bible, Soul, Church, and Religious freedom grant Baptists today with the autonomous ability to decide for themselves what they emphasize in their faith.
For those observing Baptist life today in the 21st century, one would think swearing allegiance to a cause or country was required, and this thought could be supported and traced back to Particular Baptist roots. Where are the descendents of the General Baptists with their “fragile” affiliation to Anabaptists?
The customary Anabaptist objection to the oath was based on a literal interpretation of Christ’s injunction against swearing. However, it also had reference to the qualitative aspects of the Christian witness. For the Christian, Anabaptist believed the oath was unnecessary because the Anabaptist was always under the obligation to tell the truth. It was impossible because no one had the power over all circumstances in this life to order them subject to his own will, which an oath in their eyes implied.
To swear loyalty to a governing body would be to suggest the powers of said body had influence over those of individual mandates determined by God. The separation which both Anabaptist and early Baptists would come to be defined by would imply ruling persons or institutions possessed the right to interfere with the relationship between the individual and God. In the same manner, Anabaptists did not see themselves as re-baptizers since they saw their infant baptism as invalid, so to swear or take an oath meant that additional acknowledgments had to be made which essentially made being a Christian insufficient when it came to the matters of giving testimony. The reasons these affiliations are “fragile” are because no modern Baptist proclaim this freedom, and freedom needs to be expressed in order to be recognized. There lies an individual component to the Baptist identity; the ability for a person to express their faith in the means they hold to be sacred. And this revelation is not meant for just those professing the Baptist faith! What makes the Baptist tenet of expressing their religious freedom so unique is the desire fo others to experience the same freedom, be they Christians or not.
Modern Baptists in the West exist in a time and place very different than their spiritual ancestors. Those who were once persecuted have now become the majority. The United States claims that just over 70% of their citizens are Christians, and of that amount over 15 million are Southern Baptist (the largest Protestant denomination in the U.S.). Along with other groups like the American and National Baptists, the once small and underground movement has now becoming a formidable juggernaut with considerable influence. During the 1980’s the term Moral Majority was coined by Baptist minister Jerry Falwell. Falwell performed a number of large rallies under the banner “I Love America.” Falwell and others fundamentalists, who would be designated as the New Religious Right, would ask those who shared similar views to rally around their country and swear an unwavering loyalty to the state. James Dunn would speak to this by saying, “The same revisionist working for present fundamentalist leadership of the nation’s largest Baptist body (SBC) have trouble coming to terms with Baptist heritage.” This heritage Dunn refers to flows from the same source which produced Michael Sattler and Conrad Grebel. The loss of this relationship has left modern Baptists with a one-sided story.
For Modern Baptists to swear allegiance goes against the very nature of a people who claim to be anti-creedal. With a creed representing a set of core beliefs, the freedom to hold to those beliefs is where Baptists have been, at their best, advocates for a right intended for all. A distinction should be pointed out between the difference of swearing an oath and confession of one’s faith.
Despite varieties of length, authorship, and content, all the early confessions were just that: confessions. Early Baptist never elevated their confessions to the status of creeds. Twentieth-century usage makes less difference between confession and creeds, but the differences were both real and important to early Baptist. A confession affirms what a group of Baptist, large of small, believes at any given time and place; a creed prescribes what members must believe. Confessions include; creeds exclude.
Nationalism is creedal in the way it excludes those who are not part of whatever country is demanding loyalty. Early Baptists understood the state within itself as not being solely evil or opposed to God, but the power and principalities which the state could create by means of its people could begin to oppose God and thus cause persons to inflict harm on one another. The state was ordained by God to carry out certain functions, such as to oversee the punishment of criminals and to help establish order in a chaotic world. Offices, such as magistrate, were formed to uphold these laws. Yet, the state had no jurisdiction over the right of how an individual practiced their religion. This indicates the state could not enforce or coerce a person to do so, which makes sense, because a person is not enforced or coerced by God. “This position was derived from the Anabaptist conviction that faith cannot be coerced.” A direct time can be seen here in this Anabaptist understanding and modern Baptists who believe in Soul Freedom. Soul Freedom implies that no one should be forced to believe a certain way concerning religion, and this shared belief of a coercion free faith is what supports the Baptist idea of a voluntary conversion as being on par with a sacramental experience. “To try and make someone believe what they honestly don’t believe exploits both the individual and the biblical meaning of faith.
This is not to say that all Anabaptists or Early General Baptists were Christian anarchists. In the case of General Baptists, most would affirm their loyalty to the crown, but would refuse to take the following step of reciting an oath. Even with their admitted support, the lack of a given oath cost them dearly as they suffered different forms of harassment and persecution. This caused some General Baptists by the late 17th century to change their views and become more open to oaths, accepting them as worldly authorities which still allowed the separation between church and state on some level. Even with this alteration, most General Baptists of the time would not allow their members to serve as magistrates. The apparent disdain for the office of magistrate might have been the result of the martyrdom of Michael Sattler who professed to the officials charging him with heresy that they had judged him falsely since he and his fellow Anabaptists had done nothing to challenge the local authorities. It was clearly believed magistrates had acted out of their role towards Sattler and others, and both Anabaptists and early Baptists held the memory of his trial as being an abuse of power acted out by the state. During his trial Sattler also made the distinction of recognizing and affirming the power of the magistrate in state concerns, but disregarded their authority when it came to anything dealing with spiritual matters. As James Dunn once said, “Believing in the separation of church and state doesn’t make one a Baptist. But it is hard to believe that one could be a Baptist and not cling tenaciously to that baptistic doctrine.”
One of the norms of Christian theology is the lived experience of the individual. To acknowledge the connection between early Baptists and Anabaptists means those who claim this inheritance must live into the call it presents before them. The lived experience is justified in Baptist life by freedoms previously discussed in this article; Bible, Church, Soul, and Religious Freedom. These allow Baptists to be nonconforming on the matters of oaths and on the subject of creeds. While creeds point to how a people or generation understood their faith they are in essence exhaustive. They represent the intentions of a time, and while granting insight, should encourage those of faith to search for new meaning. Not swearing towards comprehensive list of what being a Baptist looks like is exactly the point and beauty of being a Baptist. Meaning, one can claim Anabaptist influence and ancestry if desired. William Powell Tuck says it this way, “As Baptists, we affirm no theological statement is ever final or complete. No one person or group of persons can formulate our theology for us and say that this is what we have to believe. Our forefathers and mothers have fought and died for this tradition.” This goes for the past as well, no one group gets full credit for what modern Baptists are today. The shared characteristics of the Anabaptists should be embraced and be weaved into the Baptist story of faith and appreciated for all the diversity it brings. Many voices comprise a chorus. Modern Baptists would do well to remember the compelling voices of their Anabaptist forbearers.
Shurden, Walter B. Not a Silent People: Controversies that have shaped Southern Baptists. (Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys Pub., 1995), 9
MacBeth, H. Leon. The Baptist Heritage. (Nashville, TN: Broadman Press, 1987), 51
Ibid., 53
Ibid., 53
Campbell, Will D. The Glad River. (New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982), 245
The Schleitheim Confession, 1527
Estep, William R. The Anabaptist story: an introduction to sixteenth-century Anabaptism. (Grand Rapids (Mich.): Eerdmans, 1996), 261
Wormald, Benjamin. "Religious Landscape Study." Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. May 11, 2015. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/.
"Southern Baptist Convention." Southern Baptist Convention > Fast Facts About the SBC. Accessed December 18, 2017. http://www.sbc.net/BecomingSouthernBaptist/FastFacts.asp.
Cothen, Grady C., and James M. Dunn. Soul Freedom: Baptist Battle Cry. (Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2000), 43 Parentheses mine
MacBeth, H. Leon. The Baptist Heritage. (Nashville, TN: Broadman Press, 1987), 66-67
Estep, William R. The Anabaptist story: an introduction to sixteenth-century Anabaptism. (Grand Rapids (Mich.): Eerdmans, 1996), 263
Shurden, Walter B. The Baptist Identity: Four Fragile Freedoms. (Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys Pub., 1993), 27
Cothen, Grady C., and James M. Dunn. Soul Freedom: Baptist Battle Cry. (Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2000), 46
Tuck, William Powell. Our Baptist Tradition. (Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys Pub., 1993), 19
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a representation (a picture or sculpture) of Jesus wearing a crown of thorns
a picture which represents the Savior as given up to the people by Pilate, and wearing a crown of thorns
Origin: [L., behold the man. See John xix. 5.]
Ecce homo are the Latin words used by Pontius Pilate in the Vulgate translation of the John 19:5, when he presents a scourged Jesus Christ, bound and crowned with thorns, to a hostile crowd shortly before his Crucifixion. The original Greek is Ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος. The King James Version translates the phrase into English as ‘behold the man’. The scene is widely depicted in Christian art.
The Nuttall Encyclopedia
a representation of Christ as He appeared before Pilate crowned with thorns and bound with ropes, as in the painting of Correggio, a subject which has been treated by many of the other masters, such as Titian and Vandyck.
The numerical value of ecce homo in Chaldean Numerology is: 3
The numerical value of ecce homo in Pythagorean Numerology is: 4
Images & Illustrations of ecce homo
Translations for ecce homo
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
- ecce homoFrench
Get even more translations for ecce homo »
Find a translation for the ecce homo definition in other languages:
Select another language:
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Non-Fungible Tokens, or NFTs, are here to stay, offering transformative potential to improve the way we transact and protect data online. But there’s another, more controversial side to NFTs — their impact on the environment.
That’s because NFTs rely on blockchains — digital database systems notorious for their drain on the power grid. Blockchains aren’t the first technology to tip the scale in favor of efficiency over footprint. But like the automobile and lightbulb that came before, NFTs are facing pressure from consumers and the public alike to reduce their carbon footprint or lose their stake in the future.
Why do NFTs require so much energy?
NFTs tokenize digital data and keep records of these tokens on a blockchain. The majority of NFTs are connected to Ethereum based blockchains. Blockchains are decentralized (public) databases that protect themselves against fraudulent entries through a process of verification known as ‘proof of work’.
Simply put, proof of work involves testing each piece of new data on a network against a computationally demanding formula. In order to be included in future iterations of the blockchain, this data must result in a unique output (hash). Unfortunately, proof of work uses exceptional computational processing power, requiring multiple powerful computers (nodes) to verify the data and reach a consensus on the result. This process inadvertently draws a substantially hefty share of electricity from larger power grids.
Why is this a problem?
The problem is that these computers are either adding demand on pollution-emitting power plants or reducing the amount of sustainable clean electricity available for other uses. The energy drain caused by proof of work can be so damaging to the environment that several Chinese provinces recently banned blockchain mining.
On the other hand, supporters of blockchain argue that the environmental threat is overblown. Earlier this year, researchers released a study claiming that Bitcoin, one of the biggest blockchains globally, only makes up 2.3% of global digital tech emissions. If so, it means that bitcoin has a lower carbon footprint than large-scale networks, data centers, and users watching YouTube and gaming online.
Is there a solution?
While the media debate rages on, blockchain architects have turned their attention to finding solutions that set the future of cryptocurrencies and NFTs on a more environmentally sustainable path.
Solution #1: Divide and conquer
As mentioned, current blockchains require new data to pass proof of work verification performed by multiple node computers in order to be added to the database.
One solution called ‘sharding’ offers an alternative method to proof of work. Sharding streamlines and reduces the amount of power required for proof of work. Instead of requiring all node computers to complete the proof of work formula in full, data verification tasks are spread out across participating nodes. Each node is only responsible for verifying the data it receives, as the nodes work together as parallel processors. Then, each output is sent back to the shared network, the blockchain.
Ethereum 2.0 is one blockchain already being developed to rely on sharding, along with proof-of-stake, in an attempt to build a faster, more environmentally sustainable system.
Solution #2: Put your money where your token is
‘Proof of stake’ is another, more sustainable proof of work alternative. Proof of stake requires all validator nodes on a blockchain to put up a sum of cryptocurrency. This buy-in acts as, well, proof, that the node is invested in entering only true information into the blockchain. If that entry is determined to be fraudulent, the node will lose that crypto buy-in permanently. Otherwise, that crypto fee funds the data verification, to be returned to the node at a later date.
Proof of stake requires less computing power — and less electricity — than proof of work. That’s because instead of forcing multiple node computers to put in the work testing data against a formula, one node does the verification. The trust in that calculation takes the form of the crypto investment. In short, entering fraudulent data into the blockchain just wouldn’t be worth it.
One blockchain proving that proof of stake is secure enough to go mainstream is Cardano. In the world of NFTs, proof of stake is already in play, powering the Flow blockchain that fuels the NBA Top Shop platform.
Solution #3: Layering up to cut down emissions
Another solution enables some transactions to occur off of the main blockchain, with the final transaction sum then communicated to the main blockchain. This is known as layering using a side chain.
In this model, the user transfers crypto or other digital assets to a secure output address. Once this transfer is confirmed, it’s communicated across the chains. Then, the user is free to transact on the side chain. Once all transactions are completed, information about the final state of the transaction is sent back to the main chain.
Side chains reduce the number of transactions the main chain needs to verify to one instead of many, cutting down on its carbon footprint. Side chains also offer another built-in benefit — the option to scale more swiftly and seamlessly.
NFTs are still in their early days — the best is yet to come. The solutions proposed above are just a start to the sort of innovation and advancement we’ll see in the NFT and blockchain sectors in the next five years.
But these solutions alone are not the answer to the question of reducing the impact of these technologies. Instead, the true solution hinges on widespread adoption of clean and renewable energy. It’s about more than just NFTs and blockchain — it comes down to evolving our infrastructure to meet the needs of our increasingly tech-dependent world while also protecting our natural environment.
Written by Liz Goode
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- Elgar original reference
Edited by Matthew Clarke
Chapter 13: Moral power at the religion–development–environment nexus
To the Catholic Maryknoll sisters of Northern Luzon, in the Philippines, the connection between religion and ecology is robust, self-evident, and urgent. Situated outside of smog-ridden Baguio City, the sisters have witnessed the environmental degradation of the city resulting from urban and economic development. Their response? Convert the convent school into a center for alternative environmental education, start a biodynamic garden, create the ‘Stations of the Earth’ and reconnect local Filipinos and visitors with an earth-centered spirituality. The Maryknoll sisters exemplify an emerging nexus between development, religion, and the environmental dimensions of development theory and practice. But how exactly is it that these three fields speak to one another? And why might development studies require a deeper understanding of religion’s intersection with environmental concerns? The questions lead into confounding, uncharted, and shifting terrain.
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Genesis 1:1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
Hebrew passage: Berashith Bera Elohim Ath Ha Shamaim Va Ath Ha Aretz.
Berashith (In the beginning)-Bera (created)-Elohim (God)-Ath (the)-Ha Shamaim Va Ath Ha Aretz (heaven and the earth).
1:2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
1:3 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.
Hebrew passage: Viamr Alhim Ihi Aur Vihi Aur.
Viamr (And Said)--Alhim (God), Ihi (Let there be)-- Aur (Light):--Vihi (And there was) -- Aur (light).
The first utterance of God, the creator of both the light and darkness (Isa. 45:6-7 "...I form the light, and create darkness.") which he watches over their orderly succession (Psalm 104:20 "Thou makest darkness, and it is night: wherein all the beasts of the forest do creep forth."; Amos 4:13 "... that maketh the morning darkness, and treadeth upon the high places of the earth, The Lord, the God of hosts, is his name."). God is light, which is above all the sources of life (Eccl. 11:7 "Truly the light is sweet, and a pleasant thing it is for the eyes to behold the sun:").
1:4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.
1:5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.
Day (Heb. yom, Gr. hemera) a period of daylight or a period of twenty-four hours.
"In Hebrew, 'one’ is 'ehad' and 'first' is 'rishon.' There can be no confusion between the two words. There is no 'first day' in the Hebrew text. It reads: one day, second day, third day, and so on." From the Antiquities of the Jews (chapter 1), "and he named the beginning of light and the time of rest, the Evening and the Morning: and this was indeed the first day; but Moses said it was one day,--the cause of which I am able to give even now..." - "The Coming of the Gods" Jean Sendy page 172
Josephus also asserted "Moses wrote chapter 2 and 3 in some enigmatical, or allegorical or philosophical sense. The change of the name of God, just at this place, from Elohim to Jehovah Elohim, from God to Lord God in the Hebrew, Samaritan, and Septuagint."
The correct translation of the first sentence of the Bible Genesis 1:1 should be read as, "In the beginning gods created the heaven and the earth,"
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Erase A Chalkboard
Online Division I - Ages 11 - 14 (Middle School)
What we're studying:
The Black DeathOur Team Leader's favorite quote:
\"Don\'t cry because it\'s over, smile because it happened.\" -Dr. SuessWhy we think we should win:
We are kids who are doing this for fun.Suggestion for next year's challenge:
Ring a bellFavorite Rube Goldberg video:
Our Step List
1. Remote turns on.
2. Train moves down track.
3. Train hits baseball.
4. Baseball hits pool ball.
5. Pool ball goes down track.
6. Baseball hits remote.
7. Remote turns on fire truck.
8. Fire truck pulls string.
9. String pulls popsicle stick.
10. Popsicle stick pulls dominoes down.
11. Dominoes land in balance cup.
12. Balance cup going down pulls a string.
13. String pulls an eraser from a track.
14. Marble is released down track.
15. Marble hits golf ball.
16. Golf ball hits a book.
17. Book hits line up of books.
18. Last book hits bucket.
19. Bucket, with eraser on it, tips and slides down chalkboard, erasing chalkboard.
Our Close-ups: Photos
Our Close-ups: Favorite Step
Our Close-ups: Task Completion
Our Machine Explaination and Walkthrough
Our Machine Run Videos
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Very interesting research that may change how we view Lyme Disease - that the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi — the cause of Lyme disease — may be a contagious illness, sexually transmitted between partners. From the January 27, 2014 Medical Daily:
A new study published in the Journal of Investigative Medicine suggests the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi — the cause of Lyme disease — may be a contagious illness, sexually transmitted between partners.
The transmission from person-to-person has been an idea refuted by the CDC who believes it is solely transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick. “The CDC position on sexual intra-human Borrelia burgdorferi transmission is that it does not occur,” the agency said in a 2011 statement.
The study — presented at the annual Western Regional Meeting of the American Federation for Medical Research — a collaborative effort by an international team of scientists — tested semen samples and vaginal secretions of three groups of patients to investigate whether passing Lyme disease to a partner through unprotected sex is a possibility. The study observed control subjects without evidence of Lyme disease, random subjects who tested positive for Lyme disease, and married heterosexual couples engaging in unprotected sex who tested positive for the disease. The presence of B. burgdorferi and identical strains of the bacterium were of particular interest to the researchers in unprotected sex in spouses.
The control subjects were found to test negative for the bacterium in semen samples or vaginal secretions, as expected by the researchers. The researchers found traces of B. burgdorferi in the vaginal secretions of all women with Lyme disease. In contrast, approximately half of the men with the disease tested positive for the bacterium in semen samples. In addition, one of the heterosexual couples with Lyme disease were found to have identical strains of the bacterium in their genital secretions.
A surprising finding for the researchers was why women with Lyme disease had consistently positive vaginal secretions, compared with the semen samples that showed greater variability. Although this warrants further research, overall, the results indicate the presence of the bacterium in genital secretions and identical strains in married couples, which means the disease may be contracted through sexual transmission. “Our findings will change the way Lyme disease is viewed by doctors and patients,” said Marianne Middelveen, lead author of the study presented in Carmel,
The possibility of Lyme disease being a sexually transmitted disease could help explain the increase in reported cases throughout the years, suggesting ticks aren’t the only way of infection. The disease is commonly undiagnosed due to the signature “bull’s eye rash” absence in nearly half of those who are infected.
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Posted In: California
by Colleen Flaherty
In stark contrast to yesterday’s ruling – which crippled the Voting Rights Act of 1965 – the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled in favor of same-sex marriage in two cases.
Take Action ›
Keep up to date with all the latest news and ways you can get involved in the fight for social justice. Click here ›
In a statement issued today, Arizona teacher and National Education Association President Dennis Van Roekel commended the court’s decision.
“What we have witnessed today is a major milestone in American history—a monumental decision and a huge step forward for civil rights,” said Van Roekel.
The first ruling, which struck down the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) as unconstitutional, will mean federal recognition of same-sex marriages in the 13 states and the District of Columbia where these marriages are already legal. The second decision let stand a lower court ruling that struck down California’s ban on same-sex marriage.
Van Roekel, who represents more than 3 million educators nationwide, said that while this decision is a huge step for same-sex couples and their families, the struggle for civil rights continues.
As an educator, I cannot help but be moved by the thought of all of the children and students we serve whose families will now be made whole. I am reminded of the struggle, and I think of how far we, as a society, have come to let love overcome hate and bigotry.
“At the same time, today’s victory is tempered with the reality of yesterday’s decision, which dealt such a horrible blow to the progress we’ve made in our journey to achieve racial equality. The fight for social justice goes on, and because of what we do and who we serve, we will always be on the front line of this battlefield.”
Click here to learn more about the social justice issues that impact working and middle class families.
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Tourism marketplace is indeed a growing phenomenon which faces higher competition day by day, therefore it is essential to develop cultural assets adapted to the competitiveness of the market and cultural routes represent these assets. Even though cultural routes existed in many forms for centuries, as a concept they evolved relatively recently. Now they are becoming more and more attractive for both travelers by allowing visit to several destinations sharing the same theme and site managers since they represent an innovative concept for regional or trans-national exchange of knowledge, sustainable tourism, shared economic benefits and social cohesion. Cultural routes are also highly supported and promoted by UNESCO, ICOMOS, UNWTO and the European Commission.
The route with a regional perspective is more just a final tourist product – it is a network of sites with a great potential for successful promotion and marketing in the tourism industry; it speaks for “mutual understanding, a plural approach to history and a culture of peace” (UNESCO, 1994). Besides, if well-planned and interpreted, the cultural route will not conflict with individual sites and their identities, but add value highlighting their significance. World Heritage Sites might benefit even more from that kind of regional networking since many of them are sharing the same needs specifically with regard to site management, tourism development, marketing and communication. Additionally, the cultural route is a significant opportunity for intercultural dialogue, better understanding of regional history and tourism development for relatively small and remote sites.
According to the Council of Europe, “Routes represent a model for grass- roots cultural co-operation, providing important lessons about identity and citizenship through a participative experience of culture; they help us to ensure access to culture as a fundamental right.” Moreover the cultural route is an innovative heritage preservation and promotion approach, which “also helps to illustrate the contemporary social conception of cultural heritage values as a resource for sustainable social and economic development” (ICOMOS, 2008). A majority of international institutions oriented towards the aspect of heritage recognize the importance of the cultural routes in common effort to conserve heritage assets beyond national borders.
One of the regions which already actively works towards this direction is the Baltic Sea Region. Tourism is one of the area’s priority fields, therefore regional State Parties actively participate in the development initiatives in order to promote the Baltic Sea brand attractiveness world-wide. Moreover, the amount of World Heritage Sites in the region allows considering variety of cooperation projects.There are also myriad of programmes directed to the development of tourism (one of the area’s priority field), which are supported by the above stated EUSBSR or regional institutions (such as the Swedish Institute’s projects). The purpose of these initiatives is to encourage cooperation of the states in the region in order to address several challenges the region faces as well as to contribute to the development of the area and promote the Baltic Sea brand attractiveness world-wide. One of the most influential projects was “Baltic Sea World Heritage – cooperation for prosperity” initiative. An idea for its realization came into being during “Our Baltic Future” workshop in 2012 when participants from different countries of the BSR comprehended the need to establish a network of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Baltic Sea Region (EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, 2013). It was also pointed out that by the moment there were only few examples of the international cooperation between heritage sites and that this particular initiative could contribute to the increase in attractiveness of the BSR for both residents and tourists. The project was supported and funded by the Swedish Institute (SI). This cooperative initiative is considered as an outstanding opportunity to exchange best practices, have joint capacity building, promote sustainable tourism being “stronger together”. The central questions needed to be addressed were “How do we make our World Heritage interesting and attractive to people outside our community or national borders? Can we strengthen the “World Heritage brand” to attract new groups of people?” (Hoffman Borgö, L. 2013). The World Heritage Sites that demonstrated their initiative to participate are the following:
- Hanseatic town of Visby, Sweden;
- The Naval port of Karlskrona, Sweden;
- The Historic Centre of Riga, Latvia;
- Curonian split, Russia/Lithuania;
- Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork, Poland;
- Historic Centers of Stralsund and Wismar, Germany;
- Vilnius Historic Centre, Lithuania;
- Old Rauma, Finland;
- Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki, Finland;
- Vegaøyan — The Vega Archipelago, Norway.
One of the most significant outcomes of the “Baltic Sea World Heritage – cooperation for prosperity” is development of the “Grand Tour of the Baltic Sea Region” that will be implemented in the new future. The primary purpose of it is to create a sustainable travel route through the World Heritage Sites of the BSR with the opportunity for visitors to design their own itinerary (Hoffman Borgö, L. 2014). World Heritage status of the sites plays a crucial role for the whole project realization, since the main idea is to “create laboratories” for knowledge through hands-on experiences” (ibid.). Therefore, one of the opportunities of the beneficial World Heritage status use is networking. It is also mentioned at the report of the Network Baltic Sea World Heritage that one of the crucial issues, which were brought up by the participants, was working with “historic travelers and thematic routes” (Hoffman Borgö, L. 2013). The potential for the thematic routes is great due to a significant number of World Heritage Sites belonging to different types.
Research has shown that cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region with regard to different fields such as conservation, knowledge, education and tourism is a current phenomenon. Recent project of involving several World Heritage Sites into a network demonstrated high need for such an initiative. However, the author believes that the thematic heritage route has more potential since it is based on the notion of shared history, World Heritage values and opportunities to exchange knowledge of different aspects. Furthermore, a cross-cultural network in the Baltic Sea Region relying on World Heritage understanding will raise awareness of World Heritage values as well as importance of regional history.
Information obtained through email communication with the project manager of the Network Baltic Sea World Heritage – Mrs Louise Hoffman Borgö, January 2016.
The EUSBSR was approved by the European Council in 2009 following a communication from the European Commission – What is the USBSR. 2015. (online) Available at: http://www.balticsea-region-strategy.eu/about (Accessed 19.11.15). Information obtained through email communication with the project manager of the Network Baltic Sea World Heritage – Mrs Louise Hoffman Borgö, January 2016. Author used a mask of the map established by Nordregio in 2008 and redeveloped it according to the analysis’ outcomes and research interest
About SI. 2015. (online) Available at: https://eng.si.se/about-si/
Council of Europe. Cultural Routes Management: from theory to practice. Step-by-step guide to the Council of Europe Cultural Routes. Janvier, 2015.
EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region. Baltic Sea World Heritage – Cooperation for prosperity. 2013. (online) Available at: http://www.baltic-sea-strategy-tourism.eu/cms2/EUSBSR_prod/EUSBSR/en/Funding/Non_EU/Swedish_Institute/Baltic_Sea_World_Heritage_-_cooperation_for_prosperity/index.jsp
Hoffman Borgö, L. 2013. Final report “Baltic Sea World Heritage – cooperation for prosperity”.
Unpublished manuscript, Network Baltic Sea World Heritage, County Administration of Gotland, Visby. Hoffman Borgö, L. 2014. Grand Tour of the Baltic Sea Region. Description of a project idea and draft for a coming application.
Unpublished manuscript, Network Baltic Sea World Heritage, County Administration of Gotland, Visby.
ICOMOS. The ICOMOS Charter on Cultural Routes. Québec, Canada, 2008.
UNESCO. Report on the Expert Meeting on Routes as a Part of our Cultural Heritage. Madrid, Spain, November 1994 (online) Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/archive/routes94.htm.
What is the USBSR. 2015. (online) Available at: http://www.balticsea-region-strategy.eu/about (Accessed 19.11.15)
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<urn:uuid:393304ff-298f-4b12-b653-296c795f798e>
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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https://www.makeheritagefun.com/cultural-routes-solution-regional-cooperation/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588526.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028193601-20211028223601-00631.warc.gz
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en
| 0.914652 | 1,805 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Yield Response Of Cucumber To Deficit Irrigation In Greenhouses
Free (open access)
517 - 524
A. M. Al-Omran & I. I. Louki
Water is the most important resource and limiting factor for agricultural development. In Saudi Arabia, the agricultural sector consumes more that 85% of the total annual water consumption. Recently, the demand on water for agriculture has increased which has resulted in water shortages in many regions of the country particularly the old oasis. Therefore, methods which increase water use efficiency (WUE) and reduce water excessive amount of water applied are of importance for conserving water. In this context, deficit irrigation can play an important role in increasing WUE and reduced amount of irrigation. Deficit irrigation is a strategy, which allows a crop to sustain some degree of water deficit during certain stages of crops or the whole season without a significant reduction in yield in order to reduce irrigation. In this study, a series of greenhouse and open field experiments were conducted using a deficit irrigation program on cucumber crops under drip irrigation during (2008–2010) growing seasons. Water was added at 40, 60, 80, 100% of ETc in addition to the traditional methods used by farmers in the region. The objective of the study was to determine the crop response factor (ky) and WUE of cucumber crop using a deficit irrigation program at different stages of growth and through the entire growing season. Results indicated that a cucumber could stand the shortage of water during the growth and crop response (Ky) values ranged between (0.70– 0.98); however, the amount of water used was much lower than that of traditional methods used by farmers in the region. Keywords: deficit irrigation, greenhouse grown cucumber, water use efficiency, drip irrigation, crop water requirement.
deficit irrigation, greenhouse grown cucumber, water use efficiency, drip irrigation, crop water requirement
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<urn:uuid:1fbd5813-f9fa-4cb2-81bf-06e9f256dfe2>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-ecology-and-the-environment/145/22114
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650620.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605021141-20230605051141-00220.warc.gz
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en
| 0.939308 | 445 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The Governor of the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Senad Softić, said that the bank recognized the importance of financial education, which, as he stated, is key to further financial inclusion, improvement of financial stability and the overall development of the economy in the country.
Financial inclusion, i.e. access to a wide range of financial services worldwide, is growing intensively, and relevant international institutions, including the OECD, are increasingly engaged in improving education in the field of finance, economics and banking, especially among children and youth.
During the conversation with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) delegation, Softić said that the Central Bank recognized the importance of financial education and inclusion, the promotion of which it is extremely committed to, the Bank announced.
Recognizing the importance of financial education, the Bank has been promoting its importance for many years, with a special focus on the younger population, striving to creatively and simply address various topics essential for financial literacy.
As part of financial education, the Central Bank implements the “Educate the Educator” project in secondary schools with the aim of educating students about managing personal finances and banking services and products.
The OECD delegation paid a two-day visit to BiH with the aim of assessing the situation in terms of financial inclusion and literacy of the population in preparation of a document to support the development of financial literacy from the OECD.
Activities in the field of financial literacy are carried out as part of the project “Financial Literacy in Countries Participating in the Dutch Constituency Program”, whose goal is to support countries to raise the level of financial literacy and inclusion by strengthening financial education in order to achieve the prosperity of citizens and small and medium-sized enterprises.
The OECD project will be implemented from 2023 to 2027 and includes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and other states of the Dutch constituency, with financial support from the Ministry of Finance of the Netherlands.
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<urn:uuid:c1faf551-bc96-4d0d-93e5-b38f68027190>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://sarajevotimes.com/governor-of-the-central-bank-of-bih-financial-education-is-crucial-for-the-development-of-the-economy/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102612.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210155147-20231210185147-00836.warc.gz
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en
| 0.944857 | 414 | 2.53125 | 3 |
mail at andreas-penzel.de
Tue Nov 13 19:04:14 CET 2001
I am new in the world of python.
First I made some Tuturials, but what I could not find:
How to get an input from the console?
for example: the program starts, givs some prints on the screen and now I
want an input from the user like this: print "please type your name:"
the input should get into to a variable like user_input = ???
I hope I could explain the problem, that everyone can follow my minds.
More information about the Python-list
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<urn:uuid:f50b6ebc-4a20-421e-ab67-c5871598417f>
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CC-MAIN-2016-50
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https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2001-November/107914.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542712.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00220-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.820572 | 132 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Density of Biogas Power Plants as An Indicator of Bioenergy Generated Transformation of Agricultural Landscapes
The increasing use of biogas, produced from energy crops like silage maize, is supposed to noticeably change the structures and patterns of agricultural landscapes in Europe. The main objective of our study is to quantify this assumed impact of intensive biogas production with the example of an agrarian landscape in Northern Germany. Therefore, we used three different datasets; Corine Land Cover (CLC), local agricultural statistics (Agrar-Struktur-Erhebung, ASE), and data on biogas power plants. Via kernel density analysis, we delineated impact zones which represent different levels of bioenergy-generated transformations of agrarian landscapes. We cross-checked the results by the analyses of the land cover and landscape pattern changes from 2000 to 2012 inside the impact zones. We found significant correlations between the installed electrical capacity (IC) and land cover changes. According to our findings, the landscape pattern of cropland—expressed via landscape metrics (mean patch size (MPS), total edge (TE), mean shape index (MSI), mean fractal dimension index (MFRACT)—increased and that of pastures decreased since the beginning of biogas production. Moreover, our study indicates that the increasing number of biogas power plants in certain areas is accompanied with a continuous reduction in crop diversity and a homogenization of land use in the same areas. We found maximum degrees of land use homogenisation in areas with highest IC. Our results show that a Kernel density map of the IC of biogas power plants might offer a suitable first indicator for monitoring and quantifying landscape change induced by biogas production.
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<urn:uuid:b8607865-8b52-493c-893e-ee6e3234edb6>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://macau.uni-kiel.de/receive/macau_mods_00000216
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099892.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128151412-20231128181412-00288.warc.gz
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en
| 0.869895 | 386 | 2.640625 | 3 |
also known as: Nagybereg (HU), Berehy (CZ), Velikij Beregi (RU)
48°14' N / 22°45' E
~ Introduction ~
( Click the arrow in the buttons below for pronunciation. )
Velyki Berehy was part of the Kingdom of Hungary (11th century - 1920 and 1938-1944) with the name of Nagybereg in Bereg megye (county), next part of Czechoslovakia (1920-1938) with the name of Berehy in Podkarpatská Rus (Sub-Carpathia), then part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1945-1991) with the name of Velikij Beregi and, since 1991, known as Velyki Berehy, in the Berehivskiy rayon (district) of Zakarpats'ka oblast (county) of Ukraine.
In Yiddish, Velyki Berehy was known as Bereg.
Other spellings/names for Velyki Berehy are Brehy, Nagy-Bereg, Veľký Bereg and Welyki Berehy.
Velyki Berehy is located about 5 miles ENE of Berehove (Beregszász), 15 miles S of Mukacheve (Munkács).
Jews probably settled in Velyki Berehy around the turn of the 18th century.
The Jewish population was 72 in 1880.
In 1921, the Jewish population was 142 of a total population of 2,001.
In 1930, Josef KUNSTLER operated the mill in Berehy, then in 1938, Alexander KUNSTLER.
Then by 1941, the Jewish population rose to 176.
With the Hungarian occupation of Velyki Berehy in March, 1939, Jews were persecuted and pushed out of their occupations. In 1940-41, dozens of Jews from Velyki Berehy were drafted into forced labor battalions and others were drafted for service on the Eastern front, where most died.
In 1944, a few Jewish families without Hungarian citizenship were expelled to Nazi occupied Ukrainian territory, to Kamenets-Podolski, and murdered there.
The remaining Jews of Velyki Berehy were deported to Auschwitz 18 May 1944.
A great many of the Jews from Velyki Berehy were murdered in Auschwitz and any survivors settled elsewhere.
In 2001, Velyki Berehy had about 2,540 inhabitants and no Jews live there today.
Sources (portions): The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust, (2001) p. 113
This page is hosted at no cost to the public by JewishGen, Inc., a non-profit
corporation. If you feel there is a benefit to you in accessing this site,
your JewishGen-erosity is appreciated.
Created and Compiled by: Marshall J. KATZ, USA with assistance from
M. Y. EHRENREICH, USA jAlbum
Nikoli KATZ, USA
Rose LANDOWNE, USA Magic Toolbox
Amos Israel ZEZMER, France
and the following JewishGen members/descendants and contributors of Velyki Berehy Jewish families:
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Beregi/
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en
| 0.919416 | 689 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Hyperface project involves printing patterns onto clothing or textiles that computers interpret as a face, in fightback against intrusive technology
The use of facial recognition software for commercial purposes is becoming more common, but, as Amazon scans face in its physical shop and Facebook searches photos of users to add tags to, those concerned about their privacy are fighting back.
Berlin-based artist and technologist Adam Harvey aims to overwhelm and confuse these systems by presenting them with thousands of false hits so they can’t tell which faces are real.
The Hyperface project involves printing patterns onto clothing or textiles, which then appear to have eyes, mouths and other features that a computer can interpret as a face.
This is not the first time Harvey has tried to confuse facial recognition software. During a previous project, CV Dazzle, he attempted to create an aesthetic of makeup and hairstyling that would cause machines to be unable to detect a face.
Speaking at the Chaos Communications Congress hacking conference in Hamburg, Harvey said: “As I’ve looked at in an earlier project, you can change the way you appear, but, in camouflage, you can think of the figure and the ground relationship. There’s also an opportunity to modify the ‘ground’, the things that appear next to you, around you, and that can also change the computer vision confidence score.”
Harvey’s Hyperface project aims to do just that; he says, “overloading an algorithm with what it wants, oversaturating an area with faces to divert the gaze of the computer vision algorithm.”
The resultant patterns, which Harvey created in conjunction with international interaction studio Hyphen-Labs, can be worn or used to blanket an area. “It can be used to modify the environment around you, whether it’s someone next to you, whether you’re wearing it, maybe around your head or in a new way.”
Explaining his hopes for how technologies like his would affect the world, Harvey showed an image of a street scene from the 1910s, pointing out that every figure in it is wearing a hat. “In 100 years from now, we’re going to have a similar transformation of fashion and the way that we appear. What will that look like? Hopefully, it will look like something that looks to optimise our personal privacy.”
To emphasise the extent to which facial recognition technology changes expectations of privacy, Harvey collated 47 different data points commercial and academic researchers claim to be able to discover from a 100×100 pixel facial image – around 2.5% of the size of a typical Instagram photo. Those include traits such as “calm” or “kind”, criminal tendencies like “paedophile” or “white collar offender”, and simple demographics like “age” and “gender”.
Research from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, for instance, claims to be able to predict criminality from lip curvature, eye inner corner distance and the so-called nose-mouth angle.
“A lot of other researchers are looking at how to take that very small data and turn it into insights that can be used for marketing,” Harvey said. “What all this reminds me of is Francis Galton and eugenics. The real criminal, in these cases, are people who are perpetrating this idea, not the individuals who are being looked at.”
Harvey and Hyphen-Labs plan to reveal details on the Hyperface project this month, as part of Hyphen-Labs’ new work NeuroSpeculative AfroFeminism.
The article has minor changes for readability and to match our website format.
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<urn:uuid:9ba04bdb-5d14-4a69-865c-fdb4a419e060>
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CC-MAIN-2018-43
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https://wtvox.com/fashion-tech/anti-surveillance-clothing/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512592.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020055317-20181020080817-00212.warc.gz
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en
| 0.944431 | 782 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Ismene festalis or Spider Lily has an umbel of 4 or 6 white fragrant flowers. The flowers have a trumpet-shaped staminal crown, surrounded by 6 long recurved strap-shaped petals.
The plant forms a tuft of leaves of 40-60 cm, lanceolate and bright green. It is from the center of the clump that the flower stalk grows erect.
Hymenocallis x Festalis
USDA Zone 9, 5 °C
Division of bulbs
Sun, light or partial shade
- can be grown in pots or open ground
- grown in pots, water frequently during the growing season. It resists both swampy conditions and drought.
- give fertiliser every 2 weeks
- bring the bulbs inside in winter before the first frost
- cut the leaves and stems of faded flowers and dry the plant
- once dry, remove as much soil as possible from the bulb and leave it in a dry place, sheltered from frost
- plant bulbs in spring when danger of frost is gone and the weather is much milder (May)
- cut the faded flowers so that the bulb can regain strength before winter
- Ismene festalis: lastonein
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<urn:uuid:8819fc89-e473-4714-be6d-27efa142c56b>
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CC-MAIN-2017-22
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http://myjunglegarden.com/2012/05/ismene-festalis/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612283.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529111205-20170529131205-00365.warc.gz
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en
| 0.89689 | 253 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Submitted to: Journal of Parasitology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: July 16, 2008
Publication Date: December 30, 2008
Citation: Pas, A., Dubey, J.P. 2008. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Gordon's wild cat (Felis silvestris gordoni) in the Middle East. Journal of Parasitology. 94:1169.
Interpretive Summary: Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled parasite of all warm-blooded hosts worldwide. It causes mental retardation and loss of vision in children, and abortion in livestock. Cats are the main reservoir of T. gondii because they are the only hosts that can excrete the resistant stage (oocyst) of the parasite in the feces. Humans become infected by eating undercooked meat from infected animals and food and water contaminated with oocysts. Scientists at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center and from United Arab Emirates report fatal toxoplasmosis in sand cats for the first time from this host. The results will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists, and veterinarians.
The Sand cat (Felis margarita) is a small-sized felid occurring in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The Sand cat captive breeding program at the Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife (BCEAW), Sharjah, UAE, has until recently been severely compromised by very high newborn mortality rates. Two different pairs of Sand cats gave birth respectively to one and two litters (with a total of 8 kittens) between 1999 and 2006.
Seven out of 8 kittens died between the 3rd and 21st wk of life. Toxoplasmosis was confirmed as the cause of death in two litters. Adult cats had high antibody titers to Toxoplasma gondii before pregnancy, suggesting that maternal immunity did not protect the kittens against infection with T.gondii and that maternal immunity might not have prevented transplacental transmission of the parasite. This observation contrasts with what is seen in domestic cats To our knowledge this is the first report on confirmed fatal toxoplasmosis and prevelance of T. gondii in Sand cats.
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<urn:uuid:4d5ae66b-4d96-4e48-a682-6ea949c6ef41>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=227420
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382398/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00016-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.925452 | 472 | 2.515625 | 3 |
On January 20th, President Biden was sworn into office, along with Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock who were sworn in as Senators representing Georgia. This marks the transition of majority control for both bodies of the legislative branch and the Presidency to the Democrats. The idea of a united government, or one party having majority control, is not rare with ~56% of Congresses and the Presidency (23 Republican, 22 Democrat) being controlled by one party at the same time since the formation of the modern-day political parties in 1861. However, we will note that one party having majority control is decreasing in frequency, with rates falling to 45% over the last 20 years and occuring only a third of the time over the last 10 years.
For years, prominent opinions have expressed that democratic control of Congress and Presidency would be the only hope for any healthcare reform. Now with control of all three seats, we are seeing many news reports of all that is planned to be accomplished. This week, as we prepare for what could be a productive Congress, we review this idea of a united versus divided government’s impact on healthcare bills, and the process by which new bills may move through the current Congress.
Healthcare reform does not require one party control of the government
There have been many bills introduced and passed through Congress that impact the healthcare system. Anecdotally, we have heard from experts, friends, and colleagues (and have even expressed in conversation ourselves), that passage of a major healthcare bill in the U.S. requires one party to have majority control of the government, and likely that party needs to be the democrats. However, as we look to history, we quickly realize that this may not be true. We have compiled a list of major healthcare bills that have passed and the party that held majority control at the time in table 1, below. In table 2 at the end of this article, we provide a more comprehensive, but not exhaustive, list of healthcare bills.
As one can see, despite ~56% of Congresses being majority controlled by one party, most healthcare bills have been passed in a state of divided government. It is important to note that the most major reforms of healthcare in the U.S. did occur when one party controlled the government in 1965 and 2010 with the establishment of Medicare/Medicaid and the passage of the Affordable Care Act, respectively. Relevant to pharmacists, the Medicare Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (MMA), which established the Medicare Part D program, was passed in 2003 when Republicans controlled all seats of federal government.
An example of a bill that did not pass during majority control is The Health Security Act, also known as President Clinton’s health plan. The bill was introduced in November of 1993 into the 103rd Congress which had a democratic majority of 82 members (total 258 democrats in the House in 103rd Congress) in the House and 14 members (total 57 democrats in the Senate in 103rd Congress) in the Senate with Democratic President Clinton in the White House. After much debate and media coverage, the bill, which would have been a step towards universal healthcare, was declared dead by then Democratic Senate Majority Leader George Mitchell. The reason for its downfall is multifaceted, however, a large reason is attributed to a series of ad campaigns that rallied public support to oppose the plan. This exemplifies the power of constituent’s voices as advocates and that the public can make an impact on the legislative process outside of just voting at the ballot box. Grassroots advocacy at it’s finest!
As you can see, just because one party controls Congress and the Presidency does not guarantee that a healthcare bill will pass. In fact, the majority controlled by democrats now is slimmer than the majorities when the ACA was passed and when Clinton’s health plan was defeated. The introduction of any healthcare bill is likely going to result in significant debate and it is up to us as constituents and healthcare providers to inform our elected leaders of our opinions on a bill. In an effort to understand where advocacy efforts may be focused over the coming two years, let’s examine how a healthcare bill will likely move through Congress.
How a health bill may move through Congress
There are many complicated rules for how a bill can work its way through Congress. For the purposes of this overview we will not be getting into too much detail (however, if you are interested in learning more click here). The typical pathway is for a bill to first be introduced into both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Following introduction, the bill is then assigned to a committee or a subcommittee. Once assigned, it is then up to the leadership of that sub/committee to determine prioritization of bills to receive hearings. A bill will receive several hearings where proponent and opponent testimony can be heard and legislators can ask questions, debate the bill, and amend the bill. If the leadership of a sub/committee decides to, the bill can be brought to a vote. If a majority votes in favor of the bill, it is then sent to the floor of whichever chamber it was introduced in for debate and potentially a vote. The only difference is if the bill is in a subcommittee, to which a successful vote then moves the bill on to the full committee. If the Senate and House end up passing bills with different language, the bills are then sent to a Conference Committee to reconcile differences in the bills and then are sent to the Senate for a final vote before going on to the President to sign or veto the bill.
Understanding the committee process is incredibly important because this is where most bills “die” or become void due to no action being taken on them before the Congress ends. Knowing the elected leaders on these committees, especially if you are a constituent of theirs, can be vitally important. If a piece of legislation that could improve the healthcare system is referred to a committee, constituents have an opportunity to contact their legislators and advocate on behalf of the profession and their patients. In table 3, we include the most common committees in the Senate and the House that health related bills are referred to and links to the members of each committee.
Table 3: Common committees health related bills are referred to and their members
*The membership of some house committees are still being assigned but the links provided will be the location of committee assignments once updated
Generally, a majority is needed to advance a bill out of the House and 60 out of 100 Senators are required to pass a bill out of the Senate. This need for 60 votes in the Senate is to be able to stop a filibuster, which is one of the only tools of the minority to prevent a piece of legislation from passing. However, there is a word that is prominent across healthcare legislation which indicates a different process used to advance the bills, reconciliation.
Reconciliation is a process by which legislation can be passed if it is going to have a fiscal impact on the government and only requires a 51 majority (instead of the normal 60) in order to pass out of the Senate. This is because rules for reconciliation bills limit debate to a certain period of time, thus essentially banning the filibuster. This is how the bills listed in table 1 and 2 with reconciliation in their name and more prominent healthcare reform bills like the ACA were able to pass. There are additional limitations on the reconciliation process, for example the number of times it can be used by each Congress, which is the reason it is not used for all legislation. However, given the slim majority the democrats hold, any healthcare bill is likely dependent on the use of reconciliation.
Most historical healthcare bills were passed under a divided government, though often using the reconciliation process. Healthcare continues to be one of the most important policy issues, exacerbated by the pandemic, and there will likely be the introduction of a major healthcare bill during the current Congress that could increase patient access to quality affordable healthcare provided by pharmacists and other members of the healthcare team. Regardless of democrats having control of the Presidency and Congress and the reconciliation process, we cannot assume a bill will pass, as exemplified by the Clinton health plan. Grassroots advocacy is needed, especially at the committee level, to educate our elected leaders on our viewpoints of legislation as constituents and healthcare providers. Over the next two years, there will be the opportunity to improve the healthcare system, but a key piece of the advancement of any bill will be dependent on constituents speaking up and advocating for the change we wish to see in the world.
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Progressive income taxes are bad policy, divisive and immoral. You don’t hear that often, so let me say it again. Progressive income taxes are bad public policy, socially divisive and immoral. Let’s explore each in turn.
Bad public policy: Taxing higher incomes at higher rates and lower incomes at lower rates (or not at all), convinces a lot of people they can vote themselves government services but have someone else (“the rich,” “millionaires and billionaires”) pay for those services. It creates the illusion there is a free lunch, or at least someone else is buying lunch.
However, according to IRS numbers for 2009 (last year that statistics are available), just under 237,000 tax returns reported $1 million or more in adjusted gross income, and just over 81 million tax returns reported adjusted gross income between $25,000 and $1 million. The middle class always ends up paying the bill.
No surprise, the wealthy seek to escape steep tax rates by lobbying Congress and state legislatures for deductions and subsidies. All this lobbying is why we have so many tax breaks for the rich. The result is our politics and tax codes have become corrupt and the rich don’t pay the high tax rates anyway.
Bad social policy: Progressive income tax rates divide us based upon incomes — the wealthy versus everyone else. Politicians and social critics demonize the wealthy for not paying their “fair share” and tell everyone else they are being cheated. This is called the zero-sum game — the wealthy earn more money causing everyone else to make less. No matter how the wealthy earned their money — most wealthy people are first generation wealthy; they didn’t inherit it.
More important, taxing the wealthy more doesn’t make anyone else better off. The poor and middle class are still poor or middle class, just more dependent upon government bureaucrats for handouts. The politicians benefit, however, because they use all that tax revenue for their own vote buying schemes. Here again, the end result is not a growing economy benefiting everyone, but political corruption.
Immoral: Since the Declaration of Independence, it has been a fundamental American principle that “all men are created equal.” Perhaps the worst part of progressive income taxes is that they violate this principle. They make it lawful to treat Americans differently solely based on what they earn.
We don’t expect a wealthy person to pay more for the same loaf of bread a poor person buys because the wealthy can afford to pay more. We don’t insist the A students give some of their grade point averages to the D students to make things “fair.” Imposing such unequal treatment in prices or grades would be considered un-American, taking by force of law from those who have more just because they have more even if they earned it by working harder. The same is true for tax rates. You wouldn’t demand your neighbor who has a better-paying job give you some of his money just because you want it. Why is it moral for the government to demand it for you? The answer, of course, is that it isn’t.
The progressive income tax isn’t about fairness. What is someone’s “fair share” anyway? We are never told how much someone must pay to pay their “fair share.” No, the progressive income tax is about the greed of “I have less; you have more; you should have to give me some,” routed through the government, of course.
Bad public policy, socially divisive, and immoral — the progressive income tax cannot be justified.
In theory, all Americans have an equal responsibility to pay for government, implying everyone should pay the same flat rate on income and no loopholes/deductions for anyone. Of course, we must stop expecting the federal and state governments to fix every problem. Why that is a good idea is a topic for a future column.
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Types of leaders i have found it helpful to categorize leaders into the following four types: organizational behavior, and principles of leadership. Behavioral theories of leadership are based upon the belief that great leaders are made, not born organization and group are used to study behavior. Examples of charismatic leadership charismatic leaders behavior advantages and of society or the organization charismatic leaders tend to be able to see. Organizational behavior leadership - learn organizational behavior starting from organizational behavior - leadership it assumes that leaders are born and. Are leaders born or made then the leaders are born and if it is a skill impact of leadership in organization leadership and human behavior. Key components of organizational leadership key components of organizational leadership one – visible behavior: orders, commands, threats, intimidation. Organizational behavior and organizational change leadership & power ¾facilitating leader “organizational behavior leaders are born. Traits theories, which tend to reinforce the idea that leaders are born not made, might help us select leaders organizational behavior: behavior 1.
Nurse leaders empower themselves and others to help achieve organizational goals nurse leaders at and born into leadership behavior leadership. Leadership 101: are leaders born or made the born-vs-made debate is fraught with problems for both those who will be led and the organization as. Foundations of leadership predictability of effective leadership leaders are born not made management of organizational behavior. Are good leaders born or made a good leader can motivate others to achieve organizational goals through one’s own behavior and interaction with others.
Are leader born or made 1 ata ul hassnain fa12- mbt-015 leadership and organizational behavior prof zafar uz zaman anjum 21st feb, 2014. Organizational leadership theories about organizational leadership [organizational behavior] | organizational behavior & communication in the workplace.
Transformational leadership: the impact on organizational and personal outcomes personal and organizational behavior related to leadership demands a. Animal behavior anxiety is the henry r kravis professor of leadership and organizational psychology at claremont are charismatic leaders born or made.
Bm 202 organizational behaviour leaders are born cannot be born leaders are from computing bm302 at sri lanka institute of information technology. Chapter 8 examines the nature of leadership and factors qualities of its leaders but leaders are born to managing organizational behavior. Organizational culture and leader behavior organizational culture & leader behavior term are based upon the belief that great leaders are made, not born. Are leaders born or made these are two opposing perceptions are fundamentally about how people view human behavior at work and organizational life.
Leading from within: building organizational leadership capacity 7eading from within: building organizational leadership capacity leadership behavior theory. Understanding whether people in your organization think leaders are born or made is crit- 361 people who took the center for creative leadership’s.
Organizational behaviour in the question arises of weather a leader is born or of power in an organization without which a leader is. Are leaders born or made born (natural) leaders are different to made (born or made) in a small organization, in an industry. Behavioural theories assume that great leaders are made, not born according to this theory, that great leaders are made, not born and through teaching. Organizational behaviour stephen robbins chapter 11 2,591 views share like gaurav trait theory: leaders are born, not madeleaders are born, not made. Organizational behavior negotiation, leadership of group and organizations 16 models of organizational behaviour. Nature vs nurture: are leaders born or made a behavior genetic investigation of leadership style andrew m johnson 1, philip a vernon, julie m mccarthy, mindy molson2, julie a harris1 and. Human behavior 10 behaviors of real leaders to say that leadership and organizational behavior has been successful in the and leadership behavior causes.
Gw’s master’s in organizational leadership and learning is a 30-credit master’s program and can be completed in as little as 2 years in the organizational leadership courses, students will. In that it was once common to believe that leaders were born so called leaders call their organization organizational behavior and.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
MPEG-4 is a standard used primarily to compress audio and video (AV) digital data. Introduced in late 1998, it is the designation for a group of audio and video coding standards and related technology agreed upon by the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). The uses for the MPEG-4 standard are web (streaming media) and CD distribution, conversation (videophone), and broadcast television, all of which benefit from compressing the AV stream.
MPEG-4 absorbs many of the features of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 and other related standards, adding new features such as (extended) VRML support for 3D rendering, object-oriented composite files (including audio, video and VRML objects), support for externally-specified Digital Rights Management and various types of interactivity. AAC (Advanced Audio Codec) was standardized as an adjunct to MPEG-2 (as Part 7) before MPEG-4 was issued.
Most of the features included in MPEG-4 are left to individual developers to decide whether to implement them. This means that there are probably no complete implementations of the entire MPEG-4 set of standards. To deal with this, the standard includes the concept of "profiles" and "levels", allowing a specific set of capabilities to be defined in a manner appropriate for a subset of applications."
MPEG-4 consists of several standards—termed "parts"—including the following:
- Part 1 (ISO/IEC 14496-1): Systems: Describes synchronization and multiplexing of video and audio. For example Transport stream.
- Part 2 (ISO/IEC 14496-2): Visual: A compression codec for visual data (video, still textures, synthetic images, etc.). One of the many "profiles" in Part 2 is the Advanced Simple Profile (ASP).
- Part 3 (ISO/IEC 14496-3): Audio: A set of compression codecs for perceptual coding of audio signals, including some variations of Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) as well as other audio/speech coding tools.
- Part 4 (ISO/IEC 14496-4): Conformance: Describes procedures for testing conformance to other parts of the standard.
- Part 5 (ISO/IEC 14496-5): Reference Software: Provides software for demonstrating and clarifying the other parts of the standard.
- Part 6 (ISO/IEC 14496-6): Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF).
- Part 7 (ISO/IEC 14496-7): Optimized Reference Software: Provides examples of how to make improved implementations (e.g., in relation to Part 5).
- Part 8 (ISO/IEC 14496-8): Carriage on IP networks: Specifies a method to carry MPEG-4 content on IP networks.
- Part 9 (ISO/IEC 14496-9): Reference Hardware: Provides hardware designs for demonstrating how to implement the other parts of the standard.
- Part 10 (ISO/IEC 14496-10): Advanced Video Coding (AVC): A codec for video signals which is technically identical to the ITU-T H.264 standard.
- Part 11 (ISO/IEC 14496-11): Scene description and Application engine, also called BIFS; can be used for rich, interactive content with multiple profiles, including 2D and 3D versions.
- Part 12 (ISO/IEC 14496-12): ISO Base Media File Format: A file format for storing media content.
- Part 13 (ISO/IEC 14496-13): Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) Extensions.
- Part 14 (ISO/IEC 14496-14): MPEG-4 File Format: The designated container file format for MPEG-4 content, which is based on Part 12.
- Part 15 (ISO/IEC 14496-15): AVC File Format: For storage of Part 10 video based on Part 12.
- Part 16 (ISO/IEC 14496-16): Animation Framework eXtension (AFX).
- Part 17 (ISO/IEC 14496-17): Timed Text subtitle format.
- Part 18 (ISO/IEC 14496-18): Font Compression and Streaming (for OpenType fonts).
- Part 19 (ISO/IEC 14496-19): Synthesized Texture Stream.
- Part 20 (ISO/IEC 14496-20): Lightweight Scene Representation (LASeR).
- Part 21 (ISO/IEC 14496-21): MPEG-J Graphical Framework eXtension (GFX) (not yet finished - at "FCD" stage in July 2005, FDIS January 2006).
- Part 22 (ISO/IEC 14496-22): Open Font Format Specification (OFFS) based on OpenType (not yet finished - reached "CD" stage in July 2005)
- Part 23 (ISO/IEC 14496-23): Symbolic Music Representation (SMR) (not yet finished - reached "FCD" stage in October 2006)
Profiles are also defined within the individual "parts", so an implementation of a part is ordinarily not an implementation of an entire part.
MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 are other suites of MPEG standards.
MPEG-4 is patented proprietary technology. This means that, although the software to create and playback MPEG-4 videos may be readily available, hypothetically a license would be needed to use it legally. Patents covering MPEG-4 are claimed by over two dozen companies. There is no easy way to license MPEG-4 and a so-called MPEG Licensing Authority can license patents required for MPEG-4 visual techniques from a wide range of companies (audio is licensed separately). A one stop shop is currently not possible; these articles claim that AT&T is trying to sue companies such as Apple over alleged MPEG-4 patent infringement. This AT&T action against Apple illustrates that it is hard to know which companies actually have patents covering MPEG-4.
Open source alternatives to encapsulate AV.
- Ogg - Created by the Xiph Foundation.
- See also OGM, which is a fork of Ogg.
- Matroska - .mkv & .mka files.
- NUT - Developed by the MPlayer team.
- x264 - H.264 (MPEG-4 part 10) implementation.
- Xvid - MPEG-4 part 2 codec, compatible with DivX.
- FFmpeg codecs - codecs in the libavcodec library from the FFmpeg project (FFV1, Snow, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 part 2, MSMPEG-4, H.264, WMV2, SVQ3, MJPEG, HuffYUV, Indeo and others).
- Tarkin - an experimental lossy video codec under development by the Xiph.org Foundation based on 3-D wavelet compression
- Lagarith - lossless video codec
- Theora - Based on VP3, part of the Ogg Project.
- Dirac - Wavelet based codec created by the BBC.
- Huffyuv - Lossless codec from BenRG.
- FLAC - Lossless compression.
- iLBC - Low bitrate voice compression.
- Musepack - Lossy compression; an attempt to replicate the MP3 format.
- Speex - Low bitrate compression, primarily voice.
- TTA - Lossless compression
- Vorbis - Lossy compression; developed by Xiph.org.
- WavPack - Hybrid lossy/lossless
- MPEG-4 Structured Audio
- MPEG-4 SLS
Links from the main article
- ^ MPEG Licensing Authority
- ^ engadget.com article
- ^ theinquirer.net article
- ^ pcmag.com article
- MPEG-4: The Next Generation
- MPEG-4 Audio: AAC
- MPEG Industry Forum MPEG-4 page
- Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) Official Website
- JM MPEG-4 Reference Code
- MPEG-4 simplified
- MPEG-4 SP/ASP Video Codecs Comparison
- Free MPEG-4 converting tool
- Streamable Mpeg-4 Conversion guide
- MPEG-4 part 20: LASeR
- MPEG-4 Video Compression Guide
Categories: Audio codecs | Video codecs | MPEG
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Danish researchers are teaming up with the Carlsberg brewery and a packaging company to develop a biodegradable paper bottle. But it’s a project full of challenges.
It would really benefit the environment if beer could be sold in containers made of paper rather than conventional materials such as glass, plastic and metal. That’s why Thomas Howard, a researcher at Technical University of Denmark (DTU), and colleagues have teamed up with the packaging company EcoXpac to develop a ‘Green Fiber Bottle’ for the Danish brewery Carlsberg.
“We have set the bar high and stated that we’re looking for a bottle that can be used for beer. Of course, we will also look into other, less demanding areas of application, but our ambition is to create a beer bottle,” says Howard.
And it’s quite a challenge the partners have taken on. First, the bottle and cap must be able to withstand the pressure from the carbon dioxide in beer. Second, it must be possible to stack, transport, and handle the new bottle without breaking it. On top of that, it must be possible to produce the new bottle quickly in large numbers – given that Carlsberg is the intended purchaser.
Making a bottle in six seconds
“EcoXpac already has a very promising process,” Howard says. “But at present, the problem is that it takes a very long time to make a bottle. If we are to live up to Carlsberg’s requirements, we need a bottle that can be made in just six seconds. At the same time, we have to keep the energy consumption low, otherwise the solution will not be sustainable.”
The prototype is made from recycled newspapers, or paper mache, but the team is also looking at other types of fibre. The paste is poured into a mould, where it has to dry. In a traditional mould, this takes much longer than six seconds, and the material tends to collapse. The team is therefore working with a process involving a porous mould, which makes it possible to force all the water out of the paper using vacuum. Howard estimates that the new process will enable them to achieve the critical production time of six seconds.
Bringing value back to the ecosystem
The bottle is being developed as a sustainable alternative to plastic bottles, and a life cycle analysis will highlight the environmental benefits. In one context, the advantage is obvious: if a bottle evades the deposit system – say, if it’s discarded into the environment – it won’t do any harm there because it’s biodegradable. Other benefits have yet to be demonstrated, but the intention is that the new bottle brings value back to the ecosystem, ideally through the collection and composting of the bottles.
But plenty of parameters will need to fall into place before we might see paper bottles of beer appearing on the shelves. And that’s precisely the point and the charm of the project, according to Howard.
“We have to live up to all sorts of requirements, as design and quality are also crucial in determining whether the bottle succeeds on the market. That’s what makes this such a fascinating research project. It’s rare for us to have the opportunity to develop a completely new product using a completely new material and a completely new production system. We’re now in a situation where we need all of our modelling designs to align perfectly to hit the ‘sweet spot’ where everything comes together in a coherent whole.”
Howard hopes the team will hit this point within the project’s duration of three years – three years that are also set to reveal whether the world is ready to drink beer from paper bottles. Howard has no doubts: “If everything goes according to plan, I’m sure we can make it. And I would love to be able to drink beer from a paper bottle in three years from now.”
Innovation Fund Denmark has contributed funding of DKK 15 million to the project.
More on beer innovation: Smart beer.
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Proposals for 20 dams along the Marañon River could bring devastation to the Awajún.
Cool Earth’s Awajún partners live alongside the banks of the River Marañon in northern Peru. The 1,700km river is one of the main sources of the Amazon and provides food and income for the communities that call this area home.
Peru’s proposals to construct 20 dams along the length of the river could have severe consequences for the people and the environment of the region and have already met with huge controversy. In 2011 the government passed a law declaring that the construction of the dams is “in the national interest” but many people are concerned that the energy produced will supply mining companies and be exported abroad.
At least 100,000 river people live in and around this part of the Amazonian rainforest rely on its aquatic and terrestrial resources for food and income.
Information on the proposed dams is hard to come by. Very few impact assessments have been carried out and many local people have reported suffering intimidation, repression and the criminalisation of their right to protest during the few meetings held to discuss the plans with communities.
The biggest proposed dam, “Manseriche”, could flood more than 5,470km2 at its lowest output. This is worrying for our Awajún partners who live just 65km west of the proposed site. Another dam, “Escuprebraga” is proposed for a bend in the river at Chipe, just 20km from our partner communities. The proposed dams could effectively seal off the Awajún and destroy their livelihoods at best. At worst, the dams could flood them out of their homes and force them to relocate.
By training community associations and providing funds for travel to meetings, Cool Earth is supporting its Awajún partners to ensure they are best placed for their voices to be heard.
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Five Good Emperors
Marcus Aurelius was the last of the five good emperors. He came to the throne when Antoninus Pius died in 161 AD. Like Seneca and many other Romans, Marcus Aurelius believed in the Stoic philosophy. One of the first things he did as emperor was to insist on sharing power with his younger adopted brother, Lucius Verus. Lucius Verus seems to have been really not that interested in ruling, but it is always dangerous to have people around who want power and don't have it, because they might try to get it by killing you. So Marcus Aurelius gave his brother enough power to keep him quiet.
Unlike the reigns of the emperors before him, Marcus Aurelius's reign was not peaceful. As soon as Antoninus Pius died, the Parthians attacked the Eastern part of the Roman Empire. They were hoping the Romans would be disorganized by the death of the emperor. Marcus Aurelius sent Lucius Verus, with some of the Western army troops, to the East to fight the Parthians, and eventually the Roman army won. (Click here for more on why the Parthians and the Romans are always fighting)
After the war, the Romans found that they had caught a serious disease from the Parthians. We aren't sure what this plague was, but many people think it was smallpox. The Roman soldiers spread it all over the Empire as they came home, and many people died.
But to the north, the Germanic people living in what is now Germany and Austria and Switzerland noticed that some of the Roman troops were gone, and there was a plague, and now THEY thought this would be a good time to attack. Marcus Aurelius spent most of the rest of his life fighting them or trying to make treaties with them. But just as he was finally winning, he died. He was 59 years old, and it was March of 180 AD. The Empire was much poorer than before, from the plague, and from having to pay so many soldiers.
To find out more about the five good emperors, check out these books from Amazon.com or from your library:
Classical Rome, by John Clare (1993). For kids, the whole political history from beginning to end.
The Romans: From Village to Empire, by Mary Boatwright, Daniel Gargola, and Richard Talbert (2004). Okay, it's a little dry, but it is up to date and has all the facts you could want.
The Roman Empire, by Colin Wells (1984). More readable. Alternates chapters on political and social history. Unfortunately, he stops at the third century crisis.
The Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96-99 and the Reign of Nerva, by John Grainger (2002).
Trajan: Optimus Princeps, by Julian Bennett (2001).
Memoirs of Hadrian, by Marguerite Yourcenar (1963). A famous historical novel, written through the eyes of Hadrian.
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Tag Archives: study skill
The KWL chart or table is used by teachers all over the world across age groups to encourage research and inquiry-based learning. It was developed by Donna Ogle in 1986. The KWL chart can be incorporated as a study skill technique during self-study and group study sessions. The KWL is an acronym for Know, Want to Know and Learned/Learnt. There are also modifications of the KWL chart which have been used to enhance learning by educators and students. Let us discuss KWL as a study skill technique. Know: Know stands for what the student already knows about the topic to be studied. This can also include what the student thinks he/she knows about the topic. It helps students recall and review prior knowledge if any on the topic and make connections while learning and expand upon what has already been … Continue reading
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Researchers Model Fetal-To-Adult Hemoglobin Switching: Important Step Towards Cure For Blood Diseases
Researchers have engineered mice that model the switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin, an important step towards curing genetic blood diseases such as sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia. The research is published in the February 2011 issue of the journal Molecular and Cellular Biology.
They also produced for the first time a mouse that synthesizes a distinct fetal-stage hemoglobin, which was necessary for modeling human hemoglobin disorders. These diseases manifest as misshapen hemoglobin, causing anemia, which can be severe, as well as other symptoms, which can range from minor to life-threatening. The cure would lie in causing the body to revert to use of fetal hemoglobin.
“The motivation for our research is to understand the basic mechanisms of gene regulation in order to cure human disease,” says Thomas Ryan of the University of Alabama Birmingham, who led the research. “If we can figure out how to turn the fetal hemoglobin back on, or keep it from switching off, that would cure these diseases.”
The new model “mimics precisely the timing in humans, completing the switch after birth,” says Ryan. “The previous models didn’t do that.” In earlier models, researchers inserted transgenes, large chunks of DNA containing the relevant genes, randomly into the mouse chromosome. In the new model, the investigators removed the adult mouse globin genes, and inserted the human fetal and adult genes in their places.
The successful engineering of a mouse with a fetal-stage hemoglobin means that humanized mouse models with mutant human genes will not die in utero.
While the basic principals behind the research are simple, the details are complex. For example, Ryan and Sean C. McConnell, a doctoral student who is the paper’s first author, had to deal with the fact that hemoglobin switching occurs twice in H. sapiens, from embryonic to fetal globin chains in early fetal life, and then to adult globin chains at birth, while wild type mice have a single switch from embryonic to adult chains early in fetal life. “Instead of the single hemoglobin switch that occurs in wild type mice, our humanized knock-in mice now have two hemoglobin switches, just like humans, from embryonic to fetal in early fetal life, and then fetal to adult at birth,” says Ryan.
Hemoglobin switching is believed to have evolved to enable efficient transfer of oxygen from the mother’s hemoglobin to the higher oxygen affinity fetal hemoglobin in the placenta during fetal life.
(S.C. McConnell, Y. Huo, S. Liu, and T.M. Ryan, 2011. Human globin knock-in mice complete fetal-to-adult hemoglobin switching in postnatal development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 31:876-883.)
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The Nellis solar energy system will generate in excess of 2560; million kilowatt hours (kW–h) of electricity per annum and furnish more than 2560; percentage of the power used at the foundation. The system was inaugurated in ceremony 17, 2007, with Nevada Governor Jim Gibbons activating full functioning megawatt (MW) array.
Though, the solar power generator might seem to be quite complicated and elaborate to create, you should know that it’s really the complete reverse as evidenced by a lot of people who start to incorporate this system that is environmentally friendly into their lifestyle. The internet has plenty of guides and educational material on the topic of assembling solar powered generation systems. Once you buy an excellent set of plans, you can study retailers that can take the parts you will need and local hardware provider.
Installing a solar powered generator will not be a little cheap in comparison to the installation of solar attic fans that might be up to $500 still we might say just about $250 in the big event that you ask an expert’s aid.
Simple upkeep: Solar electricity systems are uncomplicated to maintain and the last a really long time. They don(TMark)t have to go so there are not any moving parts. So all you have to do is conserve money and relax. Continue reading
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If you’ve ever watched a competitive fighting game match on YouTube or Twitch, you’ve likely heard the term “zoning” or a character referred to as a “zoner.” If you don’t have any prior knowledge as to what this is, then the match on screen can look somewhat boring; you might see a slower pace, fighters avoiding each other, and the same moves being used over and over. While it may look tiresome to the naked eye, there are a ton of fascinating decisions and interactions going on here that, once you understand them, can turn the match from a snorefest to a heart-racing experience. Read on to learn more about this integral part of fighting games!
What Is Zoning?
Zoning is whatever series of tactics a player uses to keep their opponent at a specific distance. What exactly that distance is depends on both who the zoner and the opponent are using; this is because how you zone will differ based on the tools you have at your disposal versus the tools that the opposing player has. Basically, the goal of zoning is to use projectiles, long-ranged attacks, and fast moves that are safe, apply pressure, and force your opponent into a disadvantaged state.
Keep The Distance
A good zoner will always look to maintain the perfect balance between keeping their character safe and applying some pressure to the opponent. How to go about zoning largely depends on the characters chosen; if you pick a character that relies on closing the distance and getting in the opponent’s face to deal damage, they won’t make a very good zoner.
Generally, you want moves and specials that focus on maintaining a distance rather than closing it. Projectiles, moves with lots of range, and fast moves that are safe on block are all prime tools controlling the pace and distance in a match.
It is important to figure out what “zone” is optimal for each character and matchup; if you’re too far away, you can’t apply pressure to your opponent and if you’re too close, you put yourself in serious danger. Learning where that perfect zone is necessary for using this style of play.
Types Of Zoners
As mentioned before, while zoning intends to keep the opponent at a specific distance, there are many ways to go about this.
Projectile characters are a commonly cited example of zoners. Projectiles are always best used at a distance where not only are you safe, but the opponent is forced to react to the projectile. A character such as Guile in Street Fighter can zone with Sonic Booms, forcing the other character to either:
- Block or remain on the defensive
- Jump over the projectile towards Guile
If they choose 1, they risk letting the Guile get in and apply pressure with his normal moves. If they choose 2, they are pushing themselves into Guile’s zone, where he can anti-air with Flash Kick and then pressure them further.
Projectile users are especially effective in a game such as Super Smash Bros. where the free-flowing movement and different stages play a large role in the meta. A good example of an effective zoner in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate would be Young Link. Young Link has good mobility, many projectiles, and fast aerials, all of which play into the zoning game very well. A simple example of Young Link zoning could be:
- Throwing Projectile 1 where the opponent currently is, forcing them to jump, shield, or dodge.
- Throwing Projectile 2 to either continue pressure or to predict where they might jump to.
- Throwing out an aerial attack to further pressure or to punish their dodge or jump.
By placing projectiles strategically, you can eliminate the options your opponent has and force them into a bad situation where you can punish.
That’s not the only way to zone, however! Some characters can effectively zone using the range on their attacks as well as their movement to pressure people into bad situations. The go-to example of this would be Dhalsim in Street Fighter. Dhalsim uses his incredibly long limbs to hit opponents from a distance and to keep them far away from him. Couple this with his ability to teleport and Yoga Fire projectile, and the character has everything you’d need to be an effective zoner.
Zoning Vs. Camping Vs. Spamming
When the talk of using projectiles and ranged attacks comes up, it’s easy to equate these with “camping” and with “spamming.” While it’s certainly possible to do both of those in relation to zoning, zoning generally has a specific goal in mind, and people who cry “spam” when zoners are doing their thing are generally just filled with salt. When zoning, the goal is to keep the opponent at an optimal distance where their options are limited and you look to press an advantage.
Camping, on the other hand, generally focuses on the use of projectiles to keep the opponent away and to avoid getting hit. Rather than looking to maintain a specific distance, the name of the game is to use movement and projectiles to have the opponent chase you down constantly, and when they over-commit, you can land a hard punish. Anytime the game resets to neutral, it’s back to camping.
Zoning differs from spamming in that spamming is generally using one move over and over again, whereas zoning almost always requires usage of various moves to effectively maintain the “zone.” If someone is only using Ryu’s fireball as their gameplan, that is spamming, but if they are using fireballs and then punishing jumps with Dragon Punch or rushing in on their opponent blocking, they are just picking the correct tool in that situation; however limited the toolkit might be.
The Importance Of Zoning
Zoning is an essential part of fighting games, and can teach you a lot about the many interactions and decisions that go on during a match. Defensive and “keep-away” style tactics are very effective, but they require lots of mental energy, as you have to be aware and ready for many situations.
Next time you’re watching a fighting game match and a commentator brings up “zoning,” remember that zoning is all about a character using certain tools to reduce their opponent’s options and force a mistake, all while keeping themselves safe. Then you can watch the match and appreciate the nuances of competitive play.
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ICT at Cronulla Public School
Why bring your own device?
Devices are already a part of students’ lives.
For a majority of our students, computers and portable devices such as phones and tablets are already integral to the world in which they live. We need to ensure that these devices are also a tool for learning (not just for play) and that they also make learning an integral part of student’s lives.
Many schools have banned student devices but instead could benefit from teaching students how to use technology properly and safely.
By providing appropriate supervision and support we can help students develop cybersafety awareness and digital citizenship skills. BYOD also “allows students access to the same devices at school and at home, it can extend learning opportunities to times and places outside of the classroom” (Horizon Project, 2013) and “allow students to work with technology with which they are already comfortable and familiar” (Horizon Project, 2013).
21st Century Learning.
BYOD recognises that our students are 21st Century learners who need to be equipped with the skills to learn in a world where technology is embedded in everything we see and do. Schools need to support this essential learning by establishing systems that support the development of these skills.
BYOD is about the meaningful integration of technology into students’ daily lives and developing the critical knowledge to use these tools effectively and appropriately. An environment where all students have access to their own devices opens up new possibilities for collaborative and online learning, carefully structured and supervised by the teacher.
Students will be able to use their device as a means to communicate, calculate, photograph, video and edit across a range of different subjects.
In an environment where all students have access to collaborative devices, students can take control of their own learning. In this scenario, teacher becomes a manager of learning, providing the support for students to obtain knowledge, rather than the direct source of information.
Many studies have shown (and this is evident in our own school) that access to computer devices for learning increases student motivation and engagement.
Using the cloud.
The NSW Department of Education and Communities is in the process of finalising access for all students to Google Apps, an extensive suite of online software that allows students to collaborate online.
This software provides new possibilities for our students including the ability to work together on a single document at the same time. The cloud also has the advantage of being accessible from anywhere with internet. This means that assignments from the classroom can be continued at home seamlessly.
The implementation of a BYOD program can have significant effects on the overall access to devices for all students. We understand that not all students can afford to bring a device of their own to school.
At Cronulla Public School we have invested substantial funds in the purchase of many laptops and mobile learning devices for student use. By encouraging students to bring their own device to school, this lessens the competition for school-owned devices and ensures greater access for everyone.
Students without their own device will not miss out.
Content adapted from:
NSW DEC. (2013). BYOD Literature Review 2013. Sydney: State of NSW, Department of Education and Communities, T4L Program – Information Technology Directorate.
Alberta Education. (2012). Bring your own device: a guide for schools. Edmonton: Alberta Education.
Barseghian, T. (2012, September 12). Privacy, Equity, and other BYOD Concerns. Retrieved from http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2012/09/privacy-equity-and-otherbyod-concerns/
Clifford, M. (2012, October 18). Bring Your Own Device (BYOD): 10 Reasons Why It’s a Good Idea. Retrieved from http://newsroom.opencolleges.edu.au/trends/bring-your-own-device-byod
Horizon Project. (2013). NMC Horizon Project Project Short List 2013 K-12 edition. New Media Consortium. Austin Texas: New Media Consortium.
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70-80 GHz E-Band
Millimeter-wave radios have swiftly become the fastest point-to-point radio option on the market due to the huge amount of bandwidth accessible in the 70 and 80 GHz E-Band spectrum.
Today, radio transmission products with full-duplex data rates of up to 10 Gbps over several kilometers, and carrier-class availability levels are available. Due to their lower cost, mmWave radios have the potential to revolutionize business models for mobile backhaul providers and metro/enterprise “Last-Mile” access connectivity.
What is E-Band?
Millimeter Wave on the E-Band spectrum is a high-speed (up to 10Gbps) high-capacity wireless communication technology that is excellent for metropolitan settings. Links can be deployed densely in congested cities using high frequency microwaves without causing interference, and without the need to dig for cables and fiber optics, which can be costly, sluggish, and disruptive.
mmWave links can be set up in hours, and transferred and utilized on multiple sites as network requirements change.
Recently, backhaul products operating in the millimeter frequency spectrum have seen tremendous expansion.
Because theoretical distances are subject to rain attenuation, and different settings can have different characteristic attenuations, it is vital to calculate these distances carefully and precisely. The antenna size, channel size, and availability target all play a role in determining the maximum transmission distance for 70 - 80GHz radios.
Antenna size: The larger your antenna, the greater the transmission distance your links can cover.
Channel size: The smaller the channel size, the greater the maximum transmission distance.
Availability target: This is the level of availability you need to serve customer expectations.
Due to atmospheric absorption for millimeter waves, the frequency bands used by the 70 - 80GHz radios are more susceptible to rain attenuation than lower frequency bands. Cities with more yearly rainfall will, on average, have a shorter range than cities with drier climates.
Under clear weather conditions, the transmission distances exceed several kilometers due to low atmospheric attenuation values.
Even under these circumstances, air attenuation varies with frequency. At lower microwave frequencies, up to around 38 GHz, air attenuation is relatively minimal, with values as low as a few tenths of a decibel per kilometer (dB/km). Absorption by oxygen molecules creates a big rise in attenuation around 60 GHz. Radio transmission distances at 60 GHz are severely hampered by this huge increase in oxygen absorption.
A broader low attenuation zone opens up beyond the 60 GHz oxygen absorption peak, where attenuation drops to roughly 0.5 dB/km. This window of low attenuation is commonly referred to as E-band. The E-band attenuation values are similar to what conventional microwave radios encounter. At higher frequencies above 100GHz, air attenuation normally increases, and there are multiple molecule absorption bands caused by oxygen and water absorption.
E-band frequencies are desirable for high-capacity wireless transmission because of the low atmospheric attenuation window between 70 and 100 GHz.
As with all high-frequency radio propagation, rain attenuation typically determines the practical limits on transmission distances. In the presence of rain, radio systems operating in the E-band frequency range can undergo significant attenuation, as shown in the diagram below.
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and other research organizations have collected decades of rainfall data from all over the world. Rainfall characteristics and relationships between rainfall rate, statistical rain duration, rain drop sizes, and other factors are generally well understood, and using this information, it is possible to engineer radio links to withstand even the worst weather events or predict the durations of weather-related outages on long-distance radio links operating at specific frequencies.
The ITU rain zone classification scheme shows the expected statistical rainfall rates in alphabetical order. While areas that experience the least rainfall are classified as “Region A,” the highest rainfall rates are in “Region Q.”
By combining the results of rainfall rate vs. attenuation and using the ITU rainfall charts, it is possible to calculate the availability of a particular radio system operating in a certain part of the world. You can do so using the link budget calculator provided by Siklu.
Alternative High Data Rate Wireless Technologies
As alternatives to E-band wireless technology, there are a limited number of viable technologies capable of supporting high data-rate connectivity.
Fibre-optic cable has the most bandwidth of any viable transmission technology, enabling extremely high data rates to be delivered across long distances. Despite the availability of thousands of kilometers of fibre around the world in long-haul and inter-city networks, “Last-Mile” access is still limited.
Fiber connectivity can be challenging due to the significant and often prohibitively expensive upfront expenditures of digging trenches and laying terrestrial fiber, as well as right-of-way issues.
Long delays are also common, not just as a result of the physical process of trenching fiber, but also as a result of environmental concerns and probable bureaucratic hurdles involved.
Microwave Radio Solutions
Fixed point-to-point microwave radios in the 4 - 42 GHz band can support higher data rates, such as full-duplex 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet or up to 500 Mbps per carrier. When compared to E-Band, the spectrum in more traditional microwave bands is limited, often congested, and typical licensed spectrum channels are quite small.
The frequency channels available for licensing are typically no more than 56 megahertz (MHz), with the majority being 30 MHz or less. Wide 112MHz channels with 880Mbps per carrier may be accessible in some bands, but only in higher frequency bands appropriate for short distances.
As a result, radios running at higher data speeds in these bands must use highly sophisticated system architectures with modulation methods as high as 1024 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).
Because of the complexity of these systems, distances are constrained, and capacity is still limited to 880Mbps in the largest channels.
Due to the limited amount of spectrum available in these bands, the wider antenna beamwidth patterns, and the sensitivity of high QAM modulation towards any kind of interference, denser deployment of traditional microwave solutions in urban or metropolitan areas is extremely problematic.
Commercially Available Millimeter-Wave Solutions
Highly reliable wireless solutions are available to meet today's high capacity network interconnectivity requirements, providing fibre-like performance at a fraction of the cost of laying fiber or leasing high capacity fiber connections.
In the E-band spectrum, Siklu's product line offers point-to-point radio solutions with speeds up to 10 Gbps. The systems are offered in a variety of antenna sizes to satisfy the customer's availability requirements over precise deployment distances, all at the most competitive pricing points.
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Our Lady’s Hospice in Harold’s Cross was established in 1879 by the Congregation of the Religious Sisters of Charity. The Congregation was founded in Dublin by Mary Aikenhead in 1815, in response to the grinding poverty pervading the city. The Congregation’s response to the needs of the people was inspired by their motto – Caritas Christi Urget Nos – the love of Christ empowers us.
At that time the incidence of TB in Dublin was twice that of London and Glasgow while the incidences of typhoid and measles were triple that of London. Dublin had the highest death rate of any Continental or North American city in 1889, topped only by Calcutta.
Mary Aikenhead was a Cork woman, a feminist, pioneer and a member of the Anglican Community until, at the age of 15, she converted to Roman Catholicism. During her life she founded 13 houses around Ireland, all working for the poor, the imprisoned, the sick, the dying and the deprived.
She established St. Vincent’s Hospital, in St. Stephen’s Green in 1834 – the first hospital in Ireland to be staffed and run by women – and the precursor of St. Vincent’s University Hospital in Elm Park.
In 1845, Mary Aikenhead, who, owing to illness had been advised to move from the city to the country, bought “Greenmount”, a late 18th century house on raised ground at Harold’s Cross, purchased from a family called Webb who were members of the Society of Friends (Quakers). They agreed a price with the Sisters and kept their word despite a higher offer being received from the Mount Jerome Cemetery Company.
The Sisters renamed it “Our Lady’s Mount” and Mary Aikenhead moved there in September 1845. Within days, 20 novices and 30 Sisters followed their Superior General to what had now become the Mother House and Novitiate of the congregation.
New buildings were added on. A night school for women and girls, along with a Sunday School were opened, and finally, in 1851 a large day school was started.
The role of Our Lady’s Mount was changed as a result of an epidemic of smallpox in Dublin in January 1879. A number of patients with smallpox were admitted to St. Vincent’s Hospital and a young novice from Our Lady’s Mount contracted the infection while attending the hospital for nursing instruction. She passed it on to 16 other Sisters in Our Lady’s Mount and, while none died, it was considered advisable to move further from the city, especially as the number of Sisters was growing.
A property, again on high ground, was bought at Milltown, Co. Dublin and re-named Mount St. Anne’s.
For some years the Congregation had been thinking of opening a Hospice. Two Sisters at St. Vincent’s Hospital, Mother Charles Hynes and Mother Philip Neri Russell were particularly anxious to pursue this mission. They discussed this with the Mother General.
Their views were recorded at the time – “Seeing and feeling how very hard it was to send away the poor, dismissed by the doctors as beyond hope of recovery, some having very poor homes and others no friends willing to receive them, they bethought themselves of having a hospice or home where these poor sufferers might be received.”
Such a policy of refusal of admission was common in those days and was the main reason for the foundation of the Hospice. Apart from a shortage of beds there were other reasons – fear of infection of existing patients by a new patient, the absence of any effective treatment for many diseases and the medical staff’s preference to admit those they could help, which in those days were the minority. The admission criteria of Jervis Street Hospital, which opened in 1718 and Dr. Steeven’s Hospital started a few year later stated that there were “no bars as to religious or ailments as long as the latter were not infectious”. There were just two hospitals in Dublin which took fever patients – the Hardwicke, opened in 1803, beside the Richmond, later St. Laurence’s, and Cork Street, opened in 1804.
Therefore, a refuge for the sick poor of the city, an institution that took in the infectious, the destitute and the dying was a great need and now there was room at Our Lady’s Mount. However there were other competing needs and it was not until three years following Mary Aikenhead’s death that the Hospice was finally opened with nine beds. At that time Superior at Harold’s Cross was Anna Gaynor (Mother Mary John). She was one of five daughters of a Roscommon couple who had moved to a house in Belvedere Place, then the fashionable area of Dublin. Anna helped her parents on their visits to the starving and sick in Roscommon during the Famine and the epidemics of typhoid, cholera and typhus which accompanied it.
She joined the Sisters of Charity, made her profession in 1857 and succeeded to the post of Superior in Harold’s Cross in 1879. She was a competent, business-like woman with great organising ability, and endearingly highly unpunctual. Today the Extended Care Unit at the Hospice is named after her.
By 1880 the number of beds in the Hospice had been increased to 40. From the beginning, fundraising was the lifeline of the Hospice. By 1886, Dublin Corporation was giving the Hospice an annual grant of £250, while money from donors, fundraising and bequests came to £1,535.
The need for expansion was urgent and in 1886, the Hospice received a donation of £8,000 from Charles Hamill. On July 18, 1886 the foundation stone for a new Hospice was blessed by the Archbishop of Dublin. Then, as now, the affluent were frequently glad to come together to support worthy causes. There was a great gathering at the blessing of the foundation stone – the Lord Mayor of Dublin, John Redmond MP gave an address. Also there were William O’Brien, MP and the poet Katherine Tynan. A subscription list was opened and by the evening it had reached £1,000.
The new Hospice was designed by William R. Byrne and built by Richard Toole. Fronted with granite from Ballyknockan in Co. Wicklow, with limestone for the windows and front porch it looks the same today as when it was built.
The “pennies of the poor” often kept the Hospice going and they were substantial as the people of Dublin rallied to its support. For example, at one stage the staff at Clery’s Department store collected £2,000 in copper coins over a number of years.
Sr. Mary Eustace Eaton who ran the Sodality of the Children of Mary which met in the grounds of the Hospice organised them as collectors and subsequently extended this to a band of men who tramped the streets, roads and lanes of Dublin on Sunday’s gathering money. In one year alone in the 1890 “the Sunday collections” reached £505.
The Hospice was open to all creeds and classes and admissions were for disease, poverty, starvation and helplessness. It is recorded that it took in “Protestants, professors of Irish and French, doctors, solicitors, soldiers and sailors”.
The first medical doctor to work in the Hospice was Dr. Dudley White who was appointed there in 1879 and he was followed by a distinguished body of physicians and visiting physicians. From the beginning there was an interest in being at the forefront of care. In 1961, the country’s first geriatrician, Dr. John Fleetwood was appointed to the Hospice.
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Video: Biggest 3D Manufacturing Machine Builds Jet Fighter Wing Boxes
A large, finished titanium structure built for an aircraft application using Sciaky's direct manufacturing technology that combines an electron beam welding gun with wirefeed additive layering. This method can make parts as large as 19 ft x 4 ft x 4 ft. (Source: Sciaky Inc.)
Very interesting technology. I'm glad they are developing this and increasing the speed that they can produce parts with additive manufacturing. However, it looks like they have a ways to go before it makes sense to use for production. From the video it appears that they have to machine the entire surface of the completed part before it can be used. It seems like using this method for prototyping and modeling makes sense. It should be good for development and even limited production runs. I'm sure we will all be watching this technology evolve with great anticipation.
Although plastics make up only about 11% of all US municipal solid waste, many are actually more energy-dense than coal. Converting these non-recycled plastics into energy with existing technologies could reduce US coal consumption, as well as boost domestic energy reserves, says a new study.
This year's Dupont-sponsored WardsAuto survey of automotive designers and other engineers shows lightweighting dominates the discussion. But which materials will help them meet the 2025 CAFE standards are not entirely clear.
Artificially created metamaterials are already appearing in niche applications like electronics, communications, and defense, says a new report from Lux Research. How quickly they become mainstream depends on cost-effective manufacturing methods, which will include additive manufacturing.
SpaceX has 3D printed and successfully hot-fired a SuperDraco engine chamber made of Inconel, a high-performance superalloy, using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). The company's first 3D-printed rocket engine part, a main oxidizer valve body for the Falcon 9 rocket, launched in January and is now qualified on all Falcon 9 flights.
Focus on Fundamentals consists of 45-minute on-line classes that cover a host of technologies. You learn without leaving the comfort of your desk. All classes are taught by subject-matter experts and all are archived. So if you can't attend live, attend at your convenience.
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