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We are “upgrading”and extending traditionally taught subtraction lessons to prepare and support 21st century skills and literacies. By using the iPads, we were able to insert student illustrations and record the children narrating their math problem. The app created an embeddable movie for us to share with you on our classroom blog.
Our students are practicing Important skills such as communication, presentation and storytelling as well as are being exposed to emerging literacies, such as media literacy, network literacy and global literacy. Adding their video clip to the classroom website for visitors (potentially from around the world) to see, will give their work an authentic audience beyond the teacher who could have listened to them in class. It also gives students the opportunity to review other word problems created by their peers. Over time these artifacts will become part of your students blogfolio, that will accompany them throughout their learning journey here at MJGDS.
Enjoy and share with family and friends!
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March 9, 2023
Cleanup of East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment site could take years to complete
Public attention is drifting from the aftermath of the Norfolk Southern train derailment in East Palestine, Ohio, last month, but the cleanup of the toxic chemicals that spilled and burned is ongoing — and likely won’t stop for quite some time.
“I estimate the timeline to be years” for remediation of the area, said Kelly Pennell, a professor of civil engineering and director of the University of Kentucky’s Superfund Research Center.
After what appeared to many to be a slow start in addressing the release of toxic chemicals into the environment, Norfolk Southern — with prodding from the Environmental Protection Agency — seems to have picked up the pace of its disaster response. Millions of gallons of contaminated water and thousands of tons of contaminated soil have been carted off, drinking water sampling continues, and waterway cleanup is ongoing. But plenty of challenges remain — including gaps in monitoring soil and water and in knowledge of what chemicals the spill left behind, and pushback from the places that might receive and dispose of the toxic waste.
With misinformation and distrust still flowing freely in East Palestine, the slow process of toxic site remediation is doing too little to relieve residents’ fear and uncertainty. It’s a process that has been repeated over and over after environmental disasters, from the Exxon Valdez spill to Tennessee’s coal ash catastrophe in 2008; initial guesses of remediation timelines can undersell what’s on the horizon by years.
“Remediation is not only removal of chemical contamination, but it also includes the complexity of a community grieving of what was, accepting of what happened, envisioning what can be, and, importantly, preventing and reducing exposures to contamination through that entire process,” Pennell said. “Too often, remediation does occur on a fixed timeline, excluding renewal and regrowth.”
Exporting soil and water
On Feb. 21, the EPA officially ordered Norfolk Southern to “conduct all necessary actions associated with the cleanup” of the derailment site. As of Monday, the company reports it has recovered 3.2 million gallons of affected water and transported it off-site, and it has removed 2,366 tons of “waste soil.” It has also used clean water to flush 5,200 feet of affected nearby waterways and has sampled the drinking water from 186 private wells.
Some of these measures are themselves controversial. Norfolk Southern has reportedly planned to send shipments of contaminated soil to a toxic waste incinerator less than 20 miles from East Palestine that has previously been cited for Clean Air Act violations. The company has sent other soil and water to states including Michigan and Texas, prompting backlash from residents and authorities there.
“These are the standard methods, but they are never accepted by local residents,” said Alan Rabideau, a professor and chair of the University of Buffalo’s Department of civil, structural, and environmental engineering. “Landfills engineered for hazardous waste are certainly capable of safe disposal, but nearby residents never like the idea of hosting someone else’s waste. Incineration can be similarly effective if operated properly but can produce toxic air emissions if mishandled.”
He added that there are no cost-effective alternatives available for disposing of large quantities of affected soil.
Mysteries in the ground
It also isn’t completely clear what chemicals and toxins are present around the spill site, even more than a month after the Feb. 3 derailment. Researchers and experts from Texas A&M and Carnegie Mellon universities continue to monitor air quality, and have reported potentially concerning levels of acrolein, which can cause skin and respiratory tract irritation, among other effects.
On March 2, the EPA finally issued an order that Norfolk Southern begin testing for dioxins, highly toxic, carcinogenic chemicals likely to have been created by the intentional burning of vinyl chloride in the immediate aftermath of the crash. If they are found, that will further complicate the cleanup efforts, as they are known to persist in the environment for extended periods of time.
The vinyl chloride itself also poses a challenge. Rabideau explained that vinyl chloride is a “dense nonaqueous phase liquid” which can easily migrate downward through soil and reach the water table. If that happens, remediation that lasts “months or years” becomes much more likely.
“Vinyl chloride is extremely toxic, resistant to treatment, and likely to migrate downward because of its density,” he told Grid. “You’ve got serious problems there, regardless of what else was released.”
David Schaad, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Duke University, agreed. “Once it gets in the groundwater, it’s another ballgame,” he said. “Vinyl chloride is a known carcinogen. It’s a nasty actor.”
An air of distrust
Pennell stressed that successfully remediating a toxic site requires building and sustaining trust across a community.
“To build trust and collectively define goals, including which chemicals in the soils, water and air need cleanup, we have found that developing partnerships across multiple stakeholders and establishing knowledge brokers is valuable,” she said. “There appears to be a lack of true partnerships and growing distrust in East Palestine.”
For example, some of the testing of air and water in East Palestine is being conducted by the environmental consulting firm CTEH, contracted by Norfolk Southern. In a Facebook post, a community group called River Valley Organizing warned that “CTEH has questionable practices to say the least” and suggested test results paid for by Norfolk Southern should not be trusted. That group and others have called for independent testing instead.
Officials have started to talk about the issue of trust and to stress that the timeline for remediation may be longer than most would hope. EPA Administrator Michael Regan has said the agency wants to “earn the trust of this community,” and that it will keep pressuring Norfolk Southern for “as long as it may take.”
“The term remediation means different things to different people,” Pennell said. “People often seek specific deadlines that can be defined as when remediation will end. I can certainly understand that desire.”
Thanks to Lillian Barkley for copy editing this article.
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How Large Enterprises Secure Their Data
In recent years, data security has become critical for all businesses, regardless of size. Data breaches and cyber theft can disrupt organizations’ day-to-day operations, whether on the newest start-ups on the block or at a large corporation. In many circumstances, large corporations are far ahead of the curve. They risk exposing themselves to the dangers and consequences of cyberattacks if they do not have sufficient security procedures and policies in place.
Whatever the severity of a danger to a company’s data security, it can be readily avoided with the proper measures in place. You must invest in the correct methods to secure business continuity. This article will examine how major enterprises protect their data and ensure corporate data security.
Data Security Methods For Large Enterprises
Many large enterprises are already using rigorous security methods. Since they learn and grow from the mistakes of other organizations, large entities tend to have proactive security policies and robust threat monitoring techniques in place. Here are five methods that large businesses look to redesign their data security methods.
Understand data lifecycle
Large enterprises with proactive security policies know their data, how it is used and where it is stored. Mapping data flow lets organizations better evaluate their weak points. Moreover, large organizations use discovery tools to ensure that data is accessible by authorized devices and users only. These capabilities enable large enterprises to be GDPR compliant and fulfill other transparency/privacy standards.
Use of encryption across the boards
Large enterprises handle a bulk of data and a variety of data. The heterogeneous pool of data makes them vulnerable to cyber-attacks. They use encryption methods for systems, data in the cloud, data at rest, and data in transit to protect their data. Hard drives, USB devices, and phones should use encryption if holding sensitive data.
Here are a few recommendations for data encryption.
- Look at data in all cases, both in transit and at rest. Encryption is used to protect data in all scenarios.
- Back up all the files and create an image backup before encryption. Create a boot disk or removable media and ensure that you have installed media for the operating system.
- Decentralize encryption and decryption. You need an encryption key manager to maintain the security of keys to keep things organized while using a decentralized method. You will want to encrypt databases, applications, and files. Using distributed encryption, your organization can yield many benefits, including more robust performance, better availability, low network bandwidth, and high-quality data transmission.
- Use the hub-spoke model to encrypt data. While combining the distributed execution with the central key management, the encryption and decryption mode will be anywhere within your network. The critical management can integrate with encryption software and deploy on more than a single node. You can encrypt and decrypt at the node level with all the spokes. By structuring this way, data does not need to travel much. You can also maintain higher uptime that can arise from a hub failure. The key manager should be created, store, and monitor the expiration date of the keys used by the spokes. Keys need to be changed within the nodes when they expire.
Protecting data in the cloud
Cloud has become an essential part of digitalization, but more security risks come. As data migrates to the cloud, the security issues have sparked heated debates in the information security circles and CIOs. Large enterprises can’t control the security measures of the cloud, but the Cloud Service Providers do. It makes IT departments nervous, and they leverage cloud security tools to encrypt data before uploading to the cloud, rank data by risk level, protect and monitor the endpoints, and offer organizations greater control over the cloud data security.
Here is a list of the best cloud security tools.
- CloudStrike Falcon_ It’s a next-gen cloud-based endpoint protection solution that takes care of any connected device, ranging from light with a tiny digital footprint to powerful enough to handle attacks like shell injections and zero-day exploits.
- Cloudflare Web Application Firewall_ It’s a powerful online protection service that can keep millions of web applications safe and connected effectively. It also protects the network by acting as a reverse proxy, preventing DDoS attacks.
- Barracuda CloudGen Firewall_ It’s a next-gen SaaS security system to protect complex distributed network architectures. This tool identifies and protects against phishing emails and also offers backup.
- TOPIA_ It’s a cloud security tool that gathers data on assets and analyzes them to detect threats and rank them based on their severity. It applies in-memory protection and Patchless Protection to defend a network.
- Zerospam_ This cloud security tool protects corporate email servers by fighting against cyber threats like spear-phishing and ransomware. It’s an easy-to-use, highly effective tool with performance enhancement capabilities.
Technologies for data security
Large enterprises use a variety of methods and techniques to minimize security threats. While several tools focus on external threats, log-in records and authentication tools help monitor internal threats. Below are standard technologies and policies large enterprises use for data security.
- Data masking_ Data masking is a method to develop a fake yet realistic version of your company data. Data masking aims to protect sensitive data and provide a functional alternative when accurate data is not needed, such as sales demos, user training, or software testing. Data masking processes alter the data values while using the same format. The aim is to create a version that can not be reverse-engineered or deciphered. There are various ways to alter data, including encryption, word or character substitution, and character shuffling.
- Data backups_ To ensure accessibility, it is recommended to keep data backed up. Backing up data includes files, databases, configurations, systems, and applications. Implementing storage backups minimizes the effect of ransomware or other malicious attacks.
- Data erasure_ Erase the data that is not necessary. Delete data if a customer cancels an account. Moreover, erase information if a customer does not want to be on an email list.
- Tokenization_ It is a way to protect data at rest while preserving data length and type. Tokenization replaces sensitive data with non-sensitive, randomly generated substitute characters as placeholder data. These characters, known as tokens, have no intrinsic value. They allow authorized users to get sensitive data when needed. It isn’t easy to maintain performance and scale securely as databases increase in size. Moreover, it isn’t easy to exchange data as it requires direct access to a token vault mapping the token values. Tokenization is mainly used for structured data fields, such as social security numbers or payment cards.
- Authentication_ can vary from two to four-factor authentication (2FA-4FA) and sometimes involves physical keys.
As organizations plan for the future, they identify security as a prime directive. But there is a lot that can be done to consolidate and move toward distributed architectures without sacrificing data integrity and compliance. Privacy by Design/Default is one concept that would certainly help. For example, when you look at data reported as lost, compromised, or stolen, most of these incidents are related to human error.
And while technology can reduce some of the human mistakes that lead to breaches, ultimately, it will be up to the organization to enforce strict policies regarding security and the management of sensitive data. If an organization treats its data as its own, then there is no reason it would get into the wrong hands or leak out in any harmful way.
In summary, the future of data security depends on a combination of creative solutions and technology to maintain privacy while still giving individuals access to their information.
Any strategy must also be adaptable and responsive to changes as they occur. Protected Harbor focuses on infrastructure hardware, servers, modified servers, and changes in connection and operations, and deployed monitoring is layered in as part of the plan. Our expert team of engineers is proactive and committed to satisfying the clients.
If you want to protect your enterprise data and comply with the latest compliances, you can do plenty to keep that data safe. Whether you choose to partner with a HIPAA compliant hosting company such as Protected Harbor or go the do-it-yourself route, a number of strategies are available to secure your organization’s information. Protected Harbor provides free IT audit to all the enterprises, book one today!
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By Robert Sugarman
acting Shakespeare's performs is helping youth think their method into worlds they've got by no means identified. It develops sensitivity to the richness of the English language because it teaches cooperation - appearing Shakespeare is a non-competitive crew job. scholars strengthen vainness as they grasp the difficult fabric in Shakespeare's performs. this can be specially very important for these whose horizons were restricted by means of social and monetary forces.
appearing SHAKESPEARE: how to research examines 4 courses. moment graders in Ontario discover and practice Shakespeare. highschool scholars in Brooklyn recreate Shakespeare's performs in "Street, Spanish and Shakespeare." 5th graders in la spend a yr getting ready uncut productions which are observed by way of their very own not easy using rock band. a certified performing corporation in rural Massachusetts brings its new angle to Shakespearean construction to schools.
PERFORMNG SHAKESPEARE: the way to study is helping lecturers, administrators, and leaders of social courses improve their paintings doing Shakespeare with youth. in the event you haven't but performed it, the booklet indicates the best way to start.
Read or Download Performing Shakespeare: A Way to Learn PDF
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Additional info for Performing Shakespeare: A Way to Learn
Performing Shakespeare: A Way to Learn by Robert Sugarman
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common type of behavioral disorder, affecting approximately 3-10% of children and adolescents aged 18 and younger.1-3 Prevalence usually declines with age, but up to 65% of hyperactive children are still symptomatic as adults. ADHD’s frequency in adults is estimated to be 2-7% of the population.4 The ADHD male:female ratio ranges from 2:1 to 9:1, according to different studies.5 In the last few years, scientists have noted an increasing rate of ADHD among girls.6
ADHD is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by limited attention span, impulsivity, and overactivity.7 The three types of ADHD are characterized as predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined.4 Hyperactivity usually subsides in adolescence, but inattention and impulsivity often increase with age. In short, ADHD can be a serious disability with long-term consequences.
Despite the large number of ADHD studies, the precise causes of the disorder remain unknown. Genetic and environmental factors can play a significant role in ADHD’s development.8,9 Most studies on environmental factors have found an association with ADHD, but no clear evidence that these influences cause the disorder.10
Many questions remain regarding the best treatment practices for ADHD. Treatment usually includes parental education, appropriate school placement, and pharmaceutical agents. Psychostimulants are a general treatment option, and drugs such as antidepressants and alpha-adrenergic agonists can also be used. These medications, however, demonstrate limited effectiveness and may have undesirable side effects.
Many children and adults with ADHD also experience other psychiatric conditions. Comorbidity (having two or more diagnoses at the same time) between ADHD and social anxiety disorder is not unusual, occurring in about 25% of cases.4,11 Social anxiety disorder is the third most common mental health disorder, affecting approximately 10 million Americans.12 Patients with social anxiety disorder usually fear social situations and experience serious emotional stress in circumstances such as being the center of attention, meeting with important people, and romantic relationships. Lack of normal self-esteem can lead to feelings of inadequacy, poor quality of life, and depression. To date, no specific cause of this condition has been found. Two types of treatment are available for social anxiety disorder: medications such as antidepressants and beta-blockers, and “talk therapy” (psychotherapy). Currently available therapies for both conditions are of limited effectiveness, and innovative therapies for these mental disorders are sorely needed.
In this case report, we describe a young man with ADHD and social anxiety disorder. The patient was assessed using blood testing and was successfully treated using hormonorestoration therapy.
A 24-year-old white male presented with a combination of ADHD and social anxiety disorder during his initial visit in December 2002. At the time, he complained of severe fatigue, very low energy level, “major” depression, severe anxiety, decreased appetite, poor libido, bad short-term memory, sleeping problems, frequent sinus infections, and sore throat. The patient said he lacked motivation and could not control his emotions. Any social situation usually sent his heart “racing,” increased sweating, and made his face red. He did not exercise due to his low energy level.
The patient had been diagnosed with ADHD around the age of seven and with social anxiety disorder at the age of 14. He was taking the antidepressant Paxil® daily and also had been using the stimulant drug Ritalin® for several years. In the previous decade, he had used numerous antidepressants. His vital signs were as follows: height, 5’8”; weight, 178 pounds; body fat percentage, 23% (normal range: 14-20%); blood pressure, 110/74 mmHg; pulse, 60 beats/minute.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Our clinical experience suggested that his conditions and related clinical symptoms might be related to neuroendocrine perturbations. Initial blood testing yielded the following results:
The patient’s levels of the basic hormones pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) were low, with a significantly diminished DHEA-S level.
We initiated a program focused on correcting hormone imbalances and related symptoms, with the following recommendations:
- pregnenolone: 100 mg in the morning
- DHEA: 100 mg in the morning
- 7-keto DHEA: 70 mg in the morning
- androstenedione: 50 mg, 30 minutes before exercise for two months
- Tribulus terrestris: two tablets chewed in the morning
- vitamin E: 800 IU in the morning
- Nutribiotic® MetaRest® (containing 3 mg of melatonin, 250 mg of kava root extract, and 10 mg of vitamin B6 per capsule): one capsule at bedtime
- zinc: 60 mg at bedtime
- Alacer CMA™ Calcium-Magnesium Ascorbate (containing 1860 mg of vitamin C as mineral ascorbates, 100 mg of calcium, 40 mg of magnesium, 10 mg of vitamin B6, and 72 mg of magnesium citrate per two tablets): two tablets at bedtime.
After two months of treatment, the patient returned to the clinic with no medical complaints. His energy level was greatly improved, and he had started to exercise four or five days a week. He discontinued use of Paxil® during his first two weeks on the program. He said that his ADHD and social anxiety disorder were no longer a factor. Additionally, he experienced no problems with restlessness, inconsistent performance, inability to focus, or memory.
We suggested that the patient discontinue use of androstenedione, Tribulus terrestris, MetaRest®, and CMA™, and decrease the daily dosages of DHEA to 50 mg, zinc to 30 mg, and vitamin E to 400 IU. At this time, we recommended Longevity Science® MagnaCalm (containing 420 mg of magnesium citrate per scoop): one-half scoop before bedtime. The patient requested that we design a similar therapeutic program for his girlfriend who was using oral contraceptives, noting that “she is crazy like I was.”
One year later, the patient intermittently was using daily doses of 50 mg of pregnenolone and 25 mg of DHEA. He had experienced no reoccurrence of his previous disorders, was continuing to exercise, and was enjoying life with his girlfriend, who had discontinued use of oral contraceptives and had begun a similar program.
Only limited objective diagnostic criteria and assessment instruments exist for most mental disorders, though physicians often perform blood tests to assess complete blood count and levels of thyroid hormones, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and lead. Brain MRIs, electroencephalograms, and electrocardiograms are sometimes used as well. Unfortunately, these assessments are not always helpful in obtaining a diagnosis and preparing a treatment plan. Because the causes of ADHD and social anxiety disorder are not definitively known, achieving effective solutions can be challenging.
The goal of all current ADHD management programs is to correct the most prominent symptoms that interfere with daily activities. Most ADHD medications such as Ritalin® have common, far-reaching, and adverse side effects such as fatigue, emotional instability, depression, high blood pressure, headaches, altered sex drive, impotence, insomnia, frequent infections, poor appetite, and constipation. Moreover, children who take such medications are at risk of poor physical development.13 Unfortunately, these psychoactive drugs have been prescribed in unprecedented numbers since the early 1990s.14,15 Sadly, many parents believe that these medications are all their children need.
Several psychiatric conditions commonly accompany ADHD in adults and children. In this case report, our patient suffered from a long-time comorbidity of ADHD and social anxiety disorder. We believe that using specific blood tests to reveal critical hormone imbalances may provide a novel method by which physicians can evaluate psychiatric problems such as ADHD, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, suicidal ideations, and other behavioral disorders. These problems could be approached as imbalances of hormones, especially neuroactive steroid hormones such as pregnenolone, DHEA, and progesterone. Neurosteroids are very important for normal brain function because they affect several neurophysiological and behavioral processes.16
It is within the power of physicians, and particularly pediatricians, to change the outlook on a whole group of behavioral disorders and their current treatment protocols. Just as an endocrinologist assesses type I diabetes (insufficient production of insulin) and hypothyroid (the poor function of thyroid gland with low production of hormones) as conditions of hormone imbalance, physicians might also approach behavioral and psychiatric conditions as manifestations of hormone imbalances. Unfortunately, this has yet to occur.
Deficiencies of insulin or thyroid hormones can be life threatening. If an individual suffers from an imbalance of hormones such as DHEA, pregnenolone, and testosterone, however, the patient will not die right away, but instead may experience a gradual decline in health from a collection of chronic illnesses. The patient might suffer throughout life from psychiatric disorders, allergies, infections, and various chronic diseases. In addition, evidence suggests that hormone imbalances may increase the risk of cancer, coronary heart disease, or suicide. Hormone imbalances may also adversely affect cognitive and immune function, while suppressing the reconstructive ability of different cells.
When using blood testing to evaluate hormone levels, we must remember that all hormones are important, as they control and regulate different aspects of life. I believe we can use hormone levels to evaluate mental status, just as blood glucose level serves as a marker for diabetes or thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) serve as markers for thyroid conditions. An imbalance or deficiency of hormones serves as a warning signal that corrective action is necessary.
The medical approach to correcting hormone imbalances should be similar, regardless of whether the hormone is insulin or pregnenolone, thyroid hormones or DHEA. When a patient has a deficiency of insulin, doctors restore the needed insulin; yet when a patient has diminished levels of DHEA, pregnenolone, or other hormones, doctors often recommend Ritalin®, Zoloft®, Prozac®, or similar drugs. Because the human body does not produce these drugs, it has no deficiency of them.
Several observations led to our hypothesis that correcting hormone imbalances might alleviate behavioral and psychiatric conditions. Children with ADHD often demonstrate a general impairment of sympathetic nervous system activation.17 Because hormones help modulate the sympathetic nervous system, we speculated that restoring optimal hormone balance might help improve ADHD.18 Additionally, studies show significant correlations between clinical symptoms and low levels of pregnenolone and DHEA, further supporting our theory that behavioral disorders could be corrected using neuroactive steroids.16 In these cases, we always stress the importance of examining total cholesterol. Because cholesterol is a precursor, or building block, for many hormones, cholesterol deficiency may lead to diminished production of basic hormones. Many studies have clearly correlated low total cholesterol with mental illnesses.19-22
It is time to reevaluate the use of conventional pharmaceutical approaches to different behavioral disorders. Hormone tests may become unique biomarkers in assessing behavioral and psychiatric disorders in children, adolescents, and adults. Doctors, parents, and patients can often find safer solutions to these conditions using natural supplements. By employing these methods as a first step, many are able to avoid prescription drugs. Hormonorestoration is thus a possible treatment option for children and adults with psychiatric conditions that occur alone or in combination. Omega-3 fatty acids, ginkgo biloba, and valerian root may be additional therapeutic tools for such conditions.
In this article, we described a possible new tool for assessing and treating behavioral and psychiatric disorders. The use of hormonorestoration and nutritional supplements provides a novel way to influence the body’s balance of neuroactive steroids, thus offering promise for the millions of Americans affected by conditions such as ADHD and social anxiety disorder.
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There are too few nonprofit organizations like CC fighting for the digital commons – support our vital leadership with an end of year contribution. Donate today!
Open data is data that can be freely used, re-used and redistributed by anyone — subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and sharealike. — Open Data Handbook
The sharing of open data can be incredibly beneficial to society: facilitating enhanced scientific collaboration and reproducibility, increasing government and corporate transparency, and speeding the discovery and understanding of solutions to planetary and societal needs.
A big part of the potential value of data is realized by use across organizational and geographical boundaries. How does this occur legally? Increasingly, sharing of data is facilitated through the use of standard, public legal tools used to manage copyright and similar restrictions that might otherwise limit dissemination or reuse of data.
Many organizations, institutions, and governments are using Creative Commons licenses to share data (see our FAQ). The CC0 Public Domain Dedication can be particularly important to maximize the re-use of data and databases, since it otherwise may be unclear whether highly factual data and databases are restricted by copyright or other rights. CC0 is intended to cover all copyright and database rights, so that however data and databases are restricted (under copyright or otherwise), those rights are all surrendered.
Open data policies are being adopted to ensure access to data—either as a raw material, or alongside other types of scholarly outputs. And data-specific repositories allow users to upload and share under CC licenses.
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Definition of Family asteraceae
1. Noun. Plants with heads composed of many florets: aster; daisy; dandelion; goldenrod; marigold; lettuces; ragweed; sunflower; thistle; zinnia.
Generic synonyms: Asterid Dicot Family
Group relationships: Campanulales, Order Campanulales
Member holonyms: Composite, Composite Plant, Compass Flower, Compass Plant, Everlasting, Everlasting Flower, Genus Achillea, Ageratina, Genus Ageratina, Genus Ageratum, Amberboa, Genus Amberboa, Genus Ambrosia, Ambrosiaceae, Family Ambrosiaceae, Genus Ammobium, Anacyclus, Genus Anacyclus, Anaphalis, Genus Anaphalis, Genus Andryala, Antennaria, Genus Antennaria, Anthemis, Genus Anthemis, Antheropeas, Genus Antheropeas, Arctium, Genus Arctium, Arctotis, Genus Arctotis, Argyranthemum, Genus Argyranthemum, Argyroxiphium, Genus Argyroxiphium, Genus Arnica, Arnoseris, Genus Arnoseris, Genus Artemisia, Wormwood, Sage Brush, Sagebrush, Genus Aster, Genus Ayapana, Baccharis, Genus Baccharis, Balsamorhiza, Genus Balsamorhiza, Bellis, Genus Bellis, Bidens, Genus Bidens, Boltonia, Genus Boltonia, Brachycome, Genus Brachycome, Brickellia, Genus Brickelia, Buphthalmum, Genus Buphthalmum, Cacalia, Genus Cacalia, Genus Calendula, Callistephus, Genus Callistephus, Thistle, Carduus, Genus Carduus, Carlina, Genus Carlina, Carthamus, Genus Carthamus, Genus Catananche, Centaurea, Genus Centaurea, Chamaemelum, Genus Chamaemelum, Genus Chaenactis, Genus Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum, Chrysopsis, Genus Chrysopsis, Chrysothamnus, Genus Chrysothamnus, Cichorium, Genus Cichorium, Cirsium, Genus Cirsium, Cnicus, Genus Cnicus, Conoclinium, Genus Conoclinium, Conyza, Genus Conyza, Genus Coreopsis, Genus Cosmos, Cotula, Genus Cotula, Craspedia, Genus Craspedia, Crepis, Genus Crepis, Cynara, Genus Cynara, Genus Dahlia, Delairea, Genus Delairea, Dendranthema, Genus Dendranthema, Dimorphotheca, Genus Dimorphotheca, Doronicum, Genus Doronicum, Echinacea, Genus Echinacea, Echinops, Genus Echinops, Elephantopus, Genus Elephantopus, Emilia, Genus Emilia, Encelia, Genus Encelia, Enceliopsis, Genus Enceliopsis, Genus Engelmannia, Genus Erechtites, Erigeron, Genus Erigeron, Eriophyllum, Genus Eriophyllum, Eupatorium, Genus Eupatorium, Felicia, Genus Felicia, Genus Filago, Genus Gaillardia, Genus Gazania, Genus Gerbera, Gerbera, Genus Gerea, Gerea, Genus Gnaphalium, Gnaphalium, Genus Grindelia, Grindelia, Genus Gutierrezia, Gutierrezia, Genus Gynura, Gynura, Genus Haastia, Haastia, Genus Haplopappus, Haplopappus, Genus Hazardia, Hazardia, Genus Helenium, Helenium, Genus Helianthus, Genus Helichrysum, Helichrysum, Genus Heliopsis, Genus Helipterum, Helipterum, Genus Heterotheca, Heterotheca, Genus Hieracium, Hieracium, Genus Homogyne, Homogyne, Genus Hulsea, Hulsea, Genus Hyalosperma, Hyalosperma, Genus Hypochaeris, Genus Hypochoeris, Hypochaeris, Hypochoeris, Genus Inula, Genus Iva, Genus Krigia, Genus Lactuca, Lactuca, Genus Lagenophera, Lagenophera, Genus Lasthenia, Lasthenia, Genus Layia, Layia, Genus Leontodon, Leontodon, Genus Leontopodium, Leontopodium, Genus Leucanthemum, Leucanthemum, Genus Leucogenes, Leucogenes, Genus Liatris, Liatris, Genus Ligularia, Ligularia, Genus Lindheimera, Lindheimera, Genus Lonas, Lonas, Genus Machaeranthera, Machaeranthera, Genus Madia, Madia, Genus Matricaria, Matricaria, Genus Melampodium, Melampodium, Genus Mikania, Mikania, Genus Mutisia, Genus Nabalus, Nabalus, Genus Olearia, Olearia, Genus Onopordon, Genus Onopordum, Onopordon, Onopordum, Genus Othonna, Genus Ozothamnus, Ozothamnus, Genus Packera, Packera, Genus Parthenium, Parthenium, Genus Pericallis, Pericallis, Genus Petasites, Petasites, Genus Picris, Picris, Genus Pilosella, Pilosella, Genus Piqueria, Piqueria, Genus Prenanthes, Prenanthes, Genus Pteropogon, Genus Pulicaria, Pulicaria, Genus Pyrethrum, Pyrethrum, Genus Raoulia, Raoulia, Genus Ratibida, Ratibida, Genus Rhodanthe, Genus Rudbeckia, Rudbeckia, Genus Santolina, Santolina, Genus Sanvitalia, Sanvitalia, Genus Saussurea, Saussurea, Genus Scolymus, Scolymus, Genus Senecio, Senecio, Genus Scorzonera, Genus Sericocarpus, Sericocarpus, Genus Seriphidium, Seriphidium, Genus Serratula, Serratula, Genus Silphium, Silphium, Genus Silybum, Silybum, Genus Solidago, Solidago, Genus Sonchus, Sonchus, Genus Stenotus, Stenotus, Genus Stevia, Genus Stokesia, Stokesia, Genus Tagetes, Tageteste, Genus Tanacetum, Tanacetum, Genus Taraxacum, Taraxacum, Genus Tetraneuris, Tetraneuris, Genus Tithonia, Genus Townsendia, Townsendia, Genus Tragopogon, Tragopogon, Genus Trilisa, Trilisa, Genus Tripleurospermum, Tripleurospermum, Genus Tussilago, Tussilago, Genus Ursinia, Genus Verbesina, Verbesina, Actinomeris, Genus Actinomeris, Genus Vernonia, Genus Wyethia, Genus Xanthium, Xanthium, Genus Xeranthemum, Genus Zinnia
Family Asteraceae Pictures
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Family Asteraceae Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Family Asteraceae
Literary usage of Family asteraceae
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Bulletin by United States Bureau of Plant Industry (1905)
"Artemisia vulgaris L. Aster family (Asteraceae). Common mugwort. Perennial herb, 1 to 3i feet high, naturalized from Europe; found in waste places, ..."
2. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences by Washington Academy of Sciences (1915)
"3 The affinities be- •tween the floras of these widely separated regions are best shown, perhaps, in the family Asteraceae: several of the genera occurring ..."
3. Biotechnology: Building on Farmers' Knowledge by Joske F. G. Bunders, Bertus Haverkort, Wim Hiemstra (1996)
"The family Asteraceae has, thus far, been found to contain the largest number of BPC species, with 261. In addition to this global review, several national ..."
4. Ginseng and Other Medicinal Plants: A Book of Valuable Information for by Arthur Robert Harding (1908)
"During the first year of its growth this plant, which is a biennial belonging to the aster family (Asteraceae), 'produces only a rosette of large, ..."
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From its earliest beginnings in the Medieval period to the present, chamber music has been a reflection of the changes in the technology and the society that produced it.
During the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, instruments were used primarily as accompaniment for singers.
String players would play along with the melody line sung by the singer. There were also purely instrumental ensembles, often of stringed precursors of the violin family, called
Some analysts consider the origin of classical instrumental ensembles to be the
sonata da camera (chamber sonata) and the
sonata da chiesa (church sonata).
These were compositions for one to five or more instruments. The sonata da camera was a suite of slow and fast movements, interspersed with dance tunes; the sonata da chiesa was the same, but the dances were omitted. These forms gradually developed into the
trio sonata of the
Baroque – two treble instruments and a bass instrument, often with a keyboard or other chording instrument (
organ, harp or
lute, for example) filling in the harmony.
Both the bass instrument and the chordal instrument would play the
basso continuo part.
During the Baroque period, chamber music as a genre was not clearly defined. Often, works could be played on any variety of instruments, in orchestral or chamber ensembles.
The Art of Fugue by
Johann Sebastian Bach, for example, can be played on a keyboard instrument (harpsichord or organ) or by a string quartet or a
string orchestra. The instrumentation of trio sonatas was also often flexibly specified; some of Handel's sonatas are scored for "
German flute, Hoboy [oboe] or Violin"
Bass lines could be played by
bassoon, and sometimes three or four instruments would join in the bass line in unison. Sometimes composers mixed movements for chamber ensembles with orchestral movements. Telemann's 'Tafelmusik' (1733), for example, has five sets of movements for various combinations of instruments, ending with a full orchestral section.
Baroque chamber music was often
contrapuntal; that is, each instrument played the same melodic materials at different times, creating a complex, interwoven fabric of sound. Because each instrument was playing essentially the same melodies, all the instruments were equal. In the trio sonata, there is often no ascendent or solo instrument, but all three instruments share equal importance.
The harmonic role played by the keyboard or other chording instrument was subsidiary, and usually the keyboard part was not even written out; rather, the chordal structure of the piece was specified by numeric codes over the bass line, called
In the second half of the 18th century, tastes began to change: many composers preferred a new, lighter
Galant style, with "thinner texture, ... and clearly defined melody and bass" to the complexities of counterpoint.
Now a new custom arose that gave birth to a new form of chamber music: the
serenade. Patrons invited street musicians to play evening concerts below the balconies of their homes, their friends and their lovers. Patrons and musicians commissioned composers to write suitable suites of dances and tunes, for groups of two to five or six players. These works were called serenades (sera=night), nocturnes, divertimenti, or cassations (from gasse=street). The young
Joseph Haydn was commissioned to write several of these.
Haydn, Mozart, and the classical style
Joseph Haydn is generally credited with creating the modern form of chamber music as we know it.
83 string quartets,
45 piano trios, and numerous string trios, duos and wind ensembles, Haydn established the conversational style of composition and the overall form that was to dominate the world of chamber music for the next two centuries.
An example of the conversational mode of composition is Haydn's
string quartet Op. 20, No. 4 in D major. In the first movement, after a statement of the main theme by all the instruments, the first violin breaks into a triplet figure, supported by the second violin, viola and cello. The cello answers with its own triplet figure, then the viola, while the other instruments play a secondary theme against this movement. Unlike counterpoint, where each part plays essentially the same melodic role as the others, here each instrument contributes its own character, its own comment on the music as it develops.
Score of Joseph Haydn's Op. 20, No. 4, showing conversational mode.
Haydn also settled on an overall form for his chamber music compositions, which would become the standard, with slight variations, to the present day. The characteristic Haydn string quartet has four movements:
- An opening movement in
sonata form, usually with two contrasting themes, followed by a development section where the thematic material is transformed and transposed, and ending with a recapitulation of the initial two themes.
- A lyrical movement in a slow or moderate tempo, sometimes built out of three sections that repeat themselves in the order A–B–C–A–B–C, and sometimes a set of variations.
scherzo, a light movement in three quarter time, with a main section, a contrasting trio section, and a repeat of the main section.
- A fast finale section in
rondo form, a series of contrasting sections with a main refrain section opening and closing the movement, and repeating between each section.
His innovations earned Haydn the title "father of the string quartet",
and he was recognized by his contemporaries as the leading composer of his time. But he was by no means the only composer developing new modes of chamber music. Even before Haydn, many composers were already experimenting with new forms.
Giovanni Battista Sammartini,
Ignaz Holzbauer, and
Franz Xaver Richter wrote precursors of the string quartet.
Joseph Haydn playing string quartets
If Haydn created the conversational style of composition,
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart greatly expanded its vocabulary. His
chamber music added numerous masterpieces to the chamber music repertoire. Mozart's seven piano trios and two piano quartets were the first to apply the conversational principle to chamber music with piano. Haydn's piano trios are essentially piano sonatas with the violin and cello playing mostly supporting roles, doubling the treble and bass lines of the piano score. But Mozart gives the strings an independent role, using them as a counter to the piano, and adding their individual voices to the chamber music conversation.
Mozart introduced the newly invented clarinet into the chamber music arsenal, with the
Kegelstatt Trio for viola, clarinet and piano, K. 498, and the
Quintet for Clarinet and String Quartet, K. 581. He also tried other innovative ensembles, including the quintet for violin, two violas, cello, and horn, K. 407, quartets for flute and strings, and various wind instrument combinations. He wrote six string quintets for two violins, two violas and cello, which explore the rich tenor tones of the violas, adding a new dimension to the string quartet conversation.
Mozart's string quartets are considered the pinnacle of the classical art. The
six string quartets that he dedicated to Haydn, his friend and mentor, inspired the elder composer to say to Mozart's father, "I tell you before God as an honest man that your son is the greatest composer known to me either in person or by reputation. He has taste, and, what is more, the most profound knowledge of composition."
Many other composers wrote chamber compositions during this period that were popular at the time and are still played today.
Luigi Boccherini, Italian composer and cellist, wrote nearly a hundred string quartets, and more than one hundred quintets for two violins, viola and two cellos. In this innovative ensemble, later used by
Schubert, Boccherini gives flashy, virtuosic solos to the principal cello, as a showcase for his own playing. Violinist
Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf and cellist
Johann Baptist Wanhal, who both played pickup quartets with Haydn on second violin and Mozart on viola, were popular chamber music composers of the period.
From home to hall
Copy of a pianoforte from 1805
The turn of the 19th century saw dramatic changes in society and in music technology which had far-reaching effects on the way chamber music was composed and played.
Collapse of the aristocratic system
Throughout the 18th century, the composer was normally an employee of an aristocrat, and the chamber music he or she composed was for the pleasure of aristocratic players and listeners.
Haydn, for example, was an employee of
Nikolaus I, Prince Esterházy, a music lover and amateur
baryton player, for whom Haydn wrote many of his string trios. Mozart wrote three string quartets for the King of Prussia,
Frederick William II, a cellist. Many of Beethoven's quartets were first performed with patron Count
Andrey Razumovsky on second violin. Boccherini composed for the king of Spain.
With the bankruptcy of the aristocracy and new social orders throughout Europe, composers increasingly had to make money by selling their compositions and performing concerts. They often gave subscription concerts, which involved renting a hall and collecting the receipts from the performance. Increasingly, they wrote chamber music not only for rich patrons, but for professional musicians playing for a paying audience.
Changes in the structure of stringed instruments
At the beginning of the 19th century, luthiers developed new methods of constructing the
cello that gave these instruments a richer tone, more volume, and more carrying power.
Also at this time, bowmakers made the violin bow longer, with a thicker ribbon of hair under higher tension. This improved projection, and also made possible new bowing techniques. In 1820,
Louis Spohr invented the chinrest, which gave violinists more freedom of movement in their left hands, for a more nimble technique. These changes contributed to the effectiveness of public performances in large halls, and expanded the repertoire of techniques available to chamber music composers.
Invention of the pianoforte
Baroque era, the
harpsichord was one of the main instruments used in chamber music. The harpsichord used quills to pluck strings, and it had a delicate sound. Due to the design of the harpsichord, the attack or weight with which the performer played the keyboard did not change the volume or tone. In between about 1750 and the late 1700s, the harpsichord gradually fell out of use. By the late 1700s, the
pianoforte became more popular as an instrument for performance. Even though the pianoforte was invented by
Bartolomeo Cristofori at the beginning of the 1700s, it did not become widely used until the end of that century, when technical improvements in its construction made it a more effective instrument. Unlike the harpsichord, the pianoforte could play soft or loud dynamics and sharp
sforzando attacks depending on how hard or soft the performer played the keys.
The improved pianoforte was adopted by Mozart and other composers, who began composing chamber ensembles with the piano playing a leading role. The piano was to become more and more dominant through the 19th century, so much so that many composers, such as
Franz Liszt and
Frédéric Chopin, wrote almost exclusively for solo piano (or solo piano with
Ludwig van Beethoven straddled this period of change as a giant of Western music. Beethoven transformed chamber music, raising it to a new plane, both in terms of content and in terms of the technical demands on performers and audiences. His works, in the words of
Maynard Solomon, were "...the models against which nineteenth-century romanticism measured its achievements and failures."
late quartets, in particular, were considered so daunting an accomplishment that many composers after him were afraid to try composing quartets;
Johannes Brahms composed and tore up 20 string quartets before he dared publish a work that he felt was worthy of the "giant marching behind".
Beethoven made his formal debut as a composer with
three Piano Trios, Op. 1. Even these early works, written when Beethoven was only 22, while adhering to a strictly classical mold, showed signs of the new paths that Beethoven was to forge in the coming years. When he showed the manuscript of the trios to Haydn, his teacher, prior to publication, Haydn approved of the first two, but warned against publishing the third trio, in C minor, as too radical, warning it would not "...be understood and favorably received by the public."
Haydn was wrong—the third trio was the most popular of the set, and Haydn's criticisms caused a falling out between him and the sensitive Beethoven. The trio is, indeed, a departure from the mold that Haydn and Mozart had formed. Beethoven makes dramatic deviations of tempo within phrases and within movements. He greatly increases the independence of the strings, especially the cello, allowing it to range above the piano and occasionally even the violin.
If his Op. 1 trios introduced Beethoven's works to the public, his
Septet, Op. 20, established him as one of Europe's most popular composers. The septet, scored for violin, viola, cello, contrabass, clarinet, horn, and bassoon, was a huge hit. It was played in concerts again and again. It appeared in transcriptions for many combinations – one of which, for clarinet, cello and piano, was written by Beethoven himself – and was so popular that Beethoven feared it would eclipse his other works. So much so that by 1815,
Carl Czerny wrote that Beethoven "could not endure his septet and grew angry because of the universal applause which it has received."
The septet is written as a classical divertimento in six movements, including two minuets, and a set of variations. It is full of catchy tunes, with solos for everyone, including the
In his 17 string quartets, composed over the course of 37 of his 56 years, Beethoven goes from classical composer par excellence to creator of musical Romanticism, and finally, with his late string quartets, he transcends classicism and romanticism to create a genre that defies categorization. Stravinsky referred to the
Große Fuge, of the late quartets, as, "...this absolutely contemporary piece of music that will be contemporary forever."
string quartets 1–6, Op. 18, were written in the classical style, in the same year that Haydn wrote his
Op. 76 string quartets. Even here, Beethoven stretched the formal structures pioneered by Haydn and Mozart. In the quartet Op. 18, No. 1, in F major, for example, there is a long, lyrical solo for cello in the second movement, giving the cello a new type of voice in the quartet conversation. And the last movement of Op. 18, No. 6, "La Malincolia", creates a new type of formal structure, interleaving a slow, melancholic section with a manic dance. Beethoven was to use this form in later quartets, and Brahms and others adopted it as well.
In the years 1805 to 1806, Beethoven composed the three
Op. 59 quartets on a commission from Count Razumovsky, who played second violin in their first performance. These quartets, from Beethoven's middle period, were pioneers in the romantic style. Besides introducing many structural and stylistic innovations, these quartets were much more difficult technically to perform – so much so that they were, and remain, beyond the reach of many amateur string players. When first violinist
Ignaz Schuppanzigh complained of their difficulty, Beethoven retorted, "Do you think I care about your wretched violin when the spirit moves me?"
Among the difficulties are complex
syncopations and cross-rhythms; synchronized runs of sixteenth, thirty-second, and sixty-fourth notes; and sudden
modulations requiring special attention to
intonation. In addition to the Op. 59 quartets, Beethoven wrote two more quartets during his middle period –
Op. 74, the "Harp" quartet, named for the unusual harp-like effect Beethoven creates with pizzicato passages in the first movement, and
Op. 95, the "Serioso".
The Serioso is a transitional work that ushers in Beethoven's late period – a period of compositions of great introspection. "The particular kind of inwardness of Beethoven's last style period", writes Joseph Kerman, gives one the feeling that "the music is sounding only for the composer and for one other auditor, an awestruck eavesdropper: you."
In the late quartets, the quartet conversation is often disjointed, proceeding like a stream of consciousness. Melodies are broken off, or passed in the middle of the melodic line from instrument to instrument. Beethoven uses new effects, never before essayed in the string quartet literature: the ethereal, dreamlike effect of open intervals between the high E string and the open A string in the second movement of quartet Op. 132; the use of sul ponticello (playing on the bridge of the violin) for a brittle, scratchy sound in the Presto movement of Op. 131; the use of the
Lydian mode, rarely heard in Western music for 200 years, in Op. 132; a cello melody played high above all the other strings in the finale of Op. 132.
Yet for all this disjointedness, each quartet is tightly designed, with an overarching structure that ties the work together.
Beethoven wrote eight piano trios, five string trios, two string quintets, and numerous pieces for wind ensemble. He also wrote ten sonatas for violin and piano and five sonatas for cello and piano.
As Beethoven, in his last quartets, went off in his own direction,
Franz Schubert carried on and established the emerging romantic style. In his 31 years, Schubert devoted much of his life to
chamber music, composing 15 string quartets, two piano trios, string trios, a piano quintet commonly known as the
Trout Quintet, an
octet for strings and winds, and his famous quintet for two violins, viola, and two cellos.
: String Quintet in C, D. 956, first movement, recorded at the Fredonia Quartet Program, July 2008
Schubert's music, as his life, exemplified the contrasts and contradictions of his time. On the one hand, he was the darling of Viennese society: he starred in soirées that became known as Schubertiaden, where he played his light, mannered compositions that expressed the
gemütlichkeit of Vienna of the 1820s. On the other hand, his own short life was shrouded in tragedy, wracked by poverty and ill health. Chamber music was the ideal medium to express this conflict, "to reconcile his essentially lyric themes with his feeling for dramatic utterance within a form that provided the possibility of extreme color contrasts."
String Quintet in C, D.956, is an example of how this conflict is expressed in music. After a slow introduction, the first theme of the first movement, fiery and dramatic, leads to a bridge of rising tension, peaking suddenly and breaking into the second theme, a lilting duet in the lower voices.
The alternating
Sturm und Drang and relaxation continue throughout the movement.
These contending forces are expressed in some of Schubert's other works: in the quartet
Death and the Maiden, the
Rosamunde quartet and in the stormy, one-movement
Quartettsatz, D. 703.
Felix Mendelssohn had a life of peace and prosperity. Born into a wealthy Jewish family in Hamburg, Mendelssohn proved himself a child prodigy. By the age of 16, he had written his first major chamber work, the
String Octet, Op. 20. Already in this work, Mendelssohn showed some of the unique style that was to characterize his later works; notably, the gossamer light texture of his scherzo movements, exemplified also by the Canzonetta movement of the
String Quartet, Op. 12, and the scherzo of the
Piano Trio No. 1 in D minor, Op. 49.
Another characteristic that Mendelssohn pioneered is the
cyclic form in overall structure. This means the reuse of thematic material from one movement to the next, to give the total piece coherence. In his
second string quartet, he opens the piece with a peaceful adagio section in A major, that contrasts with the stormy first movement in A minor. After the final, vigorous Presto movement, he returns to the opening adagio to conclude the piece. This string quartet is also Mendelssohn's homage to Beethoven; the work is studded with quotes from Beethoven's middle and late quartets.
and pianist Clara Schumann. Joachim and Schumann debuted many of the chamber works of Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms and others.
During his adult life, Mendelssohn wrote two piano trios, seven works for string quartet, two string quintets, the octet, a sextet for piano and strings, and numerous sonatas for piano with violin, cello, and clarinet.
Robert Schumann continued the development of cyclic structure. In his
Piano Quintet in E flat, Op. 44,
Schumann wrote a double fugue in the finale, using the theme of the first movement and the theme of the last movement. Both Schumann and Mendelssohn, following the example set by Beethoven, revived the fugue, which had fallen out of favor since the Baroque period. However, rather than writing strict, full-length
fugues, they used counterpoint as another mode of conversation between the chamber music instruments. Many of Schumann's chamber works, including all three of his string quartets and his piano quartet have contrapuntal sections interwoven seamlessly into the overall compositional texture.
The composers of the first half of the 19th century were acutely aware of the conversational paradigm established by Haydn and Mozart. Schumann wrote that in a true quartet "everyone has something to say ... a conversation, often truly beautiful, often oddly and turbidly woven, among four people."
Their awareness is exemplified by composer and virtuoso violinist
Louis Spohr. Spohr divided his 36 string quartets into two types: the quatuor brillant, essentially a violin concerto with string trio accompaniment; and quatuor dialogue, in the conversational tradition.
Chamber music and society in the 19th century
Home music-making in the 19th century; painting by Jules-Alexandre Grün.
The middle of the 19th century saw more changes in society and in musical tastes, which had their impact on chamber music composition and performance. While improvements in instruments led to more public performances of chamber music, it remained very much a type of music to be played as much as performed. Amateur quartet societies sprang up throughout Europe, and no middling-sized city in Germany or France would be without one. These societies sponsored
house concerts, compiled music libraries, and encouraged the playing of quartets and other ensembles.
Thousands of quartets were published by hundreds of composers; between 1770 and 1800, more than 2000 quartets were published,
and the pace did not decline in the next century. Throughout the 19th century, composers published string quartets now long neglected:
George Onslow wrote 36 quartets and 35 quintets;
Gaetano Donizetti wrote dozens of quartets,
Joseph Suk and others wrote to fill an insatiable demand for quartets. In addition, there was a lively market for string quartet arrangements of popular and
folk tunes, piano works, symphonies, and
But opposing forces were at work. The middle of the 19th century saw the rise of superstar virtuosi, who drew attention away from chamber music toward solo performance. Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt presented "
recitals" – a term coined by Liszt – that drew crowds of ecstatic fans who swooned at the sound of their playing. The piano, which could be mass-produced, became an instrument of preference, and many composers, like Chopin and Liszt, composed primarily if not exclusively for piano.
The ascendance of the piano, and of symphonic composition, was not merely a matter of preference; it was also a matter of
ideology. In the 1860s, a schism grew among romantic musicians over the direction of music. Liszt and
Richard Wagner led a movement that contended that "pure music" had run its course with Beethoven, and that new,
programmatic forms of music–in which music created "images" with its melodies–were the future of the art. The composers of this school had no use for chamber music. Opposing this view was Johannes Brahms and his associates, especially the powerful
Eduard Hanslick. This
War of the Romantics shook the artistic world of the period, with vituperative exchanges between the two camps, concert boycotts, and petitions.
Although amateur playing thrived throughout the 19th century, this was also a period of increasing professionalization of chamber music performance. Professional quartets began to dominate the chamber music concert stage. The
Hellmesberger Quartet, led by
Joseph Hellmesberger, and the
Joachim Quartet, led by
Joseph Joachim, debuted many of the new string quartets by Brahms and other composers. Another famous quartet player was
Vilemina Norman Neruda, also known as Lady Hallé. Indeed, during the last third of the century,
women performers began taking their place on the concert stage: an all-women string quartet led by Emily Shinner, and the Lucas quartet, also all women, were two notable examples.
Toward the 20th century
The Joachim Quartet, led by violinist
. The quartet debuted many of the works of Johannes Brahms.
Johannes Brahms who carried the torch of Romantic music toward the 20th century. Heralded by
Robert Schumann as the forger of "new paths" in music,
Brahms's music is a bridge from the classical to the modern. On the one hand, Brahms was a traditionalist, conserving the musical traditions of Bach and Mozart.
Throughout his chamber music, he uses traditional techniques of
counterpoint, incorporating fugues and canons into rich conversational and harmonic textures. On the other hand, Brahms expanded the structure and the harmonic vocabulary of chamber music, challenging traditional notions of
tonality. An example of this is in the
Brahms second string sextet, Op. 36.
Traditionally, composers wrote the first theme of a piece in the key of the piece, firmly establishing that key as the tonic, or home, key of the piece. The opening theme of Op. 36 starts in the tonic (G major), but already by the third measure has modulated to the unrelated key of E-flat major. As the theme develops, it ranges through various keys before coming back to the tonic G major. This "harmonic audacity", as Swafford describes it,
opened the way for bolder experiments to come.
Not only in harmony, but also in overall musical structure, Brahms was an innovator. He developed a technique that
Arnold Schoenberg described as "developing variation".
Rather than discretely defined phrases, Brahms often runs phrase into phrase, and mixes melodic motives to create a fabric of continuous melody. Schoenberg, the creator of the
12-tone system of composition, traced the roots of his modernism to Brahms, in his essay "Brahms the Progressive".
All told, Brahms published 24 works of chamber music, including three string quartets, five piano trios, the
quintet for piano and strings, Op. 34, and other works. Among his last works were the
clarinet quintet, Op. 115, and a trio for clarinet, cello and piano. He wrote a trio for the unusual combination of
piano, violin and horn, Op. 40. He also wrote
two songs for alto singer, viola and piano, Op. 91, reviving the form of voice with string
obbligato that had been virtually abandoned since the Baroque.
The exploration of tonality and of structure begun by Brahms was continued by composers of the French school.
César Franck's piano quintet in F minor, composed in 1879, further established the cyclic form first explored by Schumann and Mendelssohn, reusing the same thematic material in each of the three movements.
string quartet, Op. 10, is considered a watershed in the history of chamber music. The quartet uses the cyclic structure, and constitutes a final divorce from the rules of classical harmony. "Any sounds in any combination and in any succession are henceforth free to be used in a musical continuity", Debussy wrote.
Pierre Boulez said that Debussy freed chamber music from "rigid structure, frozen rhetoric and rigid aesthetics".
Debussy's quartet, like the string quartets of
Maurice Ravel and of
Gabriel Fauré, created a new tone color for chamber music, a color and texture associated with the
Violist James Dunham, of the Cleveland and Sequoia Quartets, writes of the
Ravel quartet, "I was simply overwhelmed by the sweep of sonority, the sensation of colors constantly changing ..."
For these composers, chamber ensembles were the ideal vehicle for transmitting this atmospheric sense, and chamber works constituted much of their oeuvre.
Nationalism in chamber music
Kneisel String Quartet
, led by Franz Kneisel. This American ensemble debuted Dvořák's American Quartet, Op. 96.
Parallel with the trend to seek new modes of tonality and texture was another new development in chamber music: the rise of
nationalism. Composers turned more and more to the rhythms and tonalities of their native lands for inspiration and material. "Europe was impelled by the Romantic tendency to establish in musical matters the national boundaries more and more sharply", wrote
Alfred Einstein. "The collecting and sifting of old traditional melodic treasures ... formed the basis for a creative art-music."
For many of these composers, chamber music was the natural vehicle for expressing their national characters.
Antonín Dvořák created in his chamber music a new voice for the music of his native Bohemia. In 14 string quartets, three string quintets, two piano quartets, a string sextet, four piano trios, and numerous other chamber compositions, Dvořák incorporates folk music and modes as an integral part of his compositions. For example, in the
piano quintet in A major, Op. 81, the slow movement is a
Dumka, a Slavic folk ballad that alternates between a slow expressive song and a fast dance. Dvořák's fame in establishing a national art music was so great that the New York philanthropist and music connoisseur
Jeannette Thurber invited him to America, to head a conservatory that would establish an American style of music.
There, Dvořák wrote his
string quartet in F major, Op. 96, nicknamed "The American". While composing the work, Dvořák was entertained by a group of Kickapoo Indians who performed native dances and songs, and these songs may have been incorporated in the quartet.
Bedřich Smetana, another Czech, wrote a piano trio and string quartet, both of which incorporate native Czech rhythms and melodies. In Russia, Russian folk music permeated the works of the late 19th-century composers.
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky uses a typical Russian folk dance in the final movement of his string sextet,
Souvenir de Florence, Op. 70.
second string quartet contains references to folk music, and the slow Nocturne movement of that quartet recalls Middle Eastern modes that were current in the Muslim sections of southern Russia.
Edvard Grieg used the musical style of his native Norway in his string quartet in G minor, Op. 27.
In Hungary, composers
Zoltán Kodály and
Béla Bartók pioneered the science of
ethnomusicology by performing one of the first comprehensive studies of folk music. Ranging across the
Magyar provinces, they transcribed, recorded, and classified tens of thousands of folk melodies.
They used these tunes in their compositions, which are characterized by the asymmetrical rhythms and modal harmonies of that music. Their chamber music compositions, and those of the Czech composer
Leoš Janáček, combined the nationalist trend with the 20th century search for new tonalities. Janáček's string quartets not only incorporate the tonalities of Czech folk music, they also reflect the rhythms of speech in the Czech language.
New sounds for a new world
The end of western tonality, begun subtly by Brahms and made explicit by Debussy, posed a crisis for composers of the 20th century. It was not merely an issue of finding new types of harmonies and melodic systems to replace the
diatonic scale that was the basis of western harmony; the whole structure of western music – the relationships between movements and between structural elements within movements – was based on the relationships between different keys.
So composers were challenged with building a whole new structure for music.
This was coupled with the feeling that the era that saw the invention of automobiles, the telephone, electric lighting, and world war needed new modes of expression. "The century of the aeroplane deserves its music", wrote Debussy.
Inspiration from folk music
recording folksongs of Czech peasants, 1908
The search for a new music took several directions. The first, led by Bartók, was toward the tonal and rhythmic constructs of folk music. Bartók's research into Hungarian and other eastern European and Middle Eastern folk music revealed to him a musical world built of musical scales that were neither major nor minor, and complex rhythms that were alien to the concert hall. In his fifth quartet, for example, Bartók uses a time signature of , "startling to the classically-trained musician, but second-nature to the folk musician."
Structurally, also, Bartók often invents or borrows from folk modes. In the sixth string quartet, for example, Bartók begins each movement with a slow, elegiac melody, followed by the main melodic material of the movement, and concludes the quartet with a slow movement that is built entirely on this
elegy. This is a form common in many folk music cultures.
Bartók's six string quartets are often compared with Beethoven's late quartets.
In them, Bartók builds new musical structures, explores sonorities never previously produced in classical music (for example, the snap pizzicato, where the player lifts the string and lets it snap back on the fingerboard with an audible buzz), and creates modes of expression that set these works apart from all others. "Bartók's last two quartets proclaim the sanctity of life, progress and the victory of humanity despite the anti-humanistic dangers of the time", writes analyst John Herschel Baron.
The last quartet, written when Bartók was preparing to flee the
Nazi invasion of Hungary for a new and uncertain life in the U.S., is often seen as an autobiographical statement of the tragedy of his times.
Bartók was not alone in his explorations of folk music.
Three Pieces for String Quartet is structured as three Russian folksongs, rather than as a classical string quartet. Stravinsky, like Bartók, used asymmetrical rhythms throughout his chamber music; the
Histoire du soldat, in Stravinsky's own arrangement for clarinet, violin and piano, constantly shifts time signatures between two, three, four and five beats to the bar. In Britain, composers
Ralph Vaughan Williams,
William Walton and
Benjamin Britten drew on English folk music for much of their chamber music: Vaughan Williams incorporates folksongs and country fiddling in his first string quartet. American composer
Charles Ives wrote music that was distinctly American. Ives gave programmatic titles to much of his chamber music; his first string quartet, for example, is called "From the Salvation Army", and quotes American Protestant hymns in several places.
Serialism, polytonality and polyrhythms
A second direction in the search for a new tonality was twelve-tone
Arnold Schoenberg developed the
twelve-tone method of composition as an alternative to the structure provided by the diatonic system. His method entails building a piece using a series of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale, permuting it and superimposing it on itself to create the composition.
Schoenberg did not arrive immediately at the serial method. His first chamber work, the string sextet
Verklärte Nacht, was mostly a late German romantic work, though it was bold in its use of modulations. The first work that was frankly
atonal was the
second string quartet; the last movement of this quartet, which includes a soprano, has no key signature. Schoenberg further explored atonality with
Pierrot Lunaire, for singer, flute or piccolo, clarinet, violin, cello and piano. The singer uses a technique called
Sprechstimme, halfway between speech and song.
After developing the twelve-tone technique, Schoenberg wrote a number of chamber works, including two more string quartets, a string trio, and a wind quintet. He was followed by a number of other twelve-tone composers, the most prominent of whom were his students
Alban Berg, who wrote the
Lyric Suite for string quartet, and
Anton Webern, who wrote Five Movements for String Quartet, op. 5.
Twelve-tone technique was not the only new experiment in tonality.
Darius Milhaud developed the use of
polytonality, that is, music where different instruments play in different keys at the same time. Milhaud wrote 18 string quartets; quartets number 14 and 15 are written so that each can be played by itself, or the two can be played at the same time as an octet. Milhaud also used
jazz idioms, as in his Suite for clarinet, violin and piano.
The American composer
Charles Ives used not only
polytonality in his chamber works, but also
polymeter. In his
first string quartet he writes a section where the first violin and viola play in time while the second violin and cello play in .
The plethora of directions that music took in the first quarter of the 20th century led to a reaction by many composers. Led by
Stravinsky, these composers looked to the music of preclassical Europe for inspiration and stability. While Stravinsky's neoclassical works – such as the Double Canon for String Quartet – sound contemporary, they are modeled on Baroque and early classical forms – the canon, the fugue, and the Baroque sonata form.
Paul Hindemith was another neoclassicist. His many chamber works are essentially tonal, though they use many dissonant harmonies. Hindemith wrote seven string quartets and two string trios, among other chamber works. At a time when composers were writing works of increasing complexity, beyond the reach of amateur musicians, Hindemith explicitly recognized the importance of amateur music-making, and intentionally wrote pieces that were within the abilities of nonprofessional players.
Dmitri Shostakovich was one of the most prolific of chamber music composers of the 20th century, writing 15 string quartets, two piano trios, the piano quintet, and numerous other chamber works. Shostakovich's music was for a long time banned in the Soviet Union and Shostakovich himself was in personal danger of deportation to Siberia. His
eighth quartet is an autobiographical work, that expresses his deep depression from his ostracization, bordering on suicide:
it quotes from previous compositions, and uses the four-note motif
DSCH, the composer's initials.
Stretching the limits
As the century progressed, many composers created works for small ensembles that, while they formally might be considered chamber music, challenged many of the fundamental characteristics that had defined the genre over the last 150 years.
Music of friends
The idea of composing music that could be played at home has been largely abandoned. Bartók was among the first to part with this idea. "Bartók never conceived these quartets for private performance but rather for large, public concerts."
Aside from the many almost insurmountable technical difficulties of many modern pieces, some of them are hardly suitable for performance in a small room. For example,
Different Trains by
Steve Reich is scored for live string quartet and recorded tape, which layers together a carefully orchestrated sound collage of speech, recorded train sounds, and three string quartets.
|This section needs expansion
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Since the invention of
electrical telecommunication devices in the 19th century, players of a string quartet can even conduct a conversation when they are flying over the audience in four separate helicopters, as in the
Helicopter String Quartet by
Karlheinz Stockhausen. When the piece was performed in 1995, the players had earphones with a
click track to enable them to play at the right time.
performing a trio for voice, piano and theremin, 1924
Relation of composer and performer
Traditionally, the composer wrote the notes, and the performer interpreted them. But this is no longer the case in much modern music. In
Für kommende Zeiten (For Times to Come),
Stockhausen writes verbal instructions describing what the performers are to play. "Star constellations/with common points/and falling stars ... Abrupt end" is a sample.
Terry Riley describes how he works with the
Kronos Quartet, an ensemble devoted to contemporary music: "When I write a score for them, it's an unedited score. I put in just a minimal amount of dynamics and phrasing marks ...we spend a lot of time trying out different ideas in order to shape the music, to form it. At the end of the process, it makes the performers actually own the music. That to me is the best way for composers and musicians to interact."
Composers seek new timbres, remote from the traditional blend of strings, piano and woodwinds that characterized chamber music in the 19th century. This search led to the incorporation of new instruments in the 20th century, such as the
theremin and the
synthesizer in chamber music compositions.
Many composers sought new timbres within the framework of traditional instruments. "Composers begin to hear new timbres and new timbral combinations, which are as important to the new music of the twentieth century as the so-called breakdown of functional tonality," writes music historian James McCalla.
Examples are numerous: Bartók's
Sonata for two pianos and percussion (1937), Schoenberg's Pierrot lunaire, Charles Ives's Quartertone Pieces for two pianos tuned a quartertone apart. Other composers used electronics and extended techniques to create new sonorities. An example is
Black Angels, for electric string quartet (1970). The players not only bow their amplified instruments, they also beat on them with thimbles, pluck them with paper clips and play on the wrong side of the bridge or between the fingers and the nut.
What do these changes mean for the future of chamber music? "With the technological advances have come questions of aesthetics and sociological changes in music", writes analyst Baron.
"These changes have often resulted in accusations that technology has destroyed chamber music and that technological advance is in inverse proportion to musical worth. The ferocity of these attacks only underscores how fundamental these changes are, and only time will tell if humankind will benefit from them."
In contemporary society
Analysts agree that the role of chamber music in society has changed profoundly in the last 50 years; yet there is little agreement as to what that change is. On the one hand, Baron contends that "chamber music in the home ... remained very important in Europe and America until the Second World War, after which the increasing invasion of radio and recording reduced its scope considerably."
This view is supported by subjective impressions. "Today there are so many more millions of people listening to music, but far fewer playing chamber music just for the pleasure of it", says conductor and pianist
Amateurs play a string sextet
However, recent surveys suggest there is, on the contrary, a resurgence of home music making. In the radio program "Amateurs Help Keep Chamber Music Alive" from 2005, reporter Theresa Schiavone cites a Gallup poll showing an increase in the sale of stringed instruments in America. Joe Lamond, president of the National Association of Music Manufacturers (NAMM) attributes the increase to a growth of home music-making by adults approaching retirement. "I would really look to the demographics of the [baby] boomers", he said in an interview. These people "are starting to look for something that matters to them ... nothing makes them feel good more than playing music."
A study by the European Music Office in 1996 suggests that not only older people are playing music. "The number of adolescents today to have done music has almost doubled by comparison with those born before 1960", the study shows.
While most of this growth is in popular music, some is in chamber music and art music, according to the study.
While there is no agreement about the number of chamber music players, the opportunities for amateurs to play have certainly grown. The number of chamber music camps and retreats, where amateurs can meet for a weekend or a month to play together, has burgeoned. Music for the Love of It, an organization to promote amateur playing, publishes a directory of music workshops that lists more than 500 workshops in 24 countries for amateurs in 2008
The Associated Chamber Music Players (ACMP) offers a directory of over 5,000 amateur players worldwide who welcome partners for chamber music sessions.
Regardless of whether the number of amateur players has grown or shrunk, the number of chamber music concerts in the west has increased greatly in the last 20 years. Concert halls have largely replaced the home as the venue for concerts. Baron suggests that one of the reasons for this surge is "the spiraling costs of orchestral concerts and the astronomical fees demanded by famous soloists, which have priced both out of the range of most audiences."
The repertoire at these concerts is almost universally the classics of the 19th century. However, modern works are increasingly included in programs, and some groups, like the
Kronos Quartet, devote themselves almost exclusively to contemporary music and new compositions; and ensembles like the
Turtle Island String Quartet, that combine classical, jazz, rock and other styles to create
Cello Fury and
Project Trio offer a new spin to the standard chamber ensemble. Cello Fury consists of three cellists and a drummer and Project Trio includes a flutist, bassist, and cellist.
Several groups such as
Classical Revolution and
Simple Measures have taken classical chamber music out of the concert hall and into the streets. Simple Measures, a group of chamber musicians in Seattle (Washington, USA), gives concerts in shopping centers, coffee shops, and streetcars.
The Providence (Rhode Island, USA) String Quartet has started the "Storefront Strings" program, offering impromptu concerts and lessons out of a storefront in one of Providence's poorer neighborhoods.
"What really makes this for me", said Rajan Krishnaswami, cellist and founder of Simple Measures, "is the audience reaction ... you really get that audience feedback."
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Richard Primus has argued that it would not make sense for a libertarian to be an originalist. But his arguments impose an unreasonably high standard for a libertarian’s choice of interpretive method, and reflect, like another recent post, a misunderstanding of originalism.
First, he says that the Constitution does not entrench libertarian principles as such. True enough. Libertarianism is a philosophy of the twentieth century. The key provisions of the Constitution are from the late eighteenth and mid-nineteenth century. But for a libertarian who wants to decide which constitutional interpretive philosophy should be instrumentally useful (to be clear that is not I), it should not matter that the Constitution does not perfectly capture libertarianism. Instead, the question should be whether an originalist view would move constitutional law today toward more libertarian results than plausible competing interpretive theories. And here the answer is yes.
First, the original Constitution sharply limited the scope of the federal government and constrained it through the separation of powers. While the Constitution did not much limit state power within state borders (and states retained huge authority even after the Fourteenth Amendment), the capacity of citizens to exit and move to other states gives the individual substantial leverage against most governmental power. Indeed, that structure, at least in an era of low transportation costs, has some kinship to the meta-utopia in Robert Nozick’s Anarchy, State and Utopia, where people can migrate between and choose the bundle for rights they prefer.
The Constitution also largely creates rights against the government, not claim rights to government services. This design favors the libertarian as opposed to the social democratic view. For a libertarian, retaining this design is particularly important today, because future justices appointed by Democrats may try to change it, now that Democrats have become a social democratic party.
Moreover, the limitations on government and the structure of rights reflects the historical truth that the Constitution does emerge from a generally classical liberal framework, a framework that is a forebear of libertarianism. Crucially, neither the classical liberal nor libertarian wishes to facilitate the egalitarian redistribution that is the mark of social democracy. It was James Madison, father of the Constitution, who wrote in his advocacy for its ratification that protecting the “different and unequal faculties of acquiring property” was the first object of government, a sentiment quite libertarian in nature.
Progressives of an earlier era, like Woodrow Wilson, recognized that the original Constitution was inimical to the social engineering and egalitarian democracy. That is why they found it defective. I disagree with their normative political views, but their assessment of the original Constitution has a refreshing interpretive honesty.
And given the relative compatibility of the the Constitution’s original meaning with libertarianism, libertarians have the additional reason to follow originalism: it reflects their rule of law values as well.
Presumably Primus’s counter to these objections is his claim that the Constitution is written at such a high level of generality that social democratic appointees, like those of Hillary Clinton, can adhere to originalism and yet easily read their values into the Constitution. But this claim is false. It depends on the abstract meaning fallacy, the incorrect presumption that key constitutional provisions are written at a very high level of abstraction. For instance, as Randy Barnett has shown, it is not the case that Commerce Clause should be interpreted abstractly to authorize the regulation of any interstate “social interaction,” the necessary move for progressives to give the federal government essentially plenary powers.
Of course, it is true that anyone can claim to be an originalist. And perhaps originalism will be the new progressive constitutional anthem, although most members on Hillary Clinton’s shortlist for the Court have not yet hummed that tune.
But it has long been known that the devil can cite scripture. That is no reason for libertarians to stop pressing for justices who follow the Constitution’s accurate rather than contrived meaning. Orginalism offers a battlefield where the empirical facts of the terrain give them an advantage over most of their opponents most of the time.
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Definitions for verticity, poles of
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word verticity, poles of
The Standard Electrical Dictionary
Verticity, Poles of
Points upon the earth's surface where the horizontal component of magnetic force disappears, leaving only the vertical component active. The term is derived from the verticity of the dipping needle when over either of them.
The numerical value of verticity, poles of in Chaldean Numerology is: 5
The numerical value of verticity, poles of in Pythagorean Numerology is: 3
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Your eating behavior matters. Most people will know this, but some will underestimate the extent of its importance. You must take your eating habits seriously. Why? You eat 365 days a year. On each of those days, you will make many small and significant eating decisions. Your patterns will be a part of those choices. If your choices are mostly healthy, it is going to have a positive effect, and vice versa. Each day matters, especially as you age.
If you are overweight or have high blood sugar, you likely would not be wrong to blame your eating behavior immediately. Most of the time it is a handful of poor habits that may be jeopardizing your health and well-being.
So the question is, how to change your eating behavior? First, you must identify where you are at fault, and address every issue without fail. Read on, and determine whether you are guilty of the following…
Always eating when you feel hungry. It is normal to feel hungry now and then, especially when you are not eating between meals (the best way to make weight loss progress). However, it is counterproductive to eat every time you feel the urge to snack on something. Discipline yourself to wait until your next meal, and don’t snack in between. If you have to eat something, fruit or a small non-flavored yogurt is fine, but a pastry or bowl of cereal is not.
Drinking calories. Calories are not always an issue. If you can control your intake, you can learn to lose weight while still enjoying some of your favorite foods.
However, you must be careful with the calories you drink. They quickly add up and do not contribute to satiety in any way. Often, they elevate your blood sugar needlessly, which means people with Type 2 diabetes especially should avoid caloric drinks.
This isn’t to say you cannot ever have a juice with your meals or enjoy a glass of wine. Just do these things on occasion, and not as a habit.
Not cooking your main meals. Cooking at home is crucial. It is more conducive to eating healthier meals, and you are more likely to enjoy your meal after the work you put in. It also allows you to choose the ingredients you consume. Avoid fast foods and processed meals as much as possible. Again, you can still have them in your diet; make sure they are not staples.
Not having two traditional meals per day. It is unfortunate many people still believe three, four, or more meals a day are the best way to eat. For the vast majority of people, this is wrong. It is unnecessary, leaves you prone to overeating, and keeps your blood sugar elevated throughout the whole day.
Two traditional meals a day are the way to go, at least until you are in great health. At that point, you can make tweaks, but do not be surprised if you find yourself sticking to two main meals.
The list above is far from conclusive but should be enough to get you started.Hospitals in Dubai : Hospitals in Dubai List : List of hospitals in Dubai with email address, contact details and telephone numbers. Hospitals cater to the most vulnerable section of our population. They are both necessary and feared, sought out and despised. The reaction to hospitals, from the perspective of both patients and medical practitioners, depends on the facilities these hospitals have to offer. Some of the best hospitals share a few common distinguishing characteristics that set them apart from other hospitals. The central challenge for these hospitals is to continue to do business and at the same time provide quality health care at affordable costs. The best hospitals in Dubai are dedicated to providing specialized treatment for specific diseases. Their focus is on developing and delivering the best and latest treatment in their area of function. Multi specialty hospitals provide separate wings and departments for separate treatments. -
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November 23rd is National Cashew Day. This year, take a step away from the snack nuts and take a look into the newest cashew product: cashew milk.
WHAT IS NUT MILK?
Nut milks are non-dairy milks made from ground nuts. The liquid looks like cow’s milk, hence the name.
Basic nut milk comprises nuts crushed into a paste and blended with water. Nut milk dates back centuries, if not millennia, particularly in nut-rich areas like the Mediterranean and much later, the southern U.S.
Nut milks are usually quite nutritious, protein- and nutrient-packed: another reason why people who could opt for dairy milk are attracted to them. And yet another reason: sustainability, the desire to eat more plant-based foods for not just health reasons, but environmental ones.
Many people use nut milks as a cow’s milk replacement, whether in coffee or tea, cereal, shakes, cooking, or simply as a refreshing glass of “milk.”
Nut milks are a boon for people who are dairy-allergic, lactose-intolerant, vegan or kosher. They also have fewer calories than dairy milks.
Types Of Nut Milks
After decades of soy milk as the only non-dairy milk on the shelf, the market has exploded.
Now, there are three nut milks, plus non-dairy milks that are made other plant sources. The category is called non-dairy milk, and includes:
Nut milks are shelf stable: They require no refrigeration until the package is open.
Flavored Non-Dairy Milks
In the U.S., most nut milks are available in Original (plain), chocolate and vanilla. Original and vanilla are typically available in sweetened or unsweetened.
The latest nut milk on the shelves is cashew milk.
The people we know who consume only dairy milk find cashew milk to be creamier than most other non-dairy milks, and neutral in flavor, i.e., closer in flavor to cow’s milk*.
We loved the samples sent to us by Pacific Foods. Their cashew milk is:
Make Your Own Cashew Milk
Some consumers don’t like the fact that shelf-stable milks contain preservatives and stabilizers†. They make their own nut milk from scratch.
If the idea appeals to you (it’s an interesting for kids to experience), here’s a recipe this recipe. Look for less expensive bulk cashews.
*Some non-dairy milks taste like their source material, e.g., almond milk has a subtle flavor of almonds. Those who prefer almond milk find this feature to be a bonus; i.e., you get a cup of almond-accented coffee or a chocolate-almond drink.
†Pacific Foods cashew milk contains water, cashew butter (made from cashews and sunflower oil), cane sugar and less than 1% of gellan gum (a natural gelling agent made from the lily plant), guar gum (a natural thickener made from guar beans), sea salt, sodium citrate (a preservative, the salt of citric acid, derived from citrus fruits), tricalcium phosphate (a calcium salt) and xanthan gum (a thickener derived from simple sugars).
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Not only is Israel the spiritual center of the Jewish people, it is now the geographic center as well.
From the Economist (h/t Bob)
Mapping the world's Jewish population and migration patterns
JUDAISM is enjoying an unexpected revival, according to a special report to be published in this week’s Economist. The map and chart below show where the biggest Jewish populations live and how this has changed over the past century. In 1939, Jews numbered 16.5m people, up from 10.6m in 1900. By the end of the second world war, the Nazis had wiped out one-third of them, sweeping away a thousand years of Jewish civilisation in central and eastern Europe. The death toll might have been even higher, but a flurry of pogroms that started 60 years earlier across the then-tsarist empire had sent waves of Jewish emigrants westward. By the time Hitler struck, some 6m Jews were safe in North and South America and in Britain, with 3m more living in the Soviet Union. From 1948, most of the Jews of north Africa and the Levant emigrated. The break-up of the Soviet Union brought the latest big wave of Jewish migration to Israel in the early 1990s.
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| 0.948428 | 255 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Marathi (English: //; मराठी Marāṭhī; Marathi: [məˈɾaʈʰi] (listen)) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by around 83.1 million Marathi people of Maharashtra, India. It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India, respectively, and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. At 83.1 million speakers in 2019, Marathi ranks 11th in the list of most spoken languages in the world. Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi and Bengali. The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages, dating back to around 900 AD. The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. Koli and Malvani Konkani have been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties.
"Marathi" in Devanagari script
|83 million (2011 census)|
|Indian Signing System|
Official language in
|India – Maharashtra, Goa, Daman and Diu, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli|
|Regulated by||Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad & various other institutions|
Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we' and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine. In its phonology, it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and alveolar with retroflex laterals ([l] and [ɭ] (Marathi letters ल and ळ respectively).
Marathi is primarily spoken in Maharashtra (India) and parts of neighbouring states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka (particularly the bordering districts of Belgaum, Bidar, Gulbarga and Uttara Kannada), union-territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The former Maratha ruled cities of Baroda, Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur and Tanjore have had sizable Marathi speaking populations for centuries. Marathi is also spoken by Maharashtrian migrants to other parts of India and overseas.
There were 83 million native Marathi speakers in India, according to the 2011 census, making it the third most spoken native language after Hindi and Bengali. Native Marathi speakers form 6.86% of India's population. Native speakers of Marathi formed 68.93% of the population in Maharashtra, 10.89% in Goa, 7.01% in Dadra and Nagar Haveli, 4.53% in Daman and Diu, 3.38% in Karnataka, 1.7% in Madhya Pradesh and 1.52% in Gujarat.
Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In Goa, Konkani is the sole official language; however, Marathi may also be used for some official purposes in some case. Marathi is included among the languages which stand a part of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, thus granting it the status of a "scheduled language". The Government of Maharashtra has submitted an application to the Ministry of Culture to grant classical language status to Marathi.
The contemporary grammatical rules described by Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad and endorsed by the Government of Maharashtra are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi. Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and the above-mentioned rules give special status to tatsamas, words adapted from Sanskrit. This special status expects the rules for tatsamas to be followed as in Sanskrit. This practice provides Marathi with a large corpus of Sanskrit words to cope with demands of new technical words whenever needed.
In addition to all universities in Maharashtra, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in Vadodara, Osmania University in Hyderabad, Karnataka University in Dharwad, Gulbarga University in Kalaburagi, Devi Ahilya University in Indore and Goa University in Goa have special departments for higher studies in Marathi linguistics. Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi) has announced plans to establish a special department for Marathi.
Indian languages, including Marathi, that belong to the Indo-Aryan language family are derived from early forms of Prakrit. Marathi is one of several languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Further change led to the Apabhraṃśa languages like Old Marathi, however, this is challenged by Bloch (1970), who states that Apabhraṃśa was formed after Marathi had already separated from the Middle Indian dialect.
The earliest example of Maharashtri as a separate language dates to approximately 3rd century BCE: a stone inscription found in a cave at Naneghat, Junnar in Pune district had been written in Maharashtri using Brahmi script. A committee appointed by the Maharashtra State Government to get the Classical status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed at least 2300 years ago alongside Sanskrit as a sister language. Marathi, a derivative of Maharashtri, is probably first attested in a 739 CE copper-plate inscription found in Satara. Several inscriptions dated to the second half of the 11th century feature Marathi, which is usually appended to Sanskrit or Kannada in these inscriptions. The earliest Marathi-only inscriptions are the ones issued during the Shilahara rule, including a c. 1012 CE stone inscription from Akshi taluka of Raigad district, and a 1060 or 1086 CE copper-plate inscription from Dive that records a land grant (agrahara) to a Brahmin. A 2-line 1118 CE Marathi inscription at Shravanabelagola records a grant by the Hoysalas. These inscriptions suggest that Marathi was a standard written language by the 12th century. However, there is no record of any literature produced in Marathi until the late 13th century.
After 1187 CE, the use of Marathi grew substantially in the inscriptions of the Seuna (Yadava) kings, who earlier used Kannada and Sanskrit in their inscriptions. Marathi became the dominant language of epigraphy during the last half century of the dynasty's rule (14th century), and may have been a result of the Yadava attempts to connect with their Marathi-speaking subjects and to distinguish themselves from the Kannada-speaking Hoysalas.
Further growth and usage of the language was because of two religious sects – the Mahanubhava and Varkari panthans – who adopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. Marathi was used in court life by the time of the Seuna kings. During the reign of the last three Seuna kings, a great deal of literature in verse and prose, on astrology, medicine, Puranas, Vedanta, kings and courtiers were created. Nalopakhyan, Rukmini swayamvar and Shripati's Jyotishratnamala (1039) are a few examples.
The oldest book in prose form in Marathi, Vivēkasindhu (विवेकसिंधु), was written by Mukundaraja, a Nath yogi and arch-poet of Marathi. Mukundaraja bases his exposition of the basic tenets of the Hindu philosophy and the yoga marga on the utterances or teachings of Shankaracharya. Mukundaraja's other work, Paramamrta, is considered the first systematic attempt to explain the Vedanta in the Marathi language
Notable examples of Marathi prose are "Līḷācarītra" (लीळाचरीत्र), events and anecdotes from the miracle-filled the life of Chakradhar Swami of the Mahanubhava sect compiled by his close disciple, Mahimbhatta, in 1238. The Līḷācarītra is thought to be the first biography written in the Marathi language. Mahimbhatta's second important literary work is the Shri Govindaprabhucharitra or Rudhipurcharitra, a biography of Shri Chakradhar Swami's guru, Shri Govind Prabhu. This was probably written in 1288. The Mahanubhava sect made Marathi a vehicle for the propagation of religion and culture. Mahanubhava literature generally comprises works that describe the incarnations of gods, the history of the sect, commentaries on the Bhagavad Gita, poetical works narrating the stories of the life of Krishna and grammatical and etymological works that are deemed useful to explain the philosophy of sect.
Medieval and Deccan Sultanate periodEdit
The 13th-century varkari saint Dnyaneshwar (1275–1296) wrote a treatise in Marathi on Bhagawat Gita popularly called Dnyaneshwari and Amritanubhava. His contemporary, Namdev, composed verses or abhang in Marathi as well as Hindi.
Mukund Raj was a poet who lived in the 13th century and is said to be the first poet who composed in Marathi. He is known for the Viveka-Siddhi and Parammrita which are metaphysical, pantheistic works connected with orthodox Vedantism.
The 16th century saint-poet Eknath (1528–1599) is well known for composing the Eknāthī Bhāgavat, a commentary on Bhagavat Purana and the devotional songs called Bharud. Mukteshwar translated the Mahabharata into Marathi; Tukaram (1608–49) transformed Marathi into a rich literary language. His poetry contained his inspirations. Tukaram wrote over 3000 abhangs or devotional songs.
Marathi was widely used during the Sultanate period. Although the rulers were Muslims, the local feudal landlords and the revenue collectors were Hindus and so was the majority of the population.To simplify administration and revenue collection, the sultans promoted use of Marathi in official documents. However, the Marathi language from the era is heavily persianised in its vocabulary. The Persian influence continues to this day with many Persian derived words used in every day speech such as bāg (Garden), kārkhānā (factory), shahar (city), bāzār (market), dukān (shop), hushār (clever), kāḡaḏ (paper), khurchi (chair), jamin (land), jāhirāt (advertisement), and hazār (thousand) Marathi also became language of administration during the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. Adilshahi of Bijapur also used Marathi for administration and record keeping.
Marathi gained prominence with the rise of the Maratha Empire beginning with the reign of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (ruled 1674–1680). Under Shivaji, the language used in administrative documents became less persianised. Whereas in 1630, 80% of the vocabulary was Persian, it dropped to 37% by 1677 Samarth Ramdas was a contemporary of Shivaji. He advocated the unity of Marathas to propagate Maharashtra dharma. Unlike varkari saints, his writing has a strong militant expression to it. Subsequent Maratha rulers extended the empire northwards to Attock, eastwards to Odisha, and southwards to Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. These excursions by the Marathas helped to spread Marathi over broader geographical regions. This period also saw the use of Marathi in transactions involving land and other business. Documents from this period, therefore, give a better picture of the life of common people. There are a lot of Bakharis written in Marathi and Modi script from this period. But by the late 18th century, the Maratha Empire's influence over a large part of the country was on the decline.
In the 18th century during Peshwa rule, some well-known works such as Yatharthadeepika by Vaman Pandit, Naladamayanti Swayamvara by Raghunath Pandit, Pandava Pratap, Harivijay, Ramvijay by Shridhar Pandit and Mahabharata by Moropant were produced. Krishnadayarnava and Sridhar were poets during the Peshwa period. New literary forms were successfully experimented with during the period and classical styles were revived, especially the Mahakavya and Prabandha forms. The most important hagiographies of Varkari Bhakti saints was written by Mahipati in the 18th Century. Other well known literary scholars of the 17th century were Mukteshwar and Shridhar. Mukteshwar was the grandson of Eknath and is the most distinguished poet in the Ovi meter. He is most known for translating the Mahabharata and the Ramayana in Marathi but only a part of the Mahabharata translation is available and the entire Ramayana translation is lost. Shridhar Kulkarni came from the Pandharpur area and his works are said to have superseded the Sanskrit epics to a certain extent. This period also saw the development of Powada (ballads sung in honor of warriors), and Lavani (romantic songs presented with dance and instruments like tabla). Major poet composers of Powada and Lavani songs of the 17th and the 18th century were Anant Phandi, Ram Joshi and Honaji Bala.
British colonial periodEdit
The British colonial period starting in early 1800s saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary William Carey. Carey's dictionary had fewer entries and Marathi words were in Devanagari. Translations of the Bible were first books to be printed in Marathi.These translations by William Carey, the American Marathi mission and the Scottish missionaries led to the development of a peculiar pidginized Marathi called the "Missionary Marathi in early 1800s The most comprehensive Marathi-English dictionary was compiled by Captain James Thomas Molesworth and Major Thomas Candy in 1831. The book is still in print nearly two centuries after its publication. The colonial authorities also worked on standardizing Marathi under the leadership of James Thomas Molesworth and Candy. They used Brahmins of Pune for this task and adopted the Sanskrit dominated dialect spoken by the elite in the city as the standard dialect for Marathi.
The first Marathi translation of the New Testament was published in 1811 by the Serampore press of William Carey. The first Marathi newspaper called Durpan was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in 1832. Newspapers provided a platform for sharing literary views, and many books on social reforms were written. First Marathi periodical Dirghadarshan was started in 1840. The Marathi language flourished, as Marathi drama gained popularity. Musicals known as Sangeet Natak also evolved. Keshavasut, the father of modern Marathi poetry published his first poem in 1885. The late-19th century in Maharashtra saw the rise of essayist Vishnushastri Chiplunkar with his periodical, Nibandhmala that had essays that criticized social reformers like Phule and Gopal Hari Deshmukh. Phule and Deshmukh also started their own periodicals, Deenbandhu and Prabhakar, that criticised the prevailing Hindu culture of the day. The 19th century and early 20th century saw several books published on Marathi Grammar. Notable grammarians of this period were Tarkhadkar, A.K.Kher, Moro Keshav Damle, and R.Joshi
The first half of the 20th century was marked by new enthusiasm in literary pursuits, and socio-political activism helped achieve major milestones in Marathi literature, drama, music and film.. Modern Marathi prose flourished: for example, N.C.Kelkar's biographical writings, novels of Hari Narayan Apte, Narayan Sitaram Phadke and V. S. Khandekar, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's nationalist literature and plays of Mama Varerkar and Kirloskar.
Marathi since Indian independenceEdit
After Indian independence, Marathi was accorded the status of a scheduled language on the national level. In 1956, the then Bombay state was reorganized which brought most Marathi and Gujarati speaking areas under one state. Further re-organization of the Bombay state on May 1, 1960, created the Marathi speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati speaking Gujarat state respectively. With state and cultural protection, Marathi made great strides by the 1990s. A literary event called Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan (All-India Marathi Literature Meet) is held every year. In addition, the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Sammelan (All-India Marathi Theatre Convention) is also held annually. Both events are very popular among Marathi speakers.
Notable works in Marathi in the latter half of 20th century include Khandekar's Yayati, which won him the Jnanpith Award. Also Vijay Tendulkar's plays in Marathi have earned him a reputation beyond Maharashtra. P.L.Deshpande(PuLa), Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar, P.K.Atre & Prabodhankar Thackeray, were also known for their writings in Marathi in the field of drama, comedy and social commentary
In 1958 the term "Dalit literature" was used for the first time, when the first conference of Maharashtra Dalit Sahitya Sangha (Maharashtra Dalit Literature Society) was held at Mumbai, a movement inspired by 19th century social reformer, Jyotiba Phule and eminent dalit leader, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.Baburao Bagul (1930–2008) was a pioneer of Dalit writings in Marathi. His first collection of stories, Jevha Mi Jat Chorali (जेव्हा मी जात चोरली) (When I Concealed My Caste), published in 1963, created a stir in Marathi literature with its passionate depiction of a cruel society and thus brought in new momentum to Dalit literature in Marathi. Gradually with other writers like, Namdeo Dhasal (who founded Dalit Panther), these Dalit writings paved way for the strengthening of Dalit movement. Notable Dalit authors writing in Marathi include Arun Kamble, Shantabai Kamble, Raja Dhale, Namdev Dhasal, Daya Pawar, Annabhau Sathe, Laxman Mane, Laxman Gaikwad, Sharankumar Limbale, Bhau Panchbhai, Kishor Shantabai Kale, Narendra Jadhav, Keshav Meshram, Urmila Pawar, Vinay Dharwadkar, Gangadhar Pantawane, Kumud Pawde and Jyoti Lanjewar.
In recent decades there has been a trend among Marathi speaking parents of all social classes in major urban areas of sending their children to English medium schools. There is some concern, though without foundation, that this may lead to the marginalization of the language.
Standard Marathi is based on dialects used by academics and the print media.
Indic scholars distinguish 42 dialects of spoken Marathi. Dialects bordering other major language areas have many properties in common with those languages, further differentiating them from standard spoken Marathi. The bulk of the variation within these dialects is primarily lexical and phonological (e.g. accent placement and pronunciation). Although the number of dialects is considerable, the degree of intelligibility within these dialects is relatively high.
Zadi Boli or Zhadiboli (झाडीबोली) is spoken in Zadipranta (a forest rich region) of far eastern Maharashtra or eastern Vidarbha or western-central Gondwana comprising Gondia, Bhandara, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli and some parts of Nagpur of Maharashtra.
Zadi Boli Sahitya Mandal and many literary figures are working for the conservation of this important and distinct dialect of Marathi.
Southern Indian MarathiEdit
These dialects retain the 17th-century basic form of Marathi and have been considerably influenced by the Dravidian languages after the migration. These dialects have speakers in various parts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
Varhadi (Varhādi) (वऱ्हाडी) or Vaidarbhi (वैदर्भी) is spoken in the Western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. In Marathi, the retroflex lateral approximant ḷ [ɭ] is common, while in the Varhadii dialect, it corresponds to the palatal approximant y (IPA: [j]), making this dialect quite distinct. Such phonetic shifts are common in spoken Marathi and, as such, the spoken dialects vary from one region of Maharashtra to another.
Older aspirated *tsʰ, dzʱ have lost their onset, with *tsʰ merging with /s/ and *dzʱ being typically realised as an aspirated fricative, [zʱ]. This /ts, dz, zʱ/ series is not distinguished in writing from /tʃ, tʃʰ, dʒ, dʒʱ/.
There are two more vowels in Marathi to denote the pronunciations of English words such as of a in act and a in all. These are written as अॅ and ऑ. The IPA signs for these are [æ] and [ɒ], respectively. Maharashtri Prakrit, the ancestor of modern Marathi, is a particularly interesting case. Maharashtri was often used for poetry and as such, diverged from proper Sanskrit grammar mainly to fit the language to the meter of different styles of poetry. The new grammar stuck, which led to the unique flexibility of vowels lengths – amongst other anomalies – in Marathi. Marathi retains the original Sanskrit pronunciation of certain letters such as the anusvāra (for instance, saṃhar, compared to sanhar in Hindi). Moreover, Marathi preserves certain Sanskrit patterns of pronunciation, as in the words purṇa and rāma compared to purṇ and rām in Hindi.
Kadamba alphabet and its variants has been historically used to write Marathi in the form of inscriptions on stones and copper plates. The Marathi version of Devanagari, called Balbodh, is similar to the Hindi Devanagari alphabet except for its use as words in Marathi traditionally pronounce schwa making its written form differ even from other Marathi words. For example, the word 'रंग' (colour) is pronounced as 'ranga' in Marathi & 'rang' in other languages using Devanagari despite same spelling, 'खरं' (true) despite the anuswara is pronounced as 'Khara' as the Anusara in this case is used to avoid schwa deletion in pronunciation since most other languages using Devanagari show schwa deletion in pronunciation despite the presence of schwa in the written spelling. From the 13th century until the beginning of British rule in 19th century, Marathi was written in the Modi script for administrative purposes but in Devnagari for literature. Since 1950 it has been written in the Balbodh style of Devanagari.Except for Father Stephen's Krista Purana in the Latin script in the 1600s, Marathi has mainly been printed in Devanagari because William Carey, the pioneer of printing in Indian languages, was only able to print in Devanagari. He later tried printing in Modi but by that time, Balbodh Devanagari had been accepted for printing.
Marathi is usually written in the Balbodh version of Devanagari script, an abugida consisting of 36 consonant letters and 16 initial-vowel letters. It is written from left to right. The Devanagari alphabet used to write Marathi is slightly different from the Devanagari alphabets of Hindi and other languages: there are a couple of additional letters in the Marathi alphabet, and Western punctuation is used.
As with a large part of India, a traditional duality existed in script usage between Devanagari by religiously educated people (most notably Brahmins) and Modi for common usage among administrators, businesspeople, and others. As observed in 1807,
Although in the Mahratta country the Devanagari character is well known to men of education, yet a character is current among the men of business which is much smaller, and varies considerably in form from the Nagari, though the number and power of the letters nearly correspond.
Vowel ligatures with Consonant क/ka
क ख ग घ ङ
च छ ज झ ञ
ट ठ ड ढ ण
त थ द ध न
प फ ब भ म
य र ल व
श ष स
ka kha ga gha ṅa
cha chha ja jha ña
ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa
ta tha da dha na
pa pha ba bha ma
ya ra la va
śha ṣha sa
It is written from left to right. Devanagari used to write Marathi is slightly different than that of Hindi or other languages. It uses additional vowels and consonants that are not found in other languages that also use Devanagari.
The Modi alphabetEdit
From the thirteenth century until 1950, Marathi, especially for business use, was written in the Modi alphabet, a cursive script designed for minimising the lifting of pen from paper while writing.
Consonant clusters in DevanagariEdit
In Devanagari, consonant letters by default come with an inherent schwa. Therefore, तयाचे will be 'təyāche', not 'tyāche'. To form 'tyāche', you will have to write it as त् + याचे, giving त्याचे.
When two or more consecutive consonants are followed by a vowel then a jodakshar (consonant cluster) is formed. Some examples of consonant clusters are shown below:
- त्याचे – tyāche – "his"
- प्रस्ताव – prastāva – "proposal"
- विद्या – vidyā – "knowledge"
- म्यान – myān – "Sheath/scabbard"
- त्वरा – tvarā – "immediate/Quick"
- महत्त्व – mahatttva – "importance"
- फक्त – phakta – "only"
- बाहुल्या – bāhulyā – "dolls"
In writing, Marathi has a few digraphs that are rarely seen in the world's languages, including those denoting the so-called "nasal aspirates" (ṇh, nh, and mh) and liquid aspirates (rh, ṟh, lh, and vh). Some examples are given below.
- कण्हेरी – kaṇherī – "a shrub known for flowers"/ Oleander
- न्हाणे – nhāṇe – "bathing"
- म्हणून – mhaṇūna – "therefore"
- तऱ्हा – taṟhā – "different way of behaving"
- कोल्हा – kolhā – "fox"
- केंव्हा – keṃvhā – "when"
Marathi employs agglutinative, inflectional and analytical forms. Unlike most other Indo-Aryan languages, Marathi preserves all three grammatical genders from Sanskrit: masculine, feminine and neuter. The primary word order of Marathi is subject–object–verb Marathi follows a split-ergative pattern of verb agreement and case marking: it is ergative in constructions with either perfective transitive verbs or with the obligative ("should", "have to") and it is nominative elsewhere. An unusual feature of Marathi, as compared to other Indo-European languages, is that it displays inclusive and exclusive we also found in Rajasthani and Gujarati and common to the Austronesian and Dravidian languages. Other similarities to Dravidian include the extensive use of participial constructions and also to a certain extent the use of the two anaphoric pronouns swətah and apəṇ. Numerous scholars have noted the existence of Dravidian linguistic patterns in the Marathi language.
Sharing of linguistic resources with other languagesEdit
Over a period of many centuries, the Marathi language and people came into contact with many other languages and dialects. The primary influence of Prakrit, Maharashtri, Apabhraṃśa and Sanskrit is understandable. Marathi borrows a lot of its vocabulary from Sanskrit.
Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary, and grammar with languages such as Indian Dravidian languages, and foreign languages such as Persian, Arabic, English and a little from Portuguese.
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the noted Hindutva ideologue, writer and poet, contributed to the Marathi language, by coining new Marathi equivalents for words from other languages, mostly English. Prior to these Marathi equivalents, words from other languages were used commonly which was unacceptable to Savarkar. He opined that intrusion of foreign words, polluted the Marathi language, while also rendering the original Marathi words, of the same meanings, obsolete. The following are some of the words coined and popularized by him:
Morphology and etymologyEdit
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Spoken Marathi contains a high number of Sanskrit-derived (tatsama) words. Such words are for example nantar (from nantara or after), purṇa (purṇa or complete, full, or full measure of something), ola (ola or damp), karaṇ (karaṇa or cause), puṣkaḷ (puṣkala or much, many), satat (satata or always), vichitra (vichitra or strange), svatah (svatah or himself/herself), prayatna (prayatna or effort, attempt), bhīti (from bhīti, or fear) and bhāṇḍa (bhāṇḍa or vessel for cooking or storing food). Other words ("tadbhavas") have undergone phonological changes from their Sanskrit roots, for example dār (dwāra or door), ghar (gṛha or house), vāgh (vyāghra or tiger), paḷaṇe (palāyate or to run away), kiti (kati or how many) have undergone more modification. Examples of words borrowed from other Indian and foreign languages include:
- Aḍakittā "nutcracker" directly borrowed from Kannada
- Akka "sister" borrowed from Tamil
- Hajērī Attendance from Haziri Urdu
- Jāhirāta "advertisement" is derived from Arabic zaahiraat
- Marjī "wish" is derived from Persian "marzi"
- Shiphārasa "recommendation" is derived from Persian sefaresh
A lot of English words are commonly used in conversation and are considered to be assimilated into the Marathi vocabulary. These include "pen" (native Marathi lekhaṇii) and "shirt" (sadaraa).
Marathi uses many morphological processes to join words together, forming compounds. For example, ati + uttam gives the word atyuttam, miith-bhaakar ("salt-bread"), udyog-patii ("businessman"), ashṭa-bhujaa ("eight-hands", name of a Hindu goddess).
Like many other languages, Marathi uses distinct names for the numbers 1 to 20 and each multiple of 10, and composite ones for those greater than 20.
As with other Indic languages, there are distinct names for the fractions 1⁄4, 1⁄2, and 3⁄4. They are paava, ardhaa, and pauṇa, respectively. For most fractions greater than 1, the prefixes savvaa-, saaḍe-, paavaṇe- are used. There are special names for 3⁄2 (diiḍ) ,5⁄2 (aḍich), and 7⁄2 (aut).
Powers of ten are denoted by separate specific words as depicted in below table.
|Number power to 10||Marathi Number name||In Devanagari|
|103||Hazaar (Sahasra, Ayut)||सहस्र/हजार|
|104||Daha Hazaar (dash-sahasra)||दशसहस्र/दशहजार|
|109||Abja (Arbud, Arab)||अब्ज|
A positive integer is read by breaking it up from the tens digit leftwards, into parts each containing two digits, the only exception being the hundreds place containing only one digit instead of two. For example, 1,234,567 is written as 12,34,567 and read as 12 lakh 34 Hazara 5 she 67.
Every two-digit number after 18 (11 to 18 are predefined) is read backward. For example, 21 is read एक-वीस (1-twenty). Also, a two digit number that ends with a 9 is considered to be the next tens place minus one. For example, 29 is एकुणतीस/एकोणतीस (एक-उणे-तीस) (thirty minus one). Two digit numbers used before Hazara, etc. are written in the same way.
Marathi on computers and the InternetEdit
Shrilipee, Shivaji, kothare 2,4,6, Kiran fonts KF-Kiran and many more (about 48) are clip fonts that were used prior to the introduction of Unicode standard for Devanagari script. Clip fonts are in vogue on PCs even today since most of the computers in use are working with English Keyboard. Even today a large number of printed publications of books, newspapers and magazines are prepared using these ASCII based fonts. However, clip fonts cannot be used on internet since those did not have unicode compatibility.
Earlier Marathi suffered from weak support by computer operating systems and Internet services, as have other Indian languages. But recently, with the introduction of language localization projects and new technologies, various software and Internet applications have been introduced. Various Marathi typing software is widely used and display interface packages are now available on Windows, Linux and macOS. Many Marathi websites, including Marathi newspapers, have become popular especially with Maharashtrians outside India. Online projects such as the Marathi language Wikipedia, with 36,000+ articles, the Marathi blogroll, and Marathi blogs have gained immense popularity.
Marathi Language DayEdit
Marathi Language Day (मराठी दिन/मराठी दिवस (transl. Marathi Dina/Marathi Diwasa) is celebrated on 27 February every year across the Indian states of Maharashtra and Goa. This day is regulated by the State Government. It is celebrated on the Birthday of eminent Marathi Poet Vi. Va. Shirwadkar, popularly known as Kusumagraj.
Essay competitions and seminars are arranged in Schools and Colleges. Government officials are asked to conduct various events.
Many government and semi-government organizations exist which work for the regulation, promotion, and enrichment of the Marathi language. These are either initiated or funded by the government of Maharashtra. A few Marathi organizations are given below:
- Akhil Bharatiya keertan Sanstha, Dadar, Mumbai
- Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Parishad
- Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Mahamandal (Central confederation of all Marathi organizations)
- Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad, Pune
- Marathi Kavita
- Marathi Vishwakosh - Marathi encyclopaedia project
- Marathwada Sahitya Parishad, Aurangabad
- Mumbai Marathi Sahitya Sangh
- Rajya Marathi Vikas Sanstha
- Shodh Marathicha
- Vidarbha Sahitya Sangh, Nagpur
Outside Maharashtra stateEdit
- Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Mandal, Jabalpur
- Andhra Pradesh Marathi Sahitya Parishad, Hyderabad
- Marathi Granth Sangrahalay, Hyderabad
- Vivek Vardhini Shikshan Sanstha, Hyderabad
- Maharashtra Mandal, Hyderabad
- Vedic Dharma Prakashika High School, Hyderabad
- Gomantak Marathi Academy, Goa
- Gomantak Sahitya Sevak mandal, Panaji, Goa
- Madhya Pradesh Sahitya Parishad, Jabalpur
- Marathi Sahitya Parishad, Karnataka
- Karnataka Sahitya Parishad, Gulbarga
- Chhattisgarh Marathi Sahitya Parishad, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh
- Madhya Pradesh Marathi Sahitya Parishad, Bhopal
- Vadodara (Badode Sansthan-Gaikwad State), Gujarat Rajya, Bharat
- Shri Maharashtra Sahitya Sabha, Indore
- Sanand Nyas, Indore
- Marathi Samaj, Indore
- Maharashtra Rangayan, Delhi
- Brihanna Maharashtra Mandal, an umbrella body of all Marathis who stay outside Maharashtra
- Marathi Association Sydney Incorporated, Sydney, Australia
- Maharashtra Mandal, London
- Marathi Bhashik Mandal, Toronto
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|Marathi edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|
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Online Quiz » Animal Quiz » Cool Dinosaur Quiz
Cool dinosaur quiz for kids and adults. Free and printable. Was Tyrannosaurus Rex a bipedal carnivore? Find out and learn more about dinosaurs. Answers are given at bottom of the page.
Cool Dinosaur Quiz
- Tyrannosaurus rex was a
a. Bipedal carnivore
b. Quadrupedal carnivore
c. Bipedal herbivore
- The name ‘Ankylosaurus’ means
a. Tyrant lizard
b. Stiff lizard
c. Armoured lizard
- In which area of the world was Allosaurus found?
a. North America
b. South America
- The bipedal dinosaur Oviraptor weighed around
a. 2 tonnes
b. 200 kilograms
c. 20 kilograms
- The length of the dinosaur Baryonyx was around
a. 20 metres
b. 10 metres
c. 25 metres
- In which period in history did the dinosaur Janenschia live?
a. Late Cretaceous period
b. Early Jurassic period
c. Late Jurassic period
- The name Apatosaurus means
a. Super lizard
b. Tyrant lizard
c. Deceptive lizard
- Which of the following dinosaurs had bony plates on its back?
- What does the word ‘dinosaur’ literally mean?
a. Terrible reptile
b. Terrible bird
c. Terrible lizard
- During which period in history did dinosaurs first appear?
a. Jurassic period
b. Cretaceous period
c. Triassic period
- Birds descended from a type of dinosaurs known as
- The first dinosaur to be formally named, in 1824, was the
a. Tyrannosaurus rex
- What is the name of the dinosaur in this picture?
- Which dinosaur had a crest on its head that formed as a long, curved pipe pointing backwards from the skull?
- What is another name for Apatosaurus?
1. a | 2. b | 3. a | 4. c | 5. b | 6. c | 7. c | 8. c | 9. c | 10. c | 11. a | 12. c | 13. b | 14. a | 15. c
Image courtesy: sciencekids.co.nz
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May is Skin Cancer Awareness Month. When we think of healthy lifestyle choices, we often overlook the importance of protecting our skin. Skin cancer (including melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer) is the most common of all cancers. In fact, more skin cancers are diagnosed in the US each year than all other cancers combined. The number of skin cancer cases has been going up over the past few decades.
The good news is that you can do a lot to protect yourself and your family from skin cancer, or catch it early so that it can be treated effectively. Most skin cancers are caused by too much exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. Most of this exposure comes from the sun, but some may come from man-made sources, such as indoor tanning beds and sun lamps.
You don’t need any x-rays or blood tests to find skin cancer early – just your eyes and a mirror. If you have skin cancer, finding it early is the best way to make sure it can be treated with success.
Regular skin exams are especially important for people who are at higher risk of skin cancer, such as people with reduced immunity, people who have had skin cancer before, and people with a strong family history of skin cancer. Talk to your doctor about how often you should have your skin examined.
It’s also very important to check your own skin, preferably once a month. A skin self-exam is best done in a well-lit room in front of a full-length mirror. You can use a hand-held mirror to look at areas that are hard to see, such as the backs of your thighs. A spouse or close friend or family member may be able to help you with these exams, especially for those hard-to-see areas like your back or scalp.
The first time you examine your skin, spend time carefully going over the entire surface. Learn the pattern of moles, blemishes, freckles, and other marks on your skin so that you’ll notice any changes next time. Be sure to show your doctor any areas that concern you.
Follow these step-by-step instructions to examine your skin:
Face the mirror
Check your face, ears, neck, chest, and belly. Women will need to lift their breasts to check the skin underneath. Check your underarm areas, both sides of your arms, the tops and palms of your hands, in between your fingers, and your fingernails.
Check the front of your thighs, shins, tops of your feet, in between your toes, and your toenails. Now use a hand mirror to look at the bottoms of your feet, your calves, and the backs of your thighs, first checking one leg and then the other. Use the hand mirror to check your buttocks, genital area, lower and upper back, and the back of the neck and ears. Or it may be easier to look at your back in the wall mirror using a hand mirror. Use a comb or hair dryer to part your hair so that you can check your scalp.
For more information, visit http://www.cancer.org/cancer/skincancer/index
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From MindShift: “No device should ever be hailed as the silver bullet in “saving” education — nor should it be completely shunned — but when it comes to the possibility of bridging the digital divide between low-income and high-income students, devices may play a pivotal role.
Access to the Internet connects kids to all kinds of information — and for low-income students especially, that access has the power to change their social structure by allowing them to become empowered and engaged, said Michael Mills, a professor of Teaching and Learning at the University of Central Arkansas during a SXSWEdu session last week.
‘For minorities and for low-income students who have these devices, it might be their only way to access the Internet, to get information about their own health, access to social media,’ he said. ‘And they’re using that as the agent to change their social structure.’
‘The Internet is about empowerment. If we take away this access because we think certain people aren’t going to use it right, we’re no better than governments who take away voting rights from minorities.’
Yet it’s those very students who are deprived of the right to use their own devices in schools, according to a recent Pew report showing that access to devices is noticeably different between higher and lower income schools: 52% of teachers of upper and upper-middle income students say their students use cell phones to look up information in class, compared with 35% of teachers of the lowest income students. And when it comes to blocking sites, 49% of teachers of students living in low-income households say their school’s use of Internet filters has a major impact on their teaching, compared with 24% of those who teach better off students who say that. In the same vein, 33% of teachers of lower income students say their school’s rules about classroom cell phone use by students have a major impact on their teaching, compared with 15% of those who teach students from the highest income households.”
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Compost bins have distinct features. You have compost bins with one or multiple compartments; you have compost bins available in small, medium, and large sizes, and you also have compost bins that are fully or partly enclosed.
Color is dismissed as an aesthetic feature, but it’s more important than most people think, particularly when the temperatures are low, and you need to increase or maintain your compost’s warm temperature.
You don’t have to choose a dark compost bin, but by having one you have better chances of keeping your compost active.
In this article, I’m going to explain what compost bins are and why opt for one that is dark and why that is an important feature to have.
What is a Compost Bin?
A compost bin is a container in which you place organic waste that is converted into compost over time.
I design compost bins to hasten the decomposition of organic waste through aeration and moisture retention. With the right combination of ingredients, you can create the ideal conditions for microorganisms to thrive and produce the high temperatures that allow organic waste to be broken down into compost.
You can create those same conditions with a “pile” or “heap” on the ground, but a compost bin helps speed up decomposition.
Depending on the type of compost bin you get, it can prevent your compost from losing warmth, and keep it protected from elements like rain and snow. Some compost bins can also fend off pests and rodents, and allow you to turn compost with little effort.
Different Types of Compost Bins
There are all kinds of compost bins, including store-bought and homemade, that can be built using several materials such as lumber, branches, stone, cinder blocks, wire fencing, metal, plastic, and even ceramic.
Below, we are going to look at the five common types of compost bins.
A compost bin is a stationary container that rests on the ground.
It takes longer to produce compost with this type of compost bin because it’s difficult to aerate its contents. While it has a lot of space and you can toss plenty of organic scraps into it, it’s tricky to get a shovel or pitchfork into the compost heap to turn it, which means it takes longer for the organic waste to decompose.
It should take you between two and three months to have compost ready, but that will also depend on other factors like weather or temperature.
Compost bins have large capacities – a good example is this one on Amazon – so they’re large enough to accommodate kitchen waste, and yard waste. But even though they can hold more waste, the materials used to make compost bins are typically not as durable as the ones used to make tumblers.
When faced with extreme conditions such as freezing or very warm weather, a compost bin’s materials can become more brittle and deteriorate. Still, compost bins are a good budget option if you want to avoid making your compost on the ground.
Compost tumblers are large containers on legs with one or multiple compartments when you can place your compost.
Unlike compost bins, compost tumblers make it really easy to aerate the compost. You simply have to use the attached handle to spin the entire container to effectively mix everything inside.
Some compost tumblers have wheels so that you can more easily dump out the compost at a location of your choice, but they’re not that common. Most compost tumblers are stationary, sit on tall legs, and come with a handle that can be turned to mix the compost. You don’t have to use a pitchfork to turn the compost, which means it’s less labor intensive than a regular compost bin or homemade pile.
However, it’s important to note that the more compost a tumbler contains, the more difficult it is to rotate the handle. Tumblers also have a very durable structure that should last years, regardless of the climatic conditions in your zone.
Because compost tumblers make it very easy to turn compost and aerate it, you’ll be able to create a usable batch of compost in a few weeks. Don’t fill it up too much, though, as it will be more difficult for the waste to decompose. When the time comes to empty it, you need to place the wheelbarrow beneath it, turn the drum so that the door is pointing down, and dump the compost on it.
Another good perk of having a compost tumbler is the fact they’re lifted off the ground and are completely sealed, which makes it impossible for rodents or other pests to get into your compost. Naturally, compost tumblers are more expensive than bins, but they’re worth the expensive when you measure the pros and cons.
Kitchen compost bin
A lot of times you’ll have people that want to compost but are taken aback by the fact they don’t have a big yard or garden to set up a composting system. However, that doesn’t have to be the case, even if you live in a tiny apartment. You should be able to compost your kitchen waste, regardless.
If you want to reduce your household waste while still being able to produce usable compost, you can set up a small compost bin in your kitchen. Some of them are small enough to fit on your countertop, under the sink, or in a pull-out drawer, which means they provide you with a safe place to get rid of your kitchen waste.
While the goal here isn’t to create compost from kitchen waste (given that you need more space and a wider combination of ingredients), it’s a great place to start. You can grab the content of the bin and deliver it to a larger compost area in your city. Other places that accept your waste are community gardens and farmer’s markets.
Worm compost bin
Besides being very easy to maintain, worm bins are an excellent way to produce high-quality compost that can benefit your soil and plants. Initially, put in the work to make sure everything works properly, but once you’re beyond that point, it takes very little effort to maintain.
You can place a worm bin outside or you can easily fit them into a basement or garage if you don’t have an outdoor space. A worm bin should have plenty of drainage to prevent the worms from drowning. This will allow you to produce worm tea, which you can use to fertilize your plants in a natural fashion.
A worm compost bin should be dark to simulate the worms’ natural environment, and it should also be properly ventilated for them to breathe. However, there is another reason why you should choose compost bin that is dark.
Choosing A Darker Compost Bin
Finding a dark-colored compost bin is easy.
The only exception is kitchen compost bins because they’re usually built to fit the aesthetics of kitchens (and they vary). But if you have to choose between a black or a white compost bin, you should go for the black one.
Having a dark compost bin allows your compost to retain heat more easily, since dark colors, especially black, absorb more heat. This is because they naturally absorb light from the surrounding environment. The closer a color is to black, the more heat it absorbs from light sources, which is why a dark compost bin is better for composting.
The composting process makes use of heat to break down organic matter, so the more heat you’re able to retain, the more active your compost can be. Naturally, there is a limit to how hot your compost can get before the microorganisms become endangered, but the general rule of thumb is that heat is good, especially during the winter.
A compost bin doesn’t have to be dark to create compost, but it helps if you are in a cold region and have trouble maintaining your compost’s warm temperature.
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Tim Wise’s Definitions
1. How do you define racism?
As with other “isms” (like capitalism, communism, etc.), racism is both an ideology and a system. As such, I define it in two ways.
As an ideology, racism is the belief that population groups, defined as distinct “races,” generally possess traits, characteristics or abilities, which distinguish them as either superior or inferior to other groups in certain ways. In short, racism is the belief that a particular race is (or certain races are) superior or inferior to another race or races.
As a system, racism is an institutional arrangement, maintained by policies, practices and procedures — both formal and informal — in which some persons typically have more or less opportunity than others, and in which such persons receive better or worse treatment than others, because of their respective racial identities. Additionally, institutional racism involves denying persons opportunities, rewards, or various benefits on the basis of race, to which those individuals are otherwise entitled. In short, racism is a system of inequality, based on race.
2. How is racism different from white supremacy?
White supremacy is the operationalized form of racism in the United States and throughout the Western world. Racism is like the generic product name, while white supremacy is the leading brand, with far and away the greatest market share. While other forms of racism could exist at various times and in various places, none have ever been as effective and widespread in their impact as white supremacy, nor is it likely that any such systems might develop in the foreseeable future.
3. Do you think all whites are racist?
It’s a simplistic question, with a complicated answer. I believe that all people (white or of color) raised in a society where racism has been (and still is) so prevalent, will have internalized elements of racist thinking: certain beliefs, stereotypes, assumptions, and judgments about others and themselves. So in countries where beliefs in European/white superiority and domination have been historically embedded, it is likely that everyone in such places will have ingested some of that conditioning. I think all whites — as the dominant group in the U.S. — have been conditioned to accept white predominance (or what some call hegemony) in the social, political and economic system, and to believe that white predominance is a preferable arrangement for the society in which they live, the neighborhoods in which they live, the places where they work, etc.
However, this doesn’t mean that all whites, having been conditioned in that way, are committed to the maintenance of white supremacy. One can challenge one’s conditioning. One can be counter-conditioned and taught to believe in equality, and to commit oneself to its achievement. These things take work — and they can never completely eradicate all of the conditioning to which one has been subjected — but they are possible.
In other words, we can be racist by conditioning, antiracist by choice. That racism is part of who we are, does not mean that it’s all of who we are, or that it must be the controlling or dominant part of who we are. By the same token, just because we choose to be antiracist, does not mean that we no longer carry around some of the racism with which we were raised, or to which we were and are exposed.
4. Do you think people of color can be racist against whites?
At the ideological level, anyone can be racist because anyone can endorse the kinds of thinking that qualify as racism, as defined above. At the systemic level, people of color can be racist in theory, but typically not in practice, and certainly not very effectively. Although a person of color in an authority position can discriminate against a white person, this kind of thing rarely happens because, a) such persons are still statistically rare relative to whites in authority, b) in virtually all cases, there are authorities above those people of color who are white, and who would not stand for such actions, and c) even in cases where a person of color sits atop a power structure (as with President Obama), he is not truly free to do anything to oppress or marginalize white people (even were he so inclined), given his own need to attract white support in order to win election or pass any of his policy agenda. Ultimately, there are no institutional structures in the U.S. in which people of color exercise final and controlling authority: not in the school systems, labor market, justice system, housing markets, financial markets, or media. As such, the ability of black and brown folks to oppress white people simply does not exist.
Having said that, it is certainly true that in other countries, people of color could have power sufficient to discriminate against others, including whites. Although even anti-white bias in those places is somewhat limited by the reality of global economics and the desire for good relations with the West, it is possible for persons of color in those places to mistreat whites individually and, occasionally, collectively (for instance, the treatment of white farmers in Zimbabwe by the Mugabe government). But it is absurd to believe that anti-white racism, practiced by people of color, remotely equates as a social problem to white racism against people of color. While all racism is equally objectionable morally and ethically, they are not practically equivalent by a long shot.
5. What do you mean by white privilege?
White privilege refers to any advantage, opportunity, benefit, head start, or general protection from negative societal mistreatment, which persons deemed white will typically enjoy, but which others will generally not enjoy. These benefits can be material (such as greater opportunity in the labor market, or greater net worth, due to a history in which whites had the ability to accumulate wealth to a greater extent than persons of color), social (such as presumptions of competence, creditworthiness, law-abidingness, intelligence, etc.) or psychological (such as not having to worry about triggering negative stereotypes, rarely having to feel out of place, not having to worry about racial profiling, etc.).
Operationally, white privilege is simply the flipside of discrimination against people of color. The concept is rooted in the common-sense observation that there can be no down without an up, so that if people of color are the targets of discrimination, in housing, employment, the justice system, or elsewhere, then whites, by definition, are being elevated above those persons of color. Whites are receiving a benefit, vis-a-vis those persons of color: more opportunity because those persons of color are receiving less. Although I believe all persons are harmed in the long run by racism and racial inequity — and thus, white privilege comes at an immense social cost — it still exists as a daily reality throughout the social, political and economic structure of the United States.
The fact that white privilege exists and that all whites have access to various aspects of it, does not, however, mean that all whites are wealthy, or that in competitions for jobs and other opportunities, whites will always win. The fact of general advantage doesn’t require unanimity of outcomes favoring whites. In certain situations, other factors will effect the distribution of opportunities: among these, socioeconomic status, sex, gender, sexual orientation, religious identity, age, or physical disability. There are, after all, also such things as class privilege, male privilege, straight privilege, Christian privilege, and able-bodied privilege. And these other forms of privilege exist — and generally provide greater opportunity to their respective group members — even though there are rich people who lead miserable lives despite their money, and there are men, heterosexuals, Christians, and able-bodied folks who are poor. On balance, it pays to be a member of any of those dominant groups. And the same is true with whiteness.
6. What is the connection between racism and the class system/capitalism?
The connections are substantial. To begin with, the development of modern white supremacy was very much connected to the way in which the class system developed, especially in the West. In the U.S., for instance, planter elites during the colonial period used the notion of whiteness (link is external) as a way to split class-based coalitions that often developed between enslaved Africans and indentured Europeans (who were only slightly above slaves themselves). Afraid of rebellions that would threaten their power and their material domination of the poor, elites carved out special legal protections for all Europeans, which placed them above persons of color, and gave them a stake in the system. The landowners and political elites also utilized poor whites on slave patrols, to give them a sense that they were a vital bulwark against black uprisings, and regularly stressed the superiority of Europeans. By convincing white working people that their interests were rooted in skin color, rather than economic need, wealthy Europeans helped link the development of the class system to the development of white supremacy.
As capitalism developed, nationally, internationally, and then globally, elites often used racism and notions of white supremacy to maintain and extend their power. In rallying the masses to support militarism and imperialism for the benefit of the wealthy — as with the war with Mexico, the conquest of Hawaii, the invasion of the Philippines, or several military adventures throughout the twentieth century — notions of racial superiority were regularly deployed to justify those actions undertaken for the benefit of international investment and the growth of capital.
7. Well if racism and capitalism are linked in this way, isn’t the real issue economics? Doesn’t this mean that racism is just an extension of class oppression, and that only by ending class oppression or capitalism can we really hope to address racism?
The issue is race and class. Even people of color who are not poor or working class face racism in housing, schools, the justice system, and the labor market.
More importantly, although modern racism’s roots may be located largely in the development of the class structure, this doesn’t mean that capitalism is the only source of racism, nor that ending class inequity is the only way to effectively conquer white supremacy. To begin, the class system is not the only source of white supremacy. Such notions have also been inculcated by the Christian tradition in the West, and the racialized way in which Christianity developed as a force in Europe, for instance. And today, with hundreds of years of racist conditioning behind us, notions of white superiority have become ingrained in millions of people, with or without active manipulation by elites, and even when those whites are not in direct competition with people of color for “stuff” (as they are often not, within a racially bifurcated class system).
As W.E.B. DuBois noted, over time, white supremacy invested white folks with a “psychological wage,” which allows them to feel superior to people of color, even if they ultimately pay a price for their indulgence of white privilege and advantage. In other words, white racism can now take on an auto-pilot effect, even if elites do not, as they once did, actively manipulate working-class emotions. That is not to say that such manipulation no longer occurs, merely that it is no longer a necessary condition to keep white working-class folks in line.
For those who come out of a Marxist tradition, and who insist that the working class has false consciousness, which leads them to ignore or misunderstand their true interests — and that this consciousness has been instilled in them largely by capitalists — what is often ignored is the way that white privilege, relative to people of color, has served as the transmission belt of false consciousness. By investing white workers with a sense of their whiteness as property — albeit an inadequate form of property, relative to real material well-being — white privilege and racism provide to whites an alternative sense of their own self-interest. As such, the ability of working people to form effective cross-racial coalitions (which would be needed in order to fundamentally challenge or alter the current class arrangements in the U.S.) is itself made less likely precisely because of white racism and institutional racial inequity and privilege. To the extent whiteness confers certain relative advantages to whites, it makes it less likely that those whites will join with people of color to alter the class system or even push for reforms that would benefit all working people (universal health care, more equitable distribution of wealth, greater investment in education, job creation, etc). So if anything, the equation put forward by those who say “the real issue is class, and we need to end capitalism before we can end racism,” may be exactly the inverse of reality. It may be, instead, that before any substantial alteration in the class system can become possible, we will have to attack white racism and substantially diminish it.
8. Why don’t you discuss other forms of oppression, like sexism, heterosexism, etc?
I do. Several of my essays address these critical matters, and I often discuss them in my speeches as well: especially the way in which these systems of oppression interact and interrelate. That said, I do focus mostly on racism and white supremacy. Likewise, others focus mostly on sexism/patriarchy, straight supremacy, ableism, etc. And all of this work is important in order to replace systems of oppression with systems of justice.
9. I read somewhere that you had admitted to being a white supremacist. What did you mean?
My “admission” of white supremacy is far less interesting than some have made it seem. A year or so ago I was asked during a radio show whether I was a racist/white supremacist, and I answered yes, because — as I note above — all of us have internalized aspects of racist thinking thanks to years of conditioning in that regard. I felt it would be dishonest to deny this conditioning, which is something liberal and left whites often do, by denying that we have “a racist bone in our bodies.” So I told the truth. Unfortunately, because of the way we sometimes hear and interpret the terms, “racism” and “white supremacy,” some who learn of this “confession” assume I am admitting to being a closet skinhead, or that I don’t really oppose the system of white supremacy, as I claim. This assumption is false.
I admit that AS IS TRUE WITH ANY WHITE PERSON raised in a racist/white supremacist society, I have internalized certain racist and white supremacist thoughts/beliefs/norms, etc. But the fact that I have been conditioned to do thing x, or believe thing y, doesn’t mean that I can’t challenge that conditioning and choose to do thing z, or believe thing q. I also insist, for myself and others, that although we have internalized white supremacy, this does not mean that all we are capable of is white supremacy. People are not one-dimensional. Just as we are all conditioned in this society to be consumers, and tend to engage in consumerism to one degree or another, it is also the case that we can choose to fight consumerism and materialism, and minimize the extent to which we practice it. Or as men, we’re conditioned to be sexist towards women under a patriarchal system, but we can choose to fight for gender equity and to challenge male domination. People have moral agency and are not mere robots, unable to turn against that which we are taught.
10: Why do you talk about white privilege in society, but not own up to your own involvement and implication in that system? And since you benefit from white privilege, as a white person, isn’t it hypocritical for you to also speak against it?
Of course I benefit from white privilege, and male privilege, and straight privilege, and able-bodied privilege. Though I grew up without class privilege, I now also enjoy economic privilege relative to most persons. There is no doubt about any of this, and I have long discussed it — especially the white privilege part — in my writings and speeches. Indeed, that was essentially the whole focus of my first book, White Like Me: Reflections on Race from a Privileged Son. I didn’t call the book, White Like You: Reflections on How the Rest of Y’all are Privileged. It was a personal “outing” if you will, not only about my privileges, but about my own occasional collaboration with the system of white supremacy.
But it makes no sense to think that if I receive privilege, I must therefore be a hypocrite for also criticizing the privileges and the system that bestows them. By that logic, members of dominant groups should never speak out on behalf of equity. They should just passively accept — or maybe even actively pursue — their advantages, and the maintenance of the system that bestows those advantages, so as to seem “consistent.” Or perhaps we should silently oppose the system from which we benefit, but do nothing openly to oppose it, for fear that doing so might draw attention to ourselves. But to do either of those things — passively accept or just silently oppose white supremacy — would seem like an abdication of all moral agency, not to mention strategic wisdom.
Although there may be an inherent tension between fighting white privilege and receiving it — as I do, for instance, by often being taken more seriously than people of color when they offer the same types of arguments — the alternative (to not speak out) would only further the deafening white silence on these issues, and allow other whites to believe that the only people who oppose racism and white supremacy are people of color. This belief, directly or indirectly, contributes to white ambivalence and white racism, by seeming to vest whites with a personal stake in the maintenance of the system, rather than getting them to think how we would all be better off were that system to fall. Furthermore, to remain silent so as to defer to the voices of people of color, perpetuates the imbalance whereby people of color are responsible for doing all the heavy lifting against white supremacy. How is that an example of solidarity or allyship? Certainly it cannot help the antiracist struggle to say, in effect, “No really, you do all the work, and I’ll just watch, thanks. Because, ya know, I wouldn’t want to draw attention to myself!”
Although whites who challenge racism need to be as accountable as possible to people of color in the way we do the work (see the Appreciation and Accountability Statement, for examples of how I try to do that, as well as the newly published Code of Ethics for Anti-Racist White Allies, which I helped develop, for additional information), the argument that somehow white folks shouldn’t engage in that work in any real way (or at least not publicly) makes very little sense ethically, and is absurd from a strategic perspective.
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|Venice, South Venice, Nokomis, Laurel, and Osprey are five communities that are
nestled along Florida's southwestern coast. The waters of the Gulf of Mexico moderate the
temperatures of summer and winter for a perfect year-round climate. The scenic stretch of
Sarasota County coast line basks in the sun most of the year and temperatures seldom drop
below 70 degrees.
From Osprey, which is the northernmost community to Manasota Key, below South
Venice, fourteen miles of white sand beaches lure sun worshippers and searchers for sea
shells and the prehistoric shark teeth which have earned Venice the title of
Sharks Tooth Capital of the world. Every April, Venice draws
thousands of visitors to its superb waterfront with the community-wide Sharks Tooth and
Seafood Festival. Venice, a water wonderland, enjoys the Gulf , bays, and other waterways
that offer opportunities for swimming, surfing, fishing, and boating - a constant source
of recreation for residents and visitors alike.
In 1994, the population of the City of Venice, was estimated at about
19,000; that of greater Venice are at 87000. The five communities cover a total of 80.3
square miles. Thirty-five miles of beaches line Sarasota County's coast. At the heart of
Venice is the Downtown Historic District combining the best of past and present while
enjoying a modern outlook.
Venice is one of the few cities on Florida's west coast that is not separated from
the Gulf by a barrier island. Construction of the Intracoastal Waterway in 1963 made an
island of the Venice municipal and commercial district and helped maintain the pattern of
growth that continues today. Preserving the original character of Venice, the city created
the Historic Venice District and an Architectural Review Board to ensure that new
construction or modification of existing buildings conform to the northern Italian
Renaissance style of the city's original architecture. Designation as a Florida Main
Street City by the State further assures the city's heritage will be preserved.
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The giant anteater is one of the biggest animals the Trans-Amazon Expedition Team might encounter. There are three species of anteaters that live in the South American Amazon rainforest: the giant anteater, the silky anteater, and the tamandua. The giant anteater is the only species that spends its whole life on the forest floor. That's probably because it's so big that climbing up trees would be nearly impossible for the giant anteater.
A giant anteater can grow to lengths of 6 and 1/2 feet. That's taller than most adult humans. The giant anteater is well-suited for life in the Amazon. Its thick, straw-like hair keeps it warm, even when wet. That's is a good thing, because giant anteaters need to eat thousands and thousands of ants, termites, and other insects each day just to get enough energy to keep their bodies warm.
An anteater's mouth is very small, barely big enough to pass a pencil, but the tongue is very long and can protrude out of its mouth up to two feet. In fact, the giant anteater has the longest tongue of any mammal in relation to its body size. The tongue is heavily coated with thick, sticky saliva perfect for gobbling up ants and termites.
When we find ant hills and colonies, giant anteaters are sure to know about them too. We'll keep our eyes peeled and ears tuned for evidence of this gentle giant.
For further exploration, check out these web sites.
Wilderness Classroom's Rainforest Library: Anteatershttp://www.wildernessclassroom.com/students/archives/2006/03/giant_anteater.html
National Geographic Animal Pictures and Facts
San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Giant Anteater
The Wonder Club: Anteaters
To hear a Giant Anteater, Click Here
How should we change our habits to help the planet?
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|Part of a series of articles on|
Windows Vista, an operating system released by Microsoft for consumers on January 30, 2007, has been widely criticized by reviewers and users. Due to issues with new security features, performance, driver support and product activation, Windows Vista has been the subject of a number of negative assessments by various groups.
For security reasons, 64-bit versions of Windows Vista allow only signed drivers to be installed in kernel mode. Because code executing in kernel mode enjoys wide privileges on the system, the signing requirement aims to ensure that only code with a known origin executes at this level. In order for a driver to be signed, a developer/software vendor has to obtain an Authenticode certificate with which to sign the driver. Authenticode certificates can be obtained from certificate authorities trusted by Microsoft. Microsoft trusts the certificate authority to verify the applicant's identity before issuing a certificate. If a driver is not signed using a valid certificate, or if the driver was signed using a certificate which has been revoked by Microsoft or the certificate authority, Windows will refuse to load the driver.
The following criticisms/claims have been made regarding this requirement:
Microsoft allows developers to temporarily or locally disable the signing requirement on systems they control (by hitting F8 during boot) or by signing the drivers with self-issued certificates or by running a kernel debugger.
At one time, a third-party tool called Atsiv existed that would allow any driver, unsigned or signed to be loaded. Atsiv worked by installing a signed "surrogate" driver which could be directed to load any other driver, thus circumventing the driver signing requirement. Since this was in violation of the driver signing requirement, Microsoft closed this workaround with hotfix KB932596, by revoking the certificate with which the surrogate driver was signed.
Security researchers Alexander Sotirov and Mark Dowd have developed a technique that bypasses many of the new memory-protection safeguards in Windows Vista, such as address space layout randomization (ASLR). The result of this is that any already existing buffer overflow bugs that, in Vista, were previously not exploitable due to such features, may now be exploitable. This is not in itself a vulnerability: as Sotirov notes, "What we presented is weaknesses in the protection mechanism. It still requires the system under attack to have a vulnerability. Without the presence of a vulnerability these techniques don't really [accomplish] anything." The vulnerability Sotirov and Dowd used in their paper as an example was the 2007 animated cursor bug, CVE-2007-0038.
One security researcher (Dino Dai Zovi) claimed that this means that it is "completely game over" for Vista security though Sotirov refuted this, saying that "The articles that describe Vista security as 'broken' or 'done for,' with 'unfixable vulnerabilities' are completely inaccurate. One of the suggestions I saw in many of the discussions was that people should just use Windows XP. In fact, in XP a lot of those protections we're bypassing [such as ASLR] don't even exist."
Another common criticism concerns the integration of a new form of digital rights management (DRM) into the operating system, specifically the Protected Video Path (PVP), which involves technologies such as High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) and the Image Constraint Token (ICT). These features were added to Vista due to licensing restrictions from the HD-DVD consortium and Blu-ray association. This would have concerned only the playback resolution of protected content on HD DVD and Blu-ray discs, but it had not been enabled as of 2017. A lack of a protected channel did not stop playback. Audio plays back as normal but high-definition video downsampled on Blu-ray and HD DVD to slightly-better-than-DVD quality video.
The Protected Video Path mandates that encryption must be used whenever content marked as "protected" will travel over a link where it might be intercepted. This is called a User-Accessible Bus (UAB). Additionally, all devices that come into contact with premium content (such as graphics cards) have to be certified by Microsoft. Before playback starts, all the devices involved are checked using a hardware functionality scan (HFS) to verify if they are genuine and have not been tampered with. Devices are required to lower the resolution (from 1920×1080 to 960×540) of video signals outputs that are not protected by HDCP. Additionally, Microsoft maintains a global revocation list for devices that have been compromised. This list is distributed to PCs over the Internet using normal update mechanisms. The only effect on a revoked driver's functionality is that high-level protected content will not play; all other functionality, including low-definition playback, is retained.
Peter Gutmann, a computer security expert from the University of Auckland, New Zealand, has released a whitepaper in which he raises the following concerns against these mechanisms:
The Free Software Foundation conducted a campaign called "BadVista" against Vista on these grounds.
Ed Bott, author of Windows Vista Inside Out, has published a three-part blog which rebuts many of Gutmann's claims.
Bott's criticisms can be summarized as follows:
Technology writer George Ou states that Gutmann's paper relies on unreliable sources and that Gutmann has never used Windows Vista to test his theories.
Gutmann has responded to both Bott and Ou in a further article, which states that the central thesis of Gutmann's article has not been refuted and the response of Bott is "disinformation".
Microsoft has published a blog entry with "Twenty Questions (and Answers)" on Windows Vista Content Protection which refutes some of Gutmann's arguments.
Microsoft MVP Paul Smith has written a response to Gutmann's paper in which he counters some of his arguments. Specifically, he says:
Microsoft also noted that content protection mechanisms have existed in Windows as far back as Windows ME.
Since mainstream and extended support for Windows Vista has ended on April 10, 2012 and April 11, 2017 respectively, plans to enable the Protected Video Path for Windows Vista is very unlikely.
Around the time of its release, Microsoft stated, "nearly all PCs on the market today will run Windows Vista," and most PCs sold after 2005 are capable of running Vista.
Some of the hardware that worked in Windows XP does not work, or works poorly in Vista, because no Vista-compatible drivers are available due to companies going out of business or their lack of interest in supporting old hardware.
Tom's Hardware published benchmarks in January 2007 that showed that Windows Vista executed typical applications more slowly than Windows XP with the same hardware configuration. A subset of the benchmarks used were provided by Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (or SPEC), who later stated that such "results should not be compared to those generated while running Windows XP, even if testing is done with the same hardware configuration." SPEC acknowledges that an apple-to-apples comparison cannot be made in cases such as the one done by Tom's Hardware, calling such studies "invalid comparisons." However, the Tom's Hardware report conceded that the SPECviewperf tests "suffered heavily from the lack of support for the OpenGL graphics library under Windows Vista". For this reason the report recommended against replacing Windows XP with Vista until manufacturers made these drivers available.
The report also concluded in tests involving real world applications Vista performed considerably slower, noting "We are disappointed that CPU-intensive applications such as video transcoding with XviD (DVD to XviD MPEG4) or the MainConcept H.264 Encoder performed 18% to nearly 24% slower in our standard benchmark scenarios". Other commonly used applications, including Photoshop and WinRAR, also performed worse under Vista.
Many low-to-mid-end machines that come with Windows Vista pre-installed suffer from exceptionally slow performance with the default Vista settings that come pre-loaded, and laptop manufacturers have offered to "downgrade" laptops to Windows XP—for a price. However, this "price" is unnecessary, as Microsoft allows users of Windows Vista and Windows 7 to freely "downgrade" their software by installing XP and then phoning a Microsoft representative for a new product key.
When first released in November 2006, Vista performed file operations such as copying and deletion more slowly than other operating systems. Large copies required when migrating from one computer to another seemed difficult or impossible without workarounds such as using the command line. This inability to efficiently perform basic file operations attracted strong criticism. After six months, Microsoft confirmed the existence of these problems by releasing a special performance and reliability update, which was later disseminated through Windows Update, and is included in Service Pack 1.
Nonetheless, one benchmark reported to show that, while improving performance compared to Vista's original release, Service Pack 1 does not increase the level of performance to that of Windows XP. However, that benchmark has been questioned by others within ZDNet. Ed Bott both questions his colleagues' methods and provides benchmarks that refute the results.
Early in Vista's lifecycle, many games showed a drop in frame rate compared to Windows XP. These results were largely the consequence of Vista's immature drivers for graphics cards, and higher system requirements for Vista itself. By the time Service Pack 1 was released in mid-2008, gaming benchmarks showed that Vista was on par with Windows XP. However, games such as Devil May Cry 4, Crysis and Left 4 Dead stated that their memory requirements on Vista were 1.5x–2x higher than XP.
Concerns were expressed that Windows Vista may contain software bloat. Speaking in 2007 at the University of Illinois, Microsoft distinguished engineer Eric Traut said, "A lot of people think of Windows as this large, bloated operating system, and that's maybe a fair characterization, I have to admit." He went on to say that, "at its core, the kernel, and the components that make up the very core of the operating system, is actually pretty streamlined."
Former PC World editor Ed Bott expressed skepticism about the claims of bloat, noting that almost every single operating system that Microsoft has ever sold had been criticized as "bloated" when they first came out; even those now regarded as the exact opposite, such as MS-DOS.
Two consumers sued Microsoft in United States federal court alleging the "Windows Vista Capable" marketing campaign was a bait-and-switch tactic as some computers with Windows XP pre-installed could only run Vista Home Basic, sometimes not even running at a user-acceptable speed. In February 2008, a Seattle judge granted the suit class action status, permitting all purchasers in the class to participate in the case. Released documents in the case, as well as a Dell presentation in March 2007, discussed late changes to Windows Vista which permitted hardware to be certified that would require upgrading in order to use Vista, and that lack of compatible drivers forced hardware vendors to "limp out with issues" when Vista was launched. This was one of several Vista launch appraisals included in 158 pages of unsealed documents.
With the new features of Vista, criticism has surfaced concerning the use of battery power in laptops running Vista, which can drain the battery much more rapidly than Windows XP, reducing battery life. With the Windows Aero visual effects turned off, battery life is equal to or better than Windows XP systems. "With the release of a new operating system and its new features and higher requirements, higher power consumption is normal", as Richard Shim, an analyst with IDC noted, "when Windows XP came out, that was true, and when Windows 2000 came out, that was true."
According to Gartner, "Vista has been dogged by fears, in some cases proven, that many existing applications have to be re-written to operate on the new system." Cisco has been reported as saying, "Vista will solve a lot of problems, but for every action, there's a reaction, and unforeseen side-effects and mutations. Networks can become more brittle." According to PC World, "software compatibility issues, bug worries keep businesses from moving to Microsoft's new OS." Citing "concerns over cost and compatibility," the United States Department of Transportation prohibited workers from upgrading to Vista. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center said that the rollout of Vista is significantly behind schedule because "several key programs still aren't compatible, including patient scheduling software."
As of July 2007, there were over 2,000 tested applications that were compatible with Vista. Microsoft has published a list of legacy applications that meet their "Works with Windows Vista" software standards as well as a list of applications that meet their more stringent "Certified for Windows Vista" standards. Microsoft has released the Application Compatibility Toolkit 5.0 application for migrating Vista-incompatible applications, while virtualization solutions like VirtualBox, Virtual PC 2007 or those from VMware can also be used as a last resort to continue running Vista-incompatible applications under legacy versions of Windows.
Microsoft also provides an Upgrade Advisor Tool (.NET Framework must be installed and an Internet connection is required) which can be used on existing XP systems to flag driver and application compatibility issues before upgrading to Vista.
Microsoft has also been criticized for removing some heavily discussed features such as Next-Generation Secure Computing Base in May 2004, WinFS in August 2004, Windows PowerShell in August 2005 (though this was released separately from Vista prior to Vista's release, and is included in Vista's successor, Windows 7), SecurID Support in May 2006, PC-to-PC Synchronization in June 2006. The initial "three pillars" in Vista were all radically altered to reach a release date.
Microsoft's international pricing of Vista has been criticized by many as too expensive. The differences in pricing from one country to another vary significantly, especially considering that copies of Vista can be ordered and shipped worldwide from the United States; this could save between $42 (€26) and $314 (€200). In many cases, the difference in price is significantly greater than was the case for Windows XP. In Malaysia, the pricing for Vista is at around RM799 ($244/€155). At the 2007 exchange rate, United Kingdom consumers paid almost double their United States counterparts for the same software.
Microsoft has come under fire from British consumers about the price it is charging for Vista, the latest version of Windows. British (and French) customers will pay double the US price. The upgrade from Windows XP to Vista Home Basic will cost £100 (€126), while American users will pay only £51 ($100, €64).
Since the release of Windows Vista in January 2007 Microsoft has reduced the retail and upgrade price point of Vista. Originally Vista Ultimate full retail was priced at $399, and the upgrade at $259. These prices have since been reduced to $319 and $219 respectively.
Vista includes an enhanced set of anti-copying technologies, based on Windows XP's Windows Genuine Advantage, called Software Protection Platform (SPP). In the initial release of Windows Vista (without Service Pack 1), SPP included a reduced-functionality mode, which the system enters when it detects that the user has "failed product activation" or that the copy of Vista is "identified as counterfeit or non-genuine". A Microsoft white paper described the technology as follows:
The default Web browser will be started and the user will be presented with an option to purchase a new product key. There is no start menu, no desktop icons, and the desktop background is changed to black. [...] After one hour, the system will log the user out without warning.
Some analysts questioned this behavior,[failed verification] especially given an imperfect false-positive record on behalf of SPP's predecessor, and given at least one temporary validation server outage which reportedly flagged many legitimate copies of Vista and XP as "Non-Genuine" when Windows Update would "check in" and fail the "validation" challenge.
Microsoft altered SPP significantly in Windows Vista Service Pack 1. Instead of the reduced-functionality mode, installations of Vista left unactivated for 30 days present users with a nag screen which prompts them to activate the operating system when they log in, change the desktop to a solid black colour every hour, and periodically use notification balloons to warn users about software counterfeiting. In addition, updates classified as optional are not available to unactivated copies of Vista. Microsoft maintains a technical bulletin providing further details on product activation for Vista.
Windows Vista Ultimate users can download exclusive Windows Ultimate Extras. These extras have been released much more slowly than expected, with only four available as of August 2009, almost three years after Vista was released, which has angered some users who paid extra mainly for the promised add-ons. Barry Goffe, Director of Windows Vista Ultimate for Microsoft states that they were unexpectedly delayed on releasing several of the extras, but that "Microsoft plans to ship a collection of additional Windows Ultimate Extras that it is confident will delight its passionate Windows Vista Ultimate customers."
This term was coined as a disparaging substitute for the proper name of the Vista operating system. Use of the term was popularized by its use on The Secret Diary of Steve Jobs, a technology and pop culture comedic blog where author Daniel Lyons writes in the persona of then Apple CEO Steve Jobs. This use is in reference to the failure of Vista to meet sales and customer satisfaction expectations. Lyons published an article in Forbes using the term, and it was soon picked up by international media outlets: Jornal de Notícias, Rádio e Televisão de Portugal, La Nación, The Chosun Ilbo, and 163.com.
Keith Ward of Lifewire said that "Windows Vista was not Microsoft's most-loved release. People look at Windows 7 with nostalgia, but you don't hear much love for Vista. Microsoft has mostly forgotten it, but Vista was a good, solid operating system with many things going for it."
YouTuber and technology media figure Linus Sebastian argues several points in defense of Vista in his 2019 YouTube video. He noted that hardware developers and OEMs didn't follow Microsoft's well-defined guidelines as to the technical specs needed to run Vista. And as such, it was being deployed to underpowered machines that were misleading labeled as "Vista Capable". Also that the new NT kernel that Vista was based off of required re-written hardware drivers, and developers were unprepared for this, and stalled on it in light of Vista's increasingly sour reputation. Vista also featured a new memory management model, which was poorly understood by consumers (and Microsoft did themselves no favors by badly marketing it). Vista was not necessarily consuming excessive RAM, it kept frequently used programs running in the background as a way to smooth out operation (a feature common in most later OSs). And that by the time Windows 7 was released, three years of improved computer hardware and updated drivers provided the OS a better launch and reputation. Despite him opining that it was a fresh coat of paint on the foundations of Vista. He ultimately argued that Vista may be considered ahead of its time: Released to an underpowered hardware market, that wasn't receptive to the needed changes for the more robust OS.
(Minimum Requirements) Memory 512MB (Windows XP), 1GB (Windows Vista)
(Minimum Requirements) RAM: 1GB (1.5GB on Windows Vista)
RAM: 1 GB for XP / 2 GB for Vista
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There are a lot of terms being thrown around in the conscious fashion space and it can be difficult to discern what all of these words actually mean so we are creating a definition series to break it all down, starting with: what is ethical fashion?
Prefer to listen? Check out the podcast version!
What is Ethical Fashion?
When you look up the word “ethical” in a dictionary, you’ll find definitions about morality and differentiating right from wrong, good vs. bad. Naturally, the next question might be: what sorts of moral issues exist in the fashion industry?
Well, there is certainly no shortage of moral concerns in fashion today, from slave labor and sweatshops to racism and sexism. Because fashion exists within existing extractive and exploitive systems, the injustices run deep.
So, while this post will explore various ethical concerns in fashion, we’ll keep the definition of ethical fashion relatively broad.
Ethical fashion is the practice of getting to the root of the industry’s injustices, repairing harm, and building a more equitable, moral, humane future for fashion.
Ethical fashion is generally focused on the people in the fashion supply chain: from the farmers who pick the cotton, to the weavers who create the textile, to the garment workers who cut and sew each piece of clothing, to the way retail employees and corporate workers are treated.
That said, it’s impossible to actually separate people-focused issues in fashion from the environmental ones. It is all inextricably connected. The climate crisis directly impacts the livelihoods of people, pollution directly impacts human health, and so on. We are part of this very environment.
Why Does Ethical Fashion Matter?
This question could lead to an entire book — and in fact, there are entire books that discuss this topic! But, here is an overview of some of the main issues in the fashion industry today.
The large majority of fashion brands are not paying their workers living wages. A brand survey by Clean Clothes Campaign found that 93% of brands are not paying living wages and another report by Fashion Revolution puts that number at 98%. This means just 2 to 7% of garment workers earn living wages.
The majority of garment workers earn less than $3 a day. It takes a garment worker her entire life to earn what a CEO from a top fashion company earns in just 4 days.
A report by the Clean Clothes Campaign found that the average wages paid to garment workers are 2-5x lower than what a worker and her family need to actually live with dignity. This is largely due to the fact that the minimum wage in the world’s main garment-producing countries is not even close to a living wage.
In India, the minimum wage is a third of a living wage. Conditions are similar elsewhere, too. In Bangladesh, the minimum wage is 21% of a living wage. While in Sri Lanka, the minimum wage is just 13% of what a living wage would be.
This problem is not isolated to the Global South, though. Los Angeles is the largest garment manufacturing hub in the United States and is home to many factories with sweatshop conditions. Garment workers in LA earn $5.85/hour on average — and as little as $2.68/hour, according to the Garment Worker Center. Although the city has a minimum wage of $15/hour, the piece-rate system allows for sub-minimum wages.
And the exposé of Boohoo’s sweatshops in Leicester unveiled the reality of conditions in some UK factories as well.
Clearly, this is a much bigger problem than bad conditions in particular individual countries.
Wages are a HUGE topic, so check out this article on living wages for more.
Not only are garment workers grossly underpaid, but they are the first to go unpaid when crisis hits.
When the retail industry felt the impacts of COVID-19 in March and April, fashion brands canceled tens of billions of dollars of in-production and even completed orders. This left factories (who already operate on thin margins) with inadequate funds to pay their workers, causing mass food and housing insecurity among garment workers.
Excessive working hours, unsafe conditions, and violence are common in garment factories. Garment workers typically have to work 10 to 12 hours, or even up to 18 hours as deadlines approach according to Clean Clothes Campaign. Workers may even have to work all 7 days in the week without any days off during busier times.
Sexual harassment is also commonplace in the garment industry, as Human Rights Watch reports. It’s difficult to get a full picture of this issue given the limitations of independent audits and lack of protections for workers.
According to Global Fund for Women, though, 68% of women in Cambodia reported feeling unsafe at work, about half of women in India reported experiencing violence at work, and one third of women in Vietnam reported experiencing physical harassment at work.
Lack of Basic Worker Rights
None of the above should be interpreted to mean that there aren’t garment workers fighting against these unjust conditions. There are many garment workers organizing against the factories and brands they work for, demanding better pay and conditions.
These efforts, though, are often squashed through union busting, unfair dismissals, and threats. The majority of garment workers lack basic worker rights, like the ability to organize or negotiate for better conditions and pay.
Fashion’s Racist Colonial Roots
These labor issues do not happen in isolation. The vast majority of the people who make the world’s clothes are women of color, and the vast majority of those at the top of the fashion chain, earning the most profits are white men. This is not a coincidence or accident.
The reality is that the fashion industry was built, as really all industries are, on colonial systems. Wealthy white (and primarily male) business executives in the Global North are extracting and exploiting the resources and labor from countries in the Global South for their own profits.
We continue to see billionaire executives and billionaire shareholders literally profiting off of the labor of Black and brown women. Looking at this system, it’s easy to see how not much has changed since colonialism supposedly ended in countries like Bangladesh. Remake has a great article on how fashion brands are today’s modern-day colonial masters.
And we can see fashion’s racist roots and present-day realities when we look at their marketing and internal power structures too. Fashion magazines, brand marketing campaigns, and runways have long lacked adequate representation.
And while this surface-level diversity problem is slowly changing, particularly in the past year, we have to look deeper at how holds the power in fashion.
Who is at the head of the most widely distributed fashion magazines? Who is on the boards of the most powerful fashion brands? Who are the CEOs? Who are the designers getting the most attention?
Who runs the biggest fashion retailers and decides which brands get shelf space? (According to the 15 Percent Pledge, Black-owned businesses make up just 1.3% of total retail sales in the US.) Who are the wealthiest investors deciding which brands should get funding and who runs the banks giving out business loans?
It’s clear that we have a lot of work ahead of us when it comes to building a more equitable future for fashion.
How Ethical is Fast Fashion?
To put it succinctly: not at all.
While the issues of exploitation in fashion are widespread, fast fashion might just be the worst culprit. This doesn’t mean that middle-market or luxury fashion brands are necessarily better. There is a lack of transparency across the industry. But, fast fashion churns out the most products the most rapidly and at the cheapest prices.
The size of production means unreasonable productivity requirements forced onto garment workers. The unreasonable timelines for production turnarounds mean that most garment workers must operate at a breakneck pace. Garment workers report not being able to take breaks even to go to the bathroom, let alone to eat lunch.
This isn’t even to talk about the vast amount of environmental and health concerns with fast fashion, which is covered in What is Sustainable Fashion?
For more, check out Why Fashion is a Feminist Issue.
What is Fair Trade Fashion?
Another term you may see is fair trade fashion. While brands sometimes use this term loosely to mean ethical fashion, there are also fair trade certifications.
World Fair Trade Organization Member: Another brand-level certification for brands demonstrating a “clear commitment to Fair Trade as the principal core of their mission.”
Fair Trade Certified™: A factory-level certification that ensures workers are paid fair wages, work in safe conditions, and receive additional funds for community development projects. Something to watch out for here is that this is not a brand certification. Brands may source some products from Fair Trade Certified™ factories and some outside of certified factories, so you’ll have to look at individual product descriptions/tags to see if that piece was made in a fair trade environment.
Fairtrade International: A material-level certification ensuring that producers of raw materials earn a fair minimum price plus an additional premium, among other guarantees. There is currently a FAIRTRADE mark for cotton and the organization launched The Fairtrade Textile Standard to certify the entire garment production process. This standard is still in its early stages.
What Are Some Ethical Fashion Brands?
Now that we’ve outlined the problems in fashion and discussed how unethical fast fashion is, what are some better alternatives? What ethical clothing brands are there?
While supporting ethical fashion brands used to often mean sacrificing your style, the options are growing by the day. Now, there are a number of ethical fashion brands offering a variety of styles.
The Ethical Brand List features over 200 fair and eco-friendly fashion brands to get started with and this guide has our favorite fair trade fashion brands!
In general, some elements of an ethical fashion brand to look for are:
Is there transparency into the supply chain? Do they know where their products are made and where their materials are sourced from? (This is the bare minimum — transparency alone is not enough.)
Do they pay living wages? How do they ensure this? Do they tell you how much they pay or how they determine living wages? (Saying we pay double the minimum wage gives much more information than just saying we pay fair.)
Does everyone work in safe environments? What are conditions like at the factories? Does the brand limit or entirely eliminate the use of potentially toxic chemicals?
What types of benefits do workers have? Some benefits could include: paid time off, healthcare, transportation stipends, free meals on-site, and educational support for children.
What other initiatives are there? Does the brand work with worker-owned cooperatives? Do garment workers have a seat at the table for brand decisions?
Also look into what the brand’s practices are like within their own offices. Does the brand have diverse and inclusive hiring practices? Glassdoor.com actually launched diversity and inclusion ratings on their site for current and former employees to weigh in on how their company is doing. You can also look at the demographic breakdown of a brand’s executives, board, and designers.
The Instagram account @pullupforchange is a good source for finding this information. Does the brand have a history of cultural appropriation? If you do a quick online search, this information should be pretty easy to find. Most large fashion brands — from designer labels to fast fashion — have been guilty of this at some point. @diet_prada is a good account to follow on Instagram to stay updated on the latest news on appropriation, racism in fashion, and other issues.
Finally, look at who owns the brand. Who holds the power and who is making the decisions? Is the brand owned by billionaires or is it a small independent brand?
According to a report by McKinsey, the top 20 fashion companies make nearly all (97 percent to be exact) of the industry’s profits.
So part of shopping more ethically is shopping small. Try to support smaller conscious fashion labels rather than buying eco-friendly collections from huge fashion retailers.
And, consider who specifically is making the decisions and who is profiting off of the particular brand you’re thinking about supporting. You may want to prioritize Black-owned, Indigenous-owned, POC-owned, women-owned, or LGBTQIA+ owned brands.
While you may not find brands that be 100% perfect at all of this criteria, this is a guideline of things to look for and questions to ask brands.
Is Ethical Fashion Just About Consumerism?
While conscious consumerism is one aspect of ethical fashion, we cannot stop there.
When we focus on ethical fashion as merely shopping from “good” brands, we come up against a number of boundaries and limitations.
Some examples of limitations include:
Price: not everyone can afford more ethical fashion brands
Size: many ethical fashion brands are not size inclusive
Time: not everyone has the free time to research what an ethical brand even is, especially as this gets even tougher with all the greenwashing and ethics-washing in the industry
Not to mention, relying on conscious consumerism as the sole solution to creating a more ethical fashion industry is woefully inadequate to addressing the massive scale of the issue.
While the movement is growing and it is incredibly exciting to see, the “conscious consumer” niche is still small relative to the overall industry due to a variety of factors.
We cannot afford to wait until hundreds of millions of people opt-in voluntarily to the ethical fashion movement. Garment workers, cotton farmers, textile weavers, and everyone else in the fashion supply chain need rights and fair wages now.
To leave the livelihoods of garment workers up to the voluntary purchasing decisions of individuals is not only insufficient, but I would argue, unethical too.
Ensuring that garment workers have dignified work and earn wages that they and their families can actually live off should not be optional. And it cannot wait until enough people “buy in” to ethical fashion brands.
Does this mean conscious consumerism doesn’t matter? No, of course not!
We cannot ignore the fact that there are many ethical fashion brands ensuring safe work and living wages for garment workers right now. These brands are offering alternatives to mass production and labor exploitation today.
If you are able to support ethical fashion brands, your purchases absolutely can make a positive impact. They can lead to a tangible difference in the lives of people who work in the fashion industry.
What’s crucial to remember, though, is that these types of solutions are limited and the problems are vast. So our actions pushing for social change should not stop at consumerism.
And, even if you are unable to shop from ethical fashion brands, this does not mean that you can’t get involved in the movement. There are so many other ways to push for a better future for fashion.
Is Ethical Fashion More Expensive?
The biggest hesitation or pushback from people with ethical fashion is the cost. Statements like “ethical fashion is too expensive”, “ethical fashion is elitist”, etc. are common and it’s completely understandable to see why.
Ethical fashion can be expensive relative to fast fashion. That said, there are a few things to keep in mind:
Ethical fashion is not just about buying stuff. There are more ways to get involved in the movement, which are outlined below.
Ethically made clothing is not always more expensive than middle-market brands like Anthropologie and Free People. These brands have dresses at $150-$200, for example, which is the same price as many smaller ethical fashion brands.
Consider cost per wear. While fast fashion looks cheap on the surface, it’s not so affordable if the piece falls apart after 3 wears. Calculating the “cost per wear” of a piece (i.e. the price divided by the number of wears) is a good tool for getting the true price of a garment.
To illustrate this, let’s say you purchase a $200 dress and expect to wear it 40 times over the next several summer seasons. You would calculate cost per wear as $200/40 = $5. Let’s say on the other hand, you buy a bunch of dresses at $40 each but you only wear each dress twice. That would be a cost per wear of $40/2= $20. Which option is more affordable for your overall annual budget?
I’ve actually saved a bunch of money on clothing by switching to a more ethical fashion mindset. This is because I am way pickier with the brands I want to support and therefore buy way less! I enjoy each piece I invest in more, too. This approach isn’t possible for everyone because it requires an upfront investment, but it’s something to consider if you are able to spend a bit more initially for overall savings.
Why Does Ethical Fashion Cost More Than Fast Fashion?
Okay, so all of the above said, we cannot ignore the fact that clothing from ethical fashion brands does have a higher price tag than fast fashion. Why is this the case?
There are two main factors: ethical production practices and scale.
First off, to be an ethical fashion brand, you have to pay your workers well. But there are more expenses than just wages for an ethical production model.
A brand should also be investing in benefits (like healthcare and paid time off), ensuring safe working conditions (this may mean investments into infrastructure if they have their own workshops or support for factories to upgrade), and if necessary, audits/visits for better transparency.
Beyond this, many ethical brands also prioritize things like eco-friendly materials and low impact dyes, which do cost more than their conventional counterparts.
The second element to consider is scale. Most ethical fashion brands produce in significantly smaller batches, meaning that they may need to charge more per piece to make enough money to keep their business running.
Part of the reason fast fashion brands can price their garments so low is that they’re producing so much. Even if they earn 50 cents per garment, they can still make a huge profit if they’re selling hundreds of thousands or millions of pieces.
When a smaller brand only sells a thousand pieces per year, they will need to make more profit per piece, to keep their business afloat.
There are many other factors that go into the cost differences between garments, but these are two important ones to know.
How to Get Involved With Ethical Fashion Beyond Consumerism
We cannot shop our way to a more just fashion system. Ethical fashion brands can offer inspiring frameworks for larger-scale change and consumer choices can make a difference on a small scale. But conscious shopping is not the only way to affect change. Here are some other actions to take:
Follow and Support Garment Worker Advocacy Organizations.
Follow them on social media and subscribe to their newsletters to stay updated on campaigns. Donate if you are able to. See if you can volunteer and join the movement in a bigger way. For instance, Remake has an amazing Ambassador Program that I am part of and highly recommend!
Support Legislation for Greater Worker Protections.
Massive problems require massive change. Support measures for legal reform like the Garment Worker Protection Act in California, which will push to eliminate piece-rate-pay and ensure a minimum wage for all workers. Learn more here and sign the petition here to show your support to California legislators. If you live in California, contact your Senators to make sure this bill passes the California Senate!
Another space to watch is Germany’s proposed due diligence law, which would require companies to address human rights risks throughout their entire supply chain. This law could set an example for the entire EU. If you live in Germany, call on parliament members to strengthen the proposed law and if you’re in the EU but not Germany, call on lawmakers to follow Germany’s lead.
Talk About These Problems With Your Community.
Raise awareness on the issues in the fashion industry with your personal network. Talk about it with friends, family, coworkers. Share what you’ve learned about the fashion industry and how you’re getting involved.
It’s most effective to focus on positive solutions rather than shaming and it’s great if you can bring in these ways to get involved with ethical fashion beyond consumerism. If you don’t feel comfortable talking about these issues directly for whatever reason, you could also suggest a book or podcast that talks about ethical fashion.
Fashion is full of human rights abuses and labor exploitation. The industry must do better. Ethical fashion is the practice of exploring how we can create a more ethical industry.
While the term is commonly limited to our consumer choices, ethical fashion does not stop at where we do or don’t shop. It’s about transforming the industry.
Finally, it’s crucial that we keep an open mind to learn more about these issues, especially because the voices of those impacted and most marginalized by the fashion industry have historically gone unheard.
The fashion industry — including the ethical fashion niche — still has much to learn from these voices and we cannot pretend that the Global North (i.e. economically “developed” countries like USA, Canada, Europe, and some parts of Asia) holds all of the solutions or answers for the entire world.
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This article was first published at the Jakarta Post (11 July 2013)
The 2013 Food Security Goals with Good Policy Regional Dialogue meeting was held late last month in Medan. It was well-attended by country representatives from Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Chinese Taipei, Malaysia and China. One of the recommendations arising from the dialogue was to set common international food security goals.
During the World Food Summit in 1996, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) introduced a comprehensive and multidimensional concept of food security:
“Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life”.
The concept is built on four pillars: availability, access, utilisation and stability of the other three aspects.
Participants in the Medan dialogue generally agree that food security is not only about production; it is not necessarily the same as food self-sufficiency as it also covers access to affordable and quality food.
Yet, as much as we try to send this message to governments in not only developing countries but also developed countries, we cannot shift our discussion from the food self-sufficiency ratio. In Indonesia, full self-sufficiency means 90 percent of domestic consumption can be met by domestic production.
Why do we continue to focus on this ratio?
First, the self-sufficiency ratio of course reflects a country’s ability to produce and this is an essential part of achieving food security. But as we know, this should not be the only strategy to achieve our goal, and food availability is not the only component of achieving food security.
The problem is countries around the world have not yet reached an agreement on other goals of food security.
There were many similarities observed in differing countries’ observations as discussed in the Medan regional dialogue.
First, governments have spent substantial amounts on providing input subsidies (for example fertiliser subsidies). However, quite often the outcomes are beyond expectation given problems with program participant selection and rent-seeking activities. Governments also face resource constraints and are persuaded to allocate social assistance directly to the poor rather than to farmers in general.
Second, there is growing concern about health. Consumers demand more effective food regulations whilst current government approaches tend to only focus on food quantity.
Third, most governments target food price stability as part of their strategies to achieve food security. To some extent, this is related to their trade policies. While net benefits from trade liberalization are generally accepted, the distribution of such benefits and risks posed by trade reform (for example increased food safety risks) are often overlooked.
Fourth, despite the above similarities it is generally accepted that a good policy for one economy may not always work for other countries. Country variations exist.
One aspect that many regional forums have not addressed much is the possibility of setting common international goals. Countries should have some flexibility in setting their national strategies but common goals would help ensure they are moving and working together in the same direction.
We can learn from the Millennium Development Goals to combat poverty. They are simple and, equally important, measurable and regularly monitored goals that are well acknowledged by countries across the globe. Country papers presented at the Medan dialogue provide some ideas about what goals we should have.
Whilst food self-sufficiency may be one important indicator of food security, setting a specific self-sufficiency ratio uniformly for all countries is not recommended as countries differ in comparative advantage and value different commodities differently.
Also, it needs to be clear how increased production should be achieved so that countries do not simply rely on agricultural expansion through land use instead of improvements in productivity through investments in research and development.
In addition, the cost of achieving the self-sufficiency target should be considered. A dataset from 75 countries by Kym Anderson and Ernesto Valenzuela funded by the World Bank on nominal rates of assistance should be an initial point.
Given the increasing importance of food safety, we should also consider the use of an index to measure not only per capita daily calorie intake but also a measurement of food quality and preference.
The stability component of food security may suggest the importance of food stockholding at various levels and institutions, e.g public versus private, national versus regional. It may also be important to assess this stability aspect at the household level. We should also define focused food commodities.
As generally observed in developing countries, while there has been a declining importance of rice and other staples, demand for high-value food commodities such as meat, dairy, fruit and vegetables and prepared food continues to
Setting global goals may not ensure that the world achieves food security. But at least each country evaluates its own country and compares with other countries to get an improved understanding of what worked and did not work.
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Who is being affected?
Australia is home to many unique and different species of animals. Many of these species can’t be found in other countries. Koalas that aren’t endangered now have taken a hard hit from the bushfires. Experts are saying that around 600,000 to 700,000 species have been affected by the fires, and an estimated one billion animals have died. 28 people have died (including 4 firefighters), and over 2,000+ houses have been consumed by the flames in New South Wales.
How much damage is there?
Over 15.6 million acres of land have been affected by the fires. New South Wales and Victoria are the most affected states. Around 130 active fires were burning in New South Wales on January 9th. Two people and an estimated 25,000 koalas were killed when the flames hit Kangaroo Island last week.
What’s causing the fires?
Scientists have been warning Australia that a hotter drier climate would contribute to more fires and more intense fires. For many years many parts of Australia have been in drought conditions, which makes it easier for fires to spread. Based on data from scientists, Australia has warmed overall by slightly more than 33 degrees Fahrenheit since 1910. Scientists are saying the main climate driver behind the fires is a positive Indian Ocean Dipole. IOD is an event where sea surface temperatures are warmer in the western half of the ocean, and cooler in the east. A positive IOD means the average water temperature is cooler pooling off of Indonesia. This means other parts of the country have less rain-bearing weather systems, and warmer than average temperatures. Additionally, the difference between the two temperatures is at its strongest in 60 years. As a result, there is a higher average rainfall and floods in Africa and droughts in Australia and Asia.
How does this affect climate change?
New South Wales is seeing some of the worst smoke pollution and air quality. Their air quality is now rated the third worst of all major cities. Although Australia’s normal weather typically contains some bushfires, this year has been a lot worse than normal. Once fires have started, embers can be blown by the wind which causes blazes to spread to new areas. Additionally, Pyrocumulonimbus clouds can be formed from the smoke and can cause lightning and downbursts of rain. Lightning can then cause more fires to form.
Australia’s worst fires
Australia’s deadliest bushfire disaster was “Black Saturday” in February 2009, when 180 people died in Victoria. 1983 Ash Wednesday’ South Australia killed 75 people. Lastly, the fire of 1967 ‘Black Tuesday’, in Tasmania claimed 62 lives.
What can you do to help?
You can donate to charities that are helping the firefighters, families, and protecting the animals.
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- RENNES, France (Reuters) - France on Monday reported a new case of mad
cow disease, the country's 31st of the bovine brain-wasting illness in
the country since 1990.
- The disease-stricken cow, found in a
herd in the Brittany town of Plonevez du Faou, was born in 1992, after
a 1990 ban was imposed on cattle feed containing ground-up animal parts,
an Agriculture Ministry official said.
- The 306 cows in the herd were slaughtered
on Sunday and their carcasses would be incinerated, the official said.
Most of the cases of mad cow disease in France have been found in the west
of the country. The 30th case was declared on Saturday in the Sarthe department.
- The European Union imposed a worldwide
ban on British beef imports in March 1996 after the government there acknowledged
the possibility that bovine spongiform encephalopathy, the scientific name
for mad cow disease, could be transmitted to humans, in the form of a new
variant of the deadly Creutzfeldt Jacob disease.
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Following are the narrations that are most shared during the month of Ramadan
1. Veil Between Allah and His Slaves Lifted at the Time of Breaking the Fast
“Moosa (peace be upon him) said: ‘O Lord, You have honoured me by speaking to me directly. Will You give anyone else something like this?’ And Allah revealed: ‘O Moosa, I have slaves whom I will bring forth at the end of time, and I will honour them with the month of Ramadan, and I will be closer to one of them than to you, because you have spoken to Me when there are 70,000 veils between Me and you, but when the ummah of Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) fasts until their lips turn white and their faces turn yellow, I will lift the veil between Me and them at the time they break their fast. O Moosa, glad tidings to the one whose liver thirsts and whose stomach hungers in Ramadan.”
2. Hadeeth about the beginning, middle and end of Ramadan
“The beginning of Ramadan is mercy, its middle is forgiveness, and its end sees (the) freedom (of individuals) from the fire“
Ruling: Da’eef Jiddan (Very weak)
There is no evidence for this, rather the bounty of Allah is immense, all of Ramadan is mercy and forgiveness, and there are those whom Allah ransoms from the Fire every night and at the time of breaking the fast, as is proven by the ahaadeeth.
(Collected by Ibn Abi Dunya in ‘Fadhaa’ilu shahri Ramadhaan’ (37), and declared ‘Dha’eef Jiddan by Shaikh AlAlbaani in ‘Ad dha’eefah’ (4/1569)).
3. Weakness of a hadeeth about the virtues of Ramadan
“Whoever draws near to Allah during this month (Ramadan) by doing some good deeds is like one who does an obligatory action at any other time, and the one who does an obligatory action during this month is like one who does seventy obligatory actions at any other times..”
4. The hadeeth about the Trumpet blast on the fifteenth day of Ramadan if it happens to be a Friday
“On the fifteenth of Ramadan, the night before Friday, there will be a panic (Trumpet blast) that will wake the one who is asleep, startle the one who is awake, and bring the women out of their seclusion, and on that day there will be a lot of earthquakes.”
Ruling: This hadeeth is fabricated and falsely attributed to the Messenger of Allah (s).
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The physiological changes occurring during pregnancy that may affect activity and exercise can be divided into four main sections (Paisley, Jo & Price, 2003):
- Cardiovascular shifts such as cardiac output increasing by up to 50%, resting heart rate increasing and blood volume rising by approximately 45%.
- Respiratory changes such as minute ventilation increasing by 50% and an increase in tidal volume and resting oxygen demand.
- Metabolic changes including required energy intake increasing by 300kcal/day and plasma glucose significantly decreasing after 45 minutes or more of exercise.
- Musculoskeletal adaptations such as an increase in joint laxity, weight gain and increase of lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis.
Benefits of Activity & Exercise during Pregnancy
A 2006 Cochrane Review concluded that, although regular aerobic exercise during pregnancy appears to improve (or maintain) physical fitness, there is a lack of evidence regarding risks and benefits for the woman or her baby (Kramer & McDonald, 2006). However, exercise is associated with fewer discomforts of pregnancy and exercising earlier in pregnancy is associated with fewer negative symptoms later on in pregnancy (Sternfeld, 1997). The lack of evidence for any harmful effects of exercise on pregnancy outcome indicates that, for healthy, well-nourished women, exercise during pregnancy is safe (ACOG, 2002).
Contraindications & Cautions to Exercise in Pregnancy
If the woman has been a regular exerciser prior to becoming pregnant, then if she wishes, she can continue her program during her first trimester (weeks 1-14). During this time, lay down the groundwork for good posture and technique for the coming months.
Through the later stages of pregnancy, adaptations will need to be made to any program to keep it safe and comfortable. There are, however, a number of published contraindications to exercise in pregnancy from The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologist (ACOG), which are reflected in a statement from the RCOG (2006).
Absolute Contraindications to Aerobic Exercise during Pregnancy (ACOG)
- Hemodynamically significant heart disease
- Restrictive lung disease
- Incompetent cervix/cerclage
- Multiple gestation at risk for premature labor
- Persistent second or third trimester bleeding
- Placenta previa after 26 weeks' gestation
- Premature labor during the current pregnancy
- Ruptured membranes
- Pregnancy-induced hypertension
Relative Contraindications to Aerobic Exercise during Pregnancy (ACOG)
- Severe anemia
- Unevaluated maternal cardiac arrhythmia
- Chronic bronchitis
- Poorly controlled type I diabetes
- Extremely obese or underweight
- History of extremely sedentary lifestyle
- Intrauterine growth restriction in current pregnancy
- Poorly controlled hypertension/preeclampsia
- Orthopedic limitations
- Poorly controlled seizure disorder
- Poorly controlled thyroid disease
- Heavy smoker
In addition, remember to continually screen your clients and gain feedback from them to ensure they are comfortable, and be alert for any warning signs such as calf pain or swelling, dyspnoea before exertion, chest pain, pelvic girdle pain and muscle weakness.
Practical Gym Equipment Considerations
Most equipment in the gym can be used comfortably in early pregnancy, but may become uncomfortable or inaccessible as pregnancy progresses. Machines such as the stepper and cross trainer could take the pelvis and lower back out of alignment and cause a grinding feeling, so reduce range of movement accordingly and coach the woman to keep hips level. Ensure feet are straight too, to minimize twisting of the pelvis.
With the cycle, as the woman gets bigger, it may be necessary to lower the saddle to get on and off more easily and to help keep the pelvis stable. Higher handlebars encourage a more upright posture, allow space for the growing baby and help alleviate lower-back pain. The treadmill is a good choice throughout pregnancy.
The rower will become more difficult to use as pregnancy progresses. Knee alignment may be compromised as they bow outwards to avoid the growing abdomen. As the body gets larger, the pelvis becomes more unstable and the center of gravity changes, so allow more time to get on and off equipment generally, and moving from one machine to another. There is a chance of falling if the woman tries to rush.
The use of dumbbells and barbells also needs careful consideration. Reduced joint stability requires that technique is perfect throughout each repetition, ensuring that there is no joint hyperextension or misalignment. Reducing speed of performance can help the woman maintain alignment.
Wide-stance exercises such as wide squats and large side steps could increase discomfort or dysfunction in the pelvis, so these movements should be performed at a moderate, comfortable width. The large, powerful kicking and punching moves in a ‘combat’ style session are inappropriate for the same reason. With Pilates and yoga-style activities and stretches, reduce range of movement to avoid hyperextension and eliminate prone and supine postures. After about 16 weeks, guidelines recommend no lying on the back due to the risk of supine hypotension.
Try to keep intensity of CV training moderate: 6-7 (on CR10 scale) or 12-14 (on Borg scale). Intervals are a great way of moderating intensity. With resistance training, from about 14-16 weeks onwards, reduce weights to around 70% of pre-pregnancy resistance and aim for 10-15 repetitions to stay comfortable and maintain technique.
- ACOG Committee Opinion No. 267. (2002; Reaffirmed 2009). Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Retrieved from: http://mail.ny.acog.org/website/SMIPodcast/Exercise.pdf.
- Kramer, M.S. & McDonald, S.W. (2006). Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3: 000180.
- Paisley, T.S., Jo, E.A. & Price, R.J. Jr. (2003). Exercise during pregnancy: A practical approach. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 2: 325-330.
- RCOG. (2006). Exercise in pregnancy statement No. 4. Retrieved from: http://www.rcog.org.uk/womens-health/clinical-guidance/exercise-pregnancy.
- Sternfeld, B. (1997). Physical activity and pregnancy outcome, review and recommendations. Sports Medicine, 23(1): 33-47.
Source: Fitpro Network
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On Feb. 18, 2012, the inaugural World CSR Day brought together global representatives from both the private and public sector to share experiences, challenges and opportunities to build a better society. Fast-forward to the year 2020, that inaugural event turned out to be a harbinger for things to come. Eight years later, we regularly see people vow to use only metal straws, cities banning plastic bags, and corporations pledging to go carbon neutral.
In fact, I’m proud to say that this past fall, Dell Technologies announced our new social impact plan for the next decade, Progress Made Real, in which we made a promise to use our global scale, broad technology portfolio and expertise to yield meaningful and measurable impact on society and the planet. With this plan, we outlined a series of aggressive “moonshot” goals that we hope to accomplish by 2030. Today, I’m asking for your support in helping us achieve one of those goals.
The plan stated that by 2030, for every product a customer buys, we will reuse or recycle an equivalent product. To help us do just that, Dell Technologies is hosting the Erase E-Waste Sweepstakes, inviting U.S.-based K-12 schools to recycle used consumer electronics for a chance to win technology for their classrooms.
“E-waste,” short for electronic waste, describes discarded electrical or electronic devices, including used computers, televisions, smart phones, and laptops. E-waste is one of the fastest-growing global waste streams. According to an United Nations University report, we are expected to see over 52 million tons of e-waste by 2021 and currently, only 20% of electronics are recycled responsibly. When not recycled, electronics typically end up in landfills, where they can leach toxins like lead, mercury and cadmium into the soil and groundwater.
By registering for the Dell Erase E-Waste Sweepstakes, schools will automatically receive a sustainability kit, with information on how to recycle electronics responsibility, tips for setting up a recycling drive, sustainability education resources as well as templates to help participants promote.
In addition to advancing sustainability, we are also committed to transforming lives through technology. This sweepstakes was a perfect opportunity to tie the Dell Erase E-Waste initiative to driving transformation in education. As such, those U.S. schools that pledge to recycle and share on social media about their recycling drive are automatically entered to win a collaborative learning space.
We know that digital tools help deepen learning and develop future readiness for students. That’s why Dell Technologies supports school districts in designing student-centric learning environments, inspiring students to lead their own path of discovery.
If you are a student, teacher, administrator, parent or just a concerned citizen, we’d encourage you to work with your schools to help set up a recycling drive, and post about it using #EraseEwasteSweepstakes.
Dell Technologies is committed to driving human progress. Through our reach, technology and people, we strive to create a positive and lasting impact on humankind and the planet.
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A 9 month old infant with severe eczematous rash is seen by his pediatrician. His mother reports that he has had this rash since 6 months of life when bottle feeding started. The skin rash did not respond to 1% hydrocortisone treatment and it has worsened in the past few weeks. On exam, he is noted to have generalized dry skin with subacute eczematous lesions on both cheeks and the extensor surfaces of his extremities without other abnormal findings. A diagnosis of cow's milk allergy is suspected which is confirmed by a highly positive CAP-RAST test for milk specific IgE antibody. He is successfully treated with 1% hydrocortisone cream, daily cetirizine (antihistamine), avoidance of cow's milk and dairy products, and a trial of soy milk formula feeding. His skin rash is controlled well within 2 weeks and this totally disappears after 1 year of age. At 3 years of age, cow's milk is accidentally given to him, however, no skin rash or other reaction is noticed. A cow's milk challenge is given to him in the physician's office and no reaction is noted. His cow's milk allergy has spontaneously resolved and he has no further problems with milk or dairy products.
A 3 year old girl is brought to a pediatrician's office immediately since she develops her second episode of hives on her face and torso with dry coughing after eating peanut butter. Exam findings reveal normal vital signs, generalized expiratory wheezing and generalized urticaria. The symptoms respond well to diphenhydramine, subcutaneous epinephrine and an albuterol nebulizer treatment. Subsequently, she is evaluated by an allergist for possible peanut allergy. Her skin test demonstrates a strongly positive skin test (2 cm) and a CAP-RAST test shows a high level of peanut-specific IgE. Peanut avoidance is recommended. Her parents are given instructions on antihistamine and EpiPen use. In pre-school, she develops difficulty breathing and urticaria after eating a cookie given to her by another child. An ambulance is called and she is treated in an emergency department. At age 10, while on a school field trip, she develops urticaria, wheezing and she passes out after eating chili for lunch. An ambulance is called and she is treated with IV epinephrine, diphenhydramine, cimetidine and methylprednisolone for anaphylactic shock.
A 16 year old female with seasonal allergic rhinitis is referred to see an allergist for evaluation of recurrent itching and swelling of her lips and tongue after eating bananas. The symptoms develop immediately after eating bananas and spontaneously resolve in 45 minutes. There is no history of sore throat, breathing difficulty, wheezing, GI symptoms, or skin rash. Physical examination at the visit are essentially normal. A skin test with a commercial extract yields a negative result; however, a skin test with fresh banana gives a positive result which confirms a diagnosis of oral allergy syndrome.
An 11 month old boy develops a rash around his mouth after eating eggs. He is treated with hydrocortisone cream. He is taken to his physician and his parents ask if he might be allergic to eggs. A RAST test for eggs is ordered and the result is 1+ (very low). His parents are informed that he is not allergic to eggs. His parents feed him some scrambled eggs two days later and he immediately develops hives and wheezing. He is treated with diphenhydramine, subcutaneous epinephrine and albuterol in an emergency department, where his parents are informed that he is probably allergic to eggs.
The four case scenarios illustrate common presentations, diagnostic work up approaches and management of food allergies. Food allergies are an increasing problem in westernized countries. Although an unpleasant reaction to food is often thought to be a food allergic reaction, only 8% of children under 3 years of age and roughly 2% of the adult population are affected by food allergies, which are mediated by an allergic/immune mechanism (e.g., IgE mediated). An adverse food reaction is a general term for a clinically abnormal response to an ingested food or food additive. Adverse food reactions may be caused by food hypersensitivity (allergy) or food intolerance. Food intolerance is a descriptive term of an abnormal physiologic response to an ingested food or food additive. The response is not immunologic in nature and it may be caused by many factors such as a toxic contaminant (such as histamine in scombroid fish poisoning or toxins secreted by Salmonella or Shigella), pharmacologic properties of the food (such as caffeine in coffee or tyramine in aged cheese) and idiosyncratic responses or host factors (such as lactase deficiency).
Food allergy, with acute onset of symptoms after ingestion, is IgE-dependent and potentially involves 4 major target organs: skin, GI, respiratory tract and cardiovascular systems. Acute urticaria and angioedema are the most common food allergic reactions, but the reaction may be a severe, life threatening event, such as anaphylactic shock. In fact, food allergies account for a large proportion of anaphylaxis cases in the United States. Other forms of acute presentations include: oral allergy syndrome, immediate gastrointestinal reaction (nausea, emesis, and diarrhea), anaphylaxis, rhinitis, asthma, and exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Delayed onset of food allergy symptoms includes atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic gastroenteropathies, dietary protein enterocolitis, dietary protein proctitis, dietary protein enteropathy, celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. This chapter will focus on the IgE mediated food allergies.
Atopic dermatitis is a mixed IgE and cell mediated disease. There is substantial evidence indicating that food allergies cause many cases of atopic dermatitis in children, although food allergy is rarely a trigger of atopic dermatitis in adults. In a study, food allergies were found in 35% of children with moderate-severe atopic dermatitis (4). The skin lesions are generally provoked by an oral food challenge and are resolved by avoidance of the causal foods.
The pattern of food allergy in children is somewhat different from that in adults. The most common foods that cause problems in children are eggs, milk, peanut, soy, wheat, and fish. Most children will outgrow food allergy for eggs, milk or soy by age 4. In contrast, food allergies for shellfish (shrimp, crayfish, lobster, and crab), fish, peanuts and tree nuts are usually life-long.
An association of food allergy and latex allergy has been reported and confirmed. Approximately 30-50% of individuals who are allergic to natural rubber latex show an associated hypersensitivity to some fruits and vegetables (known as latex-fruit syndrome) such as avocados, bananas, chestnuts, kiwi, peaches, tomatoes, potatoes and bell peppers. Individuals who are allergic to pollens may produce specific IgE antibodies directed to homologous allergens of both pollens and fresh fruits/vegetables such as: 1) birch pollen with apples, peaches, pears, almonds, hazelnuts, potatoes and carrots. 2) ragweed pollen with melons and bananas. 3) mug wort pollen with celery and carrots. 4) grass pollen with tomatoes. This cross reactivity accounts for oral allergy syndrome in individuals with seasonal allergic rhinitis. The classic presentation of oral allergy syndrome is an acute episode of swelling, itching, tingling sensation, angioedema of lips or palate and erythematous mucosa localized only in the oral cavity after eating certain fresh fruits and/or vegetables (such as bananas, apples, peaches, carrots, melons, tomatoes) but not cooked fruits or vegetables since the allergens for oral allergy syndrome are heat labile.
In general, individuals do not develop clinical symptoms after being exposed to food allergens in the GI tract since the mucosal immune system and local GI factors (including intestinal epithelial cells, dendritic cells, T cells, mediators and gut flora) induce a state of unresponsiveness known as oral intolerance. Food allergy develops in genetically predisposed persons when oral intolerance fails to develop properly. In infants, the developmental immaturity of various components of the gut barrier and immune system increases the risk of developing food allergies during the first few years of life. The maturation of the gut with reduced systemic absorption and maturation of immune responses are thought to be the mechanism explaining why children outgrow food allergies or develop tolerance. Acute IgE-mediated reactions develop when food specific IgE antibodies residing on mast cells and basophils, bind circulating food allergens and activate the cells to release a number of potent mediators and cytokines. The pathogenesis of cell-mediated food allergy or delayed onset types remains unclear.
The diagnostic approach begins with the medical history and physical examination, followed by appropriate diagnostic tests. The goal is to determine whether the patient is likely to have experienced an adverse reaction to food involving an immunologic (allergic) mechanism. One should obtain information on: 1) the suspected food, 2) the quantity of the ingested food, 3) the time between ingestion and development of the symptoms, 4) description of the symptoms, 5) whether similar symptoms developed on other occasions when the food was eaten, 6) whether other factors (such as exercise) are necessary to provoke the reaction, and 7) the time since the last reaction. If an allergic reaction is suspected, it is essential to categorize reactions mechanistically (i.e., IgE mediated or non-IgE mediated) because subsequent diagnostic tests depend on the suspected mechanism. Most of the histories are useful and reliable only when the reactions are acute in onset such as with acute urticaria or anaphylaxis. In the case of delayed onset of symptoms such as atopic dermatitis, the history is often unreliable in implicating the offending allergens.
There are three methods to more definitely confirm or rule out IgE mediated food allergies: 1) Skin testing, 2) RAST, and 3) Oral challenge. Skin prick testing is done by pricking the skin with commercially available allergen extract solutions. Skin testing is generally done by allergists (i.e., not primary care physicians). A positive test identifies food specific IgE antibodies (suspected IgE mediated food allergy). A positive result yields a wheal (not erythema) of at least 3 mm in diameter larger than the negative control. A skin test that provokes a serious allergic reaction should also be considered to be diagnostic of a food allergy. There are some exceptions for interpretation of the results: 1) When testing a patient suspected of oral allergy syndrome, false negatives often occur if commercial food extracts are used for the skin test because these extracts are heat treated (rendering the allergen non-immunogenic, typical of oral allergy syndrome). However, by using a fresh fruit or vegetable for skin prick testing, a positive result may be confirmed as noted in the example described in case 3. 2) Children under one year of age may have IgE mediated food allergy without a positive skin test, and children under 2 years of age may have smaller wheals, possibly the result of a lack of skin reactivity. Negative skin prick test responses have excellent negative predictive values for excluding the presence of IgE mediated food allergy.
RAST (radioallergosorbent test) is an in vitro measurement of serum food specific IgE. The test is more available and practical for primary care physicians to evaluate food specific IgE antibodies. It should be noted that RAST tests are heterogenous yielding potentially unreliable results. CAP-RAST (the Pharmacia CAP system FEIA) is a newer generation of RAST which provides more reliable quantitative measurements of specific IgE levels. Table 1 is a recommended interpretation of food allergen-specific IgE levels (kUA/L) by CAP-RAST in the diagnosis of food allergies (5). For example, if a child's egg-specific IgE level is 7 or greater by CAP-RAST, there is a greater than 95% likelihood that the child is truly allergic to eggs. In contrast, if the egg-specific IgE is less than 0.35 and there is no compelling history of egg allergy, there is a 95% chance that the child is not allergic to eggs. However, there is a 5% chance (1 in 20), that the child's CAP-RAST is falsely negative and that the child is allergic to eggs (as in case 4). If there is a strongly suggestive history of a food allergy, it should be noted that a low CAP-RAST can be misleading.
Table 1: CAP-RAST results
If a CAP-RAST value falls somewhere between the 95% positive and negative predictive values (between the two values in the columns), it is uncertain whether a food allergy for that food exists. The patient will have to be referred to an allergist for skin testing, or an oral food challenge will have to be performed.
An oral food challenge is performed by feeding gradually increasing amounts of the suspected food under observation by a physician over hours or days. The double-blind, placebo controlled food challenge (DBPCFC), by giving increasing quantities of the suspected food allergen or placebo, either in opaque capsules or camouflaged in a liquid or semisolid vehicle, is considered the gold standard test of both IgE and non-IgE mediated food allergy. Elimination of the suspected food from the patient's diet for at least 7-14 days; withdrawal of potentially interfering medications (e.g., antihistamines); control of symptoms of chronic allergic disease (such as atopic dermatitis or asthma); administration of the challenge in a fasting state; use of fresh or dehydrated foods; and use of challenge vehicles that do not contain fat which can interfere with protein absorption, have been suggested to optimize the outcome. The absence of an allergic reaction after ingesting up to an equivalent of 10 grams of the dehydrated food essentially rules out a food allergy in that such a result has a high negative-predictive value. However, an average false-positive rate of 0.7% and false-negative rate of 3.2% for the DBPCFC were reported (7). Since the patient with IgE mediated food allergy may develop severe reactions to the challenge, the test should be performed by a well-trained physician in a facility capable of close monitoring, which is well equipped with drugs, supplies and equipment for resuscitation. The contraindication for such a test is recent anaphylaxis. An alternative to the DBPCFC,is a supervised open (unblinded) food challenge to confirm the safety of eating the particular food. This is recommended for a patient with a low likelihood of food allergy based on a low CAP-RAST result or an individual with a negative DBPCFC result.
A differential diagnosis of food allergies first aims to distinguish food allergies from food intolerance or other illnesses. Food poisoning is a possibility when food is contaminated by microorganisms and their products (such as toxins). Lactase deficiency, resulting in lactose intolerance, in children and adults, is a common food intolerance that is often confused with food allergy. There are also natural substances, such as histamine in cheese, wines and certain kinds of fish, that can occur in foods and stimulate a reaction similar to an allergic reaction. If someone eats one of these foods with a high level of histamine, that person may have a reaction similar to an allergic reaction to food. This reaction is called histamine toxicity, and it is often responsive to antihistamines. Reactions to MSG (monosodium glutamate) are not due to allergy mechanisms since MSG contains sodium and glutamate, both of which are normally present in the body. Excess amounts of consumed MSG are metabolized to neurotransmitters which may cause a reaction to MSG (Chinese restaurant syndrome) which is not allergic in nature.
The primary treatment for a child with a food allergy is to remove the offending antigen from the diet. In exclusively breast fed infants, a strict elimination of the causal protein from the diet of the lactating mother should be tried. Over time, many children who have food allergy (such as egg or milk) will develop tolerance to the food, making cautious, periodic attempts to introduce the offending food possible. An elimination diet can often be successful in children who have a single food allergy. However, dietary modification and nutritional counseling may be necessary for children who have multiple food allergies to identify hidden ingredients in processed foods and cross-reacting foods (e.g., peanuts, legumes). Aggressive restriction of allergenic foods may compromise the nutritional adequacy of the diet and interfere with the normal growth of the child. Patients and their families should be educated to avoid accidentally ingesting food allergens (e.g., by reading food labels), to recognize early symptoms of an allergic reaction, and to initiate early management of an anaphylactic reaction.
Many foods are ubiquitous in the environment and are often hidden in foods. Some helpful information can be obtained from www.foodallergy.org or www.anaphylaxis.org.uk. For example, a person eating peanuts may aerosolize sufficient quantities of peanuts to cause a nearby peanut allergic patient to react. Young children may share foods. Adults (other than parents) who serve food or supervise children (e.g., teachers, pre-school aids) are often not familiar with hidden foods in labels or they are not familiar with simple precautions. For example, peanuts are found in chili and scooping ice cream at a party may contain microcontamination with nuts if nuts are used in the ice cream of other children.
Just as an example, patients who are allergic to peanuts must learn to avoid peanut oil (Asian cooking), almond chunks (may actually be peanuts), baked goods, sauces (Chinese hot sauce, barbecue sauce, etc.), gravy, egg rolls (glue for edges), enchilada sauce, chili and other substances as well. Patients who are allergic to tree nuts (i.e., other nuts) must learn to avoid salad dressings, dessert toppings, sauces, exotic nut oils, pie crusts (almonds, macadamia nuts), ice cream toppings, cookies, almond extract, etc. Patients who are allergic to eggs must learn to avoid albumin, lysozyme, ovalbumin, egg substitutes (low cholesterol only), pastry, sauces, salad dressings, some shampoos, pet foods, influenza vaccine, cosmetics, fresh pasta, etc. Patients who are allergic to milk are usually allergic to the whey or casein protein in milk so they must learn to avoid whey, casein, ghee, nougat, rennet, caramel color, "natural flavors", canned tuna, hot dogs, imitation butter flavor, non-dairy whipped cream, non-dairy coffee whitener, imitation cheese, calcium caseinate, etc. Patients who are allergic to wheat must learn to avoid cracker meal, semolina, spelt, couscous, cornstarch, bulgar, farina (Cream of Wheat), etc. Patients who are allergic to fish must learn to avoid imitation crab, Worcestershire sauce (anchovy), Caesar salad (anchovy), many Asian foods (fish sauce), etc.
The above list is already difficult. Many pet foods contain nuts, which could be aerosolized when scooping this out for the pet dog. Facial scrubs may contain pulverized walnut shells. "Bean bag" furniture may contain walnut shells. Egg substitutes still contain eggs (with a reduced cholesterol formulation). "Non-dairy" products may still contain whey and casein.
Restaurants present a serious risk for patients with food allergies. When a cook is told to avoid a certain food, any pans, pots, woks, griddle surfaces or cooking utensils must not be exposed to any of these substances. For example, if a cook is attempting to avoid eggs, dairy products and peanuts, then the cooking surfaces and utensils must have no eggs, no butter and no peanut oil. If eggs were cooked on the griddle 30 minutes ago and the griddle was cleaned several times since, there may still be microscopic amounts of egg remaining. Similarly, cooking with butter or peanut oil is likely to leave microscopic residues on utensils or cooking surfaces, which may be sufficient to cause an allergic reaction.
An antihistamine is sometimes the only medication needed to reduce the itching and rash. In an acute event of anaphylaxis, immediate resuscitation is required. Epinephrine (0.01 ml/kg of the 1:1000 dilution given IM or subcutaneously) is often required for more severe allergic reactions. The term "anaphylaxis" is vague, but it implies a severe allergic reaction. Anaphylactic shock with associated vasodilation and hypotension, generally requires an IV epinephrine infusion with fluid replacement, in addition to preliminary IM or subcutaneous epinephrine. Having medical alert bracelets, carrying epinephrine for self injection and antihistamines available at home and school are strongly recommended for patients who have experienced a severe food allergy reaction. Some food allergies are more serious than others. On average, peanut allergies are the most serious, thus early epinephrine treatment should be considered even if a severe allergic reaction has not yet been encountered. Skin care with topical corticosteroid therapy and food avoidance is advised in food allergy induced atopic dermatitis. Immunotherapy by injection or sublingual administration of offending antigens has not proven to be effective in the management of patients who have food allergy. A new anti-IgE therapy (TNX-901, a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody against IgE) may alleviate some severe allergic reactions of peanut allergy (8).
There is some potential for prevention. Breastfeeding should be encouraged for all infants for the first 4-6 months of life. Breastfeeding mothers should avoid potentially allergic foods. Breastfeeding and the late introduction of solid foods (beyond the 5th month of life) is associated with a reduced risk of food allergy and other atopic diseases in early childhood. In formula fed infants with a documented hereditary atopy risk (affected parent or sibling), the exclusive feeding of a formula with a confirmed reduced allergenicity (protein hydrolysate formulas such as Nutramigen, Pregestimil and Alimentum) is recommended because it can reduce the incidence of adverse reactions to food, especially to cow's milk protein. There is no conclusive evidence to support the use of formulas with reduced allergenicity for preventive purposes in healthy infants without a family history of allergic disease. Preventive dietary restrictions after the age of 4-6 months are not scientifically documented (9).
1. Which one is likely to be a food allergic reaction in a teenager?
. . . . . a. Recurrent dizziness after eating Chinese foods.
. . . . . b. Recurrent tingling sensation in the mouth after eating a piece of apple.
. . . . . c. Recurrent palpitations after drinking a cup of coffee.
. . . . . d. Recurrent diarrhea after drinking a glass of milk.
. . . . . e. Recurrent facial redness (flushing) after drinking a glass of wine.
2. Which one of the following is an IgE mediated food allergy?
. . . . . a. Oral allergy syndrome
. . . . . b. Eosinophilic gastroenteropathies
. . . . . c. Dietary protein enterocolitis
. . . . . d. Celiac disease
. . . . . e. Dermatitis herpetiformis
3. Which one is the common natural course of cow's milk allergy in children?
. . . . . a. spontaneously resolves by age 4.
. . . . . b. spontaneously resolves by age 10.
. . . . . c. persists without changing severity.
. . . . . d. increases severity through their lives.
. . . . . e. is an unpredictable pattern.
4. Which one is the least common food allergy in children?
. . . . . a. Egg
. . . . . b. Peanut
. . . . . c. Soy
. . . . . d. Wheat
. . . . . e. Shrimp
5. Which food/fruit potentially causes an allergic reaction in a latex allergy individual?
. . . . . a. Banana
. . . . . b. Kiwi
. . . . . c. Tomato
. . . . . d. Potato
. . . . . e. All of the above
6. Which of the following are considered safe for patients with peanut allergy?
. . . . . a. Chinese and Southeast Asian foods
. . . . . b. Ice cream
. . . . . c. Dry pet food
. . . . . d. Chili
. . . . . e. Pastry
. . . . . f. None of the above
7. Which of the following are considered safe for patients with milk protein allergy?
. . . . . a. Lactose
. . . . . b. Non-dairy creamer
. . . . . c. Canned tuna
. . . . . d. Soy infant formula
. . . . . e. Hot dogs
. . . . . f. Casein
1. Sicherer SH. Food allergy. Lancet 2002;360: 701-710.
2. Sampson HA. Food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:S540-S547.
3. Burks W. It's an adverse food reaction-but is it allergy? Contemporary Pediatrics 2002;19:71-89.
4. Eigenmann PA, Sicherer SH, Borkowski TA, et al. Prevalence of IgE-Mediated Food Allergy Among Children With Atopic Dermatitis. Pediatrics 1998;101:e8.
5. Sampson HA. Utility of food specific IgE concentrations in predicting symptomatic food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:891-896.
6. Wagner S, Breiteneder H. The latex-fruit syndrome. Biochem Soc Trans 2001;30:935-940.
7. Sampson HA. Use of food-challenge tests in children. Lancet. 2001; 358:1832-3.
8. Leung DY, Sampson HA, Yunginger JW, et al. Effect of anti-IgE therapy in patients with peanut allergy. N Engl J Med 2003;348: 986-993.
9. HÝst A, Koletzko B, Dreborg S, et al. Dietary products used in infants for treatment and prevention of food allergy. Joint Statement of the European Society for Paediatric Allergology and Clinical Immunology (ESPACI) Committee on Hypoallergenic Formulas and the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. Arch Dis Child 1999;81:80-84.
Answers to questions
1.b. Tingling in the mouth after eating fruits suggests the possibility of an oral allergy syndrome. Dizziness after eating Chinese food is more likely due to an adverse non-allergic reaction to MSG. Facial redness after drinking a glass a wine may be due to tyramine.
6.f. Chinese and southeast Asian foods are frequently cooked with peanut oil. None of the above are safe. Ice cream is potentially contaminated by nuts since nuts are frequently served with ice cream or mixed with ice cream. Dry pet food and chili frequently contain peanuts. Pastry may contain peanuts even if they are called other types of nuts such as almonds.
7.a. Lactose is merely a disaccharide. Lactose by itself is not part of milk protein. However, if the source of lactose is a dairy product, then this dairy produce should be avoided. All of the other products including "non-dairy" creamers and canned tuna may contain milk or milk products.
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Any discussion about the field of nursing has to eventually focus upon what is a registered nurse? Look at any floor of a hospital throughout the country and you will find a plethora of certified nursing assistants (CNAs). You’ll also find Licensed Practical Nurses, although their numbers are decreasing in today’s healthcare market. What you will find, is an increasing number of Registered Nurses. With these three types of medical professionals milling about a busy hospital floor, the typical patient has a tendency to think of them all is the same type of care provider. However, at the top of the professional ladder for nursing is found the registered nurse. Individuals seeking a career in nursing should focus on becoming a registered nurse since this is always the key to opening additional and more advanced doors for future employment opportunities.
Know the Answer
Before any individual decides to pursue a career in the nursing field, it is important to have an answer to the question what is a registered nurse? Surprisingly, a registered nurse is just like a licensed practical nurse and is a health professional graduating from a nursing program, school of nursing or college for nursing. They have some kind of documentation that indicates the graduated from the program, what they have is more important as a state license in order to practice their career. In fact, passing a specific state exam will also dictate the scope of a person’s nursing practice. Individuals in obtaining a registered nurses license have you typically graduated from a school that granted them a diploma or from a school of nursing or college and is granted them a degree.
What Is The Role Of A Registered Nurse?
A registered nurse is a healthcare professional providing services to families, individuals as well as communities with the goal in mind to achieve wellness while preventing disease. Registered nurses work in a variety of different settings that include public health departments, schools, businesses as well as the typical medical institutions such as the doctor’s office, skilled nursing facility or nursing home, hospitals and may even be found in academic institutions conducting medical research. Registered nurses are also found in many recreational situations such as youth camps and cruises. They are called upon to help promote wellness and healthy living by guiding individuals to achieve a patient’s health goals through implementing a nursing care plan.
What Is The Difference Between An LPN In An RN?
The definition of the registered nurse also sounds like it apply to a licensed practical nurse, also called a licensed vocational nurse. The difference boils down to the fact that an RN has greater amounts of education than an LPN possesses. Since an RN does have advanced education, the door opens for additional responsibilities acquired through obtaining advanced skills. An RN can advance in education obtaining additional certifications and degrees that can help specialize a career making it both more personally as well as financially rewarding. A licensed practical nurse does not have an option to specialize in or advancing employment opportunities and salary through specialization. Therefore, anyone obtaining the employment level of an LPN should vigorously consider advanced in education at least to the level of becoming an RN.
The legal definition for a Registered nurse is dictated by each state and will vary from one to another. It is the State Board of nursing that determines the scope of the nurse’s practice. Also, many healthcare organizations in a policies and procedures that also dictate the scope of what a nurse is capable for performing. However, in almost every situation a registered nurse has the opportunity to advance education to become some type of well-meaning specialist in today’s healthcare industry such as a nurse practitioner, nurse midwife, or some type of clinical nurse specialist. Becoming an registered nurse can also lead an individual to a career in healthcare management. Many registered nurses further a career by obtaining a master’s degree in nursing that would qualify them for taking upon an administrative duties.
RNs Have Many Employment Options
Once an individual has reached a level of RN, or many doors waiting to be unlocked that will further a person’s career helping them obtain the personal and financial satisfaction for which they have always dreamed. He RN license is actually the key that will unlock many different career possibilities that are not open to either a CNA or an LPN. Becoming a registered nurse allows an individual to seek employment in a variety of different settings and become involved in a variety of different types of patient care. And RN’s very first job could be in a hospital, but with advanced education the same healthcare individual might find specialization in an area of personal interest or patient need that will be a fulfilling and rewarding choice.
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|"Chronic Fatigue Syndrome" By Allen Weiss, MD, MBA, President and CEO|
April 1, 2009 - Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is an ill-defined disorder characterized by severe tiredness; it is becoming more and more prevalent in the world today. Most everyone is tired after exercise, stress, or a medical illness, but when the fatigue lasts for over six months, is disabling and unrelieved by rest then there is more than just the garden variety of benign fatigue.
Although there is still uncertainty as to the cause of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), reports of small clusters of people simultaneously coming down with the symptoms have been shared for almost eighty years. Women are twice as likely to be afflicted as men, and overall about four people in 1000 have the symptoms of exhaustion, muscle and joint pain, difficulty concentrating, depression, and poor immune response. The CDC—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta—estimates one million Americans have CFS, with approximately 80% of those afflicted being undiagnosed.
Unfortunately, there is no definitive test except to exclude all other debilitating and infectious or inflammatory illnesses that may cause fatigue: thyroid disease, depression, anxiety, arthritis, viral illnesses, cancer, heart or lung disease, mononucleosis, lupus, Lyme disease, multiple sclerosis, and fibromyalgia.
Interestingly, CFS usually starts suddenly after a flu-like illness. This fact gives credence to an infectious cause although no virus or bacteria has ever been isolated. Prior to having CFS, a person is healthy with good exercise tolerance and normal mental health. CFS starts abruptly, is associated with persistent fatigue unrelieved by rest, lasts six months or longer, impairs memory, causes unrefreshed sleep, headaches and swollen glands, along with joint and muscle pain.
People afflicted with CFS have a wide range of responses, from normal activity to being totally incapacitated and bed ridden. About half the people with CFS are unable to be gainfully employed so that economic stress adds to physical disability.
There are many theories about how CFS causes its symptoms including viruses, genetic predispositions, endocrinological (glandular) dysfunctions, and immune alterations. The bottom line is that no one is sure and the symptoms may be caused by a variety of diseases.
Many different treatments have been tried including diets, exercise, physical therapy, behavioral therapy, antidepressants, analgesics, as well as complementary and alternative medicine. Randomized controlled trials are very difficult to do because the treated group is so obviously different from the control group.
The prognosis is variable. Many people have gradual improvement over time, while others suffer disabling symptoms for the rest of their lives. There is also a certain stigma assigned to these victims since the symptoms are so vague. Without a definitive diagnostic tool or objective physical findings, many people feel uncomfortable giving or receiving the label of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
CFS is another example of a “new” disease which is finding its way into modern society. This condition may have been around for a long time but now, with this new description, many more people are identified as having the disease.
Dr. Allen Weiss is CEO & President of the NCH Healthcare System. He is board certified in Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Geriatrics, and was in private practice in Naples, Florida from 1977 - 2000. Dr. Weiss is active in a variety of professional organizations and boards, and has been published in numerous medical journals, including the American Journal of Medicine and the Journal of Clinical Investigation.
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Lesson 16 - Luke - Exercise 13
Watch the video, then answer the question.
Does Luke know a lot of French people?
- No, he doesn't. He only knows a few.
- Yes, he does.
- He knows 50 French people.
How does Luke know French people?
- He learns French in school. His French teachers are French.
- He learns French in school. His French teachers are American.
- He went to France last year.
What's his opinion of his French teachers?
- They have a "little attitude".
- They have "bad attitudes".
- They're very snobby in his opinion.
A person who is stuck-up
is a snob. Snobs avoid people who are "socially inferior" and try to associate with people who are "socially superior".
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Inadequate water and sanitation during childbirth are likely to lead to poor maternal and newborn outcomes. This paper uses existing data sources to assess the water and sanitation (WATSAN) environment surrounding births in Tanzania in order to interrogate whether such estimates could be useful for guiding research, policy and monitoring initiatives.
We used the most recent Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) to characterise the delivery location of births occurring between 2005 and 2010. Births occurring in domestic environments were characterised as WATSAN-safe if the home fulfilled international definitions of improved water and improved sanitation access. We used the 2006 Service Provision Assessment survey to characterise the WATSAN environment of facilities that conduct deliveries. We combined estimates from both surveys to describe the proportion of all births occurring in WATSAN-safe environments and conducted an equity analysis based on DHS wealth quintiles and eight geographic zones.
42.9% (95% confidence interval: 41.6%–44.2%) of all births occurred in the woman's home. Among these, only 1.5% (95% confidence interval: 1.2%–2.0%) were estimated to have taken place in WATSAN-safe conditions. 74% of all health facilities conducted deliveries. Among these, only 44% of facilities overall and 24% of facility delivery rooms were WATSAN-safe. Combining the estimates, we showed that 30.5% of all births in Tanzania took place in a WATSAN-safe environment (range of uncertainty 25%–42%). Large wealth-based inequalities existed in the proportion of births occurring in domestic environments based on wealth quintile and geographical zone.
Existing data sources can be useful in national monitoring and prioritisation of interventions to improve poor WATSAN environments during childbirth. However, a better conceptual understanding of potentially harmful exposures and better data are needed in order to devise and apply more empirical definitions of WATSAN-safe environments, both at home and in facilities.
Citation: Benova L, Cumming O, Gordon BA, Magoma M, Campbell OMR (2014) Where There Is No Toilet: Water and Sanitation Environments of Domestic and Facility Births in Tanzania. PLoS ONE 9(9): e106738. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106738
Editor: Karol Sestak, Tulane University, United States of America
Received: July 3, 2014; Accepted: August 6, 2014; Published: September 5, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Benova et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. Data are available from DHS/Macro at the following links: The 2010 Tanzania DHS: http://dhsprogram.com/data/dataset/Tanzania_Standard-DHS_2010.cfm?flag=0 The 2006 Tanzania SPA: http://dhsprogram.com/data/dataset/Tanzania_HIV-MCH-SPA_2006.cfm?flag=0.
Funding: This research was made possible with UK Aid from the Department of International Development (DFID) as part of the Sanitation and Hygiene Applied Research for Equity (SHARE) Research Consortium (www.SHAREresearch.org). However, the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the Department's official policies. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
At the end of the 18th century, the causal link between poor-hand hygiene and puerperal sepsis was recognised, eventually enabling reductions in maternal deaths –. Currently, WHO guidelines for delivery in health facilities advise frequent hand-washing, and clean birth kits have been designed for births in domestic environments . A recent systematic review concluded that a lack of sanitation facilities appears to be associated with maternal mortality, as does lack of water access . This review highlighted the paucity of primary studies assessing the impact of water and sanitation environments on maternal mortality and recommended future assessments of the burden of exposure to poor water and sanitation during pregnancy and delivery.
The United Republic of Tanzania is a sub-Saharan African country with 45 million inhabitants. Despite a 3.5% average annual rate of reduction in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2013, the current maternal mortality ratio of 454 deaths per 100,000 births in 2010 means that Tanzania remains off-track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal 5 target to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three quarters between 1990 and 2015 –. Approximately 7,900 women die annually from the largely preventable or treatable complications of pregnancy and childbirth; and sepsis is estimated to account for 9% of these deaths .
Globally, an effective intrapartum care strategy, encompassing institutional delivery with referral capacities, has been suggested as a strategy to reduce maternal mortality . Tanzania has seen a modest increase in the proportion of births occurring in health facilities; from 43.5% in 1999 to 50.1% in 2010 , but wide socio-economic inequalities in the utilization of skilled birth attendance exist . To reduce maternal mortality, the Tanzanian government proposed scaling-up the availability of basic emergency obstetric and newborn care services at dispensaries and health centres, and improving the ability of rural health centres to perform caesarean sections and blood transfusions . The health service delivery system in Tanzania is characterized as a network of hospitals, health centres and dispensaries (primary care clinics) .
In 2010, the proportion of Tanzanian population with access to improved water sources was 53%, a slight decrease from 55% in 1990. Access to improved sanitation was very low at 10% in 2010, a marginal improvement from 7% in 1990 . A survey of 175 public facilities providing maternal care in Southern Tanzania showed only 83% of dispensaries had staff hand-washing facilities. The study did not report on other aspects of water, sanitation and hygiene environment, such as the availability of soap, running water, or hygiene practices among health staff and patients . However, a recent study in Tanzania found that women who rated their local primary care centres as poor quality were more likely to bypass them to deliver in hospitals; upgrading or renovating the clinics reduced bypassing by 60% .
The main objective of this paper is to estimate the coverage of water and sanitation (WATSAN) in the various birth environments. We propose using household data to describe the WATSAN environment of home birth settings, and facility surveys to describe the WATSAN environment of facility deliveries. We selected Tanzania for this case study because both types of surveys were available and relatively recent. The secondary objective of this country study is to demonstrate how existing secondary data can create generate useful information for policy initiatives and future primary research. This approach permits an assessment of geographical variability in the coverage of WATSAN in birth environments that may generate useful information for prioritisation and targeting of limited resources.
The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) are cross-sectional nationally representative household surveys, conducted in over 90 countries worldwide. The Service Provision Assessments (SPA) are cross-sectional nationally representative facility surveys conducted by the same group, in 15 countries. We used the most recent Tanzania DHS (DHS, 2010), which reported on the number and location of live births occurring between 2005–2010 to women in sampled households . The DHS dataset included a relative socio-economic categorisation of women's households, wealth quintile , and information on household water and sanitation.
We used the most recent SPA survey conducted in 2006 to characterise the WATSAN environment of facilities. This survey included a nationally-representative sample of 611 public and non-public facilities . A questionnaire was administered and elements of the delivery room environment were observed during facility visits. The analysis in this paper was limited to those health facilities which reported conducting deliveries. Both DHS and SPA surveys were representative nationally and on the level of eight geographic zones (Central, Western, Lake, Southern Highlands, Southern, Northern, Zanzibar and Eastern).
We characterised births reported in the DHS by delivery location. Births outside of a health facility were classified as having occurred in the woman's home or in a different location (e.g., parental or traditional birth attendant's home). The duration of residence in the current dwelling was not collected and we were unable to distinguish home births that occurred in the current residence from those in a previous residence. Therefore, all births reported in the woman's home were assumed to have occurred in the current household environment (the dwelling assessed by the household questionnaire). Births which were delivered in health facilities were characterised according to the level of health facility reported (dispensary, health centre or hospital). Births that did not occur in the woman's home or in a health facility were described as having occurred in ‘other locations’.
Domestic WATSAN environment.
We defined the home birth environment as WATSAN-safe if both the drinking water source and the sanitation facility access could be characterised as ‘improved’ according to the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) definition (Table 1) . A WATSAN-unsafe environment, on the other hand, described homes in which either water or sanitation, or both were classified as ‘unimproved’. This construct does not capture many other important components of the environment, such as water quality, consistency of availability, actual use of sanitation facilities or hygienic practices, but it does indicate the existence and location of physical assets required for hygienic behaviour during childbirth and the postpartum period.
Delivery facility WATSAN environment.
No uniform definitions of acceptable or ‘improved’ WATSAN environments of health facilities are currently available for international monitoring. We classified the WATSAN environment in facilities using the limited data collected by the SPA to capture facility environments with different risk profiles and the requisite equipment/supplies for infection control measures. The survey collected information on the WATSAN environment of the facility as a whole and a more detailed description of the delivery room environment. We characterised both environments, defining ‘WATSAN-safe’ environments as those which fulfilled both the ‘improved’ water and ‘improved’ sanitation requirements (Table 2). We reasoned that in hospitals, the delivery room may better describe the environment where the birth occurred, but in smaller facilities, such as dispensaries and health centres, the overall facility environment may be indistinguishable from the delivery room environment. WATSAN profiles of both these environments were therefore used to calculate uncertainty intervals.
In analysing both DHS and SPA data we accounted for the complex survey sampling (clustering, stratification and sample weights) by using the svyset command in Stata/SEv.13 in order to produce point estimates and their 95% confidence intervals. To assess the WATSAN environment of facility births, we combined the level of health facility where the birth occurred (dispensary, health centre or hospital) with the weighted average of WATSAN-safe facilities of that level in the zone where the birth occurred, from the SPA. No information was available about the WATSAN environment for births occurring in ‘other locations’. We combined the estimated number of WATSAN-safe births in the three locations (home, health facility, other) to estimate of the proportion of all births in WATSAN-safe environments, by zone and nationally. The midpoint estimate and the best and worst case scenarios, representing the range of uncertainty, were obtained using the scenarios provided in Table 3.
Ethical procedures and approvals
DHS: Respondents were informed about the purpose of the survey before the start of the interview, informed that their participation was voluntary, and that all information provided was confidential and de-identified. The respondent's verbal consent, if obtained, was noted on the questionnaire with a signature of the enumerator.
SPA: Informed consent was obtained from the facility in-charge and from all respondents for the facility audit questionnaires. Prior to commencing the Delivery and Newborn Care questionnaire module, the enumerator located the manager or most senior health worker and provided them with the details of the survey. The respondent was told the study aims, that the facility was selected randomly, and that no patient names would be recorded or shared. They were informed that participation was voluntary, and that the information collected might be used by the Ministry of Health or other organisations seeking to improve the planning and delivery of health services, and that the name of the facility will be removed from the dataset. Verbal consent of the responding health worker, if obtained, was noted on the questionnaire with a signature of the enumerator.
Both the DHS and the SPA surveys used in this study were implemented by the National Bureau of Statistics and the Office of the Chief Government Statistician - Zanzibar; in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. ICF Macro provided technical assistance for the survey through the MEASURE DHS programme and The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) funded this technical assistance. The ethical nature of both surveys, including the method of obtaining and recording informed consent received approval from local government authorities. The secondary analysis of the de-identified datasets was approved by the Observational/Interventions Research Ethics Committee at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Both sources of data are available at www.measuredhs.com.
The women sampled in the 2010 DHS reported a total of 8,176 live births during the recall period. The overall proportion of these births reported to have occurred at home was 42.9% (95% confidence interval: 41.6%–44.2%), ranging from 19.5% in the Eastern zone to 57.4% in Western zone (Figure 1). Of the remainder, 50.1% (48.8%–51.5%) were reported to be in health facilities and 7.0% (6.3%–7.8%) in other locations. Based on the characteristics of the water and sanitation facilities of the households, the overall proportion of domestic births taking place in a WATSAN-safe environment was 1.5% (1.0%–2.4%), as shown in Figure 2. The proportion of home births that occurred in an environment with both unimproved water and unimproved sanitation was 63.3%, signifying a double-burden. The remaining births occurred in water-safe toilet-unsafe (32.9%) or in toilet-safe water unsafe (2.3%) environments. Zanzibar was the geographic zone with the highest proportion of home births occurring in WATSAN-safe environments (20.9%). The proportion of home births in a double-burden, water-unsafe toilet-unsafe environment was greater than 50% in all zones except for Zanzibar (20.3%).
We used the DHS household wealth quintiles to estimate the proportions of all births occurring at the current home and the proportion of home births occurring in a WATSAN-safe home environment. The results show that births to the poorest quintile of households were more than eight times more likely to have been delivered at home compared to births to the richest quintile (Figure 3). On the other hand, the proportion of home births delivered in a WATSAN-safe home environment was at or below 3% among the poorer four quintiles, increasing to 29% in the richest quintile.
Based on women's report of delivery location in the DHS, Figure 4 shows that among the births delivered in facilities, 52.0% (50.2%–53.9%) were in a hospital, 17.7% (16.4%–19.2%) in a health centre and the remaining 30.2% (28.5%–32.0%) in a dispensary. The proportion of facility births occurring in hospitals ranged from 38% in the Western zone to 94% in Zanzibar. The highest proportion of facility births in dispensaries (the lowest facility level) occurred in the Southern Highlands zone - 43%. The proportion of births occurring in health facilities and proportion of facility births occurring in hospitals was higher for wealthier quintiles (Figure 5).
Among the facilities sampled on the SPA, 74.3% (70.2%–77.9%) reported providing delivery care. This ranged from 95.6% of hospitals to 71.8% of dispensaries. Based on our definitions of facility level WATSAN environment, 43.8% (38.6%–49.1%) of all facilities conducting deliveries in Tanzania were classified as WATSAN-safe. However, only 23.6% (19.4%–28.3%) met the more stringent definition of having a WATSAN-safe delivery room environment. The proportion of facilities meeting the facility level WATSAN-safe definition and the delivery room WATSAN-safe definition varied between the three facility levels (Figure 6). The reasons facilities did not meet the definition of WATSAN-safe facility level environment varied. Among hospitals and health centres, more than 90% of facility environments were classified as WATSAN-unsafe as a result of unimproved water sources. Among dispensaries, this was 82%. A substantial proportion of dispensaries (15%) lacked both improved water and improved sanitation. By applying the proportions of WATSAN-safe facilities by facility type within each zone to births reported in the same level of facility and zone on the DHS, we estimated that 69% of all facility births took place in a WATSAN-safe facility level environment and 49% in a WATSAN-safe delivery room.
Estimate of WATSAN-safe environment for all births in Tanzania
Our best estimate for the combined two-survey assessment of birth locations and their WATSAN profile revealed that less than one third (30.5%) of all births in Tanzania took place in a WATSAN-safe environment (range of uncertainty 25%–42%, Figure 7). The highest proportion of all births occurring in WATSAN-safe environments occurred in the Eastern zone (63.4%), where Dar es Salaam is the largest city. In a cluster of zones in the North-Western part of the country (Lake, Western and Central) more than 80% of all births took place in WATSAN-unsafe environments (Figure 8). The high levels of WATSAN-unsafe births in these zones stemmed mainly from the low proportion of facilities meeting the WATSAN-safe definitions compared to other zones. For example, fewer than half of the hospital delivery rooms in these three zones met the WATSAN-safe criteria.
This study combined the most recent household and facility-level data in Tanzania to assess the proportion of births occurring in an environment with poor water and sanitation. Substantial proportions of births in Tanzania, as in many other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, take place at home. In this delivery context, clean birth is an essential approach. It seems difficult to envisage how clean birth can be ensured in birth environments where even the most basic level of ‘improved’ water and sanitation access does not exist. Furthermore, even though delivery facilities, were, on average, better than home environments, they were far from universally WATSAN-safe, particularly health centres and dispensaries. This situation has the potential to cause great harm to mothers and newborns. The novel combination of DHS and SPA datasets in Tanzania also revealed large geographic variations in birth locations and in the WATSAN profile of homes and facilities. The large wealth inequities in the proportions of facility delivery and WATSAN-safe home birth environments suggested that any potential associated disease burden falls disproportionately on the poorest.
This study's limitations stem primarily from our reliance on secondary data. The births reported in the most recent Tanzanian DHS were from 2005–10, meaning on average two and a half years after the SPA survey, conducted in 2006. The DHS did not collect information about the length of residence in the current household and we were therefore unable to identify home births that may have taken place in a previous dwelling (a dwelling different from the one described by the household questionnaire). No information was available about the WATSAN environment for the 7% of births occurring in other locations. All measures of the household WATSAN environment and locations of deliveries were self-reported on the DHS. In combining the DHS and SPA datasets to assess the WATSAN environment of all births, we assumed correct recall of delivery facility level (hospital, health centre or dispensary) by women. We are cognizant of the potential for sub-optimal recall of such data. However, a recent study in Mozambique found that women's self-report of the level of health facility utilised in delivery care was highly sensitive and specific . We assumed that facility births to households living in a certain geographic zone took place in facilities within that zone.
The JMP definitions of ‘improved’ water sources and sanitation facilities for households omit some important characteristics relating to safe births such as water quality, availability, storage, distance to source and safety of access. Household hygiene environment and hygiene behaviours (i.e., soap availability and use) were not captured by the DHS and were therefore not explored in this analysis. The current JMP definitions require that for a household sanitation facility to be classified as ‘improved,’ it cannot be shared with other households. However, this may or may not be relevant to describing the sanitation environment as it relates to maternal and neonatal health outcomes. JMP definitions were originally developed to assess the risk of faecal-oral infection and the mechanisms of exposure for maternal health may differ. The exposures relevant for maternal health are poorly understood but are likely complex, cumulative and long-term. As such, the definitions of ‘improved’ or ‘safe’ WATSAN are unlikely to adequately capture all the associated risks. Despite these shortcomings, the use of JMP definitions by this study brings the results in line with currently national and international monitoring standards.
In terms of characterising the WATSAN environment of delivery facilities, we relied on data collected in the 2006 SPA survey to construct facility level and delivery room level definitions of WATSAN-safe environments. The lack of data about important elements of a health facility's WATSAN environment meant that these definitions are imperfect. For example, information was not collected about the type of latrine, its state of repair and cleanliness, acceptability to patients and distance from the delivery ward.
Recommendations and Conclusion
Despite these limitations and the fact that our approach resulted in estimates with a range of uncertainty, we are confident that our findings are a useful starting point to identify further research priorities and policy objectives. The main strategy for reducing maternal mortality and improving maternal and neonatal health has focused on ensuring availability of quality intrapartum care, which in most developing countries equates to institutional delivery. Half of deliveries in Tanzania occurred in health facilities and a study in Western Tanzania confirmed that positive perceptions of medical providers' quality of care on the community level were strongly associated with the odds of seeking facility delivery services . A qualitative study among women in south-central Tanzania revealed that concerns over quality of care and issues of shame were major deterrents to seeking facility-based delivery care . The attributes which influenced women to deliver in a health facility are directly observable characteristics of quality of care (i.e., provider attitude, availability of drugs and equipment). Policy simulations suggested that if such attributes were improved, the proportion of women preferring facility delivery would rise to 88% . These authors hypothesized that such observable attributes signal a functioning health system and it is therefore likely that water and sanitation facilities and general perceptions of cleanliness could increase the proportion of births occurring in health facilities.
Deliveries in health facilities should occur in an enabling environment ensuring adequate hygiene , . We found that half of facility deliveries in Tanzania occurred in WATSAN-unsafe delivery room environments. This may explain the role of poor intrapartum and postnatal infection-control practices in the findings that neonatal infections are 3–20 times higher among hospital-born babies in developing countries compared to developed countries . In both the peripartum and postnatal periods, the lack of essential equipment, such as soap, wash-basin and clean water are critical points in the causation of such infections . Furthermore, in addition to risks to the mother and newborn, poor water, sanitation and hygiene conditions in delivery facilities pose occupational hazards for both medical and non-medical (i.e., porters, cleaners) staff. Improvement in water and sanitation aspects of working conditions may contribute to increased staff retention and uptake of rural postings .
A primary study from Tanzania showed a strong independent association between poor water and sanitation access at home and increased odds of maternal mortality . We need a better conceptual and empirical understanding of water, sanitation and hygiene exposures to inform definitions and create better instruments for capturing WATSAN-safe environments in relation to maternal and neonatal health. In both home and facility birth environments, there is a pressing need to understand, measure and ultimately improve far more than just the basic WATSAN assets. Other important factors include the continuous availability and quality of these assets, gender issues related to their use (acceptability of female facilities, the hygienic practices of pregnant and postpartum women, birth attendants and other facility staff), as well as the socio-cultural factors that promote the construction, maintenance and appropriate use of improved WATSAN facilities at the community level. Improving our understanding, definition and measurement of WATSAN safety within health facilities is necessary due to ongoing efforts to encourage women to deliver in facility settings. While more data are needed on the capacities of delivery facilities overall, the development of an international standard for assessing water and sanitation environments of delivery facilities mirroring the JMP home environment definitions would be particularly useful in order to consistently capture the burden of WATSAN exposures, potentially as part of routine quality of care monitoring. This is especially important given the recent proposal that any water and sanitation goals that follow the MDGs should include reference to WASH in health facilities .
We demonstrated that secondary data sources, available for many other low and middle-income countries, are useful for assessing the overall burden of poor WATSAN during childbirth. This low-cost exercise in characterisation of both home and facility birth environments in Tanzania showed that great need exists for improvement in this area. There is a need to ensure the implementation of planning, building and maintenance regulations for facilities to obtain and maintain appropriate basic WATSAN infrastructure. Facilities with a basic water supply system should have a simple risk management system in place (i.e., a Water Safety Plan) and provide water at levels consistent with international guidelines, such as the World Health Organization's Essential Environmental Health Standards . Furthermore, due consideration should be given to water quantity in order to enable hygiene, but also to enable maternity rooms to be cleaned, sheets laundered and meals prepared. The quality of drinking water must also be considered and may imply additional point-of-use treatment.
Our findings on the low levels of safe WATSAN in home environments provide extra impetus to existing efforts to improve provision of facility-based delivery care. They can also aid in outlining interim context-specific solutions. In households without an ‘improved’ water source, household water treatment could be added to a mother's/birth attendant's care pack and antiseptic hand gel might be an effective component of home delivery kits in water-scarce environments . Beyond the delivery event, mothers require high quality drinking water while breastfeeding and water should be treated at home if required. There are challenges associated with changing behaviors on how household water is treated, but we could reasonably expect a mother to achieve sustained behavior change during the postpartum window of time. Scott and colleagues have found that women respond well to behavior change messages around their nurturing role and this may be an important entry point for such interventions. In addition to currently being an important delivery location, homes constitute the primary living environment for mothers, children and their families. Interventions to improve household-level WATSAN may consider prioritizing households with newly married couples and with young children, particularly in geographic areas where health facilities are distant and thus less likely to be used.
Lastly, we propose strengthening national monitoring systems for home and facility delivery environments. With respect to the monitoring of facilities, the last 2012 GLAAS report demonstrated that many countries were unable to report on access to WATSAN in health-care settings, and very likely to not have national monitoring systems in place . At the same time, many countries have national access targets in place for health care facilities, so this provides an entry point for improving monitoring and closing the gap between commitment and capacity. At the international level, the JMP recently convened a consultative process ahead of the recent High Level Panel on post-2015 which called for universal water and sanitation access to include health facility coverage. There is political will at both the national and international levels, but the systems to monitor resulting commitments and progress are not in place. This paper shows how significant progress on monitoring could be made just by using existing publicly available data and may bring greater urgency to ensure women are able to give birth in environments with access to the basic essential water and sanitation facilities.
Conceived and designed the experiments: LB OMRC. Analyzed the data: LB OMRC OC. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: LB OMRC OC MM BG.
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Seven international water experts were asked to discuss certain fundamental water-management problems. It was agreed that water shortage is a medium-term constraint requiring attention when deciding on policies for economic development within the resource base. Wise policies include best use of local rain, a top level national water authority, and transport of food rather than water. Point disposal of toxic wastes should be considered a deliberate illegal act. Since treatment technology is generally available, the main problem is unwillingness to bear the cost. Water pollution originating from land use is best met by merging land-use and water management policies. The present tendency to meet growing domestic or international water disputes is by negotiation rather than by confrontation. Critical to the problems discussed is to ensure that decision makers and the general public have an adequate understanding of mankind’s long-term dependence on life-supporting systems, and of the fundamental role of the water cycle in these systems.
Cecilia Tortajada, Matthew J. Kastner, Joost Buurman and Asit K. Bisw [...]
Yahua Wang, Tingting Wan and Asit K. Biswas, 2017, International Jour [...]
Cecilia Tortajada and Asit K. Biswas, 2017, International Journal of [...]
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Social media may be a great place to find a stirring sermon to challenge us, or a comedic presentation to lift our spirits. But for our kids, social media has become an angst-filled place of increasing social pressure and bullying, resulting in depression and suicidal thoughts. And if that’s not bad enough, the online world is fraught with predators of all types seeking to take advantage of our kids.
One scholar who has looked at the subject is Dr. Yuval Levin, the director of Social, Cultural and Constitution Studies at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI). In an opinion essay for The New York Times recently, Dr. Levin suggests a possible solution to the danger that social media poses for our children.
Raise the age requirement to obtain a social media account to 18, Levin suggests. “It was a mistake to let kids and teens onto the platforms in the first place. But we are not powerless to correct that mistake,” he added.
The current age requirement is 13. You may be surprised to learn there is any age requirement at all, but it was set by a federal law known as the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), passed by Congress in 1998. That law prohibits American companies from collecting personal information from children under 13 without parental consent.
And since social media operates by collecting personal information and selling it to advertisers, platforms like Facebook (now Meta), Instagram, Tik Tok and others, they technically have to restrict their platforms to users 13 and older. In practice, though, they typically allow their users to self-certify that they meet the age requirement.
And, of course, that’s not a realistic barrier at all to the 10-year-old who has access to the internet and wants to participate. Levin points to a recent survey showing that almost 40% of American children ages 8 to 12 use social media.
Of course, parents already have options for protecting their children from the harms of social media, whether through limiting screen time or prohibiting it altogether.
Levin suggests there’s also a public policy approach that can assist parents: Increase COPPA’s age limit to 18, and most importantly, make the age requirement verifiable from a trusted third-party source like the Social Security Administration. No more “self-certifying.”
How would that work?
Levin points to the work of Chris Griswold, a policy analyst with National Affairs, who has also written about the dangers of social media.
“Administratively, the government is best suited to provide verification of the information it creates and maintains — such as the birth dates public entities certify and the Social Security numbers they issue,” Griswold writes. “Public services already put this information to widely accepted, non-controversial use — as with the federal E-Verify system, or the Social Security Administration’s (SSA) number-verification service, which employers routinely use to confirm that new hires have a valid identity.
“It would not constitute an engineering marvel to create a simple public system that allows Americans to use these data to anonymously prove whether they exceed a given age.”
Online protection for our children turns out to be one of those issues that prompts bipartisan efforts in Congress. But recent attempts to amend COPPA, such as 2021’s S. 1628, “Children and Teens’ Online Privacy Protection Act,” co-sponsored by Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass., and Sen. Bill Cassidy, R-La., as well as S.3663, the “Kids Online Safety Act,” sponsored by Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., and Sen. Marsha Blackburn, R-Tenn., have failed to gain much traction.
Nevertheless, Levin is optimistic. “Empowering parents is really the key to this approach.”
Parents, what do you think? Good idea, bad idea? Better alternative? At the very least Levin’s article shows how conservatives who are concerned about the family are thinking creatively and intelligently about how to solve the problem.
Focus on the Family
Photo from Shutterstock.
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Welcome to the Woodlynne Public School District Curriculum and Instruction webpage. It is our desire, through this webpage, to keep you informed of all that is happening with your child’s education in the area of curriculum and instruction. We have been working diligently to ensure that our curriculum is aligned to the New Jersey Student Learning Standards, as mandated by the State of New Jersey, and that all of our students have access to this rigorous, set of learning standards and expectations. The standards were created to prepare students for citizenship, college and work expectations by including essential content, and intricate skills demanded in a complex, interconnected world. You can familiarize yourself with the NJ Student Learning Standards.
The Office of Curriculum and Instruction works collaboratively with the Chief School Administrator, parents, students, teachers, and school/community stakeholders to create, implement, evaluate, and revise exemplary educational programs. As school system stakeholders, we must jointly support academic excellence, provide relevant as well as engaging instruction, and promote a safe and inclusive school culture. Teaching and learning is the backbone of a school district, and it constantly evolves in response to the changing needs of the student population, as well as newly acquired best practices in education, district initiatives, and state directives. To that point, the curriculum process is always ongoing as we continue to develop and maintain curricula that are aligned to New Jersey standards. Our Curriculum and Instruction is committed to preparing our students throughout their Pre–K through Grade 8 years to graduate and to be college and career ready. Through collaboration, the development of curriculum, supporting instruction, and on-going professional development, the Curriculum and Instruction team strives to reinforce and ignite learning within the Woodlynne School District.
Throughout this website, many links are available that will provide students, parents, teachers, and administrators with meaningful information about the school district. It is our hope that you will take advantage of the opportunities available through the website to learn more about the Woodlynne School District and to use the many resources which are available. Working together, we can ensure that each child has the opportunity to develop academically, socially, emotionally, and physically to their greatest potential.
Teaching is a lifelong journey of learning about new strategies to continuously increase effectiveness and maximize learning for every student. The Woodlynne School District seeks to enrich the learning environment for its students by actively pursuing new strategies that will contribute to student engagement and achievement. It is only through the support and hard work of educators, parents, and stakeholders that we can continue to experience the improved results that we have throughout the district.
Supervisor of Curriculum & Instruction
Woodlynne School District
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MONTGOMERY, Ala. (August 2, 2020) – America is changing. Alabama is changing. For the last 50 years, Alabama has struggled to shed its reputation of racism, bigotry, and hatred. In the 1950s and 60s, Alabama stood as the symbol of Jim Crow’s South and typified racial inequality. Although it has been a challenge, the state has made tremendous strides and still has much work to do towards racial reconciliation. Many Alabamians — both black and white — are committed to doing that work. Still, there are some among us who cling to an old Alabama. A racially divided state. One where hatred and bigotry rules the day. On the same day that Alabama honored its native hero and civil rights titan John Lewis, Will Dismuke, an Alabama legislator, participated in the celebration of the KKK’s first Grand Wizard.
As if celebrating the violent, divisive figure wasn’t enough, Dismuke posted mementos of the celebration on social media. Surely, the timing of the social media post was intended to be a not so subtle dog whistle that Nathan Bedford Forrest should be the one honored on that day and not the Honorable John Lewis. Notwithstanding the motive, Representative Will Dismuke’s gesture was vile, repugnant and beneath the dignity of the legislature. As such, the Alabama Lawyers Association (“ALA”) request that Representative Dismuke tender his resignation to the legislature and not seek public office again until he commits to serving all people. Alabama will move forward—despite the “Will Dismukes” among us.
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Understanding the cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance helps us choose more effective therapeutic interventions for the treatment and prevention of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance is present in individuals who are obese and those with diabetes mellitus. Several studies have found that an insulin resistance diet protocol and exercise can alter insulin signaling pathways and delay the onset of insulin resistance.
It’s estimated that the number of diabetes sufferers in the world will double from about 190 million to 325 million during the next 25 years. (1) It’s obvious that we need to pay more attention to our lifestyle habits and make some changes. An insulin resistance diet, similar to a diabetic diet plan, helps you lose excess weight and regulate your insulin and blood glucose levels in order to reduce your risk of developing prediabetes and diabetes.
Insulin Resistance Diet
Research suggests that the primary cause of insulin resistance is excess weight, especially excess fat around the waist. Fortunately, weight loss can help the body respond better to insulin. The Diabetes Prevention Program and other large studies indicate that people with insulin resistance and prediabetes can often prevent or delay developing diabetes by changing their diets to follow an insulin resistance diet, along with losing weight.
Here are seven ways to start eating an insulin resistance diet.
1. Limit Carbohydrates
Research published in Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity suggests that monitoring carbohydrate intake, whether by carbohydrate counting or experience-based estimation, remains a key strategy in achieving glycemic control. Although all carbohydrates can be incorporated into carbohydrate counting, for good health, carbohydrates from vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes and dairy products take priority over other carbohydrate sources, especially those that contain added fats, sugars or sodium. (2)
When it comes to grain flour products, it’s best to consume grains in their whole forms instead of flour form because flour tends to increase insulin resistance. If you need to use flour, choose those made from 100 percent whole grains, or try coconut flour or almond flour for an even healthier option.
2. Avoid Sweetened Beverages
All types of sugars are capable of raising blood sugar levels and contributing to insulin resistance, but some sources of sugar and carbs are more detrimental than others. For the first time, the American Diabetes Association’s nutrition recommendations now specifically advise the avoidance of sugar-sweetened beverages. These include soft drinks, fruit drinks, iced tea, and energy and vitamin water drinks containing sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, fruit juice concentrates and other artificial sweeteners. In a meta-analysis of cohort studies published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, individuals in the highest versus lowest quartile of sugar-sweetened beverage intake had a 26 percent greater risk of developing diabetes. (3)
Instead of drinking sweetened beverages, stick with water, seltzer, herbal or black tea, and coffee. When it comes to adding sweeteners to your beverages, or food, choose natural sweeteners like raw honey, organic stevia, dates, pure maple syrup or blackstrap molasses.
3. Eat More Fiber
Research shows that diets containing more than 50 grams of fiber per day are reported to improve glycemia in people with diabetes. Large prospective cohort studies report that the consumption of whole grains is associated with a reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes, but people should limit the amount of processed whole grain products consumed. (4)
Consuming high-fiber foods like artichokes, peas, acorn squash, Brussels sprouts, avocado, legumes and beans, flaxseeds, chia seeds, and quinoa help regulate insulin resistance. Load your plate with fresh veggies as often as possible — they’re high in fiber, low in calories, and contain an array of vitamins and minerals with anti-inflammatory properties.
4. Eat Healthy Fats
Research shows that the type of fatty acids consumed is more important than total fat in the diet. Individuals with insulin resistance are encouraged to select unsaturated fats in place of saturated and trans fatty acids. The impact of long-term intake of saturated fatty acids on insulin resistance is important because as people with diabetes decrease their intake of carbohydrates, they increase their fat intake, especially saturated fat from foods like baked goods and fatty beef. A study published in Public Health Nutrition suggests that saturated fat intake should be less than 7 percent of your total energy intake per day. (5)
The intake of foods rich in monounsaturated fatty acids as a component of the Mediterranean diet (and the keto diet) was reported to improve glycemic control and serum lipids when monounsaturated fatty acids were substituted for carbohydrates and saturated fats. This includes fats from olive oil, avocados, nuts and seeds. (6)
People with insulin resistance should also increase foods containing omega-3 fatty acids, specifically by eating at least two servings of wild-caught fatty fish every week, as part of an insulin resistance diet. That includes mackerel, salmon, herring, tuna, white fish and sardines. Other omega-3 foods include walnuts, chia seeds, flaxseeds, hemp seeds, egg yolks and natto.
5. Get Enough Protein
A 2011 study published in the International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research found that the consumption of higher amounts of protein during dietary treatment of obesity resulted in greater weight loss than with lower amounts of protein. Researchers indicate that adequate dietary protein intake is of specific importance for people with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes because proteins are relatively neutral with regard to glucose and lipid metabolism, and they preserve muscle and bone mass, which may be decreased in people with poorly controlled insulin resistance. (7)
Lean protein foods, such as organic chicken, wild fish, free-range eggs, lentils, yogurt and almonds, help regulate your blood sugar levels.
6. Eat Dairy
There’s a growing body of scientific evidence that links dairy intake to a reduced type 2 diabetes risk. Potential underlying mechanisms for this association include the role of dairy products in obesity and metabolic syndrome, as well as several dairy components, such as calcium, vitamin D, dairy fat and specifically trans-palmitoleic acid. (8)
Scientists at the Harvard School of Public Health suggest that trans-palmitoleic acid, a fatty acid found in milk, cheese, yogurt and butter, may substantially reduce the risk of insulin resistance and health issues related to insulin resistance, such as prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. (9)
When choosing dairy as part of an insulin resistance diet, go for organic products instead of conventional products made with cow’s milk. Sheep or goat milk is always a better option, and so are raw cheese and kefir.
7. Think About Your Portions
When it comes to controlling insulin resistance, we know that losing weight is key. You can do this by following this insulin resistance diet, but you also need to cut back your portions and calorie intake for maximum impact. Research shows that in recent decades, increases in portion size have occurred in parallel with the rise in the prevalence of obesity. (10) Eat smaller meals throughout the day, and never let yourself get too hungry, which only increases your chances of overeating during your next meal. Start a meal with a smaller portion, and add more as needed.
This can be difficult when you are out to eat at a restaurant. In a survey of over 1,000 adults, 69 percent indicated that, when dining out, they finish their entrees all or most of the time. Of those adults, 30 percent reported that they would have been satisfied with smaller portions. (11) To avoid overeating, try to be aware of your hunger levels going into and during a meal; don’t automatically finish the entire portion — take home leftovers instead. To add to this, eating foods rich in fiber, lean protein and healthy fats helps you achieve satiety and less likely to overeat. This is part of mindful eating, or being present and aware of your appetite and portions.
What Does Insulin Do?
Insulin is a peptide hormone that’s made in the pancreas, an organ that contains clusters of cells called islets and beta cells within the islets that make insulin and release it into the blood. Insulin maintains normal blood sugar levels by facilitating cellular glucose uptake; regulating carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism; and promoting cell division and growth. (12) It plays a major role in regulating how the body uses digested food for energy. With the help of insulin, glucose is absorbed by the cells of your body and used for energy.
When blood glucose levels rise after a meal, insulin is released by the pancreas into the blood. Then insulin and glucose travel in the blood to cells throughout the body. Insulin is responsible for several mechanisms throughout the body. It helps muscle, fat and liver cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, thereby lowering blood glucose levels; it stimulates the liver and muscle tissue to store excess glucose; and it lowers blood glucose levels by reducing glucose production in the liver. (13)
Types of Insulin
Insulin was first isolated in 1921 and used as a treatment of type 1 diabetes in 1922. Since then, insulin has advanced from early animal to biosynthetic human and analogue preparations and is increasingly used to treat type 2 diabetes at various stages of disease progression. (14)
People with type 1 and type 2 diabetes may need insulin shots to help their bodies use glucose for energy. In people with type 1 diabetes, the pancreas no longer makes insulin and the pancreatic beta cells have been destroyed. Those with type 1 diabetes need insulin shots to use glucose from meals. People with type 2 diabetes make insulin, but their bodies don’t respond well to it, so some people need insulin shots to help their bodies to use glucose for energy. (15)
There are several types of insulin that can be injected into the fat under your skin so it gets into your blood. According to the American Diabetes Association, insulins are classified by the timing of their action in your body. The onset is the length of time before insulin reaches the bloodstream and begins lowering blood glucose, the peak time is the time during which insulin is at maximum strength, and the duration is how long insulin continues to lower blood glucose.
- Rapid-acting insulin — begins to work five to 15 minutes after injection, peaks in about one hour and continues to work for two to four hours. This type of insulin is used to control blood sugar levels during meals and snacks and correct high blood sugar.
- Regular or short-acting insulin — reaches the bloodstream about 30 minutes after injection, peaks anywhere from two to three hours after injection and is effective for approximately three to six hours. This type of insulin is also used to control blood sugar levels during meals and snacks and correct high blood sugar.
- Intermediate-acting insulin — reaches the bloodstream about two to four hours after injection, peaks four to 12 hours later and is effective for about 12–18 hours. This type of insulin is absorbed more slowly, and it lasts longer, which is why it’s used to control blood sugar levels overnight, while fasting and between meals.
- Long-acting insulin — reaches the bloodstream several hours after injection and tends to lower glucose levels fairly evenly over a 24-hour period. This type of insulin is absorbed slowly, has a minimal peak effect and then a stable plateau effect that lasts most of the day. It’s used to control blood sugar overnight, while fasting and between meals.
Insulin Resistance Symptoms
Insulin resistance is defined clinically as the inability of a known quantity of exogenous or endogenous insulin to increase glucose uptake and utilization in an individual as much as it does in a normal population. In other words, when you’re insulin-resistant, your body doesn’t have the ability to respond to and use the insulin it produces. Muscle, fat and liver cells don’t respond properly to insulin and therefore cannot easily absorb glucose from the bloodstream. (16)
People with insulin resistance need higher levels of insulin to help glucose enter cells. When the beta cells in the pancreas cannot keep up with the demand for insulin, excess glucose builds up in the bloodstream, which leads to serious health disorders like prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Insulin resistance usually has no symptoms, and people can have this health condition for several years without knowing it. A sign of severe insulin resistance is acanthosis nigricans, which is a skin condition that causes dark patches on the neck, elbows, knees, knuckles and armpits.
Insulin testing may be ordered with glucose and C-peptide tests. Insulin levels can also be measured when taking the glucose tolerance test in order to evaluate insulin resistance. People who experience symptoms of hypoglycemia typically have their insulin levels tested; hypoglycemia symptoms may include sweating, palpitations, blurred vision, dizziness, fainting, confusion and hunger. This usually occurs when blood glucose levels are less than 70 milligrams per deciliter.
Insulin levels that are too low and too high are both problematic. If insulin levels are too low, our livers keep making glucose and too much gets dumped into our blood. People with low insulin levels might have type 1 diabetes. High insulin levels are a sign of insulin resistance and prediabetes, and too much insulin promotes weight gain and inflammation. There are varying options on the ideal fasting insulin level, but research suggests that it’s below five microunits per milliliter. Men and women with higher fasting insulin levels are more at risk of developing prediabetes and diabetes.
Insulin resistance is linked to obesity, hypertension and high levels of fat in the blood. Over time, insulin resistance tends to get worse and the pancreatic beta cells that make insulin begin to wear out. Eventually, the pancreas will no longer produce enough insulin to overcome the cells’ resistance, which results in higher blood glucose levels (prediabetes) and then type 2 diabetes.
Precautions with Insulin Resistance
We know that research shows the primary cause of insulin resistance is excess weight, so watching your calorie intake and following my insulin resistance diet plan will help you to regulate your insulin levels. Keep in mind that no one diet works for every person. Follow these guidelines and experiment with an array of foods that are high in fiber, lean protein and healthy fats. If you are having trouble following an insulin diet plan or finding what works for you, see a nutritionist or dietician for guidance.
Final Thoughts on the Insulin Resistance Diet
- Insulin is a peptide hormone that’s made in the pancreas, an organ that contains clusters of cells called islets and beta cells within the islets that make insulin and release it into the blood.
- Insulin plays a major role in regulating how the body uses digested food for energy. With the help of insulin, glucose is absorbed by the cells of your body and used for energy.
- There are typically no symptoms of insulin resistance, and it can go for years unnoticed. People who experience hypoglycemia or dark patches of skin may be insulin-resistant and should have their levels checked.
- An insulin resistance diet is a balance of lean protein, healthy fats, high-fiber foods and high-quality dairy. People who are insulin-resistant should avoid consuming sugary foods, sweetened beverages and refined carbohydrates as part of an insulin resistance diet protocol.
Read Next: How to Maintain Normal Blood Sugar
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During our board’s Safety Week, we extend our appreciation to our community partners York Region Police. This is a good time for parents to remind their children about pedestrian safety.
York Regional Police have provided the following safety tips on their website to help keep students safe on their way to and from school:
- Walk on available sidewalks
- Always cross at intersections
- Obey crossing guards
- Stop before stepping into roadways
- Be visible and indicate crossing intentions
- Look and listen for traffic in all directions
- Make eye contact with drivers
- Cross safely when the roadway is clear
- Walk … do not run or cycle across roads
- If possible use the buddy system .
For more information, visit www.yrp.ca.
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Bible Battle #10 – C. 1407 BC
ANCIENT HISTORY before the Occupation of Gilead
CONFLICT BACKGROUND leading to the Occupation of Gilead
Fortunately, Reuben and Gad saw reason and agreed with their leader, leaving their families in area of Gilead while joining the fighting force. Moses instructed Eleazar and Joshua to set aside that land for the two tribes after they crossed the river committing themselves to battle. Although the land was to be west of the Jordan River, Gad and Reuben insisted that their land should be on the East.
Moses gave Gad, Reuben and Manasseh the recently fallen lands of the Amorites and Bashan. The Gadites and Reubenites rebuilt the fortified cities while individual clans of the half tribe of Manasseh went on the attack. These were the Machirites, Jairites and Nobah, a Manasseh warrior with a contingent of fighters.
MILITARY HISTORY of the Occupation of Gilead
- Gad and Reuben occupied the land and rebuilt the towns in the area that had been through the previous battles.
- Machirites captured Gilead, expulsing the Amorites and settled
- Jairites captured the smaller Amorite settlements and renamed the
area Havvoth Jair.
- Nobah captured Kenath and renamed it Nobah.
BIBLE HISTORY AFTERMATH of the Occupation of Gilead
NOTHING NEW UNDER THE SUN
Gad and Reuben had preferred land to the east of the Jordan River instead of to the west. Curiously, although the Balfour Declaration of 1917 had accounted for this land to be part of the proposed independent Jewish territory, in 1948 in land east of the river was given to the State of Israel. Instead that became the country of Jordan.
something far better.
they had done enough for the people’s cause.
their own journey.
bonus, this was the optimal place for them and He directed them into it if they
would let Him.
POINT A CROSS
Just as Moses was approached by two tribes here, later in Luke 9:57-62 Jesus is approached by two men who want to follow him but not before they take care of their affairs. One wanted to first bury his father, the other wanted to bid his family farewell first. Jesus responded that no man, having been given an assignment from God, who looks back is fit for the kingdom of God. When a man buried his father this meant that he was taking hold of his inherited estate as well. These people wanted to secure their earthly possessions before joining Jesus but he told them, effectively, that you cannot serve both God and money (Matthew 6:24).
SEEK FIRST HIS KINGDOM
Moses told the two tribes that if they first supported the people in war their inheritance would be secure with God’s blessing.
Matthew6:33-34 NKJV: But seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness, and all these things shall be added to you. Therefore do not worry about tomorrow, for tomorrow will worry about its own things. Sufficient for the day is its own trouble.
Wisdom prevailed and Reuben and Gad agreed to secure the land through fighting before settling there.
BIBLE BATTLE on LOCATION around the Battle of
WORLD HISTORY TIMELINE at the Occupation of Gilead
Events in History
Below is a history of the World timeline pertaining to the Ancient Middle East joined with the history of the Bible.
This world history timeline shows ancient calendars dates prior to 664 BC based on Rohl’s New Chronology. For a detailed explanation on the coherence of the Bible history timeline with other ancient history events please refer to our chapter “Chronological Discrepancies” for clarification.
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|Earldom of Dunmore|
|Peerage||Peerage of Scotland|
|First holder||Charles Murray, 1st Earl of Dunmore|
|Present holder||Malcolm Murray, 12th Earl of Dunmore|
|Remainder to||heirs male of the body of the grantee|
Viscount of Fincastle|
Baron Dunmore (1831-1980)
Lord Murray of Blair, Moulin and Tillimet
Earl of Dunmore is a title in the Peerage of Scotland.
The title was created in 1686 for Lord Charles Murray, second son of John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl. He was made Lord Murray of Blair, Moulin and Tillimet (or Tullimet) and Viscount of Fincastle at the same time, also in the Peerage of Scotland. He was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He was a General in the Army and sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1713 to 1715 and from 1727 to 1752. His younger brother, William Murray, later to become the third Earl, was involved in the Jacobite rising of 1745 and was tried for high treason in 1746. Murray pleaded guilty but received a pardon from King George II and succeeded to the peerages when his brother died unmarried six years later.
The third Earl was succeeded by his son, the fourth Earl. He was also a Scottish Representative Peer in the House of Lords from 1761 to 1774 and from 1776 to 1790 and served as Governor of New York, of Virginia and of the Bahamas. His eldest son, the fifth Earl, briefly represented Liskeard in the House of Commons. In 1831 he was created Baron Dunmore, of Dunmore in the Forest of Athole in the County of Perth, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, which gave him and his descendants a permanent seat in the House of Lords.
George Murray, 5th Earl of Dunmore, bought the Estate of Harris from Alexander Norman Macleod for £60,000 in 1834. In 1839, the people of South Harris were ejected from their homes by armed soldiers and a posse of Glasgow policemen acting on orders from the government, at the behest of the Earl of Dunmore. The 6th Earl of Dunmore, Alexander Edward Murray, had inherited Harris upon the death of his father on 11 November 1836 and would in turn be succeeded by his son, Charles Adolphus, following the 6th Earl's death on 14 July 1845 . Thus the 6th Earl was about halfway through his proprietorship of the island when he was providing a pound per person for those electing to leave.
The seventh Earl of Dunmore served as a Lord-in-Waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) in the second Conservative administration of Benjamin Disraeli and was also Lord Lieutenant of Stirlingshire. The 7th Earl relinquished ownership of the North Harris Estate to his bankers, in particular the Scott family. He was succeeded by his son, the eighth Earl. He was a soldier and was awarded the Victoria Cross in 1897. Lord Dunmore later held political office as Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms (government chief whip in the House of Lords). On the death in 1980 of his grandson, the ninth Earl, the line of the fifth Earl failed and the barony of Dunmore became extinct.
The late Earl was succeeded by his distant relative (his fourth cousin once removed), the tenth Earl. He was the great-great-grandson of the Hon. Alexander Murray, second son on the fourth Earl, and lived in Tasmania, Australia. As of 2017 the titles are held by his nephew, the twelfth Earl, who succeeded his father in 1995. He also lives in Tasmania, Australia and is a well respected Freemason.
As a male-line descendant of the first Marquess of Atholl he is also in remainder to this peerage and its subsidiary titles and by special remainder to the Dukedom, which are now held by his kinsman Bruce Murray, 12th Duke of Atholl.
The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother Hon. Geoffrey Charles Murray (b. 1949).
The heir presumptive's heir presumptive is his first cousin Stephen Alexander Murray (b. 1953).
The heir presumptive's heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son, Anthony Victor Murray (b. 1989).
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How much will they eat? Enough to double their Spring weight. Which conversely, will be lost once again by the end of winter. So, a healthy, adult raccoon with a Spring weight of 10 lbs., would require approximately 500 calories/day to maintain her weight. As the year progresses, and especially towards the end of Summer, she will consume more calories to be stored as fat within her body and also her tail. By the time she enters her den for a long Winter's nap, she should be tipping the scales at around or beyond 20 lbs. What does this mean in actual food?
Here are some sample menus:
3 small apples @ 55 calories apiece =165
3.53 oz. caterpillars =370
3 oz. smelt = 82
3.52 oz. moth larvae =265
Total Calories: 882
2 C. raspberries =128
10.56 oz. crickets =363
9 oz. crayfish =328
3 mature earthworms @ 70 calories apiece
Total Calories: 1029
For comparison, a 30 lb. dog that is moderately active needs 633 calories/day to maintain her weight, whereas a 7 lb. cat would require 210. And a juvenile, orphaned raccoon in good health, that is being raised in a rehabilitation setting, would require twice as many calories per day as our 10 lb. adult, for they are still growing. Multiply that by 25, and you have an idea of what the average raccoon rehabilitator must provide in regards to nutrition for her foundlings, in order to insure their survival.
Of course we all know that raccoons are not true hibernators, they will leave their dens occasionally to scout for food. We are also aware of how scarce sustenance is during Winter; raccoons must rely on their layer of fat.
On the next cool, Autumn day when you are compelled to walk through the forest, peacefully marveling at the incredible array of colored leaves, you may see out of the corner of your eye, a four footed mammal with a very thick tail, waddling through the flora. Know that she is on a mission to endure, by consuming large amounts of food during Nature's wondrous time of fattening!
BON APPETITE !
five juvenile gray squirrels......thanks lyn! ******
Never pass up the opportunity to go for a joy ride.
Allow the experience of fresh air and the wind in your face to be pure ecstasy.
When loved ones come home, always run to greet them.
When it's in your best interest, always practice obedience.
Let others know when they've invaded your territory.
Take naps and always stretch before rising.
Run, romp and play daily.
Eat with gusto and enthusiasm.
Never pretend to be something you're not.
If what you want lies buried, dig until you find it.
When someone is having a bad day, be silent, sit close by and nuzzle them gently.
Delight in the simple joy of a long walk.
Thrive on attention and let people touch you.
Avoid biting when a simple growl will do.
On hot days, drink lots of water and sit under a shady tree.
When you are happy, dance around and wag your entire body.
No matter how often you are criticized, don't buy into the guilt thing and pout. Run right back and make friends.
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Artist's conception of the rogue planet Nibiru, or Planet X.
Credit: gilderm | sxc.hu
It's the end of the world! Or not.
Despite the failure of a multitude of doomsday prophecies over the centuries, believers are at it again, this time with an interpretation of the ancient Mayan calendar that pegs the end of the world as tomorrow, Friday, Dec. 21.
The so-called 2012 apocalypse has spawned a Hollywood film ("2012," released with questionable timing in 2009), official responses from NASA and the closure of at least one mountain in France, which officials fear will be swamped with believers looking for a trip to safety on a flying saucer on Dec. 21. Friday also happens to be the official start of winter, or the winter solstice, when the top half of the planet faces directly away from the sun.
The rumors get their start because Dec. 21 in the Western calendar likely corresponds to the end of the 13th b'ak'tun of the Mayan Long Count Calendar, one of three calendars the ancient Maya used to count time. The calendar works by counting first days, then 20-day chunks of time, then 260-day periods and 7,200-day periods. Ticking up like a car odometer, the calendar finally keeps track of 144,000-day blocks of time called b'ak'tuns.
The thirteenth b'ak'tun
Thirteen b'ak'tuns would have been seen by the ancient Maya as a completed cycle of creation, but there were absolutely no apocalyptic predictions associated with this date. Just as an old 2012 calendar will be tossed for a new 2013 model, the Mayan calendar will continue on. In fact, the Maya had units for counting even larger chunks of time than b'ak'tuns — their calendar is capable of tracking millions of years. [Images: Maya Calendar Carvings]
Rumors of an apocalypse linked to the Mayan calendar emerged only when Westerners got their hands on the numbers. Theories blew up, largely online, making the Mayan apocalypse one of the very few grassroots doomsday predictions in history.
Apocalypse rumors eventually became so pervasive that they brought the Dec. 21 back to the attention of the modern Maya, said Robert Sitler, a professor of Latin American studies at Stetson University in Florida. Few Maya had given much thought to the calendar, as it fell out of use more than 1,000 years ago. Now, however, many Maya are giving the day its due, Sitler told LiveScience, though not as the end of the world. Most groups interpret the end of the b'ak'tun as a time of change and enlightenment.
Many of the apocalyptic rumors surrounding Dec. 21 have focused on astronomical theories, such as a collision between Earth and an asteroid or a rogue planet. That's brought NASA into the fray. The agency has been working overtime to quash doomsday rumors, even maintaining its own debunking website.
Among the wilder theories is the idea that the magnetic poles of the planet will suddenly flip-flop, either destroying life on Earth or sending us back to the Stone Age. Not so, according to NASA. The North and South magnetic poles do gradually change and switch places, but the key word is "gradual." The process takes place over thousands of years and has happened many times without disrupting life on the planet.
Another theory holds that a rogue "Planet X" or "Nibiru" will swoop in from the outer solar system to collide with Earth. Fortunately, there is no Planet X. And if an object were set to hit the planet by tomorrow, you can bet it'd be visible in the sky by today.
The bottom line? In the words of Walter Witschey, a Mayan history expert and a professor at Longwood University in Virginia: "You'll get up the next morning and go forward, and the Maya cycles will have clicked over another day."
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Leak Monitoring (ELIM)
In addition to manual leak location surveys, an Electrical Leak Imaging and Monitoring (ELIM) system can be permanently installed to monitor for leaks in the landfill liner. The ELIM system uses a series of electrodes placed on top of or underneath the geomembrane liner during liner installation. The electrodes are connected to an instrument panel used to make the electrical measurements. A data acquisition system collects and stores the data. The data is processed using advanced mathematical computer algorithms to calculate and display the positions of the leaks.
Geomembrane leak location surveys of surface impoundments and tanks can be conducted with water covering the geomembrane.
Geoelectric leak location survey of the soil-covered geomembrane is a very cost-effective method for finding leaks.
BARE LINER SURVEYS
To avoid the logistics of flooding the geomembrane with water, the exposed geomembrane can be tested for leaks using a water puddle test.
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A guest post today from my brilliant husband, Gregg.
The 6 types of evolution taught in the average public school, the first 5 being types of Darwinian evolution, and the last being simple changes within kind or modification within kind and not even technically “evolution” are:
- Cosmic evolution
- Stellar evolution
- Chemical evolution
- Abiogenesis—Life from non-life
- Micro-evolution (Changes within kind – not really evolution)
Cosmic evolution is the theory of the origin of the cosmos. The current theory, the so-called Big Bang theory, posits that a large quantity of nothing — and let me be very specific, a large quantity of nothing at all, which is authoritatively and scientifically referred to as “ylim” — decided to pack tightly together and then spun really fast and then got really hot and then it exploded and then become something. Specifically, nothing transformed into hydrogen and helium.
That word ylim, does that sound sufficiently authoritatively scientific, or what?
The theory continues. The hydrogen and helium gases are said to have flowed outward like shrapnel through the “frictionless space” that surrounded the initial nothingness and somehow this “frictionless space” is undertsood to be distinct and separate from nothing. Because, I suppose, “frictionless space” filled with absolutely no matter or energy is something as opposed to nothing. Right?
The theory continues further. Even though the separate and distinct from nothing “frictionless space” is “frictionless,” it somehow produced enough friction to slow down the expanding gases that nothing transformed into when nothing exploded. Oh, and somehow the gases were beset by angular momentum (they started spinning).
The theory continues further still. It is taking me a while to type this out because I have to occasionally pause long enough to stop laughing. Anyway, even though gases only ever rarify (spread out), these gases decide to pack tightly together so they can form themselves into “proto-stars”.
Does that sound authoritatively scientific or what? PROTO-STARS! Sorry, I had to chuckle some more. Okay.
Then the proto-stars … I’m okay… the proto-stars all explode several times. That is to say, the exact same stars explode over and over and over and over and over again. Don’t you wish firecrackers could do that? Or dynamite? Or anything that explodes, for that matter.
Okay. I’m okay. Guess I’ve just got the giggles.
The theory continues. Yes, it continues. After the stars explode themselves enough times, they fall into organized systems of gravity, angular momentum, orbits, and rotations all without any waste and all in perfect balance to eventually form galaxy clusters, galaxies, stars, planets, moons, and organized systems.
That, in a nutshell, is the Big Bang theory. I say nutshell, because you have to be total nutcase to believe this theory. I would like to point out that even Stephen W. Hawking of Cambridge University, one of the most influential theoretical physicists in the world, possibly in history, rejected the Big Bang theory more than 20 years ago (National Geographic, December 1988, p. 762).
It is a theory that says that every perfectly arranged and ordered heavenly body, every atom of matter and anti-matter in the universe started from the absolute nothingness of absolutely nothing and then formed into absolutely everything — the amazingly fine tuned universe in which we exist. Everything, all order, all life, all heavenly bodies, formed out of nothing which lit off the chaos of the largest explosion in the history of time and space and somehow that explosion organized absolutely everything that exists.
How it All Started:
Monsignor Georges Henri Joseph Éduard Lemaître (July 17, 1894 – June 20, 1966), a Belgian Catholic Priest, struck on the basic idea in 1927. George Gamow, R.A. Alpher, and R. Herman devised the basic Big Bang model in 1948. But it was Gamow, a well-known scientist and science fiction writer, who gave it its present name and popularized it.
Enthusiastically campaigning for the Big Bang idea, Gamow used quaint little cartoons to emphasize the details. The cartoons really helped sell the theory. People who aren’t scientists love cartoons. He also convinced a number of other science fiction writers, including Arthur C. Clarke and Isaac Asimov, to use the Big Bang theory in their science fiction stories.
There are two main categories of problems with the Big Bang theory. First, there are logical problems. Second, there are scientific problems.
So. If you wanted to build a Boeing 747 jumbo jet, how would you go about doing it?
Before you tell me that you would hire the best and brightest engineers to concentrate their efforts on bringing untold amounts of intelligence into the design — before you start spouting off about tooling up a very complicated factory and ensuring that every fitted part exceeds even the most stringent tolerances — before you invest your mental energy into explaining logistics and inventory and quality assurance checks and all that rot — may I offer a simple suggestion?
Why not just set off a bomb in a junk yard?
Surely the explosion will organize the raw materials and result in a perfectly designed and workable 747 jumbo jet complete with topped off fuel tanks, pilots, and crew. Why wouldn’t it?
Okay, you think the odds are against it. But you have to admit that the possibility exists, don’t you? Isn’t it true that ANYTHING is possible? Doesn’t explosive energy tend to organize matter? Didn’t the Japanese organize Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941? Didn’t the USA turn around and organize Hiroshima and Nagasaki a few years later? Didn’t all those explosions organize things nicely? Isn’t it possible that if you set off a big enough bomb that it would result in your well organized aircraft?
Maybe? No? Too insanely stupid to be believed?
Okay. What if you started with absolutely nothing? Does that change your opinion? What if you took, you know, nothing and then you ignited it using, well, nothing since there is nothing to touch it off with, so that nothing explodes, because that’s apparently what nothing does when there is nothing to make it explode in the first place. Everyone knows how combustible nothing is, anyway, especially when nothing ignites it. What then?
Oh. And instead of setting off the explosion in a junk yard full of raw materials, what if you blew up a bunch of, well, nothing. Nothing at all. Could you make your airplane then?
Now, I realize that we aren’t building airplanes. With our Big Bang, we are building an entire universe full of galaxy clusters and galaxies and solar systems and planets and moons and comets and that these kinds of things are VASTLY more simple in nature than a highly complicated finely-tuned airplane. My bad.
Aside from common sense logic, there are several apologetic arguments that come into play. Saint Thomas of Aquin (or Thomas Aquino or Thomas Aquinis), 1225-1274 AD, produced many famous writings in his lifetime, probably his most famous work being the SUMMA THEOLOGICA. His argumentation included over 1,000 arguments, in the form of syllogisms, for the existence of God. Among these arguments are some thoughts you may wish to consider or ponder alongside Big Bang theory.
The following are three of his arguments from a perspective of logic.
- The Argument of the First Cause
- Some things are caused.
- Everything that is caused is caused by something else.
- An infinite regress of causation is impossible.
- Therefore, there must be an uncaused cause of all that is caused.
- This the uncaused causer is that which we call God.
Another of his arguments goes like this:
- The Argument from Contingency
- Many things in the universe may either exist or not exist. Such things are called contingent beings.
- It is impossible for everything in the universe to be contingent, for then there would be a time when nothing existed, and so nothing would exist now, since there would be nothing to bring anything into existence, which is clearly false.
- Therefore, there must be a necessary being whose existence is not contingent on any other being or beings.
- This being is that whom we call God.
A third argument worth mentioning is as follows:
- The Teleological Argument
- All natural bodies in the world act towards ends.
- These objects are in themselves unintelligent.
- Acting toward an end is characteristic of intelligence.
- Therefore, there exists an intelligent being that guides all natural bodies toward their ends.
- This being is that whom we call God.
I think that about covers the logical problems with the theory.
The truth is that no one living or dead has ever proposed a logical and scientifically sound theory as to how the universe came into existence absent a Creator.
Many, many illogical theories have come and gone including Geocentric, Solid State, Curved, Bounding, Multiverse, and Infinite. The more facts we gather in the field of science, the more the evidence points toward a creation event. When we poison science with unscientific and illogical nonsense, it forms stumbling blocks between our collective curiosity and genuine discovery. And when one knows the facts and can obfuscate, ignore, or even hide the facts, then one is embracing not the noble cause of learning but an entirely different agenda.
The truth is that scripture tells us and logic confirms that we were created in the image of the Creator, male and female. He created the heavens and the earth, the waters and the air, the birds, the sea creatures, and everything that walks or crawls or slithers on the earth, and he created the stars also.
Next week, I will explore the science behind Big Bang.
God bless you and yours. Gregg
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FIGURE. Percentage of women aged 18--49 years pregnant at any time during October 2010--January 2011 (N = 1,457) who received influenza vaccination before, during, or after pregnancy for the 2010--11 influenza season, by month of delivery or expected month of delivery --- United States, Internet panel survey, April 2011
Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Pregnant Women --- United States, 2010--11 Influenza Season
Women are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality from influenza during pregnancy (1). Vaccinating pregnant women for influenza can protect both the women and their infants, especially infants aged <6 months who are not old enough to receive influenza vaccination (2--4). Since 2004, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists have recommended inactivated influenza vaccine for all women who are pregnant during influenza season, regardless of trimester (1,5). Before 2009, estimated influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women had been consistently low (approximately 15%) (1,5). However, vaccination levels increased substantially in response to the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic to nearly 50% (6--7). To estimate influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women for the 2010--11 season, CDC analyzed data from an Internet panel survey conducted in April 2011 among women who were pregnant any time during October 2010--January 2011. Among 1,457 survey respondents, 49% reported that they had received influenza vaccination: 12% were vaccinated before pregnancy, 32% during pregnancy, and 5% after pregnancy. Women offered influenza vaccination by a health-care provider (62%) were more likely to be vaccinated (71%) than other women (14%) and were more likely to have positive attitudes about vaccine effectiveness and safety. These results indicate that the higher vaccination level achieved the previous season (2009--10) was sustained and emphasize the critical role of health-care providers in promoting influenza vaccination. Continued efforts are needed to encourage health-care providers to strongly recommend and offer influenza vaccination to pregnant patients to protect both the mothers and their infants.
CDC conducted an Internet panel survey during April 4--25, 2011, to provide end-of-season estimates of influenza vaccination coverage and information on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to influenza vaccination among pregnant women. Women aged 18--49 years who were pregnant at any time since August 1, 2010, were recruited from the SurveySpot panel operated by Survey Sampling International.* Of all panel members contacted in April 2011, a total of 2,126 were determined to be eligible for the survey, and 1,937 (91%) completed the online survey. The sample was weighted to reflect the age and race/ethnicity distribution based on census region estimates from the U.S. population of pregnant women (8). To be consistent with a previous study (6), the study population was limited to 1,457 women reporting pregnancy at any time during the peak influenza vaccination period (October 2010--January 2011).
Survey respondents were asked if they had an influenza vaccination since August 1, 2010, and if yes, in which month and whether it was before, during, or after pregnancy. Pregnancy status questions included whether respondents were currently pregnant or pregnant at any time since August 1, 2010, and if so, what were the actual months of pregnancy. Respondents who were pregnant at the time of the survey were asked their expected delivery date. All respondents were asked if their doctor or other health professional had offered them influenza vaccination during an office visit and their attitudes toward influenza and influenza vaccination. Weighted analyses were conducted using statistical software. Confidence intervals were calculated, and chi-square tests were used to assess statistical significance of differences in vaccination coverage levels between subgroups.
Of the 1,457 women pregnant at any time during October 2010--January 2011, 49% reported influenza vaccination for the 2010--11 season: 12% were vaccinated before pregnancy, 32% during pregnancy, and 5% after pregnancy. Vaccination after pregnancy was more prevalent for women delivering early in the vaccination period, and vaccination before pregnancy was more prevalent among women who were in earlier stages of pregnancy later in the vaccination period (Figure). Younger women (aged 18--24 years) were less likely to be vaccinated than older women (aged 25--49 years) (44% versus 52%) (Table 1). College graduates were more likely to be vaccinated than those with less education. Women with health insurance coverage also were more likely to report influenza vaccination compared with those who were not insured.
Overall, 62% of women reported that they were offered influenza vaccination by their health-care providers; among those offered vaccination, 71% received influenza vaccination, substantially higher than the 14% vaccination level among women whose health-care providers did not offer vaccination (Table 1). Forty-five percent of women reported influenza vaccination in a previous influenza season, and these women were four times as likely to report 2010--11 vaccination as women without previous vaccination (84% versus 21%).
Compared with women whose health-care provider did not offer vaccination, women who received a health-care provider offer were more likely to have positive attitudes about the effectiveness of influenza vaccination (82% versus 54%), safety of influenza vaccination for pregnant women (78% versus 53%), and safety of vaccination for their infants (75% versus 47%) (Table 2). In addition, women who received a health-care provider offer consistently had higher vaccination levels than those who did not receive a health-care provider offer, regardless of their perceptions of vaccination safety or effectiveness expressed in April 2011. Moreover, women with a negative attitude toward vaccination who had received a health-care provider offer of vaccination were more likely to be vaccinated than women who had a positive attitude without a health-care provider offer.
The top five "main" reasons for not receiving influenza vaccination were "I am concerned about possible safety risks to my baby if I got vaccinated" (20%), "I am concerned that the vaccination would give me the flu" (17%), "I don't think the vaccination is effective in preventing flu" (14%), "I am concerned about possible safety risk to myself if I got vaccinated" (11%), and either "I don't think I would get very sick if I got the flu" or "I think if I get the flu, I will just get some medication to treat it" (14%).
The majority of women who were vaccinated during pregnancy received vaccination at their obstetrician/gynecologist or midwife's office (61%), followed by another doctor's office or another medical-related place (22%), a pharmacy or grocery store (8%), health department (5%), and their workplace or school (5%). Among women vaccinated either before or after pregnancy, 18% were vaccinated in an obstetrician/gynecologist or midwife's office, and 61% in another doctor's office or another medical-related place.
Deborah K Walker, EdD, Sarah Ball, ScD, Robert Black, MPH, David Izrael, MS, Abt Associates, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia. Helen Ding, MD, Gary L. Euler, DrPH, James A. Singleton, MS, Carolyn B. Bridges, MD, Immunization Svc Div, Lisa A. Grohskopf, MD, Influenza Div, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Denise J. Jamieson, MD, Div of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC. Corresponding contributor: Helen Ding, [email protected], 404-639-8513.
Results from this survey indicate that the record high influenza vaccination levels among pregnant women reported for the previous influenza season (2009--10) were sustained during the 2010--11 season. During 2009--10, pregnant women were included in the initial target groups to receive the inactivated 2009 H1N1 pandemic vaccine, and CDC worked closely with key partners, especially the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, to increase awareness that pregnant women were at increased risk for severe illness from influenza and were recommended for influenza vaccination to protect themselves and their infants (9). However, vaccination levels are still below the Healthy People 2020 target of 80% influenza vaccination coverage for pregnant women.†
This study found that women who received a health-care provider offer were more likely to believe influenza vaccination was effective, protective, and safe for themselves and their infants, and were nearly five times more likely to report receipt of vaccination compared with those who visited a doctor but did not receive an offer of vaccination. Pregnant women who had previously received influenza vaccination were four times more likely to receive influenza vaccination compared with those without a prior history of influenza vaccination. Because influenza vaccination is now recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months (1), further implementation of the universal vaccination recommendation among women of childbearing age might help to increase the likelihood of influenza vaccination before and during pregnancy.
Pregnant women who receive regular prenatal care have many more opportunities for a health-care provider offer of influenza vaccination than nonpregnant women. However, nearly four out of 10 women in this survey did not receive an offer of vaccination even though they visited a health-care provider at least one time. Barriers to providing influenza vaccination in health-care providers' offices identified by previous studies include lack of infrastructure for vaccine storage, lack of training for nurses to administer vaccines, and concern about safety and related lawsuits for vaccinating first trimester women (10). Another finding of this study was that women still reported safety risk to their infant as the most common main reason for refusing influenza vaccination, even though influenza vaccination during pregnancy can protect women and their infants (2--4). This study also indicated that a substantial proportion of women who delivered early in the influenza season received their vaccination after delivery. Vaccination of members of households with an infant aged <6 months is important for minimizing influenza risk for the upcoming influenza season.
The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, selection bias might remain after weighting adjustments, given the exclusion of women with no Internet access and the self-selection processes for entry into the panel and participation in the survey. However, influenza vaccination coverage estimated from this study, restricted to women who were pregnant at any time during December 2010 (48%), was similar to the coverage estimates based on December 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) interviews of women who were pregnant at that time (51%) (CDC, unpublished data, 2011). BRFSS is a telephone survey and also might be subject to selection bias because of exclusion of households without landline telephone service. Pregnant women account for only 1% of the general population, and conducting a random-digit--dialing survey or a mail survey large enough to obtain an adequate sample size would be costly and time-consuming. The similar estimate from BRFSS provides more evidence to support the use of Internet panels as useful surveillance data sources for timely midseason and postseason evaluation of influenza vaccination among pregnant women. Second, the survey was self-administered, and because pregnancy and vaccination status were not validated by medical record review, all responses are subject to recall and reporting error.
This study found that the higher vaccination level achieved during the 2009--10 influenza season (the fall wave of 2009 H1N1 virus activity) among pregnant women was repeated the following season, and identified key elements highly associated with pregnant women's acceptance of influenza vaccination, such as the health-care provider offer of vaccination and past receipt of influenza vaccination. Continued efforts are needed to encourage health-care providers to strongly recommend and offer influenza vaccination to their pregnant patients. Additional efforts are needed to remove barriers for health-care providers to administer influenza vaccination as part of routine practice. Messages to pregnant women from health-care providers and others should emphasize the safety and effectiveness of maternal influenza vaccination to maximize protection of pregnant patients and their infants.
John Boyle, PhD, Chuck Shuttles, Abt SRBI, Inc., Washington, DC. Peng-jun Lu, MD, Leah N Bryan, MPH, Immunization Svc Div, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC.
- CDC. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2010. MMWR 2010;59(No. RR-8).
- Eick AA, Uyeki TM, Klimov A, et al. Maternal influenza vaccination and effect on influenza virus infection in young infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2011;165:104--11.
- Zaman K, Roy E, Arifeen SE, et al. Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1555--64.
- Poehling KA, Szilagyi PG, Staat MA, et al., Impact of maternal immunization on influenza hospitalizations in infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204(6 Suppl 1):S141--8.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. Influenza vaccination and treatment during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104(5 pt 1):1125--6.
- Ding H, Santibanez TA, Jamieson DJ, et al. Influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women---National 2009 H1N1 Flu Survey (NHFS). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204(6 Suppl 1):S96--106.
- CDC. Seasonal influenza and 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women---10 states, 2009--10 influenza season. MMWR 2010;59:1541--5.
- CDC. Estimated pregnancy rates for the United States, 1990--2005: an update. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2009;58(4).
- Rasmussen SA, Kissin DM, Yeung LF, et al; Pandemic Influenza and Pregnancy Working Group. Preparing for influenza after 2009 H1N1: special considerations for pregnant women and newborns. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204(6 Suppl 1):S13--20.
- Naleway AL, Smith WJ, Mullooly JP. Delivering influenza vaccine to pregnant women. Epidemiol Rev 2006;28:47--53.
* Additional information available at http://www.surveysampling.com. The SurveySpot panelists generally were recruited from Internet sites that host large and frequent numbers of visitors and diverse Internet traffic. Multiple methods of recruitment were used, including banner ads, direct invitations, pop-ups, and web intercepts. The panel represents approximately 1 million households, and new panelists are continually being recruited; existing panelists are removed from the panel if they have opted-out or have not responded to an invitation within a specified period. A minimum incentive is routinely used to maintain the panel but not for an inducement to participate in a particular survey. Pregnant women panelists in this report were recruited from the SurveySpot panel using two methods. First, a message advertising the survey was placed on the main panel website (http://www.surveyspot.com), inviting panelists to view the survey eligibility questions on the panel's requirements page. A total of 18,789 respondents were invited, and 1,705 (9.1%) viewed the first eligibility question. Second, an e-mail invitation was sent to a sample of 11,688 panelists whose panel profiles indicated that they were women aged 18--49 years living in the United States. Of these, 1,370 (11.7%) replied. As a result of the two methods, a total of 3,075 panelists recruited went to the survey website and answered the first eligibility question.
† Additional information about Healthy People 2020 objectives for influenza vaccination is available at http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=23.
What is already known on this topic?
Pregnant women are recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to receive influenza vaccination regardless of trimester. Vaccination coverage among pregnant women was approximately 50% for the 2009--10 season, much higher than coverage reported for previous influenza seasons. Health-care provider recommendation is strongly associated with vaccination among pregnant women.
What is added by this report?
Approximately 49% of pregnant women in an Internet panel survey were vaccinated for influenza for the 2010--11 influenza season; 32% were vaccinated during pregnancy, and 17% before pregnancy or after delivery. Among the 62% of pregnant women who received a health-care provider offer for influenza vaccination, nearly three quarters were vaccinated, which was five times the coverage among those who didn't receive a health-care provider offer.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Continued efforts are needed to 1) encourage health-care providers to strongly recommend and offer inactivated influenza vaccination to their pregnant patients and 2) remove barriers for health-care providers to administer influenza vaccination as part of routine practice. Messages to pregnant women from health-care providers and others should emphasize the safety and effectiveness of maternal influenza vaccination to maximize protection of pregnant patients and their infants.
Alternate Text: The figure above shows the percentage of women aged 18-49 years pregnant at any time during October 2010-January 2011 (N = 1,457) who received influenza vaccination before, during, or after pregnancy for the 2010-11 influenza season, by month of delivery or expected month of delivery, in the United States, based on results of an Internet panel survey conducted in April 2011. Vaccination after pregnancy was more prevalent for women delivering early in the vaccination period, and vaccination before pregnancy was more prevalent among women who were in earlier stages of pregnancy later in the vaccination period.
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LAS VEGAS (KLAS) — The next big news on COVID-19 just might come from the sewers as officials rely on wastewater analysis for virus levels and new variants.
A new dashboard to monitor the information has been launched at http://empower.unlv.edu, with plans to update weekly. It’s a collaboration involving UNLV, the Southern Nevada Health District (SNHD), the Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) and the Desert Research Institute (DRI).
To use the dashboard, scroll down and click on a point on the map. That will reveal graphs and information below the map.
Also on Wednesday, SNHD reported that two strains of omicron are the only active COVID-19 variants that have been detected in Southern Nevada over the past 30 days. Omicron accounts for 87.3% of all COVID-19 variants, and the “stealth” variant of omicron — BA.2 — accounts for the remaining 12.7%.
The New York Times recently reported that health officials believe the omicron stealth variant could reverse the downward trend of COVID-19 cases, but they doubt it will cause a large spike in cases.
The new dashboard unveiled today is part of one of the largest COVID-19 surveillance projects in the world, according to a Wednesday news release. Nevada was one of the first states to initiate wastewater testing. The 8 News Now I-Team reported how wastewater analysis provided early warning of outbreaks more than a year ago. During the pandemic, wastewater surveillance has tracked, monitored and provided early awareness of increases in volume of the virus as well as changes to the types of variants of COVID-19.
“As we move into the next stage of our response to COVID-19, wastewater surveillance is going to be a powerful tool for detecting potential surges in new cases or the presence of new variants in our community,” said Cassius Lockett, Director of Disease Surveillance and Control for SNHD. “We will be able to alert the public in a timelier manner and support public health mitigation measures that can help slow the spread of the virus.”
The wastewater surveillance program monitors concentrations of the virus from people who contract COVID-19 — with or without symptoms — and shed genetic material through the sewer system. The presence of genetic material is detected in the sewer system before the person who contracted the virus ever starts showing symptoms
In addition to being an early indicator that cases of COVID-19 may be increasing in a community, wastewater surveillance can also indicate when cases are decreasing, and the surveillance program is not dependent on people seeking testing or health care when they are sick.
“The collaboration between our community partners has enabled the collection of one of the largest and most diverse wastewater datasets in the country,” said Edwin Oh, professor and director of the Neurogenetics and Precision Medicine Lab at UNLV. “The daily and weekly analyses of these samples will help keep us one step ahead of emerging pathogens and variants.”
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This image provided by the Illustris Collaboration in May 2014 shows dark matter density overlaid with the gas velocity field in a simulation of the evolution of the universe since the Big Bang. (AP Photo/Illustris Collaboration)
The development of four scientific satellites is going well, Wu said recently at an event to mark the 10th anniversary of cooperation between China’s Double Star space mission and the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Cluster mission to investigate the earth's magnetosphere.
The first of the series, the dark matter particle explorer, will be launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in northwest China at the end of this year. All the major tests and experiments have been completed, and a mission control center for scientific satellites has been set up in Huairou, a northern suburb of Beijing, Wu said.
China's dark-matter particle explorer satellite under development (China Features)
The dark-matter particle explorer satellite will observe the direction, energy and electric charge of high-energy particles in space in search of dark matter, said Chang Jin, chief scientist of the project.
It will have the widest observation spectrum and highest energy resolution of any dark-matter probe in the world.
Dark matter is one of the most important mysteries of physics. Scientists believe in its existence based on the law of universal gravitation, but have never directly detected it.
A handout photo from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope released on April 13, 2015 by the European Southern Observatory shows the rich galaxy cluster Abell 3827. The strange blue structures surrounding the central galaxies are gravitationally lensed views of a much more distant galaxy behind the cluster. Observations of the central four merging galaxies have provided hints that the dark matter around one of the galaxies is not moving with the galaxy itself, possibly implying dark matter-dark matter interactions of an unknown nature are occuring. (AFP Photo)
China will also launch a satellite for quantum science experiments next year. “It’s very difficult to develop the payload of the satellite. We have overcome many difficulties in making the optical instrument. We are confident of launching it in the first half of next year,” Wu said.
A retrievable scientific research satellite, SJ-10, will also be launched in the first half of next year. It will carry out research in microgravity and space life science to provide scientific support to manned space missions.
The satellite is expected carry out 19 experiments in six fields: microgravity fluid physics, microgravity combustion, space material science, space radiation effect, microgravity biological effect, and space biological techniques.
Eight experiments in fluid physics will be conducted in the orbital module, and the others will be conducted in the re-entry capsule, which is designed to return to earth after 12 days in orbit. The orbital module will keep operating in orbit for three more days.
The SJ-10 project is jointly developed by 11 institutes of the CAS and six Chinese universities in cooperation with the ESA and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.
Next year’s launch schedule also includes a hard X-ray telescope, which will observe black holes, neutron stars and other phenomena based on their X-ray and gamma ray emissions.
This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image obtained September 8, 2014 shows a spiral galaxy known as PGC 54493. This galaxy is part of a galaxy cluster that has been studied by astronomers exploring an intriguing phenomenon known as weak gravitational lensing. This effect, caused by the uneven distribution of matter (including dark matter) throughout the Universe, has been explored via surveys such as the Hubble Medium Deep Survey. Dark matter is one of the great mysteries in cosmology. (AFP Photo)
Wu said that since the space era began in 1957, the United States and the former Soviet Union had made 90 percent of the “firsts”. In recent years, Europe and Japan have also made great progress. The first landing on Titan and the first landing on a comet were accomplished by Europe’s Huygens mission and Rosetta-Philae mission; and the first mission to take an asteroid sample back to earth was made by Japan.
“But we didn’t hear any Chinese voice in those great missions. China is the world’s second largest economy, and a major player in space. We should not only be the user of space knowledge, we should also be the creator of space knowledge,” Wu said.
“China should not only follow others in space exploration; it should set some challenging goals that have never be done by others, such as sending the Chang’e-4 lunar probe to land on the far side of the moon.”
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GERM 100 GERMAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
ON-SITE 1-3 HOURS
Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.An introduction to German and German-speaking culture in conjunction with study abroad for students with little or no previous language study. Does not fulfill the general education foreign language requirement.
GERM 101 GERMAN I:FUNDAMENTAL COMMUNICATION
3 HOURS GEN ED A-II
Introduction to German through exploration of the students' personal world. Students will learn to express preferences, abilities, needs, and obligations; ask for information; describe people, places, and things in their world; and report their typical activities.
GERM 102 GERMAN II: SOCIAL COMMUNICATION
3 HOURS GEN ED A-II
Prerequisite: GERM 101 or equivalent. Extension of German I that moves toward increased linguistic and social awareness of German-speaking cultures. Students will use the past tense, demonstrate basic understanding of aspects of the German-speaking world, and be able to give information on course topics.
GERM 105. INTRODUCTION TO GERMANIC CULTURE.
Survey of the contemporary culture of Austria and Germany, with emphasis on values, behavioral characteristics, social and political structures, and achievements of German-speaking peoples. Taught in English; only taught abroad.
GERM 201 GERMAN III: CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
3 HOURS GEN ED A-II
Prerequisite: GERM 102 or equivalent. Helps students strengthen basic language skills while continuing to broaden cultural awareness of German-speaking societies. Students produce brief reports related to course topics and express opinions simply. Includes literature, film and fine arts. Taught in German.
GERM 202 THE GERMAN-SPEAKING LANDS
3 HOURS GEN ED A-II
Prerequisite: GERM 201 or equivalent. Introduction to geography, social structures, and recent history. Material drawn from literature, popular culture, and the Internet. Students learn to read short texts and express opinions about them. Taught in German.
GERM 210. INTERMEDIATE GERMAN CONVERSATION ABROAD.
Prerequisite: GERM 102 or equivalent. Course designed to develop the vocabulary and communication skills of a student with one year of college German or equivalent, with emphasis on contact with German native speakers. GERM 210 may not substitute for GERM 201 or 202, but may count as an elective for the major or minor. Taught in German. May be repeated for a total of three credits.
GERM 211. INTERMEDIATE GERMAN CULTURE ABROAD.
Prerequisite: GERM 102 or equivalent. Course designed to develop an appreciation for different aspects of German-speaking countries and their people and cultures, for a student with one year of college German or equivalent. GERM 211 may not substitute for GERM 201 or 202, but may count as an elective for the major or minor. Taught in German. May be repeated for a total of three credits.
GERM 306 EXPERIENCING GERMAN ABROAD 1-6 HOURS
Prerequisite: GERM 202 or equivalent and permission of instructor. Corequisite: Enrollment in supervised language study while abroad. Supervised language and cultural studies accomplished during a study abroad program. Students who receive transferable credit for language study done during the study abroad program will receive credit only for cultural study. May be repeated once for a maximum of six hours of credit.
GERM 314 INTRODUCTION TO GERMAN LITERATURE
3 HOURS GEN ED B-I
Prerequisite: GERM 202. Emphasis on major periods, literary types and critical approaches through the study of selected representative works and authors.
GERM 330 GERMAN COMPOSITION AND CONVERSATION 3 HOURS
Prerequisite: GERM 202. Develops skill in writing and speaking standard German. Stress is on vocabulary building, use of dictionary and control of sentence structures. Skill in spoken German is aimed at enabling the students to find their way around the environment and to function in a social situation.
GERM 331 BUSINESS GERMAN 3 HOURS
Prerequisite: GERM 202 or equivalent. Introduction to business communication in German-speaking countries: linguistic structures and vocabulary, forms of business communication, reading and discussion of business texts, social customs.
GERM 332 ADVANCED GERMAN TRANSLATION 3 HOURS
Prerequisite: GERM 202 or permission of instructor. Translation English to German and German to English of texts selected from various sources both literary and non-literary. Texts are selected for general interest and challenge to the translator.
GERM 333 GERMANIC CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE 3 HOURS GEN ED B-II
Prerequisite: GERM 202. Survey of the historical background and cultural development of the German-speaking countries of Europe: The Federal Republic of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Conducted in German.
GERM 335 CONTEMPORARY CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION 3 HOURS GEN ED B-II
Prerequisites: GERM 202 or equivalent. Study of Geography, politics, social customs, culture and contemporary issues of the German-speaking countries. Especially useful for students who plan to study or work abroad. Taught in German.
GERM 389 INTERNSHIP IN GERMAN 1-3 HOURS
Prerequisites: One 300-level German course or the equivalent, and permission of the instructor. Supervised work using German in a professional setting. Open only to German majors or minors.
GERM 430 ADVANCED GERMAN COMPOSITION AND CONVERSATION 3 HOURS
Prerequisite: GERM202 or equivalent. Provides intensive practice in written and spoken German, enabling the student to write letters, reports, essays, descriptions, and to discuss literary, cultural, and political topics.
GERM 435 GERMAN LITERATURE OF THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES 3 HOURS
Prerequisite: GERM 314 or permission of instructor. A study of major German, Austrian, and Swiss writers of the 19th and 20th centuries with emphasis on prose and drama.
GERM 436 GERMAN LITERATURE OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 3 HOURS
Prerequisite: GERM 314 or permission of instructor. A study of the outstanding works of Goethe, Schiller and other authors of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
GERM 437 GERMAN LITERATURE AND FILM 3 HOURS
Prerequisite: GERM 314 or equivalent. A study of German film and film adaptations of German literature. Emphasis on textual analysis, special film terminology, theoretical approaches to film, writing about film.
GERM 455. TOPICS IN GERMANIC LITERARY AND CULTURAL STUDIES.
Prerequisite: GERM 314 or permission of instructor. Examines different topics of interest in German literary and cultural studies. May be repeated once for credit.
GERM 499 ADVANCED STUDIES IN GERMAN 1-4 HOURS
Prerequisites: Junior or senior standing and permission of instructor. For guided independent study in culture, language, or literature. May be used with consent of full-time program faculty members for work accomplished during study abroad. Number of credit hours will be determined in consultation with instructor. May be repeated for a maximum of six hours of credit.
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How good a player would Arne Duncan, former basketball pro and current secretary of Education, have been had he not been allowed to play a pickup game or idly bounce a ball? How many great players would there be had they not been able to play at the corner lot, instead forced through endless drills?
Kids would not have learned the lingo and mannerisms of basketball, or imagined themselves shooting jump shots next to Shaquille O’Neal or Larry Bird. The sport would have become a serious business; no longer would it be about the love of the game.
In short, the culture of basketball, so cherished by fans and players alike, would never have developed.
Yet Duncan proposes standards that make reading and writing a drill-like business. In the new Common Core guidelines, high-school English teachers would have to spend more than 50 percent of their time on nonfiction and informational texts such as court opinions, Federal Reserve bulletins and computer manuals!
As a college English instructor, I am dismayed by how much we have already lost of our literary heritage. During the past 20 years, I’ve found each successive entering class to be less familiar with cultural and literary concepts. Often trained to parse imaginative works for political messages, students are rendered incapable of understanding the pathos of tragedy and the delight of humor evoked from sentences that build up complexly. They think that only facts are needed.
It is impossible to convey to them the delight at encountering a passage that evokes laughter at a character’s self-delusion. Few appreciate irony. Nearly all stare at me quizzically when I ask whether they’d ever gotten “lost” in a good novel. They see writing as a chore. As a result, writing skills have deteriorated to the level of, well, a computer manual.
Nor do they find solace in reading and writing, as do many who turn to books when growing up in trying circumstances. Today’s children will have less opportunity to escape difficulties through good stories and obtain the sense of accomplishment in crafting a well-turned sentence.
The situation promises to get worse, for the Common Core standards, adopted by 45 states, will make teachers into Mr. Gradgrinds, the utilitarian schoolmaster of Charles Dickens’ novel “Hard Times.”
Emphasizing “nothing but facts,” he evokes laughter with his “square wall of a forehead,” a “square forefinger,” an “obstinate carriage, square coat, square legs, square shoulders” and hair that “bristled on the skirts of his bald head, a plantation of firs to keep the wind from its shining surface, all covered with knobs, like the crust of a plum pie, as if the head had scarcely warehouse-room for the hard facts stored inside.”
He calls on one of the hapless inmates of the “plain, bare monotonous vault of a schoolroom,” Sissy Jupe, to define a horse. When she is unable to, another boy gives a satisfactory definition: “Quadriped. Graminivorous. Forty teeth, namely twenty-four grinders, four eye-teeth, and twelve incisive. Sheds coat in spring,” etc. It’s a far cry from the ponies of Marguerite Henry’s children’s books.
Sissy Jupe, understandably, has a breakdown.
The education bureaucrats also fail to understand that a nation’s literature enhances understanding of its foundational documents, now placed under the “informational texts” category. Washington Irving’s “Rip Van Winkle” humorously gives insight into changes brought by independence as denizens of the Hudson River Valley go from being subjects to citizens. Mark Twain’s “Huckleberry Finn” allows students to follow the adventures and moral dilemmas of a boy rafting down a river with a friend — a slave. Ralph Ellison’s “Invisible Man” illuminates struggles for existential freedom.
But rather than restoring literature to something that “delights and instructs,” our education bureaucrats are becoming like the government officer who oversees Mr. Gradgrind. For example, one South Carolina school administrator, defending Common Core, declared, “Kids don’t need to be spending hours and hours reading classical literature.” A representative from the state superintendant’s office claimed that students learn to write better if they study informational texts rather than literature.
Every study I know shows a correlation between reading and writing. “Informational texts” do not offer models of elegant prose, nor do they invite readers.
We are losing not only writing skills, but cultural cohesion. What will the future hold when we have no frame of reference, such as a “Rip Van Winkle” or an “Invisible Man”?
Perhaps Duncan and education bureaucrats have not had the experiences we lovers of literature have had.
Many have never gotten lost in a basketball game, but they understand the value of such sports and the joy of play, whether physical or intellectual. But children will not love basketball if it is a grinding chore. The same with reading and writing.
Mary Grabar is a writer who teaches English at Emory University.
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The LIFE (Learning Independence from Experience) Project promotes self-confidence and self-sufficiency for eligible young adults by providing a variety of housing options for young adults. These different settings allow young adults to experience independent living while continuing to receive support, guidance, and assistance with skills development. Participants must be 18 to 21 years of age, either single or parenting single…
This analysis examined California county birth rate variations among girls in foster care. The objective was to generate data to assess potential intervention points tied to federal legislation extending foster care beyond age 18 years. (Journal of Adolescent Health)
If you’re between the ages of 18 and 22, and you don’t have a safe place to live, our Transitional Living Program can help you make a home of your own. We know that succeeding on your own is about much more than finding a place to lay your head at night. Our program can help you develop the skills…
This report presents demographic characteristics, health service access and use, and timing of key fertility-related milestones among adults aged 18–44 who had ever been in foster care as compared with those who had never been in foster care in the United States.
“SMILE” stands for Support System, Mentoring, Independent Living, and Education. The Smile House will be a Transitional Program for teenagers and young adults aging out of foster care. Through the Smile Program, these youth will benefit from opportunities to develop the skills necessary for independent living and from access to support services that can help them navigate the transition to adulthood.
Individuals receive a 1-bed, 1-bath apartment with kitchen, living room, and equipped with basic furnishings. The HOME program provides support through a formal face-to-face checking in once a week, daily sign in/outs, and access to a variety of services including life skills training including meal planning, cooking, accessing transportation, budgeting, accessing services, and more.
The Youth Resource Center provides a low-barrier space to meet the basic needs of young adults ages 17-24 experiencing or at risk of homelessness, many of whom have aged out of foster care. The service continuum includes drop-in services with showers, laundry, computer lab, and hygiene products, as well as independent living services, mentoring, and rapid rehousing.
Footsteps provides Transitional Living services to youth in the foster care system ages 16 through 21. Youth are offered housing services in a group home setting or an independent apartment setting, based on their life skills and need. All youth are offered assistance with education, employment, mental and physical health, and life skills acquisition.
Pivot, Inc. is a nonprofit community organization that advocates, educates, intervenes and counsels youth and families to make a positive difference in their lives. What we do: Meet housing & basic needs, provide education & job assistance, prevention & intervention, and therapeutic care.
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According to College Raptor, the cost of college has consistently risen year after year. Since 1987, college tuition has increased by about 225%. The average college costs for 2017-18 for a public two-year school, including tuition, room, and board, equals about $12,000 compared to the average price of $3,000 in 1987. Here’s a little more perspective: A Harvard graduate in 1988 would have paid $17,100 in senior year tuition (in 2017 dollars). Now in their 50’s, that graduate has to pay about $45,000 in tuition for their child to attend the same school.
On top of the expenses, college may not be an option to consider due to work, family, and other conflicting diversions that adult life brings. Luckily, there are options outside of universities to receive higher education. Here are a few options, free and inexpensive.
- Enroll in free online classes. While online education may have at one time seemed laughable, the Internet offers extensive courses through thousands of schools, including some of the most prestigious, such as Cambridge. Even better, a lot of the classes are of no cost to the student. The popularity of these types of courses led to the creation of MOOC (massive open online course). One prominent example of MOOC is edX a provider that hosts courses from respected schools, including Harvard and MIT, Columbia, and the University of Texas. While the classes are free, students have the option to pay a small fee for a certificate of completion.
- Start or join a book club. According to the Pew Research Center, 24% of U.S. adults (28% of adults 50 and older, 20% of adults under 50) say they haven’t read a book in whole or in part in the past year. However, neuroscientists conducted a study at Emory University that showed reading offers multiple benefits to brain function on a variety of levels. Reading exposes the brain to more vocabulary, which leads to higher scores on general tests of intelligence. The Huffington Post reports that reading also improves memory function and lowers mental decline by 32 percent. Reading enhances empathy, might fight Alzheimer’s disease and can help the reader relax and sleep.
- Find and attend lectures. Lectures are an expected part of college life; however, a classroom isn’t the only place to find them. A quick online search of relatively local bookstores and museums should show discussions, talks, and readings that offer stimulating material to those interested in learning. Even more, those who can’t seem to find a close by lecture, or can’t afford to travel, only need the internet. Online platforms such as TedTalks, and even Youtube, offer a considerable amount of informational and inspiring lectures and discussions.
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San Francisco’s Great Earthquake of 1906 is still remembered in the history books as one of the worst natural disasters America has ever experienced. Today it is remembered by many homeowners each time they consider facing the ramifications of facing such a disaster without California earthquake insurance.
The San Andreas Fault line runs the length of California – a total distance of some 800 miles. That means all Californians live with the knowledge they’re perched directly on top of two moving plates: the Pacific Plate and North American Plate.
According to the history books, San Francisco residents had experienced decades of small earthquakes prior to ‘the big one’ of 1906. After the earthquake hit, some areas of land had been displaced by up to 20 feet, or around six meters. The houses which were left standing after the devastating event increased exponentially in value as residents saw them as ‘safe’ in the event of another disaster. The government also took notice of the engineering and building techniques which saw some houses stand while others around them collapsed into rubble. Consequently, new building laws were introduced to ensure another disaster of that magnitude didn’t occur again.
While building codes may have changed – there’s still a fear another ‘big one’ can happen again. There’s no need to be unprepared financially – taking out California earthquake insurance is easy, fast and gives you the type of security money really can buy.
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Mexico City recently announced its plans to implement earthquake warnings via social media websites including Twitter and Facebook. The current warning methods have proved inefficient as not everyone is close enough to hear the sirens or tuned in to hear a radio warning.
The earthquake warning via social media is planned to launch by September 19 -- an important day for Mexico City residents as it marks the 26th anniversary of an earthquake that took the lives of 10,000 Mexico city residents. Social media not only connects people from all around the world, but now helps protect them as well.
Other countries plagued with the terror of natural disasters have also used social media to alert residents of an approaching storm. Japan recently used Twitter to notify American residents of tsunami arrival times to U.S. shores after they had been hit.
Disaster Social Media Warnings
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Do Your Body Features Measure Up?
An examination of phrenology, physiognomy, palmistry, and iridology.
by Brian Dunning
September 25, 2007
Podcast transcript | Download | Subscribe
Come and stand over here: I'm going to put my calipers across your cranium to assess your IQ, look into your eyes to see if you have any health problems, run my fingers over your facial structure to see what kind of personality you have, and then check your hands to see what your future holds. In short, I'm going to learn everything there is to know about you by examining your body features.
Most people are generally familiar with phrenology, the belief that studying the bumps on your head gives insight into which parts of the brain are more developed. Phrenology was developed around 1800 by a German doctor named Franz Joseph Gall, and it's interesting in that it was the legitimate cutting edge of neurological study at the time. Gall was one of the first innovators to believe that the brain, not the heart, was the center of the human mind. If he'd stopped there, everything would have been all right. But, working with the best knowledge that was available at the time, he had an oversimplified concept of how the brain might work. He reasoned that each part of the whole brain, which he believed was made of many separate organs, was responsible for a certain element of thought or behavior. Gall and other phrenologists, working with the best of intentions, made poorly-performed studies of subjects' craniums and dissected the brains of deceased patients who had known personality traits, and eventually came up with the charts that you see today: craniums with little areas marked all over them showing what elements of personality are governed by each little range of brain area.
Now this was fine for the 1800's but later, as the brain's true nature became better understood, phrenology was replaced with modern neurology. However, like with all pseudosciences, some believers reject what modern science has taught us and prefer to cling to the ancient level of knowledge instead. Phrenology is very much alive in India, for example; perhaps because 19th-century British phrenologists determined that Indians had Aryan characteristics superior to other Asian races. Phrenology is central to Samudrika Lakchana, the body-feature based medical modality that is still widely practiced in India. They believe each part of the body is connected to a different part of the brain, and irregularities in the bumps on your head correspond directly to dysfunction in the connected body part.
Closely related to phrenology is physiognomy, the belief that aspects of character and personality can be derived from facial anatomy. Physiognomy is interesting in that it has actually regressed as a pseudoscience, having a reasonable foundation in its early days but being refined further and further into nonsense as the centuries progressed. In their day, both Aristotle and Pythagoras noted what we would term non-verbal communication and ascribed it to a correlation of temperament and facial expression. No big deal in our times, but in their day this was groundbreaking stuff, nobody had really studied this before. Aristotle's original works are found in his volume Physiognomica. As the centuries wore on and we started learning more about anatomy, well-meaning researchers like Johann Lavater and Sir Thomas Browne began making these correlations not to facial expression, but to facial anatomy. Modern practitioners have refined this further, calling it scientific correlation physiognomy. They believe that the same gene that causes an angry temperament causes a large brow or powerful frowning muscles. They take it all the way to extreme details, to the point that widely spaced eyes mean that a person is honest or naïve; and the shape of your face indicates the type of job you have the aptitude for. One of their research tools is called the Facial Action Coding System, which you use to determine your facial metrics; and then you plug the results into the Affect Interpretation Dictionary to translate your facial scores into meaningful emotional categories.
It's easy to see why people buy into physiognomy. A lot of times, you can see a person and at first glance, tell something about their personality, and even be right fairly often. That guy's bad news. That girl's flirtatious. He looks like a nice guy. I bet she's a lawyer. There's a lot of information you can learn by looking at someone: that's why psychics and fortune tellers have jobs. But this isn't physiognomy. None of the cues you picked up have to do with physiological facial structure. What you saw was the facial expression, indicating their attitude, their confidence level, their demeanor. You saw their hairstyle and clothing, from which you get a hint at their social background, their profession, the type of people they hang out with. You may have seen jewelry or tattoos. There was non-verbal communication and body language. You saw their hygiene and grooming. You saw their dress-up level and their behavior relative to the environment they're in. Congratulations, you just performed a cold reading. You just successfully derived a great deal of information about this person with one glance at their face, using well established principles of psychology. There is no need for the unfounded pseudoscience of physiognomy, but it's easy to understand how and why people lacking expertise in psychology or communication would assume that there must be something to physiognomy.
The art of palm reading is familiar to every schoolchild, and has been around as long as recorded history. The first written book on palmistry came from a Hindu 5000 years ago. Formally called chiromancy, from the Greek for hand divination, palmistry is the art of reading the lines in your palm to supposedly derive information about your character, events in your future life, and even events from past lives. It should be noted that there are many conflicting schools of palmistry from different cultures, from China to gypsies to carnival readers to your local naturopath, and even modern practitioners who believe that their particular methodology is based on science.
As you can surmise, there's never been any well-performed research that supports any of the classical claims of palmistry. So what do its modern supporters cling to? They tend to look for correlations between hand anatomy and known physical conditions, in the hope that such correlations will give the appearance of a scientific foundation for chiromancy. For example, one author, John Manning, attributes digit length ratios to in utero levels of sex hormones. A longer ring finger means more testosterone, and a longer index finger means more estrogen. Manning argues that digit ratios correlate to such characteristics as homosexuality, fertility, likelihood of suffering from a heart attack or breast cancer, and your aptitude for music or sports. When palm readers point to such research as scientific support for their practice, just remember that publishers will publish anything that they think will sell. In fact, digit length ratios are correlated much more strongly with geography and race — in other words, it's genetic.
Iridology is fascinatingly bizarre. Iridologists believe that the iris (the colored part of your eye) is like a computer readout telling exactly what's wrong anywhere in your body. Iridology is mainly practiced by straight chiropractors in the United States. The late great chiropractor Bernard Jensen said of iridology that "Nature has provided us with a miniature television screen showing the most remote portions of the body," and added that iridology analyses "offer much more information about the state of the body than do the examinations of Western medicine." He then went on to perform in a well controlled clinical trial with two other iridologists where they were shown photographs of irises and asked to choose which ones were from patients with kidney disease. All three iridologists failed to improve on random chance, and all three disagreed with one another. To date, no rigorous controlled trial has shown that iridology has any ability to show accurate or useful information about your body's health. (I should be clear that although most iridologists are chiropractors, relatively few chiropractors are iridologists, and they're almost always straight or mixer chiropractors, not reforms.)
Iridology is fairly unique among alternative therapies in that it was actually invented by an 11-year-old boy, Hungarian Ignatz von Peczely, in the mid 19th century. While playing with an owl, he accidentally broke its leg and later noted a black mark in part of its iris. Being just a boy, he assumed a causal relationship, and iridology was born. He grew up and practiced this as a profession. Modern medicine does note that there are a number of conditions which can cause changes in the appearance of the iris, notably abnormal clumping of melanin resulting in permanent markings. Compounds like lipofuscin, a "wear-and-tear" pigment, can leech into the eye under certain conditions and cause temporary or permanent discoloration of a type watched by iridologists. The anecdotal evidence supporting iridology can all be ascribed to such conditions happening to coincide with perceived onsets or healing of disease or injury, thus appearing to indicate a correlation when in fact none exists. However the vast majority of iridology analysis involves the reading of normal marks on healthy eyes by practitioners who then make diagnoses of non-existent conditions and proceed with chiropractic, holistic, or other alternative modalities to treat it.
It sure would be handy if iridology was real, and if all answers in life were as simple as those promised by phrenology, palmistry, and physiognomy, we'd all be living large indeed. Easy answers and cheap promises. They're seductive, aren't they? Just remember the old saying "Good questions outrank easy answers." If you have a good question or an important question, involving, like, for example, your health, be very skeptical of cheap, easy answers.
By Brian Dunning
Please contact us with any corrections or feedback.
Cite this article:
Dunning, B. "Do Your Body Features Measure Up?" Skeptoid Podcast. Skeptoid Media,
25 Sep 2007. Web.
20 Jan 2017. <http://skeptoid.com/episodes/4067>
References & Further Reading
Ernst, E. "Iridology: not useful and potentially harmful." Archives of Ophthalmology. 1 Jan. 2000, Volume 118, Number 1: 120-121.
Gardner, Martin. Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1957. 292-296.
Gray, Richard T. About Face. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 2004.
Knipschild, P. "Looking for gall bladder disease in the patient's iris." BMJ. 17 Dec. 1988, Volume 297, Number 6: 1578-1581.
Simon, Allie, Worthen, David M., Mitas, John A. II. "An Evaluation of Iridology." JAMA. 28 Sep. 1979, Volume 242, Number 1: 1385-1389.
Stein, Gordon. The encyclopedia of the paranormal. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 1996. 21, 168, 491-493, 530-534, 310, 491,.
©2017 Skeptoid Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Rights and reuse information
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29 April, 2002
Students, Teachers, and Community Restoring the Sisters Creek.
Supervising a two-year-old is like “nailing Jell-O to a tree,” goes the old saying. Perhaps, getting Dominican’s staff and students as well as the local and national agencies to agree on a definition of sustainability to restore the Sisters creek, is, like “nailing Jell-O to a tree,” but maybe not.
As we all know, themes of sustainability deal with nature, the economy, society and often all three combined. They are about the pace of modification and about equal treatment among generations. An environmental sustainable society guides its economy and population size without doing irreversible environmental damage; it fulfills the needs of its people by harvesting without exhausting the Earth’s capital and protects the prospects of future generations of humans and other species. All of us should see sustainability as a steadily developing process.
In the book Ecological Design the authors bring to the readers’ attention that the word sustainability has become a kind of mantra for the 1990s. Adding, “in search of comfort, convenience, and material wealth, we have begun to sacrifice not only our own health, but also the health of all species. We are starting to exhaust the capacity of the very systems that sustain us, and now we must deal with the consequences,” concluding with “sustainability can be viewed from two places, the province of policy makers and environmental experts flying at thirty-five thousand feet from conference to conference […] or sustainability as the domain of grassroots environmental and social groups, indigenous people preserving traditional practices, and people committed to changing their own communities." (Van Deer Ryn-Cowan, 1996, Pg. 4). In my research I saw the importance of community and the local participation in creek restoration.
Understanding the basic patterns and processes by which nature sustains life and using these essential concepts of ecology to give birth to sustainable human communities can give people the tools to become ecologically literate. In the work titled Ecoliteracy-Mapping the Terrain, ecological literacy means perceiving the world as an interrelated whole. We can detect relationships between phenomena at different levels from the individual, the classroom, the educational institutions, the district, and the environmental human communities and ecosystems. (Capra, 2000,Pg. 28). As we watch the Dominican campus grown and expand, we can give birth to relationships among the many different kinds of people that impact the campus and a grassroots approach, which could transform the health and the habitat of the Sisters creek.
The design of my grassroots attempt is to research innovative ideas and learn about other environmental groups, so that Dominican campus’ community could begin to restore and sustain the Sisters creek. My intent is to create a grassroots approach, where ordinary citizens contrasted with local political, social and economic groups, can begin the basis of the Dominican creek restoration project. Furthermore, the Sisters creek restoration project can be student driven as a support mechanism. A project that can involve the faculty, the administration, the Science Club, the student government, the student body, and Dominican’s neighbors.
The restoration process could become an ongoing project as part of the required Biology 4400-Ecology and Environment class in the way of seminars, science theses and actual work on the creek. This process can give the student body and the other communities involved a sense of “campus pride.” Through environmental project-based learning, everyone can take more responsibility for his or her learning, by also including Dominican’s community and perhaps the city of Marin’s Water agency, the Department of Fish and Game, consultants and local non-profit organizations.
The Sisters creek has many ecological issues that need to be addressed. The word sustainability comes to mind and it is the foundation for the grassroots project, to go from a elaborate environmental and biological abstraction, to the mere beginnings of being able to know and research what to do to restore the creek and with whom to do it with.
We could enhance the creek’s natural habitat, improve water quality, work on grading and removal of vegetation, erosion control, re-vegetation, trees, grass, shrubs and wildflower maintenance, and preserve any endangered species. We could look into long-range scientific experiments, such as native species establishment, invasive species eradication and effects. Also links between restoration and creek functioning, such as water flow, aquatic life, or water quality.
As Joanne Tippet, Dominican’s faculty member, who has added exceptional ideas to the Biology 4400 class being taught this semester, suggested, “we could do environmental science projects, create attitudes towards public participation in restoration, as well as the history and culture of the creek; the idea is also to build a data base of information and repository of projects – which can highlight the work that Dominican is doing for potential students, as well as provide a good base line data for further projects.”
There are many major areas of concern for those whose goals are to have a healthy creek. “The first one is to save existing healthy creeks from impacts of urban development by putting land-use regulation in place. A common destroyer of creeks is the placement of structures too close to creek’s banks creating erosion and flood hazards – an expense that is usually borne by the community taxpayer. Another concern is to use the most environmentally sensitive stream-channel maintenance practices by engineering officials, like the removal of culverts and concrete linings. Addressing water pollution through conventional treatment facilities and restoration methods and the need for an adequate water supply for life in the stream.” (Riley, 1998, Pg. 9). These are areas of concern that must be addressed as we attempt to restore the Sisters creek.
Starting a grassroots approach can become difficult as one gathers the names of people and organizations and learns the interests of the people involved. I first contacted Jim Cunningham, a faculty member in the Biology department at Dominican; he made some time for me and was kind enough to steer me in the right direction. Later on, as I was leaving campus I met with Sibdas Ghosh, the chair of the Natural Sciences and Mathematics Department. Though he is always very busy, he took the time to give me several names of people on campus that would want to help and lend their support to the creation of this grassroots approach. The process of finding the people and networking was much easier than explaining the conditions that the creek is in and how one can start restoring it, since no one, to my knowledge, had taken the time to research and document its history.
I talked to Rebecca Little from Dominican’s Science club who added to my enthusiasm with the following: “I am very excited about your interest in restoring the Sisters creek. It is long over due. I would most certainly help you in your quest; we may be able to get local sponsors, schools, and the neighbors to help fund or work with us,” concluding with “it may be an uphill battle but I look forward to the adventure.” And indeed, an uphill battle it is.
Jessica Frederick, Dominican’s VP of student government was very excited about the possibilities of restoration and suggested that I could possibly meet with the student government body to talk about the future of the Sisters creek. She mentioned that Dominican’s faculty member, Peter Thut, was going to work with a freshman Biology major to work on the vegetative sampling and perhaps turn the project into a sort of senior thesis.
The next day I called the Bay Institute and within 24 hours I had the pleasure to meet Chris Choo, Watershed Education Coordinator. Chris was the first person that suggested I carefully research how much work it takes to develop a group that wants to do restoration. I suddenly felt like I had gone from looking at the “creek” to looking at the “ocean” in terms of how massive restoration can become. The Bay Institute’s mission statement says it all: “To protect and restore the ecosystems of San Francisco Bay, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and the rivers, streams and watersheds tributary to the estuary.” (www.bay.org/educate/straw.html). The words “protect and restore” were key issues for me to focus on and keep on researching more local groups.
I learned about the institute’s well known STRAW Project who coordinates and sustains a network of teachers, students, community members and restoration specialists as they plan and implement watershed studies and restoration projects in Marin and Sonoma counties. STRAW provides teachers and students with the scientific, educational and technical resources to prepare them for hands-on, outdoor watershed studies, including ecological restoration of riparian corridors. STRAW’s overarching goals are to empower students, support teachers, restore the environment and reconnect communities.
After meeting with Chris Choo and learning about groups like the STRAW project, I knew there were more possibilities to “reconnect” Dominican’s community. Having met her gave me an insight of how large the possibilities were and the certainty that I could not do it alone. I needed to involve many different people and their points of view about the creeks, sustainability, and restoration.
As per Ann L. Riley, in her book, Restoring Streams in Cities, Guide for Planners, Policymakers, and Citizens, “citizens movements are developing in all parts of the country to try to prevent the loss of remaining urban creeks; to respond to development pressures and flood-control projects; to bring back fish and aquatic life in urban creeks; […] to use creeks as ‘outdoors classrooms’ for school projects; and even to recover creeks buried in culverts […] riparian woodland areas, and adjacent wetlands are now recognized to be some of the most important wildlife habitat and sanctuaries in the country. (Riley, 1998, Pg. xvii). After reading this book, I knew that there were other citizens outside of Dominican and Marin creating movements and developing sustainable solutions to the many environmental issues involved in creek restoration.
Chris Choo of the Bay Institute also introduced me to the Environmental Education Council of Marin’s executive director, Sandy Wallenstein, and she immediately hinted at forming a group as well, “I would suggest finding out if there is a group of students who are interested, a core group on campus.” She also suggested the following contacts. Marin Conservation Corps and McStopp’s Liz Lewis. The Environmental Education Council of Marin has an interesting, if not, bold mission statement and vision: “Our mission is to build an ever-increasing coalition of youth and adults committed to preserving the diverse environments in Marin County through education, stewardship, and sharing of resources.”
Their vision is inspirational and long range, as my grassroots approach would have to be, their web site states the following: “Our vision is that by the year 2005, environmental education in Marin County, California, will be a lifelong learning process that:
Inspires appreciation of the world around us
Strengthens connections between our local schools, communities and
their shared environments
Is culturally and linguistically inclusive
Increases our knowledge and awareness of environmental and related social challenges facing our society
Develops the skills, expertise and commitment necessary to address these challenges by taking responsible action
Integrates ecological needs with human needs
Encourages shared leadership and meaningful action
Is relevant to every individual, available to every individual and
sustained over a lifetime
Our efforts are focused in Marin County, its environment, communities and
resources, highlighting current relevant environmental situations as well as
the historical context that makes our county what it is today.
Again, the words inspirational, strength, inclusive, awareness, commitment, ecological, leadership, communities, were words that keep me going since I was getting slightly overwhelmed and felt that I had taken a enormous endeavor.
Dominican’s Michael Henkes came to my aid the moment I started to visualize and understand the need to restore the Sisters creek habitat and create a long-term goal. Even though he did not know the original name of the creek, only known to most people as Sisters creek, he did know that the creek flows in the bay via the San Rafael creek.
Michael is in charge of the facilities and the grounds on campus; he goes beyond the call of duty to make sure that the grounds look beautiful and at the same time, he cares about the environment. A man with as much knowledge as Michael I had no met, but he was the key to understanding how I could focus and learn to see the big picture of my grassroots approach.
When I finished meeting with Michael I had learned the name of yet another powerful group that could influence the creek restoration project, the Department of Fish and Game. Within three days of having heard the name, I was invited to a meeting and met a very valuable person whose job is to be the Watershed Restoration Planner in the North Bay and Central Coast Region, representing the Department of Fish and Game, Ms. Gail Seymour. She quickly asked me very smart questions and gave me many suggestions regarding the health of the creek.
The following are many of the recommendations she quickly emailed to me: “a suggestion would be to visit the creek at different times of the day, if possible and take notes (with dates and time of day) on the type of vegetation that exists along the banks, wildlife (aquatic and terrestrial); how the quality of the water looks (clear, murky, full of algae, etc.); she also addressed the issue of the creek’s water, by suggesting the following:
“What is the creek’s water temperature, are there trees shading the creek? How deep is the water? Is it flowing? The linear length of the creek that you’re observing and the landmarks surrounding this reach of creek you’re observing on the campus; also note if any water in the creek is being piped out or if any water from the campus is being discharged into the creek. I would network with groundskeepers, faculty, alumni, County of Marin Public Works Department and local environmental groups. If part of this creek runs through a neighborhood or community, check with neighborhood associations or community groups. In many instances, valuable information (about any subject!) is discovered through word of mouth.”
Gail Seymour then took it upon herself to send me the following information on the watershed and the habitat of the creek:
We need an assessment to:
· understand the processes at work in the watershed including geology, topography, hydrology, geomorphology, vegetation, land uses and human impacts
· Become familiar with historical stream, fish, and land use surveys, literature and reports.
· provide basic information on past and present natural resources management, and on present and potential fish production
· provide statistical information on water and fish habitat quantity and quality
· help us determine where we need more information and data to give us a complete "picture" of the trends and events that created the current conditions in the watershed
· Aid in assessing needs for additional studies
Often, most of the information necessary for a watershed assessment can be gathered prior to going in the field. Literature searches, review of historic photographs and maps and compilation of existing data from various agencies, organizations, and individuals are utilized in the preliminary assessment.
We need habitat typing to:
Identify fish usage and habitat conditions
Give us the data necessary for stream analysis and planning
Determine potential fish habitat restoration projects
Prioritize restoration in watersheds
Determine the need and range of suitable structures suitable to the stream channel type
Some questions we ask that can be answered by habitat typing are:
Where are the creeks that still have good habitat, which ones have restorable areas, and where is suitable habitat no longer present?
Where are the stream reaches that have high loading of fine sediment?
Where do the fish successfully spawn?
Where are there barriers to fish migration?
Where are there adequate riparian buffers?
What areas need restored riparian buffers?
Where might conservation easements be pursued to protect existing riparian?
My last visit with Sister Aquinas Nimitz, who after listening to my proposal of restoration, reminisced about seeing fish in the creek back in the 60s.
I am clear, as I conclude the mere beginnings of my creek restoration research, that I have barely “scratched the surface.” And that I will not see fish running through the Sisters creek any time soon. But I am sure that restoration can be done. By involving many community groups and having them agree on the needs of the creek and its sustainability as Dominican’s campus expands and grows. The greatest value of a restoration project may be the new sense of community unity or neighborhood pride created for the participants. A sense of community which we all felt in the class’ final field trip on campus; when we all got our hands in the dirt; we dug, we pulled roots, we planted native plants; we learned that the actual work is hard and yet rewarding. As Riley states: “At worst, public opposition could stop a restoration project because key people felt left out of the decision making, […] at best, the failure to obtain public participation is a lost opportunity for assuming long-term maintenance and vigilance for the project.” Riley, 1998, Pg. 31)
Capra, Fritjof Ph.D. Ecoliteracy-Mapping the Terrain. Berkeley, Ca: Learning in the Real World Center for Ecoliteracy Publishing, 2000.
Choo, Chris. Personal interview. 11 March 2002.
Cunningham, Jim. Personal interview. 25 March 2002.
Frederick, Jessica. Personal interview. 3 March 2002.
Henkes, Michael. 24 April 2002.
Rebecca Little. Personal interview. 3 March 2002.
Ghosh, Sibdas. Persona interview. 3 March 2002.
Seymour, Gail. Personal interview. 17 April 2002.
Riley, Ann L. Restoring Streams in Cities: A guide for Planners, Policymakers, and Citizens. Washington DC: Island Press, 1998.
Van der Ryn, S, Cowan S. Ecological Design. Washington DC: Island Press, 1996.
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Having kids is a reason for a parent to educate and be watchful. Children are exposed to a lot of accidents in the house, at school, and during their outdoor play. These children should be well informed and educated about the dangers and risks they may face in their lives concerning accidents.
Different children face different types of accidents and injuries. Older children are more likely to experience fractures than the younger ones. The younger children also have a higher percentage of burns and ingestion accidents compared to their older counterparts. In addition to age, gender also plays a vital role in accidents where male children experience a higher percentage of accidents compared to female ones. Parenting education should be the parents’ priorities. Some of the accidents that children face include:
a. Car Accidents
When children become of age and they learn how to drive, it even becomes stressful for parents. Young children often have the anxiety of driving different types of cars. As these children drive these cars, they can make mistakes that can cause accidents to them. A car accident Utah drivers fear is a good reason to offer parents tips on how to caution their children concerning car accidents.
Parents should be the primary teachers to their children on road safety. The parents should do this by teaching their children about road safety from a young age. Before parents can afford to teach their children on road safety, they should know the following about children:
- Children have difficulty in judging. When children are new in driving cars, it takes them a while to gather enough driving skills. They are often poor judges in matters of seeing objects, distance estimation, and identifying the direction of speed.
- Young children need to be taught on road usage since they cannot use the road correctly on their own. Due to the little experience the children have, they should be educated on how to act in case they encounter a dangerous condition that needs an immediate response. They should learn how to understand timing and speed.
Before children get to learn how to drive, parents should teach them how they should be responsible drivers. They should clearly illustrate to their children on the dangers that they will face on the roads and how to curb them. These prepare the children psychologically by making them aware of car accidents.
Falls are dangerous to children in that they cause fractures or even death. These falls occur when the children slip and fall from balconies, stairs, or through windows. The most dangerous falls are those when a child falls from a greater height or when the child falls on sharp or hard objects.
Fires may also cause injuries and death to children. The domestic fires occur when children play with matches and lighters in the house. These can start up house fires that can even burn the entire house. Other fires can also be caused by mishandling of electric cables and appliances.
d. Scalds and Burns
Burns cause severe injuries to children. These injuries are often painful and take a lot of time to heal. Hot drinks are the leading causes of burns in younger children. Hot bath water mainly causes injuries in older children.
Parents should tell their children what to do in case of an accident on the road. Some of the essential things to do in case of an accident are:
- Stop the car immediately. Stopping the vehicle enables you to have some time of evaluation on all kinds of incurred injuries. They may even include the car breakdowns that may have occurred. Also, stopping ensures no more damage and injuries incurred.
- Ensure the scene is protected. Protection of scene involves setting flares that show other motorists that there is an accident at the scene. This can also prevent the occurrence of further accidents.
- Call the police. Calling the police provides a better opportunity to report the incident so investigations on the causes for the accident can be done. The police will also recommend medical procedures to be undertaken.
Parents should be both teachers and role models to their children on matters concerning road safety. They should also be equipped with knowledge on road safety to know what to teach their children. Therefore, they should be updated on road safety by reading articles and books relating to road safety.
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Fall Prevention for Teachers
Did you know…
- Falls are the leading cause of non-fatal injuries for all children ages 0 to 19.
- Every day, approximately 8,000 children are treated in U.S. emergency rooms for fall-related injuries. This adds up to almost 2.8 million children each year.
- Each year in the United States, emergency departments treat more than 200,000 children ages 14 and younger for playground-related injuries.
- About 45% of playground-related injuries are severe, causing fractures, internal injuries, concussions, dislocations, and amputations.
Use these tips to ensure that you and the children in your care prevent serious falls:
- Check to make sure that the surfaces under playground equipment are safe, soft, and well-maintained (such as wood chips or sand, not dirt or grass).
- Encourage children to wear protective gear during sports and recreation. For example, when in-line skating, encourage them to use wrist guards, knee and elbow pads, and a helmet.
- Supervise young children at all times around fall hazards, such as stairs and playground equipment.
- Keep furniture away from windows. Install guards or stops on windows that are not emergency exits.
For more information, please visit the following websites:
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Good Decision Making
What kind of person is best able to involve others and himself in good decision making? J. Keith Louden lists seven qualities:
1. The ability to look ahead and see whats comingforesight.
2. Steadiness, with patience and persistence and courage.
3. A buoyant spirit that in spite of cares generates confidence.
4. Ingeniousness, the ability to solve problems soundly yet creatively.
5. The ability to help others.
6. Righteousness, the willingness to do the right thing and speak the truth.
7. Personal morality of a quality that commands the respect of others**
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Monterey County has suffered impacts from several floods throughout the years. These flood events can cause serious damages to public property, infrastructure and private property.
While the County and other agencies work hard to prepare for the winter, flooding can still happen. Residents and business owners should take some time while the sun is still out to evaluate the need for flood insurance, permanent drainage improvements on their property, and last-minute emergency actions such as sand bags and timber deflectors. Fires in our watersheds can amplify the need to prepare, and prepare early.
Fires have impacted watersheds in our County for decades. A burned watershed creates a new dynamic that should heighten everyone’s awareness. While in many cases, flooding occurs from sustained rainfall over days that triggers flood flows, a burned watershed can yield the same result, or worse, with a single rainfall that would otherwise not even cause runoff.
Even if you never experienced a major flood, you ought to know what to do if flood waters threaten your community. While some years have an increased risk, say after wild fires, or El Nino predictions, any given year can produce flooding that can impact you and your family. You should prepare every year for the potential of flooding.
- Flood Safety
- Storms, Outages and Safety
- FLOOD MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
- Turn Around Don't Drown
- The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
- State of California Department of Water Resources
- State of California Governors Office of Emergency Services
- National Flood Insurance Program
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Weather Service
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service
For more information and resources during a storm, please visit the following links:
View road conditions:
Free sand and sandbags:
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Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver
On the morning of June 23rd, 2014, I got a call from one of my collaborators, David Augustine. It was Monday, and I was on the way to my field site in northern Colorado. David told me that the site had been hit by an intense storm the night before, with hail stones large enough to break windows on cars and houses. He suggested that I check all of the nests I had been monitoring. I would come to find that the storm had caused high nest mortality. Although the 2014 hail storm was devastating for the birds nesting there, it provided a valuable opportunity to study an infrequent but important source of mortality in grassland breeding birds. It also offered a rare chance to demonstrate how remotely sensed weather data can be used to estimate hail-related avian mortality.
My graduate research project involves monitoring songbird nests. Most of the species I study nest on the ground, with little protection from inclement weather. The most common cause of nest failure is predation, and I had set out to study how habitat patterns affect predation probability. While storms can kill birds, documenting weather-related mortality is much more difficult than documenting predation. That is because predation is common and widespread, while the timing and location of severe storms are challenging to predict. The zone of highest intensity often occurs where birds are not being monitored, and the evidence of mortality would disappear too quickly for direct ad hoc assessment. Heavy rain and small hail appear not to be fatal for ground-nesting birds, so studies must focus on large hail, a highly unpredictable phenomenon.
When I got to my field site that Monday, I gathered my crew and we spent the next eight hours checking every nest that we knew about. Of 107 nests under observation, we found that 69 had been destroyed by hail. We found crushed eggs, dead chicks, and dead adults. I was responsible for monitoring nests in only one half of the study area, while another crew monitored nests in the other half. I was amazed to learn that almost none of their nests had been destroyed in the hail storm.
In examining Doppler weather radar data for the June 22nd hail storm, we discovered that the base reflectivity pattern matched up very well with the pattern of nest mortality. Probing further, we found that advanced storm metrics including azimuthal wind shear and maximum estimated size of hail were even more precise in explaining where nests had failed and where they had not. Mortality probability increased with hail size, but wind shear augmented hail impact, explaining more variation in mortality probability than hail size alone. Collecting ground-truth data on hail-related avian mortality remains a significant logistical challenge, and our study demonstrates that remotely sensed weather data can serve as an accurate and more feasible metric of hail-related mortality. In combination with breeding bird density surveys, these weather data can improve annual mortality estimates for birds breeding in hail-prone areas.
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All of us have experienced that a train's whistle changes note or the pitch as it approaches near to us and then again when it speeds away from us. Way back, a physicist form Salzburg, Austria; Christian Doppler ( 1803-1853), was the first person to give physical explanation for this commonly observed phenomenon. At the age of 38, Doppler gave a lecture to the Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences titled as, "Über das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels" (On the coloured light of the binary stars and some other stars of the heavens), In this work, Doppler explained his idea that the observed frequency of a wave depends on the relative speed of the source and the observer, and he tried to use this concept for explaining the colour of binary stars. Lateron, Doppler's idea became known as Doppler Shift or Doppler effect. His hypothesis was tested for sound waves by Buys Ballot in 1845. He confirmed that the sound's pitch was higher than the emitted frequency when the sound source approached him, and lower than the emitted frequency when the sound source receded from him. Within 3 years or in 1848, Hippolyte Fizeau discovered independently, the same phenomenon on electromagnetic waves. This meant that the Doppler shift held good for all kinds of waves.
Christian Doppler ( 1803-1853)
The applications, where Doppler shift has been put to use, are spread over a large range from simple day-to day uses like a Siren Alarm or most complex physical measurement like measuring temperature of a gas. Here are some more applications of this principle.
- Medical imaging and blood flow measurement
- Flow measurement
- Satellite communications
- Vibration measurement
Joining this long list of applications of Doppler shift, is a totally new method by which a Satellite company has tracked the last few hours of the flight path of Malaysian Airlines, ill fated flight to Beijing, MH 370.
Inmarsat plc is a British satellite telecommunications company, that offers global and mobile services. It provides telephone and data services to users worldwide, via portable or mobile terminals which communicate to ground stations through eleven geostationary telecommunications satellites. Inmarsat's network provides communications services to a range of governments, aid agencies, media outlets and businesses with a need to communicate in remote regions or where there is no reliable terrestrial network.
The most formidable obstacle in tracking down flight MH370, after it went off the radar screens at 01.30 AM on 8th March, 2014 and when it was flying over Gulf of Thailand, was that the the main aircraft communications addressing and reporting system (which would usually transmit the plane's position) got switched off mysteriously. However whosoever or whatsoever switched off the communication systems on board, 9 minutes earlier or at 0.1.21 AM, perhaps was not well aware that there still was a communication terminal on board that gave a series of automated hourly 'pings' from the plane.
About 45 minutes later or at 2.15 AM, Malaysia's military radar detected flight MH370 in the Andaman Sea north of Indonesian island of Sumatra, though at that time it was not aware that the dot on the Radar screens was actually the missing MH 370. After this Radar appearance, no further trace of the aircraft was seen anywhere again on any Radar. Yet, one of Inmarsat’s satellites continued to pick up a series of automated hourly 'pings' coming from a terminal on the plane.
In a path breaking endeavour, Inmarstat's engineers were able to establish that MH370 continued to fly for at least five hours after the aircraft left Malaysian airspace by analysing the pings coming from the aircraft that were picked up by the satellite. They also predicted that it had flown along one of two 'corridors' – one arcing north and the other south. The plane was reportedly flying at a cruising height above 30,000 feet.
How did they do it? It is here, where the universally useful Doppler shift, comes into picture. Since the satellite moved in a known fixed orbit, the engineers were able to predict the position of the aircraft from the change in frequency observed due to the movement of the satellite in its orbit. Senior vice president of external affairs at Inmarsat, Chris McLaughlin, says: "We looked at the Doppler effect, which is the change in frequency due to the movement of a satellite in its orbit. What that then gave us was a predicted path for the northerly route and a predicted path the southerly route. That’s never been done before; our engineers came up with it as a unique contribution."
Not satisfied with this, Inmarsat's engineers carried out further analysis of the pings and created much more detailed Doppler effect models for both the northern and southern paths. After this, they compared the data received from MH 370 with other aircraft on similar routes and were able to establish a match between MH 370's predicted path and the readings from other planes on that route. Finally on 24th March 2014, Inmersat engineers confirmed that MH 370 had indeed taken a southerly route.
Inmarsat's predictions however can not tell us, where the aircraft actually went down because of one serious limitation. No one knows at what speed, the aircraft was flying. This means that many questions such as whether aircraft fuel finally ran out? or whether it was in flames at that time? or whether planed plunged or glided? Will remain unanswered.
The search for the missing plane has to shift now to the southern Indian ocean, where weather conditions remain a big challenge. We do not as yet know for certain, whether research carried out by Inmarsat engineers is truly on right track till we find some debris floating on water. Finding out the black box from the aircraft would be the top most priority then, because that is the only thing, which can tell us what really happened in the final hours of MH 370, before it went down.
In any case it is impossible to console the relatives and kin of 247 unfortunate individuals, who were on board. Still, finding the black box, may give some kind of closure to their minds and it might help in solving some of the mysteries of MH 370 so that effective steps can be taken up in future, to avoid or minimise such tragedies.
26th March 2014
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|About Us | What's New | Search | Site Map | Contact Us|
A.Word.A.Daywith Anu Garg
1. A surge of opinion or feeling about someone or something.
2. A broad deep swell of the ocean, caused by a distant storm or an earthquake.
Groundswell was the term sailors used for a swelling of the ocean. Why ground? Originally, ground referred to the bottom of anything, especially an ocean. Earliest documented use: 1817.
"A nationwide general strike fuelled by a groundswell of anger brought parts of Spain to a halt yesterday."
General Strike; The New Zealand Herald (Auckland); Mar 31, 2012.
"Waves along the coasts may get as high as 23 feet this weekend due to two significant groundswells."
High Surf Expected This Weekend; Los Angeles Times; Mar 29, 2012.
See more usage examples of groundswell in Vocabulary.com's dictionary.
A THOUGHT FOR TODAY:It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them. -Cesare Beccaria, philosopher and politician (1738-1794)
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© 2014 Wordsmith
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There are many kinds of speech and language disorders that can affect children. There are four major areas in which impairments occur.
- Articulation speech impairments where the child produces sounds incorrectly (for example, difficulty articulating certain sounds, such as “l” or “r”)
- Fluency speech impairments where a child’s flow of speech is disrupted
- Voice speech impairments where the child’s voice has an abnormal quality to its pitch, resonance, or loudness
- Language language impairments where the child has problems expressing needs, ideas, or information, and/or in understanding what others say.
These areas are reflected in how “speech or language impairment” is defined in special education law. In Michigan, children with speech and language difficulties can qualify for special education supports and services under Speech and Language Impairment (SLI).
What do I need to know about the basics of speech and language?
A thorough evaluation will provide you with a starting point to find specifics for your child. Here are some places to start for understanding language development:
- What is Voice? What is Speech? What is Language?
- Speech and Language Impairments NICHCY Legacy
- Speech and Language Developmental Milestones
What do I need to know about my child’s specific needs?
Here are some factsheets on common types of speech and language disorders.
- Apraxia of Speech
- Autism and Communication Be sure to also visit our webpages for more information: Autism and Autism- Newly Diagnosed
- Ear Infections: Facts for Parents About Otitis Media
What if my child is very young? Will they just outgrow it?
Eligible children from birth to age three receive early intervention services. Check out our webpages for babies and toddlers:
- Help Your Child Develop and Learn
- Effectively Communicate Your Child’s Needs
- Help Your Child Transition to Preschool
- Know Your Rights
- Family Involvement
- Early Intervention Services
- Individualized Family Service Plan
What do I need to think about for my child’s IEP?
Communication skills are at the heart of the education experience. The types of supports and services provided can vary a great deal from student to student, just as speech-language impairments do. Special education and related services are planned and delivered based on each student’s individualized educational and developmental needs. Most, if not all, students with a speech or language impairment will need speech-language pathology services. Speech-Language Therapy is a related service that is provided by a Speech-language pathologist, who helps the child develop his or her communication skills.
What can I do at home?
Ask your child’s therapist for suggestions to carryover lessons at home.
Is there some technology that can help my child?
Assistive technology is a related service listed in IDEA. Technology is a key to leveling the playing field for individuals with disabilities. Check out the TechMatrix for suggestions for finding educational and assistive technology products for students with disabilities. Learn more on our Assistive Technology webpage.
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Wills considers what he calls the “myth” of the checks and balances built into the Constitution, suggesting that James Madison was not so much wanting to encourage “competing interests," but to arrive at a "disinterested" view of a common purpose, what Enlightenment philosophers call "virtue" – or public spiritedness. Wills argues that such virtue was - and still is - the key component of all government.
Finally, at the the bottom of Wills’ prologue, there is a timeline marking several Constitutional milestones, beginning with its origins in Ancient Greece and ending with today.
Taken as a whole, the special section this Sunday eliminates the need for civics textbooks, which I have often suggested are dated. We both know that students are more motivated when they respond to the issues being discussed today.
This four page spread of newsprint is an entire civics course...you just have to get a copy! (or you can borrow mine).
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Carbon GeoCapture’s Innovative CC&S Approach to Meet Climate Goals and Ensure a “Just” Transition
From October 31 to November 12, approximately 20,000 people from around the world will meet in Glasgow, Scotland for the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, known as the COP26. This is the 26th annual Conference, and the widespread recognition of climate change and the heightened sense of urgency to act on mitigating its worst impacts is much more ubiquitous now than previous years. In fact, the premise of COP26 centers on the understated fact that, we are “currently not on track to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees.”
Yes, we are falling further behind in both scale and pace to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels which had been agreed with the Paris Climate Accord in 2015. The Accord was developed and adopted by 196 countries at COP21. Unfortunately, six years later, we have failed to live up to these goals, and if we continue just as we are, global temperatures will continue to rise, bringing more extreme and devastating weather patterns and impacting quality of life.
One of the central themes of COP26 is that we must work to accelerate a global transition from fossil fuels such as coal to clean power that benefits jobs, workers, and communities. This is a notable shift in messaging from previous years, where key messages completely overlooked the social costs and centered around eliminating coal and “dirty” power and transitioning immediately to “green” power. Now, climate scientists, economists, and world leaders alike recognize that the transition away from fossil fuels to clean power needs to be on what the Council for Inclusive Capitalism with the Vatican refers to as a “just” transition, ensuring we don’t lose jobs, livelihoods, and economies in the transition, and that nobody gets left behind.
Carbon management and removal, specifically through new innovative carbon capture and storage (CCS) approaches, is potentially well-positioned to significantly contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions from heavy industries, such as cement and steel, and help get us on the trajectory to meet midcentury climate goals as outlined in the Paris agreement. Carbon capture technologies, especially Direct Air Capture (DAC), that work by “capturing” carbon dioxide emitted into the air from any source are particularly promising.
The utilization of and investment in, carbon capture and storage has been gaining momentum over the past few months, especially after the August release of the latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which stated that carbon capture and sequestration is vital to achieving climate goals.
Heavy industries currently have limited solution options to significantly reduce their carbon footprints and will need to rely on carbon capture and storage solutions to meet climate goals. It is important to remember that there are entire communities and local economies which depend upon employment in these sectors to survive. These large workforces are important and should not be left behind while we transition to clean energy. Carbon capture and storage is potentially well-positioned to help these hard-to-decarbonize sectors, while preserving jobs and livelihoods.
I have the pleasure of serving on the Advisory Board of Carbon GeoCapture (CGC), an innovative company that is committed to addressing and mitigating climate change from both an environmental and economic standpoint through its unique carbon capture and sequestration method. CGC began developing its sequestration approach over 20 years ago. The CGC team was an early proponent of the “just” energy transition before the term was even coined and is acutely aware of the urgency to significantly impact emissions now as well as the need to ensure employees with jobs in extractive and heavy industries are not left behind.
CGC’s carbon storage method works by taking captured carbon dioxide and placing it into unconventional rock formations (coal and shale). These formations are shallower than traditional carbon sequestration targets, which utilize “conventional” rock formations deep underground. This is a very different sequestration approach than what most fossil fuel companies have attempted (and mostly failed) to do over the last 20 years.
The widespread availability of unconventional rocks, which underlie about 75% of the world’s land mass and are near most industrial sources of emissions, will enable carbon storage on a massive scale at a quicker pace with lower regulatory, capital, transportation, and infrastructure barriers than traditional fossil fuel industry approaches. This will accelerate project implantation, lower costs, and lower project risk. In other words, CGC’s carbon storage method can be deployed at-scale—now.
CGC’s technology reworks existing energy technologies within the same heavy industry plants that currently produce substantial carbon emissions, enabling those employed in this sector to translate their skillsets into new roles working with carbon capture. These are versatile skills, and CGC’s technology uses much of the current energy infrastructure, meaning people can transfer from carbon extractive to a carbon storage industry during the transition to clean power without requiring additional training or the development of entirely new processes and technologies—providing a significant social benefit to the communities where the company will operate.
Carbon Capture and Storage will play a vital role in both helping us meet the world’s climate goals and ensuring that nobody and no community are left behind.
— Chris Walker, Advisory Board Member, CarbonGeoCapture
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Bipolar disorder is known for causing severe mood swings that include bouts of depression and mania. During episodes of mania, or emotional highs, you may feel extremely happy and energetic. However, your mood can shift to a more depressed state very suddenly. You may feel hopeless or sad and be less interested in doing activities you normally enjoy.
During these fluctuations in mood and behavior, it’s common to experience excessive fatigue. Fatigue is characterized by an overall feeling of extreme tiredness and a lack of energy. Although it’s often accompanied by a desire to sleep more than usual, fatigue isn’t the same as feeling drowsy or sleepy. When you feel fatigued, you don’t have the motivation to do anything. Even getting out of bed in the morning can seem like an impossible task. Fatigue often occurs during times of depression, but it can also be a problem during manic phases, as mania often causes insomnia and restlessness.
Fatigue can be one of the most debilitating symptoms of bipolar disorder. It may impact your ability to perform daily activities, as well as your overall well-being. However, making certain lifestyle changes may sometimes prevent the negative effects of fatigue. Here are seven adjustments you can make to help fight the fatigue associated with bipolar disorder.
Make Over Your Sleep Routine
Unfortunately, fatigue is often a vicious cycle in bipolar disorder. High energy levels and restlessness during mania can make it difficult to sleep at night, causing you to feel very tired during the day. During a depressed state, however, you may feel fatigued all the time. You may not have the motivation or energy to do daily tasks, such as getting the mail or making meals.
One of the best ways to break this cycle is to establish a sleep routine. You should try to:
- go to bed at the same time every night
- wake up at a similar time each morning
- eliminate daytime naps
- avoid using electronics within an hour before bed
- take a warm bath prior to bedtime
- practice meditation or deep breathing exercises at night
It might be difficult to establish a sleep routine at first, but it’s important to stick to it as much as possible. You may need assistance from a loved one to help you stay on track. Once you establish new sleeping habits, you will feel less tired during the day.
Exercise for a Boost of Energy
When you feel fatigued, exercise is probably the last thing you want to do. However, once you get motivated to start exercising, it can make a huge difference. Aside from improving your physical health, exercise can help ease your fatigue and make you feel better overall.
Physical activity stimulates the production of various brain chemicals that make you feel happier and more relaxed. This can help make you feel more energetic and less tired during episodes of depression. Exercise can even help you sleep better at night, which will help reduce your daytime fatigue. Exercising also improves cognitive function. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, people who exercise regularly have a 25-percent less chance of developing depression or another related mental health disorder.
Although exercise can help prevent the fatigue associated with bipolar disorder, it’s important to keep in mind that it will only work as long as you take part in it. You will need to exercise at least three to five times per week for 30 minutes to see an improvement in symptoms. People with extreme fatigue should start off slow and work their way up to a longer workout as they gain more energy.
Limit Caffeine Consumption
Caffeine provides a sudden boost in energy and mental function, which is why many people rely on coffee or energy drinks to get through the day. However, the “crash” that happens afterward may make you feel more tired than you did before. Drinking caffeinated drinks later in the day can also make it difficult to sleep at night, causing you to feel tired the following day.
According to the Mayo Clinic, 400 mg of caffeine is the maximum amount of caffeine that should be consumed by adults per day. This equates to about 4 cups of coffee or two “energy shot” drinks. If you need to reduce your intake of caffeine, consider doing so gradually. Sharp decreases in caffeine consumption can cause headaches and make fatigue worse.
Another problem with caffeine is that it has diuretic effects. This means that caffeinated drinks increase the production of urine, which you can cause you to become dehydrated. Dehydration is another contributing factor to low energy levels.
Staying hydrated can fight help fatigue and increase energy, so it’s important to drink water throughout the day. The recommended amount of water to drink is eight to 10 glasses per day. However, you will need to drink more water if you exercise.
You can also keep your body hydrated by:
- avoiding excessive caffeine consumption
- abstaining from alcohol
- drinking water with meals and between meals
- eating more water-containing fruits and vegetables, such as watermelon, lettuce, and cucumbers
Increase Your Intake of Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that’s mostly found in red meat, poultry, and other animal products. Aside from keeping the body's nerves and blood cells healthy, vitamin B12 helps with brain function. Deficiencies in this vitamin can cause low energy levels and fatigue.
The Office of Dietary Supplements recommends a daily vitamin B12 intake of 2.4 micrograms for adults. Vitamin B12 can also be found in the following foods:
- red meat
- fortified cereals
If you aren’t getting enough vitamin B12 from foods, talk to your primary care provider about supplementation.
Choose Your Medicines Wisely
Many of us rely on over-the-counter medications for relief from common aches and pains as well as illnesses. However, many of these drugs also cause drowsiness, which can make fatigue much worse. Common culprits include:
- antihistamines (found in many allergy medicines)
- cold medicine
- cough syrups and tablets
When buying these medicines, look for versions labeled “non-drowsy.” You should also ask your primary care provider if there are any over-the-counter drugs that can interfere with the effectiveness of other medications you’re taking.
Catch a Few Rays
Increasing your exposure to sunlight can help improve your mood and give you a boost of energy when you’re feeling fatigued. This may be because sunlight makes it easier for your body to absorb vitamin D, which is an essential nutrient for brain function. A recent study published in the Journal of Affective Disorders also found that frequent exposure to sunlight might help prevent the onset of bipolar symptoms, including fatigue.
When you do go outside to catch a few rays, make sure to apply sunscreen to prevent sunburns and skin damage.
It’s important to note that you may still experience fatigue even after you make these lifestyle changes. If fatigue persists, you should speak with your primary care provider about your medication. Certain drugs, such as mood stabilizers, can increase drowsiness and make fatigue worse. Your primary care provider may be able to prescribe another medication if your current medication is contributing to your fatigue. However, you should never change or stop medication dosages without checking first with the health care provider who prescribed these medications.
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Pat Shingleton: "Rogue Waves..."
Tsunami is a Japanese term for harbor wave, caused by undersea earthquakes. Rogue waves are gigantic walls of water pushing through the oceans. Experts believe they are caused by underwater landslides that ripple the water to create a wave. Others believe rogue waves are caused by fluctuations in atmospheric pressure associated with squall lines or lines of thunderstorms. These waves appear out of nowhere as incidents of huge waves have dated as far back as 1861. Then, they were referred to as "freak waves," "monster waves," and "extreme waves." In March of 1861, off the west coast of Ireland, eagle Island lighthouse incurred the smashing of 23 window panes as a rogue wave "surmounted a 133 foot cliff." In 1900 three lighthouse operators disappeared on the Scottish coast from another wave. In the 1960s in fair weather off the coast of Spain, a large freighter was struck with a 90-foot wave. On July 3, 1992, a rogue wave swept across Daytona Beach with an 18 foot wall of water that injured 75 people and smashed hundreds of cars near the beach. North of Bermuda In 1984, a 117-foot, three masted ship sunk in less than a minute after being struck by a rogue wave resulting in numerous deaths. Cruise ships are designed to withstand hurricane force winds and storm surge as the Queen Elizabeth 2, and RMS Queen Mary reported incidents of the damaging waves. Years ago, the cruise ship, Norwegian Dawn, was blasted by a wave that was seven stories high. The 70 foot wave occurred off the Carolina coast, after squally weather erupted on the returning voyage. Analysis found that a low pressure system, spinning counter clockwise, encountered a high pressure system moving clockwise that created a narrow channel of strong winds and monstrous waves. The huge rogue wave injured four and flooded sixty cabins.
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This section is from the book "Materia Medica And Therapeutics Inorganic Substances", by Charles D. F. Phillips. Also available from Amazon: Materia medica and therapeutics.
In these maladies, lime has by no means retained the reputation it formerly held, but may certainly give some relief. The secret remedy of a Mrs. Stephens received so much commendation, that Parliament purchased the recipe for £5,000 about one hundred years ago, and it was found to be mainly of calcined egg-shells (lime carbonate) and soap, with vegetable bitters, and though much of the benefit must be set down to the alkali of the soap, yet Whytt obtained very good results afterward from simple lime-water. Lime salts may relieve vesical pain and inflammation, and by a constringing and sedative effect on the mucous membrane of the bladder may lessen the ropy discharge and the general sensibility; a solvent action may also be exerted, but not probably to a great degree; the benzoate of lime has been credited with more decided effect. Lime-water should also be injected, after washing out the viscus with soothing mucilaginous liquids. Professor Stille remarks, "There is reason to believe that uric acid gravel may be dissolved and eliminated under the use of lime compounds. How far they are superior to the carbonates of the alkalies for this purpose will depend chiefly on the state of the digestive organs - when these are feeble, lime-water is the better preparation."
The waters of Wildungen, which are much used in lithiasis, owe their efficacy principally to lime carbonate (vol. i., p. 172).
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Zetium and Empyrean
Meteorites are records of the processes which occured in the early stages of the formation of the solar system. What makes them interesting is that they typically preserve the original chemistry and mineral phases over billions of years since they typically do not undergo geological transformations in space. By studying their elemental composition and mineral phases a better understanding of how the solar system was formed can be obtained.
X -ray diffraction (XRD) is a common technique used to investigate phase composition of meteorites but does not provide elemental analysis. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is a well-recognized technique used to determine the elemental composition of rocks.
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Every commercial property owner wants a nice, lush lawn with beautiful trees, but many forget that an attractive and stable property begins with healthy soil. Soil is the life source for the vital nutrients and minerals lawns and trees need for robust, healthy growth throughout the seasons. When soil is no longer healthy, tree root systems and lawns begin to suffer and may likely die, costing property owners the loss of beautiful property as well as high replacement costs. In today’s blog post, we’ll look at how poor soil health can harm commercial properties by damaging tree, lawn, and plant health.
Soil in poor health does not allow trees, lawns, and plants to grow at their maximum potential. In fact, poor soil health can actually stunt growth by diminishing their ability to absorb vital minerals, water, and nutrients. If your soil is too dry and sandy, then it will not contain the minerals and elements needed for optimal plant growth and will likely erode faster than healthy soil. If the soil resembles hard clay, then it will be difficult for water to penetrate down to the roots, and the roots will have difficulty expanding out.
More Insect Infestations and Diseases
When soil is not healthy, it can also lead to increased opportunities for insect infestations and tree diseases. If the soil is compacted, then it will have reduced levels of oxygen and poor soil drainage. This can attract invasive insects and create a breeding ground for tree and plant diseases that thrive on moist conditions and weak trees. In addition, invasive insects and harmful diseases impacting trees can quickly spread to other areas of the property, harming healthy trees and plants nearby.
When soil is not protected from external sources or during nearby construction, it can become contaminated, causing harm to trees, plants, and even nearby freshwater sources. Freshwater areas such as ponds, streams, lakes, and rivers can become contaminated when soil is polluted with toxins and other harmful chemicals, as these will runoff with rainfall. It is best to remove and replace contaminated soil with healthy, organic soil to promote property health and prevent the contamination of freshwater sources and damage to wildlife in and near these waters.
Soil is living and active, and we rely on healthy soil to feed and nurture the plants and trees we enjoy on a daily basis. It is crucial that our commercial properties always have healthy soil to ensure that plants, trees and lawns are at their peak stages of strength and vitality. LMC offers top-quality, efficient landscape and soil care services, including Soil Aeration, Soil Analysis, Mulch Application, and Irrigation Installation and Maintenance to ensure a beautiful and vibrant landscape throughout the year. Contact LMC for more information, or go online to request a free consultation!
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Quebec legislation reduces fast food consumption
Could it really be as simple as cutting out the ads and watching the kids slim down and get healthy?
A UBC study of Quebec’s 32-year ban on fast food advertising found that people in that province bought less junk food and their children tend to weigh less than their North American counterparts.
“That regulation effectively reduced fast food consumption in households by as much as 13 per cent each week,” says Asst. Prof. Tirtha Dhar, a marketing expert at UBC’s Sauder School of Business.
In the first study of its kind, Dhar investigated the impact of the world’s first and oldest advertising ban on fastfood. Enacted in 1980, Quebec legislation prohibits advertising of products such as toys and fast food which target children in print and electronic media. In the past decade, other countries have followed suit with similar bans, among them Norway, Sweden, Greece and the U.K.
Dhar says the annual drop in household fast food purchases represents the equivalent of US $88 million in 2010 dollars. “In terms of meals, that reduction represents 13 and 18 billion fewer fast-food calories a year.”
Co-authored with Asst. Prof. Kathy Baylis at the University of Illinois, the study appeared in a recent issue of the Journal of Marketing Research.
Using Statistics Canada data for 1984-1992 household expenditures on fast food among francophone families with children in Quebec, Dhar and Baylis compared the consumption behaviour of representative households in Quebec to that of Ontario, using determinants such as French-language, economic and socio-demographic characteristics. Data wasn’t available after 1996 when the surveys stopped recording mother tongue—a key variable of the study.
Dhar points out that Quebec has one of the lowest childhood obesity rates in Canada, though its children have one of the most sedentary lifestyles according to 2005 Statistics Canada data.
More importantly, he says, the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey shows that the combined overweight and obesity rate among two-to 17-year-olds in Quebec is significantly below the national level.
In North America, where two out of every 10 children are overweight or obese, the debate over advertising legislation is a heated one. What sets their work apart from previous studies, says Dhar, is that it draws from field-level data and is the first study to explore “the real world impact of advertising regulation.”
“The existing research on advertising bans drew from lab experiments or data from small cross-sectional surveys that give you a snapshot of a point in time. The situation in Quebec is unique because we’re able to see the real impact of regulation over a longer period.”
However, Dhar cautions against adopting legislation as the magic bullet to vanquish problems like childhood obesity. “It’s getting tougher to regulate advertising since children can be reached through the Internet, social media, smartphones and other mobile devices.
“Legislation should just be one of the tools in a larger, comprehensive plan that includes education about healthy eating and parental care,” says Dhar. “The key issue is how you manage the environment for your children, from which TV programs they watch to the kinds of food they eat.”
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Conservation benefit: Protection of 25-acre rainforest preserve for 30 years; environmental education
Community benefit: Repairs to cyclone-damaged structures in nature preserve
Macolline is a 25-acre nature reserve in northeastern Madagascar, a biodiversity hotspot that contains Masoala National Park. The Macolline reserve was founded by a local philanthropist and botanical enthusiast (a tree species she discovered was named for her) and is managed by a community association. The reserve is located next to the small city of Antalaha, one of the centers of illegal rosewood logging.
Much of Madagascar’s original forest cover has been lost, and today few Malagasy children learn about the island’s fantastically rich and unique natural resources. Macolline both preserves the only forest accessible to youth in Antalaha, and introduces those children to its wonders.
Macolline’s goals are to:
- Preserve forest habitat. The reserve has more than 200 species of predominantly native trees, palms, and bamboo. Animals include snakes, chameleons, geckos, birds, and bamboo lemurs.
- Educate children about the environment. Before Cyclone Enawo hit, the reserve welcomed 2,000 to 3,000 local students each year.
- Plant native trees. The reserve operates the largest tree nursery in the region. As a result, tens of thousands of trees, including rosewood and ebony, have been planted in the area.
In 2017, Cyclone Enawo, a category 4 storm, devastated Antalaha and severely damaged Macolline. The storm destroyed the reserve’s environmental education center, the manager’s house, and two viewing platforms. The education center contained a space for classes and a small library, and displayed educational posters the staff had collected. Its loss crippled the education program.
The reserve will use a Seacology grant to help fund the rebuilding process and support ongoing environmental education.Full or partial funding for this project provided by
- December 2018
- The cyclone-proof roof, wall, and interior construction are now complete. School field trips are continuing. The reserve staff are confident that Macolline will provide environmental training to...
- September 2018
- Our project partners have made great progress on construction, and have already welcomed more than 400 local students to the nature reserve.
- May 2018
- Our nonprofit partner has bought materials for the roof and walls, and the roof structure is now being built in the woodworking shop. In one week in April, environmental education guides showed...
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No human being has ever seen a triceratops or velociraptor or even the mighty Tyrannosaurus rex. They left behind only their impressive bones. So how can scientists know what colour dinosaurs were? Or if their flesh was scaly or feathered? Could that fierce T. rex have been born with spots?
In a first for young readers, the Sibert medalist Catherine Thimmesh introduces the incredible talents of the palaeoartist, whose work reanimates gone-but-never-forgotten dinosaurs in giant full-colour paintings that are as strikingly beautiful as they aim to be scientifically accurate, down to the smallest detail. Follow a palaeoartist through the scientific process of ascertaining the appearance of various dinosaurs from millions of years ago to learn how science, art, and imagination combine to bring us face-to-face with the past.
Catherine Thimmesh is the award-winning author of many books for children, including Team Moon, winner of the Sibert Medal. Her books have received numerous starred reviews, appeared on best books lists, and won many awards, including the IRA Children's Book Award and Minnesota Book Award. She lives in Minnesota with her family.
"Required reading for serious dinophiles."
"Readers will come away from this excellent book with a new appreciation for dinosaur imagery and for the talented paleoartists who produce it."
– The Horn Book Magazine, starred review
"A stellar look at the methods paleoartists employ to bring dinosaurs to life on paper [...] A terrific package that will draw in browsers and serve report writers while inspiring young artists to consider applying their skills to this enthralling field."
– School Library Journal, starred review
"Thimmesh raises good questions, find some intriguing answers, and leaves others for readers to ponder."
"This is the kind of information that can lure in readers beyond the usual dino hounds, so casual museumgoers with kids with an interest in forensic reconstructions whould find the topic of interest too."
– The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books
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عنوان مقاله [English]
It is used in educational settings in teaching mathematics and reading instruction. Aim: The present study examined the impact of Direct Instruction program on learning math concepts (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) in children with mathematics disorder. Methods: To fulfill the stated goal three students who were referred to Malmir’s learning disability research center in Yazd city were selected as subjects and the following instruments were administered on them: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Revised (WISC-R), tests of mathematical concepts that was developed and validated by researcher and personal records of participants. Data were collected by using a single subject research design during baseline and intervention phases. After collecting the data on baseline conditions, a DI program based on the content of math books in elementary school was designed and implemented on all three students. Results showed that Direct Instruction program was effective in improving all four math concepts (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) in all three students. All three students were reached the criterion level that was established in advance. Discussion: Theoretical implication and practical application of the research have been discussed in the original paper.
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Industrial development is key to the development of the State. Now a days the rate of urbanization increases. Due to the increase rate of urbanization many problems are arises. To overcome the challenges of urbanization by proposing housing facility with employment opportunity. Integrated township through the concept of sustainability is the solution to overcome these challenges. Sustainability is the approach to develop city by taking consideration of environmental aspects.
The basic working principle is to integrate the ecological, social and economic aspects of sustainability in all sectors and enables its residents to live a good quality of life. Therefore, in search of better living environment and housing at affordable prices there is a large demand for development of self-contained integrated township projects in the fringe area around the large cities.
Industrial Township provides facilities like, parks, community halls, library, shopping centers, banks, post offices etc. In the Indian context, an “Industrial Park” means a project in which plots of developed space or built up space or a combination with common facilities and quality infrastructure facilities is developed and made available to the units for the purposes of industrial activities or commercial activities.
Basic Features of a Township Are:
· Road Network
· Residential Zone
· Common Facilities
· Open space
Industrial parks can be a valuable instrument to increase regional and national industrial competitiveness, as well as to arrest negative externalities associated with urban congestion and ‘brain drain’. They provide an institutional framework, modern administrative services and a physical infrastructure that may not be available elsewhere in the country. They are also designed to meet the needs of industrial enterprises in a particular region or community by offering modern business development services, such as information and telecommunications.
The proposed project is an Industrial Township. It comprises of Industries, Residential & Commercial buildings.
The proposed Industrial Township are:
· Telecom equipment manufacturing
· Heavy Engineering and ancillary industry,
· Healthcare based Industries including Pharmaceuticals
· Fire brigade
· Business Centre
· Builder’s office
· Residential area
· Commercial area
· Drinking water Management
· Sewerage System
· Industrial Waste Management
· Solid Waste Management
· Power Requirement and Supply
Industrial development is one of the important drivers of economic growth in India. India is targeting industrial growth rate of 12 to 14% in the medium run and contribution of industrial sector to national GDP by 25% creating 100 million additional jobs by 2022. India seeks to create a strong economic base with a globally competitive environment and state-of-the-art infrastructure to activate local commerce, enhance investments and attain sustainable development.
The key features of the industrial parks development in India are:
· Status of the industrial parks sector varies from State to State, wherein states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, AP, Tamil Nadu, etc. have made significant progress in promoting industrial parks / estates.
· The approaches relating to development, administration, regulation, etc. of industrial parks also vary according to the political and developmental compulsions faced by the individual States.
· Primarily, the industrial parks have been promoted by the government and its agencies with minimal private sector participation (PSP). PSP in industrial parks has met with partial success in India and that too has primarily been restricted to the IT parks.
· Often, the decision to set-up an industrial park reflects the political and social objectives of the government. With parks throughout the State normally under a single agency, typically the SIDC, the revenues from parks at industrially forward locations are used to cross-subsidies the parks in the backward areas.
· Industrial parks in India often suffer from inadequate maintenance, and lack professional management.
Today, the industrial development in India is seen in the form of industrial estates, special economic zones, specialized industrial parks, investment zones, NIMZs (National Investment and Manufacturing Zones), special investment regions, PCPIRs (Petroleum, Chemicals and Petro Chemical Investment Regions) and industrial corridors. India is planning to build a pentagon of industrial corridors across the country to boost manufacturing and to project India as a global manufacturing destination of the World.
Due to increase of Industries which lies mostly in the outskirts of the city, the employees of the industry prefer housing complex with basic amenities near their work place itself. Hence there is tremendous scope for such projects in near future.
#Industrial_Township, #Integrated_Industrial_Township_Project, #Setting_up_of_Industrial_Townships, Integrated Industrial Townships, #Township_Project, #Industrial_Township_Development, Industrial Parks, #Residential, Commercial & Industrial Township Projects, Industrial Township in India, Industrial Development, Industrial Plots, #Residential_Appartment, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Industrial_Township, Project Report on Industrial Township, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Industrial Township, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Industrial Township, #Feasibility_report_on_Industrial_Township, Free Project Profile on Industrial Township, #Project_profile_on_Industrial_Township, Download free project profile on Industrial Township
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Apparently, there once lived a spinosaur in Australia. If this pans out, and we'll have to wait for a formal description of the vertebra to see if it does, it will greatly increase the range of spinosaurids before pangaea's dissolution. Fellow LITC blogger Marc Vincent wrote about the way the story was botched by the Daily Fail. Also read Brian Switek's blurb about it at ScienceNOW and the coverage at LiveScience.
The new edition of the journal Acta Geologica Sinica includes the description of a new species of Darwinopterus, D. robustodens, based on a complete specimen that dramatically increases our knowledge about the genus.
Around the Dinoblogosphere
Brian Switek has been doing some dino-tourism in his new home state of Utah, and today at Dinosaur Tracking, he shares his visit to the College of Eastern Utah's Prehistoric Museum, home of the massive limb of the nodosaur Peloroplites.
ART Evolved points us to the group blog DrawBridge, which has featured some fine dinosaur cartoons and artwork.
Raptormaniacs has been featuring informative posts about dinosaurs and feathers. Check out all three posts from this week: one, two, and three. Excellent stuff from the mysterious Albertonykus.
At his blog, AMNH Senior Principal Preparator Jason Brougham also wrote about feathers this week, helping sort out just how fluffy feathered non-avian dinosaurs may have been.
Jurassic Journeys blogger Dr. Matt Bonnan calls attention to his new YouTube channel, which is shaping up to be a wealth of information for curious seekers of paleo knowledge. Here's his video about deep time, cleverly using his class's rail trip from Illinois to Utah as a scale.
Ichnology guru Tony Martin also uses video in his post this week at The Great Cretaceous Walk, The Dinosaur Tracks of Western Australia May Go Extinct. After describing dinosaur tracks around Broome, he shares the news that the area may be endangered by a new Liquefied Natural Gas processing plant.
The students of the Montana State University expedition to China also had dino tracks on their mind, braving the dangers of a landfill to see what they could find. The MSU crew has also been added to the SciAm Expeditions blog.
Ryan North, creator of the popular Dinosaur Comics webcomic, was interviewed at Dinosaur Tracking.
Mark Wildman writes about the limb morphology and ontogeny of plesiosaurs at Saurian, inspired by some new plesiosaur fossils that are proving difficult to identify.
Scott Hartman is back with more good material on the Skeletal Drawing blog, and this week wrote about the distinction between Schematic and Realistic skeletal diagrams.
Darren Naish declares Lurdusaurus the "stupidest looking Iguanodont."
A bountiful bushel of links I shared on Twitter in the last week or so:
- A Pteranodon beaten "with the ugly stick," reviewed at the Dinosaur Toy Blog
- I don't like the way that pterosaur is eyeing Adam's grapes... H/T @cambrianexplode
- Cool class class from Brooklyn Brainery, Dinosaurs: Myths and Legends. All full, too! +1 for linking to LITC.
- “During the time when there weren’t dinosaurs on the screen, I thought, ‘When are they going to show more dinosaurs?’”
- “Did man tame the Dinosaur?” Fate Magazine, February/ March 1952. Shared by uk vintage at Flickr.
- Paleontologist ponders purchasing a Moroccan “Pterasaur Dinosaur Tooth”
- For Edward Drinker Cope fans, Ville Sinkkonen's dashing portrait.
Paleoart of the Week
Shared recently at the paleoart blog Dino-Art (not to be confused with Andrey Atuchin's similarly-named personal blog), here's MC Barrett's excellent rendering of a baby dromaeosaur.
Outrageously Off-Topic Indulgence
If you don't read the blog Science-Based Medicine, you should give it a shot. This recent post by Dr. David Gorski on the "cleansing" fad is typically on-the-mark.
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straight parallel wires A, B and C carryng current I=10 amp are on the corners of equilateral triangle with side a=30cm. The wires A carries current I into paper and wires B and C carry I out of the paper.
1. what is the direction of the total magnetic field on the center of gravity of the triangle?
2. calculate the magnitude of the total magnetic field
2 Answers | Add Yours
The magnetic field around a wire due to the current flowing through the wire is equal to B = `(4*pi*10^-7*I)/(2*pi*r)` where I is the magnitude of current flowing in the wire and r is the distance of the point from the wire where the magnetic field is being measured.
The direction of field is given by the right hand rule. If the wire is held in the right hand such that current flows towards the thumbs the fingers curl in the direction of the induced magnetic field.
In the figure, all the three wires A, B and C carry an equal magnitude of current. The magnetic field induced due to all the three wires at the point O that is equidistant from the points A, B and C is the same. The field generated due to the flow of current in wires B and C is opposite in direction to that due to the current flowing in wire A. This gives the net magnetic field at point O as:
= `(2*10^-7*10*sqrt 3)/(0.3)`
`~~ 1.15*10^-5` T
The direction of the field is in the anti-clockwise direction.
Distance, r of each vertex from the centre of gravity of the equilateral triangle is given by
`= 10sqrt3 ` cm
`=17.32` cm (approx.)
Magnetic field at the centre of gravity due to A,
`F_A =(mu_0*I)/(2*pi*r) = (4*pi*10-7 T m/A)*(10A)/(2pi*(0.1732 m))`
`= 1.1547*10^-5 T`
Magnetic field at the centre of gravity due to B and C will be the resultant of two vectors of magnitude F, operating at an angle of 120°
By the law of parallelogram of vectors, resultant of magnetic fields due to B and C at the centre of gravity,
`R_BC = sqrt(F^2+F^2+2F*Fcos120°)`
As the direction of current in wire A is opposite to that in B and C, the two vectors `R_(BC)` and `F_A` will have directions that are reinforcing each other (see the attached image).
Thus overall magnetic field at the centre of gravity
`=F+F=2F= 2*1.1547*10^-5 T`
`=2.31 *10^-5 T` .
The direction of the overall magnetic field is perpendicular to the wires, along `F_A` with the anticlockwise magnetic lines of force.
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The Xorai is unequivocally the most common symbolic artifact anyone may find in an Assamese household. With the onslaught of capitalist take-over and consumerism, the baan-bati, paan-bota, and the kahor-kanhi, which earlier were essential commodities in an Assamese dining table, has ceded way to glass crockery and the ones made of china clay and melamine. Some other products are more commonly found in villages and is still in much use, such as the koloh, tal, etc. However, the cultural significance of these brass and bell metal items, endowed with utilitarian and aesthetic value, remains largely undefeated. In the most auspicious of occasions— starting from initiation ceremonies to marriages, and solemn ones like funeral ceremonies— these artifacts have a venerated usage altogether. Nonetheless, we cannot discount the fact that the brass and bell metal industry of Assam is reeling under the pressures of a failing economic model, causing concerns of livelihood and employment generation.
Today the brass and bell metal industry of Assam is concentrated primarily in two main clusters— Sarthebari in Barpeta district and Hajo in Kamrup district. Sarthebari holds the pride of place because of its rich history, accentuated by folklore and local legends for a long time. The Ahom kings were the great patrons of the bell metal smithy. Legend has it that a renowned kanhar named Jieudhan from Sarthebari made a pair of bhortaal and encrusted them in a wooden tiger with such dexterity that the moment the tiger was touched, it roared with ferocity as that of a real tiger. Swargadeo Siva Singha (1714- 1744 A.D.), his royal patron, was so pleased with his meticulous craftsmanship that he conferred upon him the title Choudhury while also donating 100 puras of land. The kanhars were entrusted upon making artifacts that would don the Ahom palace. It is interesting to note that the use of bell metal items during those days was out of bounds for people not belonging to the gentry. Following the Ahoms, the Koch kings endorsed this industry. With the coming of the colonial rulers who sprinkled the seeds of an economic restructuration, the brass and bell metal industry had to bear the brunt of increasing competition from the Marwari and Bengali tradesmen. As a consequence, the business shrunk in size in all other regions except Sarthebari. Fast forward to 2017, and Sarthebari still is as sleepy and caught in time as it was during the heydays of Colonial rule. Nothing much has changed in this small town. With minimal government support and virtually zero incentives, the industry is on the verge of a closedown. With machine made items burgeoning in the market, Sarthebari’s kanhars have found themselves locked in dire straits. They are facing difficulty in catering to the demands of the people, the production process yet being traditional. To add to these disadvantages, there is a severe scarcity of raw materials as the channels through which scrap metals are brought into Sarthebari is tightly controlled by the third party mahajans. The cost of the raw materials is priced high, and the procurement of the same is a time consuming process.
Bell metal being an alloy of copper and tin, the mixing of the metals needs extreme precision. The mixing proportion is to be maintained at a ratio of 78:22, that is— 78% copper and 22% tin. It was the master artisan Bhaba Nath Bhuyan who pioneered the art of making raw materials by mixing the two virgin metals in conformity to the 78:22 ratio. Similarly brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has to be mixed in the ratio of 70:30, followed by a nearly similar process of production as bell metal. The virgin metals viz. copper, tin, and zinc are not readily available in the region, making it all the more difficult for the artisans not to rely on the mahajans. The Bell Metal industry is not yet under the total grasp of the mahajans, as the Assam Cooperative Bell Metal Utensils Manufacturing Society which was set up in 1933 often comes to the rescue of the poor artisans by helping them source the raw materials needed for production. The same cannot be said of the brass industry because of the absence of strong cooperative societies and unions. Also, since it is more of an informal business that operates from every household at Sarthebari, the younger generation is unwilling to take up this profession for want of social mobility. The reluctance is being strongly felt in some of the newer products that are in the market where the lack of the earlier scrupulous attention given to the making of these items is clearly visible. Entrepreneurial spirit among the relatively well off is also terribly lacking.
A large part of the Assamese identity is encapsulated in the brass and bell metal products. The prestige accorded to it, till recently, was only behind gold and silver ornaments. From Naamghars to Satras, from Dewalays to Mandirs, these products can be seen in almost every social space. Traditional musical instruments, such as those used in the bhaonas, and borgeet performances were made of brass and bell metal. With the social and cultural landscape of Assam changing, the importance of these items is seeing a sharp decline. Hence, the smithy has turned to producing more upmarket items such as flower vase, clock frame, modern metal crockery etc. Sarthebari has found itself suspended in a schism, with few opportunities beyond those of its traditional heritage. Strong initiatives need to be taken to enhance tourist flows to this sleepy old town, and this demands the proactive role of the government. How far Sarthebari becomes successful in challenging the odds, only time will tell.
(The article is based on the PhD thesis of Ananta Deka, Gauhati University)1
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Wetland Observations — 50 Years of Ramsar Convention of Wetlands
Celebrated annually on 2 February, World Wetlands Day aims to raise global awareness about the importance of wetlands for our planet. This year’s theme shines a light on wetlands as a source of freshwater and encourages actions to restore them. From their vantage point of 800 km high, Earth-observing satellites provide data and imagery on wetlands that can be used to monitor and manage these precious resources sustainably. 1)
Natural wetlands are some of the most diverse and productive ecosystems and are critical for human survival. They provide many important benefits for humanity, ranging from freshwater supply, providing food and habitat, supporting biodiversity, to flood control, improving water quality and climate change mitigation.
Yet wetlands face many challenges. According to the Ramsar Convention, 64% of the world’s wetlands have disappeared since the beginning of the last century. Some wetlands have been lost or degraded as a result of pollution, overexploitation of resources and deforestation.
On 2 February 1971, 50 years ago today, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance was signed in Ramsar, Iran. All bodies involved in implementing the convention require up-to-date data and reliable information to better understand wetland areas, complete national inventories, perform monitoring activities, carry out assessments and put appropriate management plans in practice.
Earth observation is recognized as a reliable and cost-effective technique for analyzing and quantifying various aspects of wetland waters. The monitoring of inland water bodies is essential in order to characterize water bodies, identify changes or trends in water quantity and quality, and assess how these changes impact the integrity of wetland ecosystems and the services they provide.
For example, the Ogooué River in Gabon, the fourth largest river in Africa by volume of discharge and catchment, is home to important wetlands. However, the river is largely unmonitored, and the lack of observations poses a significant challenge to management efforts.
Earth observation can help bridge this gap, providing highly valuable observations to monitor the changes in river flows and their incidence on the water regimes of downstream wetlands.
ESA’s GlobWetland Africa project has demonstrated how data from both ESA’s CryoSat-2 mission and from the Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter (SIRAL) instrument onboard the Copernicus Sentinel-3 mission can be assimilated in hydrological simulation models to assess the river’s water balance and analyze changes in the inflow hydrographs to selected wetlands in response to land use changes, hydropower and climate change.
Hydrographs show the rate of flow, or discharge, over time. These models are key in understanding catchment dynamics and are an essential tool to systematically evaluate the interactions between water availability, water use sectors and future climate.
In Uganda, wetlands and other water bodies cover roughly 10% of the country’s surface, and is home to Africa’s largest lake, Lake Victoria. However, many wetlands are put under pressure from drainage and are reclaimed to provide land for local communities to increase agriculture production for the rapidly growing population.
In order to map the dynamics of the water bodies and wetlands, ESA’s GlobWetland Africa project team used four years of data from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 missions merged together in a hybrid approach to map the extent and frequencies of water and moist soils, and used as input for preparing national wetland inventories.
Under ESA’s Earth Observation for Sustainable Development (EO4SD) initiative, data from the Copernicus Sentinel-3 mission was used to analyze water quality in Lake Titicaca – the second largest lake in South America and a designated Ramsar site. The unique and fragile ecosystem is negatively impacted by environmental degradation, caused by natural and anthropogenic causes, including sediment runoff and soil sanitisation, untreated urban and mining effluents and unstainable agriculture, fishing and aquaculture practices.
Sentinel-3 has been used to monitor the variation of suspended matter and chlorophyll concentrations in the lake thereby helping to detect trends and hot spots over time, information which is required to make timely decisions to emerging water quality problems, such as the identification of sediment plumes, harmful algae blooms and red tides.
Christian Tottrup, DHI GRAS and project leader of EO4SD on water resource management, commented, “Earth observation is a cost-effective technology for identifying the specific time, place and concentration of pollution – information which is of utmost importance to monitor large investment projects on sanitation infrastructure around the lake.”
The contribution of Earth observation was also valued on the ground. Rene Quispe Chambi, a specialist in water resource management from the National Water Authority (Autoridad Nacional de Agua or ANA) in Peru, said, “It is our objective to integrate Earth observation data into our water monitoring systems as decision makers require this type of information.”
ESA’s Marc Paganini added, “The European Copernicus program and its Sentinels offer unprecedented opportunities for the Ramsar Contracting Parties to conduct the necessary wetland inventory, monitoring and assessment that ensure the wise use and conservation of their wetlands, which is the primary aim of the Ramsar Convention.
“The open and free data policy of the Sentinels along with their global coverage and the assurance of long-term continuity of observations, are important incentives for wetland practitioners to routinely integrate Earth observation in their work.”
Space, Key to Wetland Conservation
February 5, 2020: Wetlands worldwide are vanishing at an alarming rate. New maps produced by ESA’s GlobWetland Africa project show how satellite observations can be used for the effective use and management of wetlands in Africa. 2)
Celebrated annually on 2 February, World Wetlands Day raises global awareness about the vital role of wetlands for our planet, paying particular attention to wetland biodiversity.
According to the Ramsar’s Global Wetland Outlook report, approximately 35% of the world’s wetlands were lost between 1970 and 2015, with annual rates of loss accelerating from 2000. Wetlands are currently vanishing three times faster than forests.
Wetlands are among the most productive and biologically diverse ecosystems in the world and are rich reservoirs of biodiversity, with 40% of the world’s plant and animal species living and breeding in wetlands.
Given the importance of wetlands, the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands was adopted in 1971 to provide the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands.
New maps generated through ESA’s GlobWetland Africa project, show the dynamics of water and wetland areas in Uganda, specifically Lake George (see figures 7 and 8). The maps combine optical and radar observations using long-time data sets from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 missions, along with the US Landsat mission.
In 1988, Lake George was designated as Uganda’s first Ramsar site, given its importance as a centre for biological diversity. This equatorial lake covers an area of around 250 km2 and has an average depth of around 2.4 meters. Lake George is fed by a complex system of rivers and streams originating from the Rwenzori mountains – supplying a system of permanent swamps surrounding the lake. The wetlands provide a natural living space for a number of mammals including elephants, hippopotamus and antelope. They also provide a habitat for over 150 species of birds including several rare species such as the saddle-billed stork. - Seen from above, the waters of Lake George appear green as a result of the thick concentration of blue-green algae. Metal pollution, mine seepage and agricultural runoff has caused serious pollution to the lake’s waters and are severely impacting the lake’s health. - Lake George drains through the Kazinga Channel in the image’s center. The wide, 32 km long channel connects Lake George with Lake Edward, which lies on the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Kazinga Channel flows through the Queen Elizabeth National Park. The almost 2000 km2 park is known for its wildlife including the African buffalo and the Nile crocodile. The park is also famous for its volcanic features, including volcanic cones and deep craters which can be seen dotted around the image. Many contain crater lakes, including the Katwe crater lake, whose salt deposits have been mined for centuries.
According to the Ramsar Sites Information service, the main threats to biodiversity conservation in Uganda are pollution, use of resources and agriculture, all of which are changing the ecosystem.
Paul Mafabi, Head of Ramsar Administrative Authority for Uganda, comments, “Wetlands are important water systems in Uganda and continue to be highlighted by the UN Sustainable Development Goals. A good starting point for wetland protection and restoration is a good mapping inventory of the wetlands.”
The GlobWetland Africa project was created in collaboration with the African Team of the Ramsar convention, and is a satellite-based toolbox for the conservation, wise-use and effective management of wetlands.
From their vantage point of 800 km high, Earth-observing satellites provide data and imagery on wetlands that can then be used to monitor and manage these precious resources more sustainably.
The toolbox provides African stakeholders with the necessary Earth observation methods and tools to better fulfil their commitments and obligations towards the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
Christian Tøttrup, Project lead of GlobWetland Africa, comments, “The tool can help African authorities to make the best use of satellite-based information on wetland extent and condition for better measuring the ecological state of wetlands and hence their capacity to support biodiversity and provide ecosystem services.
“The toolbox can help support questions such as: What is the wetland extent and how has it changed over time? Is the wetland under threat from urbanization, agriculture or aquaculture? Are there are signs of water quality deterioration, such as eutrophication or large sediment loads?”
Given the importance of preserving wetlands around the world, the Earth observation community is joining effort under the Group on Earth Observations Wetlands Initiative, to help countries embrace Earth observation technology in their national wetland monitoring.
Water Resource Management
After more than 3.5 years of activity the final review meeting of the EO4SD on water resources management was held at ESRIN in Frascati on the 28th and 29th of January 2020. 3)
Global water resources are being rapidly exploited through unprecedented population growth and widespread unsustainable management practices. The current pace, magnitude and spatial reach of humankind's impact on water resources is now a very real concern for future development and peace. In simple terms this means that water resources are being polluted and over-exploited on scales never witnessed before. Currently, millions of people still live without access to safe drinking water, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Agricultural irrigation remains by far the largest consumer of freshwater resources, accounting for about 70% of freshwater use, with this number expected to increase by a further 20% by 2050.
In response to the widespread recognition of impending water scarcity, in January 2015, the World Economic Forum declared the water crisis as one of the highest global risks. However, despite this growing concern, a water crisis can be viewed as management crisis, that can be mitigated through the application of best-practices and sound water management policy.
Considering the significant risks of letting a potential water crisis unfold unabated, the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), approved in September 2015, set specific targets for water (SDG 6). This ambitious SDG aims to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. One of the central pathways outlined to achieve this goal is through integrated water resources management (IWRM) at multiple levels, including transboundary cooperation (cf. SDG Target 6.5). The successful implementation and monitoring of IWRM initiatives requires access to reliable data and information on key water related challenges. There is now a growing awareness that Earth Observation (EO) data has the potential to serve these data needs. This is especially relevant in the context of Official Developing Assistance (ODA), which normally target regions where policies and management decisions are more often based on sparse and unreliable information.
Specifically, for water resource management the EO4SD will seek to demonstrate the benefits and utility of EO services in response to stakeholder requirements for water resources monitoring and management at local to basin scales.
Some of the key water related priority areas where EO-based geo-information is needed include:
• River basin characterization and change monitoring (e.g. hydrological network mapping, long-term climate change analysis)
• Water supply and sanitation (e.g. monitoring of water quality, extent and level of lakes and rivers to support management for agricultural, industrial and urban water use)
• Hydrological management (e.g. modeling and forecasts of runoff, river discharge and groundwater abstraction)
• Water productivity (e.g. mapping of biomass production, evapotranspiration and crop type)
• Risk management of natural hydrological hazards (e.g. mapping and forecasting of flooding, drought, landslides)
• Industrial activity assessment (e.g. monitoring of freshwater fisheries, aquaculture, hydropower and mining)
Where We Work
The EO4SD project on water resource management will provide Earth Observation demonstrations on a large-scale in Africa (Sahel, Africa Horn and Zambezi), Asia (Myanmar and Lao PDR) and Latin America (Bolivia and Peru), and within water related operations of major IFI’s including World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank and the Global Environmental Facility.
World Wetlands Day Focuses on Agriculture
The 2014 World Wetlands Day highlights the need for wetlands and the agriculture sector to work together. ESA’s GlobWetland II project assists Mediterranean countries in the sustainable use of these areas and demonstrates the evolution of wetlands and agricultural patterns over time. 4)
Wetlands are land areas that are permanently or seasonally saturated with water. They play an important role in the local environment and associated plant and animal life.
On 2 February 1971, the ‘Ramsar Convention on Wetlands’ was adopted in the Iranian city of Ramsar to provide the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands.
Forty-three years later, the anniversary of that signing is being celebrated under the theme ‘Wetlands and Agriculture: Partners for Growth’.
Agriculture is often seen as a threat to these precious resources as they are drained and reclaimed for farming. But successful agricultural practices can actually support healthy wetlands.
Using imagery from Earth-observing satellites to map changes in wetlands, the GlobWetland II project promotes their sustainable use.
The maps reveal that while Mediterranean wetlands had been principally used for agriculture, less wetland area has been changed by agricultural in the past 10–15 years, indicating that agriculture expansion is no longer a severe threat.
This co-habitation shows that wetlands and the agriculture sector are mutually beneficial. Agriculture needs wetlands for water, pest management, pollination and landscape improvement. At the same time, agricultural land acts as a buffer zone around wetlands, protecting them from developing industrial zones and urban areas.
Recognizing this connection, common strategies for wetland and agro ecosystem-conscious management are on global agendas. Earth observation techniques and information systems, such as the GlobWetland toolbox, provide the appropriate and timely information to cope with water balances and regulation of land use, complex landscapes and spatial patterns.
“We need to find the right balance between the economic demands of agriculture and the necessary wise use of wetlands, which benefits both and is indeed essential for each of them,” said Paul Ouedraogo, Ramsar Convention’s Senior Advisor for Africa.
“Earth observation systems help us to inventory and manage agricultural ecosystems, in contexts where people’s practices – defined by their knowledge – values and traditions affect the biodiversity of a place, its atmosphere, its soil and its water.”
GlobWetland II has just completed its mapping in the coastal zones of 10 countries of the Southern Mediterranean Basin. The maps are available via GlobWetland II WebGIS.
The project is implemented in partnership with Ramsar, the MetWet initiative, the Mediterranean Wetlands Observatory and the 10 countries along the southern Mediterranean Basin, and is funded by ESA’s Data User Element program.
The Mediterranean Wetlands Observatory has extended the work of the GlobWetland II project team and used its ‘toolbox’ to produce additional maps of over 100 wetlands in northern and eastern countries of the Mediterranean basin. The Observatory will publish a report on the status and trends of Mediterranean wetlands later this year.
As GlobWetland II nears its completion, the next venture – GlobWetland Africa – is set for initiation later this year. The new endeavor will collaborate closely with ESA’s TIGER initiative, which trains African water authorities and researchers in exploiting satellite data and Earth observation technology for sustainable water resource management.
GlobWetland Africa will largely benefit from the forthcoming Sentinel-2 mission, being developed under Europe’s Copernicus program.
The large swath of Sentinel-2 satellites, along with their short revisit time and 10 m resolution, will allow for seasonal and permanent changes in wetlands to be accurately monitored.
Monitoring Wetlands for Sustainable Water Management
February 2013: Wetlands play a major role in the availability and quality of water, containing most of the water used to meet human needs. ESA’s GlobWetland II project is helping Mediterranean countries to monitor these precious resources. 5)
Located within the Nile River Delta, Egypt’s Lake Burullus has undergone major changes in the past 40 years.
Urban settlements have flourished around the lake, and from 1973 to 1990 the area saw a sharp increase in aquaculture.
As a result of increased waste water in the lake (largely due to aquaculture), there has been an overall decrease of salt marsh vegetation in the lake itself, in some parts replaced by reed beds.
From 1990 onwards, however, a decrease in fishponds in the western part of the main lake was observed through ESA’s GlobWetland II project.
Lake Burullus is just a small portion of the over 200 million hectares worldwide considered wetlands of international importance by the Ramsar Convention – an intergovernmental treaty for the sustainable use of wetlands.
Wetlands are integral components in the hydrological cycle and contain most of the water used to meet human needs. The wise use of wetlands is essential for the delivery of sustainable water management that also promotes sustainable economic and social development.
‘Wetlands and water management’ was the theme of this year’s World Wetlands Day, observed last Saturday on the anniversary of the signing of the Ramsar Convention.
The theme was specifically selected to coincide with 2013 as the UN-declared International Year of Water Cooperation – and ESA is at the forefront by providing satellite data for sustainable water management.
Launched in 2010, ESA’s GlobWetland II project contributes to the establishment of a Global Wetlands Observing System (G-WOS) in accordance with Ramsar’s 2009–15 strategic plan.
The project is implemented in partnership with Ramsar, the MetWet initiative, the Mediterranean Wetlands Observatory and the ten countries along the southern Mediterranean Basin.
The user-friendly toolbox is currently being used to produce about 1800 thematic maps for a sample of 200 Mediterranean wetlands, from Morocco to Syria.
The mapping results reveal that although, in general, wetland extents have gradually decreased mainly due to agriculture and urbanization pressures, there are still unaffected areas where changes are not large or even sometimes where wetlands’ extent has increased.
1) ”Earth observation vital in monitoring wetland waters,” ESA Applications / Observing the Earth, 02 February 2021, URL: https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth
2) ”Space key to wetland conservation,” ESA / Applications / Observing the Earth, 05 February 2020, URL: https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Space_key_to_wetland_conservation
4) ”World Wetlands Day focuses on agriculture,” ESA / Applications / Observing the Earth, 31 January 2014, URL: https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/World_Wetlands_Day_focuses_on_agriculture
5) ”Monitoring wetlands for sustainable water management,” ESA / Applications / Observing the Earth, 08 February 2013, URL: https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth
The information compiled and edited in this article was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: ”Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors” (Springer Verlag) as well as many other sources after the publication of the 4th edition in 2002. - Comments and corrections to this article are always welcome for further updates ([email protected]).
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Questions about the stability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet are a major source of uncertainty in estimates of how much sea level will rise as the Earth continues to warm. For decades, scientists thought the East Antarctic Ice Sheet had remained stable for millions of years, but recent studies have begun to cast doubt on this idea. Now, researchers at UC Santa Cruz have reported new evidence of substantial ice loss from East Antarctica during an interglacial warm period about 400,000 years ago.
The study, published July 22 in Nature, focused on the Wilkes Basin, one of several bowl-like basins at the edges of the ice sheet that are considered vulnerable to melting because the ice rests on land that is below sea level. The Wilkes Basin currently holds enough ice to raise sea level by 3 to 4 meters (10 to 13 feet).
Ice flows slowly through the basins from the interior of the continent out to the floating ice shelves at the margins. Ice loss causes the grounding line — the point at which the ice loses contact with the ground and starts floating — to shift inland, explained first author Terrence Blackburn, assistant professor of Earth and planetary sciences at UC Santa Cruz.
“Our data shows that the grounding line in the Wilkes Basin retreated 700 kilometers [435 miles] inland during one of the last really warm interglacials, when global temperatures were 1 to 2 degrees Celsius warmer than now,” Blackburn said. “That probably contributed 3 to 4 meters to global sea level rise, with Greenland and West Antarctica together contributing another 10 meters.”
In other words, a period of global warming comparable to what is expected under current scenarios for humanmade greenhouse gas emissions resulted in an increase in sea level of around 13 meters (43 feet). Of course, this wouldn’t happen all at once — it takes time for that much ice to melt.
“We’ve opened the freezer door, but that block of ice is still cold and it’s not going anywhere in the short term,” Blackburn said. “To understand what will happen over longer time scales, we need to see what happened under comparable conditions in the past.”
The problem with studying the interglacial periods during the Pleistocene is that they all ended in another ice age when the ice sheet advanced again and covered up the evidence. For the new study, Blackburn and his colleagues used a novel technique based on isotope measurements in mineral deposits that record past changes in subglacial fluids.
Uranium-234 (U-234) is an isotope of uranium that accumulates very slowly in water that is in contact with rocks due to the high-energy decay of uranium-238. This happens everywhere, but in most places hydrological processes carry water away from sources of enrichment, and the U-234 gets diluted in large bodies of water. In Antarctica, however, water is trapped at the base of the ice sheet and moves very slowly as long as the ice is stable, allowing U-234 to build up to very high levels over long periods of time.
Blackburn explained that the ice sheet acts like an insulating blanket, so that heat from Earth’s interior causes melting at the base. But temperatures are colder where the ice is thinner at the margins of the ice sheet, causing subglacial water to refreeze.
“Water flowing beneath the ice starts refreezing at the edges, which concentrates all the dissolved minerals until it becomes supersaturated and the minerals precipitate out to form deposits of opal or calcite,” he said. “Those deposits trap uranium-234, so we can date the deposits and measure their composition, and we can track that through time to get a deep history of the composition of water under the ice sheet.”
What that history suggests is that the U-234 in subglacial water in the Wilkes Basin was flushed out during the interglacial period 400,000 years ago as the ice melted and the grounding line retreated. That reset the U-234 concentration to low background levels, and accumulation then restarted when the ice advanced again.
Blackburn noted that present-day evidence for the accumulation of U-234 in subglacial fluids can be found in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, the only place where Antarctic glaciers terminate on land. There, highly concentrated brines emerge from the glaciers in places such as Blood Falls, where the blood-red color comes from high iron concentrations in the brine.
“The isotopic compositions of those brines are comparable to the precipitates that we’ve dated from a range of locations, and they all share the characteristic U-234 enrichment,” Blackburn said. “The brines are what’s left when the subglacial fluids get all the way to the edge of the ice sheet.”
He said the new study was inspired by a 2016 paper in which researchers studying deep-sea corals reported evidence of a major change in ocean chemistry, including a spike in U-234, coinciding with the end of the last ice age, when the vast Laurentide Ice Sheet that covered much of North America melted.
“They speculated that it accumulates under the ice sheets and pointed to some possible sites in Antarctica where that might be happening,” Blackburn said. “I happened to be in one of those places at the time.”
So was his colleague, glaciologist Slawek Tulaczyk, a professor of Earth and planetary sciences at UC Santa Cruz. They discussed the paper and began planning this study, which eventually involved several UCSC faculty and students. The team collected some samples of mineral deposits themselves, but some of the most important samples used in the study were collected in the 1980s and archived at the Byrd Polar Rock Repository at Ohio State University.
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What is a Migraine Headache or a Tension Headache?
Frequent or not, migraines and tension headaches are not something to live with and endure. Many people have come to believe because they are common they must be normal. Nothing could be further from the truth. According to the International Headache Society, headaches impact almost 40 percent of the American population. Migraines and Tension Headaches are caused by muscles contracting and pulling on the spine in the head or neck region. There are many triggers for Migraines and Tension Headaches, but you should not confuse the trigger for the cause. The trigger is the thing that sets the Migraine/Headache off, but without the underlying cause being present, the trigger wouldn’t set the whole thing in motion in the first place.
How Can Chiropractic Care Help Those with Migraines and Headaches?
The real underlying reason for migraines and headaches are the muscles in the neck contracting and becoming tight. This can sometimes also be associated with neck pain. When the neck muscles contract it is most commonly in response to the spinal bones misaligning and interfering with the nervous system (called Vertebral Subluxation). When spinal bones misalign, the body’s response is to contract different muscle groups in an attempt to realign the spine. This is where chiropractic can help. Routine chiropractic care provides patients suffering from migraines and headaches with a safe non-addictive alternative to prescription medications or over-the-counter pain medications (OTCs), which are commonly prescribed to patients in order to help them manage their pain (the symptom), but do nothing to address the underlying cause.
Chiropractors deliver a gentle procedure known as a chiropractic adjustment to help the body realign the spinal bones. Chiropractic adjustments reduce joint restrictions or misalignments in the spine to reduce inflammation and improve the function of both the affected spinal joints and nervous system. By improving spinal joint mobility and improving your nervous system function, your body has the ability to better manage the pain caused by migraines and headaches. Better yet, with the underlying cause being addressed, the cycle of going from one Migraine/Headache episode to another is broken. Your body works much better with an aligned spine and a properly functioning nervous system. So the “triggers” no longer trigger an episode!
Below are some of the health benefits chiropractic can provide patients with migraines and headaches:
- Reduced pain and discomfort
- Decreased inflammation
- Relief from stress and tension disorders
- Overall better quality of life
- Improved physical function and performance
To see if chiropractic care is right for you, a consultation, examination and, if necessary, x-rays taken on-site will be performed. Based on the findings of that chiropractic examination, Dr. Auger will know whether your quality of life could be improved through chiropractic care.
Contact us today to schedule an appointment.
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A group of people with respiratory problems gets together on a weekly basis in a London hospital to sing songs and perform vocal exercises. Combining their love for singing with a desire to better cope with lung disease, these songs and exercises help patients associate their breathing with positive feelings. It’s more fun than a standard physiotherapy technique and it works.
People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) have damaged lungs that only allow them to breathe a certain amount of air in and out. This makes some people start breathing very rapidly, which only makes the problem worse. People with COPD should be breathing deeply and synchronize their breathing with their other activities like walking up stairs. Through singing, they learn better posture and breathing techniques at a manageable speed.
It’s not meant to appeal to everyone, but singing therapy helps boost the morale of patients who decide to give it a try. Singing therapy doesn’t show any change on the lung function test, but this is to be expected, since the disease is still there. The therapy just gives patients a better way to cope with it. They’re not going to be opera singers, but members of the singing group have reported feeling better after the musical therapy sessions.
Take the testimony of patient John Cameron Turner, age 77. He was diagnosed with severe emphysema in 2002, and has not found a medicine that has helped him. Yet, since coming to the singing therapy sessions, he has been able to do more activities than before. He is able to breathe better, so he doesn’t have to stop frequently on his half-mile walk home from the subway. He can also enjoy gardening. He’s also pleased with the social aspect of the group sessions and says the songs are “great fun.”
Read the entire article here: London hospital holds singing therapy group for people with breathing difficulties
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Whether or not governments should be allowed to sift through particular personal assets has been a subject of debate for longer than any of us have ever lived. Much more in the 21st century, the definition of “personal assets” has been extended to a variety of things such as emails, phones, SMS messages, private Facebook posts, and the odd selfie.
On 27 April 2016, members from both parties in the U.S. Congress passed The Email Privacy Act which would effectively force the government to seek a warrant before asking a tech company to hand over personal emails.
Similar provisions exist in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, mentioning the “right to be left alone” and a “respect for private life.” “Why is email different from an individual’s papers within their home?” you may ask. But perhaps the question should be, “What made it difficult for the U.S. government to treat personal assets like emails the same as a safe in a house’s attic?”
We seem to apply different rules to different situations on personal assets (such as public pictures that people regret posting still being considered private property depending on who you ask), which complicates what we define as private. Just how private is a picture of your dog that you set as your avatar on a forum? And, more importantly, how private are your emails when they aren’t stored in your own computer but on a server several miles away from your home?
These questions led to an ethical dilemma. Although the spirit of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is very clear on leaving people’s things alone, there are several ways to demonstrate that it leaves a bit of leeway when it comes to things like people’s vehicles. In many cases, the police can search a car without a warrant, especially if it is impounded.
The one place where you can be sure that the fourth amendment applies (for the most part) is within a person’s house. Unless you live inside your email provider’s data center, it’s very likely that your email is separated from you by hundreds or even thousands of miles. This can provide all sorts of arguments for the legal definition of personal effects to be stretched a bit.
What U.S. Law Says About Email
Before The Email Privacy Act, according to U.S. law, every email that is older than 180 days and is stored online can be accessed by authorities. Newer messages required warrants.
The reason why this is relevant, even if you live outside of the United States, is because companies based there have something called an MLAT (mutual legal assistance treaty). Through this treaty, foreign investigations into holders of email accounts that are hosted in the United States can be carried out with the assistance of U.S. authorities. Once a case is handed over to a U.S. attorney, the procedure must follow the country’s laws in the process of acquiring evidence and information. This could possibly mean that a warrant would be required even if the person holding the email is not a U.S. citizen, since the company hosting it is based there.
Do you think your government should be required to submit a warrant before accessing your personal emails? Tell us in a comment!
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Analysis of "A Good Man is Hard to Find-.
The short story by Flannery O'Connor, "A Good Man is Hard to Find-, is about a family that takes a vacation to Florida and somehow along the way manages to get murdered by a man who calls himself "The Misfit-, and two of his friends. Flannery O'Connor's story has many important elements, but what makes this story special is the combined use of character development and irony. .
The short story, "A Good Man is Hard to Find- by Flannery O'Connor was written in 1955 during a time when most people in small communities were very religious and followed the Christian faith very strictly. In the story, the grandmother and The Misfit briefly discuss religion, particularly about Jesus and the miracle of resurrection from the dead. O'Connor's use of this religious belief appeals to the audience of the 1950's in a way that puzzles the reader and creates a mysterious wonder of uncertainty for the antagonist of the story. With this character development, the grandmother makes a certain ironic mistake that causes The Misfit to think about the terrible things he has done. In the story The Misfit said, "Jesus was the only One that ever raised the dead,"" The Misfit continued, "and He shouldn't have done it. He thown everything off balance. If He did what He said, then its nothing for you to do but thow away everything and follow Him, and if He didn't, then its nothing for you to do but enjoy the few minutes you got left the.
best way you can "by killing somebody or burning down his house or doing some other meanness to him.
The grandmother made the terrible mistake and said, "Maybe He didn't raise the dead."" She sparks a fire of resentment and anger The Misfit has for all the bad things he has done. When he said, "I wasn't there so I can't say He didn't."" The Misfit shows an emotional dought that maybe everything he done has all been because of Jesus and the murdered father figure he knew.
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The Canadian River is a very long, major U.S. waterway that flows from its headwaters in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in far southern Colorado border near Raton Pass, down through eastcentral New Mexico, then east across the Texas Panhandle into Oklahoma, where it drains a sizeable portion of that state before reaching its confluence with the Arkansas River just west of Fort Smith, Arkansas. In New Mexico, the river has a navigable flow that is usually limited to years of above normal rainfall in the desert between Raton and Tucumcari. The geology of the Canadian River includes granite cliffs and canyons hear the headwaters and a deep sandstone canyon with historical ancient ruins between the Cornudo Hills to the west and the Kiowa National Grasslands to the east. Golden and bald eagles can be seen soaring high over the river valley, but few signs of civilization will be found along the river and its tributaries.
Flowing southeast from Eagle Nest Lake to Springer in Colfax County is the 50 mile long Cimarron River, a major tributary of the Canadian River in New Mexico. The upper 25 miles of this beautiful river is a great Class III to IV whitewater run on a swift current flowing down out of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains through Cimarron Canyon State Park with its towering granite cliffs, awesome trees of the Carson National Forest and clean, cold water. The river begins just east of Wheeler Peak, the highest elevation in the state at 13,161 feet msl. Its headwaters are sandwiched between the Red River and Angel Fire Ski Areas. About midway through the upper half of this river is located the Philmont National Boy Scout Ranch. Below the Town of Cimarron the river is much more gentle, and sometimes retains adequate flow for easy boating all the way to its confluence with the Canadian River at Springer. The lower half of the river flows through rolling hills cattle country in northcentral New Mexico. Less experience paddlers can put in at Cimarron and paddle the Class I to II lower 25 miles, while whitewater boaters can run from Eagle Nest Dam to Cimarron, or on down the full 50 miles to Springer.
Central to southeastern Colfax County in the Carson National Forest of northern New Mexico. Taos is about 32 miles to the west of the put-in, and Las Vegas is about 103 miles southeast of the put-in and about 77 miles southwest of the take-out.
Albuquerque 158 miles; Las Cruces 380 miles; Santa Fe 97 miles; Phoenix 616 miles; Durango 255 miles; Grand Junction 425 miles; Denver 276 miles; Salt Lake City 710 miles; Oklahoma City 610 miles; Dallas 610 miles; Austin 753 miles; San Antonio 764 miles; Houston 939 miles; Little Rock 934 miles; Kansas City 676 miles (all distances are approximate, depending upon starting point, destination point at the river and route taken.)
Water quality in the Cimarron River is generally very good to excellent when it flows. The water will be clean and clear. Flows depend almost exclusively upon above average winter snowpack and seasonal rainfall in the drainage basin of the Carson National Forest and the surrounding Taos area.
The optimum season is unpredictable, but occurs after a heavy winter snowpack and/or spring rainfall. In below average precipitation years the river will not have navigable flows.
The Upper Cimarron River, above the Town of Cimarron, is a steep, narrow, tree-lined stream with Class III to IV boulder garden rapids, rock outcroppings, ledges and shelves and occasional dead-fall strainers, all of which must be carefully negotiated to avoid problems with possible injury and/or lost boats. Scout all blind drops and rapids, then portage when runs are not reasonably practical. The Upper Cimarron River is best suited for canoeists and kayakers having at least strong intermediate level whitewater skills (advanced level or higher would be better), swiftwater rescue and First Aid training, and some experience in steep creek conditions. Below Cimarron, the river has no significant hazards to navigation, and can be boated by almost anybody who is competent in the type craft they are paddling.
Below Eagle Nest Dam off US Highway 64 northeast of Taos and Arroyo Seco at 0.0 miles; Town of Cimarron, off SH 422 and US Highway 64 at about 25.0 miles; SH 21 bridge just east of IH 25 and Springer at about 46.0 miles; US Highway 56 at the Canadian River near Springer at about 50.0 miles. There are no other public access points for the Cimarron River.
There are no campground along this reach of the Canadian River. The closest campgrounds for this run are Sugarite Canyon State Park off SH 72 a few miles east of Raton and Conchas Lake State Park (505-766-2724) more than 75 miles below the Springer put-in. Conchas Lake and the state park offer campsites with and without electricity, a launch ramp (small fee may apply), drinking water, restroons, showers, fishing, a sanitary dump station, day-use picnic area, a marina and fuel. Abundant natural campsites can be found all along the river, but beware of flash flooding and camp well above the river. During periods of navigable flows the river may rise quickly.
There are no liveries or outfitters located anywhere near the Cimarron River. Bring everything you need and run your own shuttles. The round trip distance for setting up shuttles is about miles, so allow at each end of your run for shuttles.
The Cimarron River starts out for the first 25 miles screaming like a banshee, then ends up purring like a kitten for the last half of its run to the Canadian River confluence at Springer. The upper half is a great Class III to IV whitewater rollercoaster ride through forested granite cliffs, while the lower half is a modest Class I to II ride on basically flatwater with minor rapids flowing through rolling hills and the northwestern New Mexico cattle country. Paddlers can choose which section best fits their capabilities and desires, and experienced boaters have the option of running the entire 50 miles from Eagle Nest Dam to the Canadian River confluence. Easy access at both ends and in the middle makes this an excellent river to paddle. The surrounding area is very scenic, so bring your camera to preserve some memories of the fun you had here. Like other rivers of this area, its season is fickle, so be sure to check the USGS gauge before making a long distance trip to paddle the Cimarron, the Canadian or any of the other trubutaries to the Canadian River in northern New Mexico.
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Learn something new every day
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Two plants are commonly known as the firecracker flower. The first, Crossandra infundibuliformis is a decorative shrub native to India and Sri Lanka but grown as a decorative plant throughout warm regions around the world. It sometimes is called crossandra when paired with the blossom’s color, such as the yellow crossandra or orange crossandra. Dichelostemma ida-maia, a red wildflower native to northern California and Oregon, also is referred to as the firecracker flower.
Crossandra infundibuliformis is a perennial shrub with broad, dark leaves and bright flowers that remain for most of the year. These five-petal blossoms grow in a variety of bright colors, including yellow, pink, red, orange and even turquoise. Although its petals are easily knocked away by the elements or even by heavy watering, the blossoms can remain for most of the year. Rainfall or high humidity also can make the plant’s seed pods pop, and the firecracker flower gets its name from these exploding pods.
These plants do well in direct light or with semi-shade. They do best in warm, humid climates, and in dryer areas, they will require regular watering and good drainage. Cold is poorly tolerated, and the leaves of the firecracker flower will blacken if subjected to temperatures below 55 degrees Fahrenheit (13 degrees Celsius).
A mature crossandra will grow to about 2 feet (about 60 cm) tall, with shorter dwarf varieties also available. They grow well in pots, making them popular choices for indoor and outdoor decorating. In India and other warm regions, the firecracker flower also is used as a colorful border hedge for fencing off a property.
Dichelostemma ida-maia is a long-stemmed flower with clusters of bright, tubular flowers hanging in a pendant fashion from the stems’ tops. Stems grow up to 2 feet (60 cm) tall, with 20 or more flowers on some stems. Native to northwestern United States, this firecracker flower often grows as a wildflower in higher elevations or at the edge of a wooded area, but it also is popular for landscaping in flowerbeds and is cultivated for its colorful flowers — a deep crimson with a pale green lip at the end.
The plants do well in direct sunlight or semi-shade and are not difficult to grow. They require dry summers but need more moisture in the spring. In May or June, the firecracker flower blossoms. These flowers attract butterflies and hummingbirds, which help to pollinate the plant.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
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Neurocraft: Exhibit explores the art and science of the brain
What are you afraid of?
For artist Peter Tittenberger, the answer is a creepy-crawly thing, something slimy, and it has tentacles and spines. It’s a quiet kind of creature, the sort of sea animal you don’t even know is there until it’s too late… You wade into the cool ocean waves and suddenly there’s something there in the water and what is that? Is there something touching your leg? Get it off! GET IT OFF!!!
If you feel a little unsettled now, that’s your thalamus talking. Amongst other things, it’s responsible for regulating emotion—including the fear that something might be waiting for you under the water.
Tittenberger is one of nine visual artists paired with a neuroscientist to explore the mysteries of the human mind—including fear—that culminated in a visual art exhibition called “Neurocraft.”
On now in the John Buhler Research Centre atrium, Neurocraft is the brain-child (sorry!) of Dr. Sari Hannila, Assistant Professor, Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine and Director of Outreach for the Manitoba Neuroscience Network. It’s her job to help bridge the gap between the public and the lab.
“I think that it can be a little intimidating when people hear scientists talk about their work,” said Hannila, a Rady Faculty of Health Sciences researcher focused on spinal cord injuries and effective treatment for neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. “They may feel that they’re going to ask a stupid question, that they’re going to look foolish in front of people they perceive to be very intelligent, very accomplished, very educated. And we don’t want that—we want science to be accessible. We want people to be comfortable asking us these questions.”
By using visual art to explore complex ideas, Hannila says a whole new avenue opens up for conversation, giving a common starting point that feels comfortable whether you’re a medical specialist or a layperson. “I felt that craft especially would be a good way to connect with people because it deals with everyday materials and everyday objects, but in the most beautiful forms,” said Hannila, who credits a partnership with the Manitoba Craft Council for helping bring the concept to life.
In addition to Tittenberger’s otherworldly mixed-medium sculptures, the exhibition also includes fibre art, prints and video. “Art connects with people on an emotional level,” said Hannila. “So, that was the genesis of the idea.”
Once she had groups of willing participants from both the science community and the art world, she paired them up by interests and set them loose. “I never said to any of the artists or the scientists, this is the message that we want to convey, we want you to do this,” recalls Hannila. “It was, ‘you two go and talk, get to know each other, tell each other about what you do. And then see what comes out of it.’”
In the case of Dr. Mike Jackson and Lesley Nakonechny, the starting point was Alzheimer’s disease. Nakonechny used family portraits to create an initial print, starting with images of two men. As you view the second image of each man, you see that the picture is starting to decay—an effect created when the artist deliberately damaged the plate. By the third and final print, the man you see is fractured, still recognizable but indistinct. It’s the perfect metaphor for the fading we associate with Alzheimer’s disease, but if you take a moment to read the artist’s statement, you’ll realize there’s something even more powerful going on. The man on the left is Nakonechny’s grandfather. The one on the right is Jackson’s dad.
“I wasn’t expecting it to go to that level,” said Hannila, talking about the personal connection that the partnership created. When she paired the two, she knew only that Nakonechny had a family member with the disease. Jackson was involved in the project because of his role in the Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, where he’s an Assistant Professor, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine.
The fact that Jackson’s family was personally affected added a surprise element for Hannila, one which brought a whole new meaning to the collaboration. “I think there was a lot of truth and authenticity in the pieces that came out of it. And I think that’s why they’re so powerful.”
Hannila is hoping that exhibits like Neurocraft will offer the public a glimpse into the kind of work that’s going on in the quiet offices and busy labs at the University of Manitoba and Health Sciences Centre where research takes place. But she says making that connection back to patients and their families can serve as an important reminder to the medical profession about why they got started in the first place.
“It’s very easy to start following a path and get drawn into all the fascinating questions that come out of it,” she said. “Every once in a while we need to be pulled back and reminded, ‘Okay, that was interesting, but remember, there are people who need our help here. We can never forget the reason why we’re doing this.’”
Neurocraft ran March 3 – 21, 2017 in the John Buhler Research Centre Atrium, 715 McDermot Avenue at the University of Manitoba Bannatyne Campus. The exhibit is now closed.
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Lakes in Scotland are called lochs, and in Northern Ireland loughs and in Wales a lake is also called a llyn.
Lakes in the U.K. are often accompanied by spectacular scenery as in the Cumbrian Lake District, the Scottish mountains and the rugged, wild wind-swept Snowdonia National Park. Some of the largest lakes in England and Wales are man-made reservoirs, or lakes whose size has been increased by damming.
The largest lakes in England are : Windermere, Ullswater, Bassenthwaite Lake and Derwent Water.
The largest natural lakes in Wales are : Llyn Tegid, Llangorse Lake, Llyn Cowlyd, Llyn Padarn, Tal-y-llyn lake, Llyn Cwellyn, Llyn Llywenan and Kenfig Pool.
The largest freshwater loughs in Ireland are : Lough Neagh, Lough Corrib and Lough Derg.
Largest and deepest lochs in Scotland : Loch Ness, Loch Lomond, Loch Morar, Loch Tay and Loch Awe.
The volume of water in Loch Ness is nearly double that in all the lakes of England and Wales combined.
Windermere is the largest natural lake in England. It is a ribbon lake formed in a glacial trough after the retreat of ice at the start of the current interglacial. It has been one of the country’s most popular places for holidays and summer homes since 1847, when the Kendal and Windermere Railway built a branch line to it. It is in the county of Cumbria and entirely within the Lake District National Park. The word “Windermere” is thought to translate as “Vinandr’s lake”, from the Old Norse name Vinandr and Old English mere, meaning lake. It was known as “Winander Mere” or “Winandermere” until at least the nineteenth century. Its name suggests it is a mere, a lake that is broad in relation to its depth, but despite the name this is not the case for Windermere, which in particular has a noticeable thermocline, distinguishing it from typical meres.
Windermere is a ribbon lake. (Ribbon lakes are long, narrow and finger-like.) It was formed 13,000 years ago during the last major ice age by two glaciers, one from the Troutbeck valley and the other from the Fairfield horseshoe. When the glaciers melted the lake filled with the meltwater, which was held in by moraine (rock material) deposited by the glacier. The lake is drained from its southernmost point by the River Leven. It is replenished by the rivers Brathay, Rothay, Trout Beck, Cunsey Beck and several other lesser streams. The lake is largely surrounded by foothills of the Lake District which provide pleasant low-level walks; to the north and north-east are the higher fells of central Lakeland. There is debate as to whether the stretch of water between Newby Bridge and Lakeside at the southern end of the lake should be considered part of Windermere, or a navigable stretch of the River Leven. This affects the stated length of the lake, which is 18.08 kilometres (11.23 mi) long if measured from the bridge at Newby Bridge, or 16.9 kilometres (10.5 mi) if measured from Lakeside. The lake varies in width up to a maximum of 1.49 kilometres (0.93 mi), and covers an area of 14.73 square kilometres (5.69 sq mi). With a maximum depth of 66.7 metres (219 ft) and an elevation above sea level of 39 metres (128 ft), the lowest point of the lake bed is well below sea level. There are two towns on the lake, Ambleside and Bowness-on-Windermere, as the town of Windermere does not directly touch the lake. Known as Applethwaite prior to the arrival of the railway, it is about a fifteen-minute walk from the lakefront, and has now grown together with Bowness. Windermere railway station is a hub for train and bus connections to the surrounding areas, Manchester, Manchester Airport, and the West Coast Main Line.(Ambleside is not strictly speaking on the lake but is connected by the hamlet of Waterhead).
The lake contains 18 islands. By far the largest is the privately owned Belle Isle (16.18 hectares (40.0 acres)) lying opposite Bowness and around a kilometre in length. The other islands are considerably smaller. The island of Lady Holme is named after the church that formerly stood there. The remaining islands are Bee Holme, Blake Holme, Crow Holme, Fir Holme, Grass Holme, Lilies of the Valley (East, and West), Ling Holme, Hawes Holme, Hen Holme, Maiden Holme (the smallest island, containing a singular tree), Ramp Holme, Rough Holme, Snake Holme, Thompson Holme (2nd largest), Silver Holme.
Passenger services serve the length of the lake, from Lakeside railway station, on the Lakeside and Haverthwaite heritage steam railway at the southern end of the lake, to Waterhead Bay near Ambleside in the north. Intermediate stops are made atBowness and, by smaller launches only, at Brockholes. Some boats only operate part of the route, or operate out and back cruises, whilst others run the whole distance. These services date back to the former Furness Railway, who built the Lakeside branch, and were at one time operated by British Rail, the former state-owned rail operator. Since privatisation, three of the old railway boats are operated by Windermere Lake Cruises Ltd, along with a fleet of smaller and more modern launches. Three of the original four boats survive: the MV Tern of 1891, the MV Teal of 1936, and the MV Swan of 1938. The fourth, MV Swift of 1900, was broken up at Lakeside in 1998. Her rudder and only one propeller are displayed at Bowness. Although often described as steamers, all are now diesel motor vessels. Tern and Swift were built with steam engines, but converted to diesel in the 1950s. The Windermere Ferry, a vehicle carrying cable ferry, runs across the lake from Ferry Nab on the eastern side of the lake to Far Sawrey on the western side of the lake. This service forms part of the B5285. There are also two summer only passenger ferries that cross the lake. One crosses from Lakeside station to Fell Foot Park at the southern end of the lake, whilst the other links Bowness with Far Sawrey.
Windermere Steamboat Museum is located in Bowness on Rayrigg Road, and includes a collection of vintage steam boats dating back to 1896, as well as information about the “Swallows and Amazons” and the history of racing boats. The museum has been closed since 2006 as it awaits funding for refurbishment. Windermere’s long popularity for steam launches has even given its name to the Windermere kettle, a steam-powered tea urn.
Loch Ness is a large, deep, freshwater loch in the Scottish Highlands extending for approximately 37 km (23 mi) southwest of Inverness. Its surface is 15.8 m (52 ft) above sea level. Loch Ness is best known for the alleged sightings of the cryptozoological Loch Ness Monster, also known affectionately as “Nessie”. It is connected at the southern end by the River Oich and a section of the Caledonian Canal to Loch Oich. At the northern end there is the Bona Narrows which opens out into Loch Dochfour, which feeds the River Ness and a further section of canal to Inverness. It is one of a series of interconnected, murky bodies of water in Scotland; its water visibility is exceptionally low due to a high peat content in the surrounding soil. Loch Ness is the second largest Scottish loch by surface area at 56.4 km2 (21.8 sq mi) after Loch Lomond, but due to its great depth, it is the largest by volume. Its deepest point is 230 m (755 ft), deeper than the height of London’s BT Tower at 189 m (620 ft) and deeper than any other loch except Loch Morar. It contains more fresh water than all the lakes in England and Wales combined, and is the largest body of water on the Great Glen Fault, which runs from Inverness in the north to Fort William in the south.
The only island on Loch Ness is Cherry Island, visible at its southwestern end, near Fort Augustus. It is a crannog, which is a form of artificial island. (Most crannogs were constructed during the Iron Age.) There was formerly a second island (Dog Island) which was submerged when the water level was raised during the construction of the Caledonian Canal.
The Loch Ness Monster is a cryptid that is reputed to inhabit Loch Ness in the Scottish Highlands. The most frequent speculation is that the creature represents a line of long-surviving plesiosaurs. It is similar to other supposed lake monsters in Scotland and elsewhere, though its description varies from one account to the next. Popular interest and belief in the animal has varied since it was brought to the world’s attention in 1933. Evidence of its existence is anecdotal, with minimal and much-disputed photographic material and sonar readings. The scientific community regards the Loch Ness Monster as a modern-day myth, and explains sightings as a mix of hoaxes and wishful thinking. Despite this, it remains one of the most famous examples of cryptozoology. The legendary monster has been affectionately referred to by the nickname Nessie since the 1950s.
Urquhart Castle sits beside Loch Ness in Scotland along the A82 road, between Fort William and Inverness. It is close to the village of Drumnadrochit. Though extensively ruined, it was in its day one of the largest strongholds of medievalScotland, and remains an impressive structure, splendidly situated on a headland overlooking Loch Ness. It is also near this castle that the majority of Nessie (Loch Ness Monster) sightings occur.
The walled portion of the Castle is shaped roughly like a figure-8 aligned northeast-southwest along the bank of Loch Ness. The main gate is on the inland side near the middle, narrow portion, of the walls. A much smaller gate on the Loch side is located roughly across from the main gate. The castle is quite close to water level and offers little in the way of physical boundaries, but a dry moat was excavated on the inland side with a drawbridge leading to the main gate. There is considerable room for muster on the inland side, and further inland a hill rises quite close to the castle. Most of the remaining built up area of the inner courtyard is on the northeast portion, which is quite close to water level. It is anchored at its northern tip by the main tower house of five stories and an upper castellated wall. The tower’s south-west side blew down in a storm in the early 18th century, but the remaining sections can be accessed via the circular staircase built into one corner of the tower. Although no upper floors remain, the cuts for support beams are visible in the stone walls and illustrate construction methods of the era. Below the tower are the Great Hall, kitchen, various trades and the chapel, mostly in ruins. The castle formerly had another built-up area at its southern end, located on a small hill of about 5 meters rise. Opposite this, on the Loch side, was a more recently built smithy and a dovecot. This entire area is now in ruins, and the uppermost portions of the tower house remain the tallest portion of the castle still standing.
Lake Vyrnwy Nature Reserve and Estate is an area of land in Montgomeryshire, Powys, Wales, surrounding the Victorian reservoir of Lake Vyrnwy. Its stone-built dam, built in the 1880s, was the first of its kind in the world. The Nature Reserve and the area around it are jointly managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), and Severn Trent Water. It was built for the purpose of supplying Liverpool and Merseyside with fresh water. It flooded the head of the Vyrnwy Valley and submerged the small village of Llanwddyn. Today it is a popular retreat, for people in the West Midlands and Merseyside for days out, and also for ornithologists, cyclists, and hikers. The Reserve is designated as a National Nature Reserve, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, a Special Protection Area, and a Special Area of Conservation.
Lake Vyrnwy is a Nature Reserve. The RSPB has several bird hides around the lake, where a number of rare species of birds are known to be breeding, including the Peregrin Falcon, the Pied Flycatcher the Redstart the Siskin and the Wood Warbler. Every spring they host a Dawn Chorus tour. Around 90 species of bird have been recorded as breeding on the reserve, and six species of bat, including the pipistrelle and brown long-eared bat. Butterfly species include Purple Hairstreaks, commas and peacocks. Dragonflies include Golden Ringed, Common Hawker and Four spotted chaser. Heather Moorland that grows on the mountains around the lake is now being resorted. This restoration of heather moorland is becoming increasingly common in Britain. The heather is usually burnt, cut, and the seeds collected to be sowed where the heather has gone. Management of the moorland helps improve the habitat for Red Grouse and the Short-eared Owl. Sheep, cattle and ponies also graze on the heather. Broadleaf trees are being planted to replace coniferous trees, and man-made features such as hedgerows and dry-stone walls are also being restored, and wild flowers areas are being restored to help insects, birds, and other wildlife.
Llanwddyn has had since 1995 a sculpture trail in the valley below the dam. This Sculpture Park, started by local artist Andy Hancock contains dozens of wooden carved sculptures. All from individual sculptors, who have come from as far a field as Australia, and Eastern Europe. There are many other sculptures placed at picnic sites around the lake itself. For instance, there are large wooden picnic benches in the shape of leaves and trees on the west side of the lake at Llechwedd Ddu. Near the Old Village on the beach is a sculpture of dolphins, which when the lake rises in a flood, gives the impression that they are jumping out of the water. Several totems can be seen carved into standing trees. many others have been carved from fallen trunks and been erected again.
Activities in the area include sailing, hiking on Glyndwr’s Way, rock climbing, cycling and horseback riding. There is also a half-marathon located here every year, the Vyrnwy Half Marathon.
Lough Neagh, sometimes Loch Neagh is a large freshwater lake in Northern Ireland. Its name is derived from Irish: Loch nEathach, meaning “Lake of Eathach” .With an area of 392 square kilometres (151 square miles), it is the largest lake in the British Isles and ranks among the forty largest lakes of Europe. Located twenty miles (30 km) to the west of Belfast, it is approximately twenty miles (30 km) long and nine miles (15 km) wide. It is very shallow around the margins and the average depth in the main body of the lake is about 9 m (30 ft); although at its deepest the lough is about 25 metres (80 ft) deep. Five of the six counties of Northern Ireland have shores on the Lough (only Fermanagh does not), and its area is split among them.
Although the Lough is used for a variety of recreational and commercial activities, it is exposed and tends to get extremely rough very quickly in windy conditions. It is also used as a source of fresh water by Northern Ireland Water. Plans to increase the amount of water drawn from the Lough, through a new water treatment works at Hog Park Point, have long been planned but are yet to materialise.
Traditional working boats on Lough Neagh include wide-beamed 16-to-21-foot (4.9 to 6.4 m) clinker-built, sprit-rigged working boats and smaller flat-bottomed “cots” and “flats”. Barges, here called “lighters”, were used up to the 1940s to transport coal over the lough and adjacent canals. Up to the 17th century, log boats (coití) were the main means of transport, some of which are as old as 6,400 years. Few traditional boats are left now, but a community-based group on the southern shore of the lough is rebuilding a series of working boats. In the 19th century, three canals were constructed, making use of the lough to link various ports and cities: the Lagan Navigation provided a link from the city of Belfast, the Newry Canal linked to the port of Newry, and the Ulster Canal led to theLough Erne navigations, providing a navigable inland route via the River Shannon to Limerick, Dublin and Waterford. The Lower Bann was also navigable to Coleraine and the Antrim coast, and the short Coalisland Canal provided a route for coal transportation. Of these waterways, only the Lower Bann remains open today, however a restoration plan for the Ulster Canal is currently in progress. Lough Neagh Rescue provides a Search & Rescue service twenty-four hours a day. It is a voluntary service with funding being provided by the District Councils bordering the Lough, its members are highly trained and are a declared facility for the Marine Coastguard Agency who co-ordinate rescues on Lough Neagh Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Lough Neagh attracts bird watchers from many nations due to the number and variety of birds which winter and summer in the boglands and shores around the lough. Eel fishing has been a major industry in Lough Neagh for centuries. Today Lough Neagh eel fisheries export their eels to restaurants all over the world. Lough Neagh was widely assumed to be owned by the state, but in 2005 it publicly emerged that it is the ancestral property of the Earl of Shaftesbury. This may have serious implications for planned changes to state-run domestic water services in Northern Ireland, as the lough supplies 40% of the region’s drinking water and is also used as a sewage outfall (in a system only permissible through British Crown immunity).
Discover a wealth of information on travelling by Motorhome, Caravan or Boat when planning your holiday or trip of a lifetime
Which ever way you wish to travel, do it with style!
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ADA Statement on Infection Control in Dental Settings
February 09, 2011
Email: [email protected] (Journalists) or Contact ADA (All Others)
CHICAGO, February 9, 2011—In light of recent developments at the VA Center in Dayton, Ohio, the American Dental Association (ADA) understands that there may be heightened interest in infection control procedures in dental settings.
The ADA has long recommended that all practicing dentists, dental auxiliaries and dental laboratories employ standard precautions as described in the 2003 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Infection Control in Dental Health Care Settings guidelines. Infection control procedures are designed to protect patients and health care workers by preventing the spread of diseases like hepatitis and HIV. Examples of infection control in the dental office include the use of masks, gloves, surface disinfectants and sterilizing reusable dental devices. In addition, dental health care providers are expected to follow procedures as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
The ADA urges its members to keep up to date as scientific information leads to improvements in infection control, risk assessment and disease management in oral health care.
Patients who have questions about infection control in the dental setting should talk with their dentists, who will be glad to explain their procedures. More information on infection control in dental offices is available online at ADA.org.
About the ADA
The not-for-profit ADA is the nation's largest dental association, representing 163,000 dentist members. The premier source of oral health information, the ADA has advocated for the public's health and promoted the art and science of dentistry since 1859. The ADA's state-of-the-art research facilities develop and test dental products and materials that have advanced the practice of dentistry and made the patient experience more positive. The ADA Seal of Acceptance long has been a valuable and respected guide to consumer dental care products. The monthly The Journal of the American Dental Association (JADA) is the ADA's flagship publication and the best-read scientific journal in dentistry. For more information about the ADA, visit ADA.org. For more information on oral health, including prevention, care and treatment of dental disease, visit the ADA's consumer website MouthHealthy.org
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TSU Institute of Nutrition of the Future is working on a student health improvement project. Using a special phone app, students will be able to buy healthful snacks from vending machines dotted around the Tomsk State University campus and receive personal recommendations on healthful eating. To create recommendations, the scientists will rely on a survey on students' eating habits conducted in the fall season.
Research in the project Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Health: Fundamentals and Controlling Techniques is part of the strategic project Engineering Biology, with the support of the strategic and academic leadership program Priority 2030. The project lead is Leonid Kapilevich, head of the Department of Sports and Health Tourism, Sports Physiology, and Medicine of the TSU Faculty of Physical Education.
According to Leonid Kapilevich, there needs to be a comprehensive approach to solving challenges of healthful eating, so the TSU Institute of Nutrition of the Future branches out to multiple spheres in their work.
“For more than five years, our department, together with the Laboratory of Health Management and Physical Activity, has been doing research on the fundamental aspects of nutrition: we are studying metabolic disorders and human physical activity. In the current project, we are looking for ways to solve the challenges of healthful eating in all of its aspects. We are trying to answer the question: how and what should a human eat if they wish to care about their health? We are also pushing the idea of healthful eating and doing sociological monitoring on its spread throughout the campus; in the long run, we plan to launch the production of healthful food items for our students,” shares Kapilevich.
Students will be able to buy fresh, healthful food in the so-called fresh boxes found in different corners of the campus. To buy something from these vending machines, one simply will have to install a special phone app created by the developers at the TSU Institute of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science. The app will allow you to check the range of products and availability of certain food items, reserve a product, pay for selected items, and receive your order from a specific smart refrigerator using the individual barcode. It will be possible to make an order in advance and pick it up later from a specific machine on the territory of the campus.
In the fall of 2022, the institute's scientists conducted a survey among students to determine their eating preferences. These studies will help develop recommendations on the optimal choice of food. Students will be receiving these recommendations through the app as well, and motion sensors for counting steps and a calorie counter will be integrated into the app. The university is offering discounts on products from fresh boxes to those interested in the experiment and willing to connect their app to the institute's database, to allow scientists to track the frequency of purchases, analyze preferences, and receive feedback.
Another area of application of this project is experimental studies of how nutrition affects health and how to potentially adjust the state of at-risk groups of people with certain diseases. Scientists at the TSU Institute of Nutrition of the Future select substances and food components that fit people with certain disorders, to help prevent disease progression. Laboratory studies are currently underway, and certain results have already been achieved; specific recommendations will appear by the end of 2023.
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Another pretty good step forward in Deep Neural Networks from DeepMind.
They took inspiration from neurosciences-based theories about the consolidation of previously acquired skills and memories in mammalian and human brains: connections between neurons are less likely to be overwritten if they have been important in previously learnt tasks. This mechanism is known as “synaptic consolidation“.
The result is a neural network model that can learn several tasks without overwriting what was previously learnt (a known limitation of the current neural network approach, known as “catastrophic forgetting”).
The new algorithm has been called “Elastic Weight Consolidation” (EWC).
All the details can be read in their last PNAS paper.
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For kids as young as the ones I teach, keeping the routine going is vital, as well as reassuring them that we love them and want them here in school with us. When the kids go home feeling happy and safe, that seems to reassure parents some too, but I wish I could do more.
— Teacher response to a Colorín Colorado survey on how schools are supporting immigrant families
Preschools, early childhood centers, and other child care settings can play a critical role in supporting the children in immigrant families. In addition to the strategies recommended throughout this guide, early childhood educators may wish to keep these additional considerations in mind as they review their own program policies and think about the needs of young children. As noted in the introduction to this guide, there are 1.6 million children under the age of 5 nationwide who have at least one parent who is undocumented (Gándara & Ee, 2018a, p. 3).
- Guidelines and laws that apply to early childhood programs may vary depending on the program's location, affiliation, and sources of funding. They also may vary from K-12 public school policies. If clarification is needed, look for assistance from program administrators, local early childhood agencies, or national early childhood organizations that can provide appropriate information.
- In addition, it is important for educators and leaders to keep in mind that immigration issues may be impacting staff as well, such as Karen Reyes, a teacher of hearing impaired toddlers in Austin, Texas who is a DACA recipient. See more on this topic in our section on how immigration issues can impact staff.
Opportunities for professional development
When considering what kinds of training may benefit your staff, keep in mind the following:
- Community partners, as well as colleagues in nearby K-12 settings who serve the same families, may be helpful in providing guidance on what kinds of information will best serve the staff on these issues.
- Early childhood agencies may also wish to offer centralized training for providers who aren't in a large program setting.
- As part of the U.S. Department of Education's non-regulatory guidance on implementing the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) with English learners, school districts are strongly encouraged to include local early childhood teachers in professional development. This might give providers an opportunity to learn how their local district is responding to current concerns of immigrant families.
Look for ways to build relationships with families
Why this matters
Strong family partnerships are a valuable tool not only in supporting young children's future academic success but also in supporting healthy social-emotional development – particularly in the face of stress and uncertainty. Early childhood programs may need to be creative in building and expanding these relationships with immigrant families, but the results will be well worth the extra effort. It is easier to address challenges after trust has been established.
Tips for getting started
There are a number of things that early childhood programs can do to get started, including:
- Making immigrant families feel welcome
- Looking for ways to celebrates families' cultures and languages
- Looking for new ways to get to know families and their neighborhoods
- Being proactive about identifying families' strengths
- Ensuring that communication is happening in parents' languages
- Providing opportunities for families to ask questions about issues of concern
- Building partnerships with local community organizations that serve your families.
The role of home language: Family outreach
In addition, it is critical to communicate in families' home languages and provide forms and documents in families' home languages to the extent possible, such as registration forms, home language surveys, and emergency contact forms. Keep in mind that the U.S. educational system will be new to families and they may have lots of questions related to the program, on top of their questions about complex issues related to immigration. See more recommendations in our section on communicating with families.
The role of home language: Language and literacy development
At the same time, welcoming and including children's home languages in their learning environment provides numerous benefits to their social-emotional development, sense of identity, early literacy development, and acquisition of English.
Learn more from the following:
- The Importance of Home Language Series (Head Start)
- Creating an Environment That Helps Young Bilingual Children Thrive (Harvard News)
- Engaging ELL Families: A Guide for School Leaders (Colorín Colorado)
- ELLs in Early Childhood Education: Recruiting Immigrant Families (Colorín Colorado)
- Increasing PreK Access for the Children of Immigrants (Eye on Early Education)
- Welcoming Refugee Children into Early Childhood Classrooms (National Association for the Education of Young Children)
- Voices of Immigrant Parents in Preschool Settings (NAEYC)
- Early Childhood Resources (Bridging Refugee Youth and Children’s Services)
Resources from Head Start
- Communicating Across Language and Culture: How Do I Reach Out to Parents Who Are Immigrants?
- Families Support Their Children Who Are Dual Language Learners
- Creating Programs to Partner with Immigrant Parents
- Gathering and Using Language Information that Families Share
- Raising Young Children in a New Country: A Handbook for Supporting Early Learning and Healthy Development (with tips for using the handbook)
Research and books
- Administrators’ Roles in Offering Dynamic Early Learning Experiences to Children of Latinx Immigrants (Bank Street College of Education)
- Rethinking Parent Involvement: Perspectives of Immigrant and Refugee Parents (Bank Street College of Education)
- Building Bridges Between Home and School for Latinx Families of Preschool Children (Bank Street College of Education)
- Building Bridges, Not Walls, Between Latinx Immigrant Parents and Schools (Bank Street College of Education)
- Book Recommendation: Teaching to Strengths: Supporting Students Living with Trauma, Violence, and Chronic Stress by Debbie Zacarian, Lourdes Alvarez-Ortiz and Judie Haynes
Review program enrollment guidelines
Why this matters
The benefits of early childhood education for immigrant children are well-documented (Greenberg, Michie, and Adams, 2018, p. 1). In the majority of early childhood programs nationwide, children can enroll in the program if they (or their parents) are undocumented. Staff who enroll children should not ask families about their immigration status. While programs must follow all legal requirements in their state for maintaining information on each family, when possible, programs are also strongly discouraged from asking about country of origin and social security numbers. If children or family members volunteer the information, you should not share it with others.
Maintaining student privacy and confidentiality
There are a number of student privacy policies that can apply to different kinds of early childhood programs. All staff should be familiar with the policies that apply to their program. If clarification is needed, look for assistance from program administrators, local early childhood agencies, or national early childhood organizations that can provide appropriate information.
Tips for getting started
Program administrators and staff assisting with enrollment should be familiar with:
- program policies related to enrollment
- all types of documents that can be used to verify a child's age (described in these videos from attorney Roger Rosenthal)
- requirements for establishing local residency
- applicable privacy policies.
Ensure staff are familiar with other policies and issues related to immigrant students
Why this matters
Families and staff members may have questions related to immigration issues; making sure that everyone has accurate and updated information will make it easier to address questions and concerns when they arise. Here are some important topics related to early childhood settings:
"Sensitive locations" guidance for early childhood settings
Early childhood settings such as preschools and day care centers are protected under the federal "sensitive locations" guidelines that also apply to schools. (See more on "sensitive locations guidance" in our related section and in this brief from the Center for Law and Social Policy, or CLASP.) There is no indication that this policy will change, although there have been cases of immigration enforcement activity happening near child care and early childhood centers. Many early childhood settings have also reported drops in attendance and enrollment related to concerns about immigration enforcement. This may be in part due to the fact that many early childhood providers don't know that their settings are considered "sensitive locations" (Ullrich, 2018).
Following in-depth interviews with early childhood providers, researchers from CLASP concluded the following:
Many early childhood providers weren’t aware of the sensitive locations policies or didn’t know their programs were included. Few providers had internal policies for dealing with ICE or CBP agents who try to enter their facilities. They also didn’t know if they were legally obligated to admit immigration agents without a warrant. Consequently, many providers couldn’t assure immigrant families that the center was a safe place. (Ullrich, 2018)
This research speaks to the importance of ensuring that early childhood providers are familiar with the "sensitive locations" guidance. In addition, programs may wish to create a policy that clarifies what should happen if an immigration agent comes to the center.
Note: This guidance is just that – guidance – and not codified into law; it could change at any point. The guidance also has certain limitations, which is why program administrators should become familiar with other related local/state laws and should stay current with updates on this topic.
Making a plan to care for children whose caregivers are unavailable
In June 2018, a large immigration raid left dozens of young children stranded at day care centers and preschools in Ohio as caretakers scrambled to find relatives and emergency contacts. This example underscores the importance of having updated emergency contact information and a plan in place to care for children whose caregivers/parents/guardians are detained during the day.
Putting protocols in place for these situation improves the chance of finding an appropriate caregiver for children. See suggestions and resources in the following sections of this guide:
- The Importance of Emergency Contact Information
- Make a Plan to Care for Children Stranded Following Detention
Answering questions about proposed "public charge" rule changes
The White House announced a proposed rule change in September 2018 that would make it harder for legal immigrants to get green cards if they receive certain kinds of public assistance. Head Start programs, services provided under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, and enrollment in free- and reduced-price meal programs are not included in this rule change.
However, other benefits have been added to the list that would likely impact many immigrant families if the rules go into effect, and some families have already started withdrawing from benefits programs. Learn more about the "public charge" issue in our related section.
Answering questions about immigration and legal resources
There are a number of steps early childhood programs can take to address families' questions and concerns about immigration issues, as well as to connect families to legal support. Many of the strategies detailed throughout this guide can be applied in early childhood settings as well:
- How Immigration Issues Impact Students
- Addressing Immigrant Families' Questions and Concerns
- Addressing Questions About Immigration Enforcement
- Connecting Immigrant Families with Legal Support and Advice
Other issues that might impact children
Other immigration issues that may be impacting children in your program include changes to Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA); Temporary Protected Status (TPS); and travel restrictions that impact family reunification.
Tips for getting started
- Identify the policies that apply to your setting. If you have questions, look for assistance from program administrators, local early childhood agencies, or national early childhood organizations that can provide appropriate information.
- Identify the information that staff should have and the best ways to provide the training and professional development they need.
- Identify the information families should have and the most appropriate ways to share that information, such as one-on-one conversations or parent outreach events.
- Determine whether any existing policies, procedures, or forms need to be updated.
- Determine whether any new policies should be created to address these issues; if so, look for sound guidance on how to do so.
Look for ways to offer social-emotional support to kids throughout the day
Why this matters
Young children in immigrant families may be experiencing a number of situations that are causing stress (see examples in our section on how immigration issues can affect children as well as the following section on anxiety and trauma). This can impact their healthy development, social interactions, and motivation and also result in their asking adults questions about these issues. In addition, the situations children's families are facing may have an impact on whether their basic needs are being met. This is why it is so important for early childhood programs to look at the whole picture when identifying and addressing young children's needs.
Note: See our related information on:
- the various causes of changes in behavior, particularly as they relate to special education referrals
- sibling caregivers
- strategies for providing social-emotional support for students.
Tips for getting started
Early childhood environments can provide a nurturing, safe environment for children by:
- maintaining their familiar routines
- designating a primary caregiver/support person for an anxious child
- doing age-appropriate activities where kids can share feelings, such as drawing, circle time, or one-on-one time
- reading stories about related topics
- providing staff with training on topics related to trauma and anxiety (see related resources in our section on the impact of trauma and anxiety due to immigration issues)
- providing parents with tips and training on how to address anxiety and answer children's questions.
You may find some helpful ideas in the following toolkits from Sesame Street. While there is no "immigration toolkit," these resources include related topics. All are available in Spanish, and the Sesame Street in Communities toolkit is available in other languages.
- Traumatic Experiences
- Helping Kids Grieve
- Coping with Incarceration
- Sesame Street in Communities: Care, Cope, Connect
You may also get some helpful ideas from these bilingual activities and videos on self-expression from Sesame Street.
How to calm down
These articles provide some activities to calm down, such as the following:
- Fred Rogers: Parent Resources on Fear (Fred Rogers Company)
- 8 Fun Breathing Exercises for Kids (Childhood 101)
- How to Teach Your Child Calm Breathing (Anxiety Canada)
- Calming Anxiety in Children (Coping Skills for Kids)
Provide training on the impacts of trauma and anxiety on young children
Why this matters
In 2018, researchers at CLASP published a study on how immigration policy affects young children (Cervantes, Ullrich, & Matthews, 2018). Researchers report that early childhood educators and providers around the country have recently observed more stress, anxiety, and behavioral difficulties in the immigrant children they serve, such as:
- "aggression, hyperactivity, and separation anxiety" (p. 9)
- more bathroom accidents from kids who were toilet-trained
- "symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, such as frequent crying, trouble sleeping, and increased anxiety" (p. 11).
This correlates with findings by the American Psychological Association (APA) that “young children whose undocumented parents have been detained or even deported…experience in the short term, frequent crying, withdrawal, disrupted eating and sleeping patterns, anger, anxiety and depression.”
(See more age-specific effects of trauma from the National Child Trauma Stress Network.)
According to the report, educators and families have also reported:
- decreased engagement and participation in the classroom, fear of police, and actions to protect relatives from police
- children as young as three (both immigrant children and U.S. citizen children) expressing fears about being separated from a parent.
These changes can impact children's healthy development, both physically and emotionally; their confidence and self-esteem; and their identity. These changes can impact children's healthy development, both physically and emotionally; their confidence and self-esteem; and their identity. The APA notes that, “Over time, these can lead to more severe issues like post-traumatic stress disorder, poor identity formation, difficulty forming relationships, feelings of persecution, distrust of institutions and authority figures, acting out behaviors and difficulties at school.” (See the APA’s 2011 Report of the Presidential Task Force on Immigration for more information.)
As a result, CLASP researchers noted that families are looking for support in addressing these issues as well – multiple educators reported that immigrant families had asked for support or training about social-emotional health, such as tips for dealing with anxiety.
What explains these trends?
Children may be feeling anxiety or fear about:
- losing a parent (such as the case of Sophie Cruz, a five-year-old who slipped past security during Pope Francis' 2015 visit to Washington, D.C. to give him a letter expressing her fear that that her parents would be deported)
- an unexpected or lengthy separation
- having to move to a new country if a parent is deported
- losing a friend
- family members' stress, anxiety, depression, or intimate partner abuse.
Children may have experienced a traumatic event, such as:
- witnessing a loved one's arrest
- being separated from a parent during interrogation
- a forced separation for an extended period of time
- detention in an immigration detention center
- coming into contact with immigration enforcement officers
- a lengthy separation from families or siblings due to immigration circumstances
- an arduous journey to this country
- violence or hardship in a home country.
Families may also be experiencing increased levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and intimate partner abuse.
Tips for getting started
There are a number of things early childhood programs or community organizations can do to better equip providers and parents to address these challenges, such as providing training about topics that are most relevant to the setting. Topics could include:
- the impact of trauma on young children on healthy development and behavior
- tools and words that can be used in different situations, such as "That sounds really hard. You can talk to me anytime you need me."
- How the Toxic Stress of Family Separation Can Harm a Child (PBS NewsHour)
- Tutorial: Recognizing and Addressing Trauma in Infants, Young Children, and Their Families (Georgetown University Center for Child and Human Development)
Video Playlist: When immigration status impacts young children
See our complete reference list for works cited in this article.
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| 0.941321 | 3,819 | 3.140625 | 3 |
NOAA announces two additional severe weather events reached $1 billion damage threshold, raising 2011’s billion-dollar disaster count from 12 to 14 events
According to NOAA scientists, 2011 was a record-breaking year for climate extremes, as much of the United States faced historic levels of heat, precipitation, flooding and severe weather, while La Niña events at both ends of the year impacted weather patterns at home and around the world.
NOAA’s annual analysis of U.S. and global conditions, conducted by scientists at NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center, reports that the average temperature for the contiguous U.S. was 53.8 degrees F, 1.0 degree F above the 20th century average, making it the 23rd warmest year on record. Precipitation across the nation averaged near normal, masking record-breaking extremes in both drought and precipitation.
On a global scale, La Niña events helped keep the average global temperature below recent trends. As a result, 2011 tied with 1997 for the 11th warmest year on record. It was the second coolest year of the 21st century to date, and tied with the second warmest year of the 20th century. See NOAA's full 20011 Review
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| 0.934411 | 255 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The eccentric engineer
E&T recounts a banker turned engineer and 'gentleman scientist' who played a key role in ending the Second World War.
I think it's fair to say that bankers aren't universally popular at the moment. In days gone by I might have said that 'their stock was rather low', but in the current economic climate their stock has all but disappeared. However, we should not assume all bankers are bad - take the case of Alfred Lee Loomis (1887-1975), who might perhaps stand as a model for the current generation.
Loomis was, in his mind at least, an inventor, although he never really fitted the image of the struggling eccentric working away in his shed, eschewing meals in favour of spending the money on more raw materials. This is because he was fabulously rich. With his brother-in-law, he ran the bank that raised much of the financing for the electrification of America's homes and factories and then, in an act that even made other bankers hate him, had the foresight to move out of stocks just before the great crash, returning during the Depression to buy up good companies at rock bottom prices. This made Loomis so rich he could buy his own Americas Cup yacht at a time when even Vanderbilts and Astors clubbed together to get theirs.
So far this has precious little to do with engineering, of course. A banker making a fortune and buying a yacht is, if anything, a shade predictable. But at this point, Loomis and other bankers part company because he also bought something else - an engineering laboratory. Loomis had loved engineering since the First World War during which he had devised the 'Aberdeen Chronograph', a portable machine for measuring the muzzle velocity of artillery pieces. With the huge increase in his fortunes at the end of the war, he decided to indulge this love of gadgetry by buying an empty mansion and turning it into the Loomis Laboratory.
The Loomis Lab was like no other. For a start, it was in Tuxedo Park, an exclusive New York enclave whose inhabitants were so rich and so posh that they still dressed for dinner, hence the US name 'tuxedo' for a dinner jacket.
Secondly, Loomis could afford to buy equipment that most universities could only dream of. But most importantly, Loomis was not just a tinkerer, but perhaps the last true 'gentleman scientist'. He worked with passion and skill, attracting the greatest names of the era to come and visit and even work with him. His guest book included Einstein, Bohr, Fermi and Heisenberg.
To be fair, some probably turned up because his invitations included first class travel, limousine transfers and the chance to arrive at the lab on his private train, but most came for the work he was doing. And that work was wide-ranging and proved to be rather important in bringing to a close a troubling little problem known as the Second World War.
Before the war, Loomis worked on everything: from spectrometry and chronometry to electro-encephalography and ultrasound - as well as taking time out to help Ernest Lawrence raise the funding for his cyclotron particle accelerator. But with war in Europe, Loomis and his colleagues had begun to turn their efforts to radio location, building one of only two microwave radar systems in the US at that time.
This got the attention of the 1940 Tizard mission which Churchill sent to the US to share technological discoveries in return for US assistance. They had brought with them a cavity magnetron which had 1,000 times the power of any US machine, and so Loomis invited them to Tuxedo Park to spill the beans. Shortly after this, Vannevar Bush (who, as inventor of the Memex, has also been a subject of this column) appointed Loomis as chairman of the Microwave Committee with a remit to develop radar technology. Loomis founded a 'Radiation Lab' at MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts - personally funded by him in its early stages while government financial cogs turned with their usual inefficiency.
The child of the 'Rad Lab', as it became known, was the 10cm radar which helped detect U boats, protect British and US aircraft, locate the Luftwaffe and which is often cited as the key technology for ending the war. But if you're thinking that the atom bomb was the real decider in that, then it's worth mentioning that Loomis, a friend of many Manhattan project scientists, also eased the path of that project through government (where his cousin was, rather helpfully, War Secretary).
It must be said that Loomis did not run the Rad Lab and so cannot be called the inventor of the 10cm radar, but his passion for the subject as a gentleman amateur, his knowledge and his willingness to use his money and influence to promote engineering, should grant him a part of the credit.
And besides, he did personally invent LORAN (Long Range Navigation), a pulsed hyperbolic radio navigation system that allowed vessels to locate themselves using timed signals from low frequency radio transmitters, which just goes to show that an interest in clocks combined with the ability to buy ocean-going yachts can be used to good effect. Indeed, LORAN is still in use today although increasingly being superseded by GPS.
Let's hope our generation of bankers will be putting their bonuses to a similarly good cause.
Justin Pollard's latest book 'Charge! The Interesting Bits of Military History' is published by John Murray.
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| 0.981445 | 1,161 | 2.671875 | 3 |
What rhymes with t-complex genome region?
This page is about the various possible words that rhymes or sounds like t-complex genome region. Use it for writing poetry, composing lyrics for your song or coming up with rap verses.
- A 20 cM region of mouse chromosome 17 that is represented by a least two HAPLOTYPES. One of the haplotypes is referred to as the t-haplotype and contains an unusual array of mutations that affect embryonic development and male fertility. The t-haplotype is maintained in the gene pool by the presence of unusual features that prevent its recombination.
Find a translation for t-complex genome region in other languages:
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Discuss this t-complex genome region rhyme with the community:
Use the citation below to add this rhymes to your bibliography:
"t-complex genome region." Rhymes.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2017. Web. 23 Sep. 2017. <http://www.rhymes.net/rhyme/t-complex%20genome%20region>.
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| 0.835054 | 229 | 2.53125 | 3 |
As a software company in the healthcare space, we have a deep reverence for the Open API. This important feature changed what was possible in our industry from a software perspective.
The first API emerged on the internet in 2000 with the introduction of Salesforce. Ah, the memories.
Two decades later and open APIs are still the foundation of information sharing online. Let’s take a closer look at this transformative innovation.
What is an Open API?
To start, API stands for Application Programming Interface. It is true to its definition, in that it is an interface where software applications interact. We refer to them as “open” APIs because it conveys that the interface is a two-way street.
Think of an open API as a technological bridge between two separate software systems.
Before this innovation, information was very much siloed within individual systems. If data could be shared electronically at all, it was usually only possible in very specific, limited ways.
From an EHR/healthcare perspective, patients would have separate charts in separate EHRs for each of their providers. The primary care doctor’s system was unable to share info with the specialist, the specialist’s system was unable to talk to the laboratory’s platform, and so on.
In this way, the ceiling for comprehensive care and adequate ownership over health information was considerably lower than it is now.
As a result, the open API unlocked public access to data from proprietary systems.
Put more simply, the open API allowed everyone to easily share information electronically, or plug into other software systems as needed. In the EHR space, the ability to move information from one system to another and back again is critical.
Furthermore, not every EHR is going to offer every single function and feature that an organization may need to run their operation.
That is where the open API was, and still is, indispensable. It provides access to any software capabilities that you do not have internally.
Open API and Software Innovation
Though open APIs first blazed this digital trail two decades ago, their function is still crucial to any operation’s present and future software endeavors.
In the present, the tech allows organizations to seamlessly plug into external software systems as needed.
And, arguably even more critical is the fact that open APIs give organizations the ability to adopt future software innovations without issue.
Look at telehealth, for example. From a technology standpoint, a dynamic video-conferencing tool through which providers could deliver virtual care to their patients would have been simply impossible ten years ago.
Now, open APIs facilitate easy integration with telehealth platforms, which has anchored the virtual care environment we currently find ourselves in.
Before the pandemic, telehealth was a solution that many providers had not yet adopted. However, once COVID-19 forced their hand, organizations were able to quickly implement the software because of that open API functionality.
Open API and Patient-Centered Care
Open APIs have also been integral in making patient-centered care a reality, rather than just an idea or goal.
One of the driving forces behind the creation of the 0pen API was that consumers were demanding more comprehensive ownership over their health records.
Before open APIs, a patient’s health records were fragmented across multiple individual systems. There was no way for a patient to compile or view their information in one place. Furthermore, providers may have difficulty treating patients precisely and efficiently without access to their full medical histories.
Fortunately, that data is no longer contained in those silos because of the 0pen API.
As a result, the patient can now be at the center of it all, with a free flow of information back and forth from external providers or systems.
Software Solutions: Further Education
Are you as big of an open API fan as we are? If not, that’s okay. We are the software techies in this relationship.
However, we hope you have a better understanding of just how important and innovative the open API was to our industry.
We mentioned that Salesforce first debuted the wonders of the API in 2000.
Twenty years later and Salesforce is still a popular customer relationship management (CRM) service that organizations of all kinds integrate with using an open API.
Along with CRM platforms, revenue cycle management (RCM) services are another type of software that organizations frequently connect with through open APIs.
Both CRM and RCM tools are important tools for health care providers. Some EHRs offer CRM and RCM tools, but many do not. Check out this blog that explores the importance of RCM capabilities for any provider.
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| 0.957841 | 955 | 2.75 | 3 |
Deepening student knowledge through discourse language development is a key to student engagement. Our latest product is chock full of hands-on materials and activities that are explained, laminated, and ready to use! Based upon reciprocal teaching and learning strategies, you will be able to guide students as they engage in complex projects and academic tasks through explicit instruction in the structure and use of discourse processes. The kit also includes our innovative Discourse and Thought Development Chart which graphically demonstrates the process of deepening knowledge through oral discourse development.
This Kit contains:
This new cutting-edge Kit applies a macro-strategy approach to narrative and expository text selections. Pulling together discourse level language development and Webb’s Depth of Knowledge, this Kit shows students how to use text structure as a guide to create text dependent questions and answers and encourages the development of self-teaching procedures.
Facilitate the modeling of strategies to increase comprehension and encourage academic discussion using included pragmatics chart and conversation moves cards. Also, use this Kit to help children develop complex sentence structure using cohesive ties and other academic vocabulary.
Prod. No. 03 095
This book focuses on narrative instruction and intervention with Story Grammar Marker® for children who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing. The goal is for all children to have the skills to independently and effectively communicate with anyone in their environment using their preferred modality of communication, including American Sign Language. This book also provides criterion-based assessments for narrative macro- and micro-structure for both English and American Sign Language.
Item No. 03 070
Related Product: DRIP-EY Diagnostic Record & Intervention Plan Set
This is a Special Collection of Selected MindWing Materials (An OVER $1200 value!). This is the perfect collection for those who are in private practice, a clinical setting, or in a school-based position dealing with varying ages and abilities, and wish to have a selection of materials from each of our kits without having to purchase each kit separately.
This collection does not include the following products that serve specific populations: SGM® Spanish Maps (Story Grammar Marker® translated into Spanish); Holding Stories in the Palm of Your Hand (for DHH/ASL); the DRIP-EY Diagnostic Record & Intervention Plan Set (For Deaf or Hard of Hearing) or Refill Pack; and The Essential SGM® (for colleges and university programs). These preceding products may be ordered separately if needed. The Ultimate Collection also does not include the SGM® iPad App, which must be purchased in the iPAD APP STORE.
Product No. 03 010
This Deepening Discourse and Thought Manual and the Discourse and Thought Development Chart combine to provide a roadmap for a literary journey through a an exemplar text, a children’s picture book entitled Those Shoes by Maribeth Boelts. This storybook serves as an example of all that can be harvested from quality children’s literature to provide lessons, interventions and therapy with students in the areas of academics and social communication.
The Story Grammar Marker® (SGM®) and its Narrative Developmental Sequence—as well as the Expository Text Structures of the ThemeMaker®—form the cornerstone of the Discourse and Thought Development Chart. The Chart serves as an organizational structure for lessons throughout this manual.
Our purpose is to show deepening use of the Story Grammar Marker® as students acquire competency through modeling and dialogic reading of quality literature.
Item No. 03 403
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| 0.909309 | 724 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Automotor Journal, 1903:
"The chief novelty on the Ader was the 4-cylinder motor, which in general respects resembles their previous double-cylinder engine. Each pair is cast in one piece and is set at an angle of 45 degrees from the vertical ; the crank shaft has only two crank pins, on to each of which the connecting rods from the opposite cylinders operate. The motor has atmospheric inlet valves placed above the exhaust valves, and the ignition plugs are fitted into the heads of the cylinders. Its general appearance is seen in our illustration.
We also reproduce drawings of the latest pattern main clutch adopted by the company, and of their change-speed transmission gear. The clutch is so designed that the thrust is taken by ball bearings, and is not imposed upon the shaft or on the first-motion shaft. The change-speed gear is similar to the Mors design, the drive being direct through the shaft, A, and the clutch jaws, L and L', to the bevel wheel, M, and thus to the differential gear, when on the top speed.
For the lower speeds the power is transmitted through the second-motion shaft, C, and its bevel wheel, G, to the differential. The sliding wheels, D, E, and F, are mounted upon a square formed on the shaft, A, and the back face of the wheel, F, forms the one part of the jaw clutch for the top speed. The company showed one of their 2-cylinder and one of their 4-cylinder motors separately, and they also exhibited a couple of complete chassis on their stall. The main frame employed is tubular, and the underframe is dispensed with. The gear-box is supported at the back by the countershaft, and is secured at its front end by a swinging link to the frame. A separate lever is used for bringing the reverse pinion into play, and the forward speeds are operated by a side lever, the shaft of which passes direct into the gearbox. The countershaft is connected with the rear wheels by side chains in the usual way.
Another interesting feature of these cars is the 1902 type 15-h.p. chassis and also a nearly completed 20-h.p. 1903 chassis. In the earlier model the motor is of the 4-cylinder type with atmospheric inlet valves, and each pair of cylinders is cast together. The main frame is of square tubing lined with ash, and the underframe is built up of angle section steel. The frame is supported on semielliptical side springs front and rear, the forwardly projecting horns of the former being tied together by a cross bar, and the employment of a carburetor of the surface type. It is used in connection with a throttle valve, placed between it and the induction valves ; the throttle valve is regulated by the governor."
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CC-MAIN-2021-21
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https://brasscarera.com/france/ader/1903-engine-and-transmission/
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| 0.964867 | 589 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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