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WTO_1/r_G_TBTN23_USA2077.pdf
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r_G_TBTN23_USA2077
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G/TBT/N/USA/2077
18 décembre 2023
(23-8662) Page: 1/2
Comité des obstacles techniques au commerce Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
La notification suivante est communiquée conformément à l'article 10.6.
1. Membre notifiant : ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE
Le cas échéant, pouvoirs publics locaux concernés (articles 3.2 et 7.2):
2. Organisme responsable:
Environmental Protection Agency - EPA (Agence pour la protection de l'environnement)
[2108]
Les nom et adresse (y compris les numéros de téléphone et de fax et les
adresses de courrier électronique et de site Web, le cas échéant) de l'organism e
ou de l'autorité désigné pour s'occuper des observations concernant la
notification doivent être indiqués si cet organisme ou cette autorité est différent
de l'organisme susmentionné:
Les observations sont à envoyer à : USA WTO TBT Enquiry Point (Point d' information OTC
pour l'OMC des États -Unis d'Amérique) . Courrier électronique: [email protected]
3. Notification au titre de l'article 2.9.2 [ ], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ], 3.2 [ ],
7.2 [ ], autres [X] : L'EPA annonce la disponibilité du document intitulé "Projet
d'évaluation des risques de 2023 pour le phosphate de tris(2 -chloroéthyle) (TCEP)" et
invite à formuler des observations à son sujet . Un examen par les p airs sera réalisé du
13 mars 2 024 au 1 2 avril 2 024 aux fins de la révision de l'approche et des méthodologies
utilisées dans ce document.
4. Produits visés (le cas échéant, position du SH ou de la NCCD, sinon position du
tarif douanier national . Les numér os de l'ICS peuvent aussi être indiqués, le cas
échéant) : Phosphate de tris(2 -chloroéthyle) (TCEP) ; Protection de l'environnement
(ICS 13.020), Protection contre les matières dangereuses ( ICS 13 .300), Production dans
l'industrie chimique ( ICS 71 .020), Prod uits de l'industrie chimique ( ICS 71 .100)
5. Intitulé, nombre de pages et langue(s) du texte notifié : Tris(2-chloroethyl)
Phosphate (TCEP) ; Draft Risk Evaluation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) ;
Letter Peer Review ; Notice of Availability, Public Meeting and Request for Comment
(Phosphate de tris(2 -chloroéthyle) (TCEP) ; Projet d'évaluation des risques devant être
effectuée au titre de la Loi sur la réglementation des substances toxiques ; Examen par
les pairs ; Avis de disponibil ité, avis de tenue d'une réunion publique et demande de
communication d'observations ), 3 pages, en anglais.
6. Teneur : Avis - L'Agence pour la protection de l'environnement (EPA) annonce la
disponibilité du document intitulé "Projet d'évaluation des risqu es de 2023 pour le
phosphate de tris(2 -chloroéthyle) (TCEP)" et de propositions de questions connexes
d'orientation, et invite à formuler des observations à leur sujet . L'EPA soumettra le Projet
d'évaluation des risques et les observations du public à des pairs examinateurs qui
examineront l'approche et les méthodologies utilisées . L'examen par les pairs inclura un
examen de l'analyse des propriétés physico -chimiques, du sort du TCEP dans
l'environnement, des émissions de TCEP dans l'environnement, des risq ues pour
l'environnement et de la caractérisation des risques pour les espèces terrestres et G/TBT/N/USA/2077
- 2 -
aquatiques, et des risques pour la santé humaine et de la caractérisation des risques pour
les travailleurs, les consommateurs et le grand public . Il est prévu que l'examen par les
pairs soit réalisé du 1 3 mars 2 024 au 1 2 avril 2 024. Une réunion publique virtuelle
préparatoire aura lieu le 5 mars 2 024 pour permettre aux pairs et au public de commenter
le champ d'application et la clarté des questions d'orientation, et de poser des questions
à leur sujet . Les observations formulées dans l'examen par les pairs seront prises en
compte lors de l'élaboration de l'évaluation finale des risques pour le TCEP.
L'EPA tiendra une réunion publique virtuelle le 5 mars 2 024 de 13 heures à 16 heures
(heure de l'Est) . Pour recevoir des renseignements concernant le lien de la retransmission
sur le Web de la réunion et l'audioconférence, il convient de s'enregistrer avant
le 1er mars 2 024 à 17 heures (heure de l'Est ). Merci de présent er toute demande
d'aménagements spéciaux avant le 2 3 février 2 024 afin que l'EPA dispose du temps
nécessaire pour le traitement des demandes.
7. Objectif et justification, y compris la nature des problèmes urgents, le cas
échéant : Protection de la santé ou de la sécurité des personnes ; protection de la vie ou
de la santé des animaux et préservation des végétaux ; protection de l'environnement.
8. Documents pertinents:
Federal Register (88 FR 86894) , 15 décembre 2 023:
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2023-12-15/html/2023 -27600.htm
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2023-12-15/pdf/2023 -27600.pdf
L'avis notifié porte le numéro de dossier de
consultation ( docket ) EPA -HQ-OPPT-2023-0265. Le dossier relatif à cette demande de
renseignements est disponible sur le site Regulations.gov à l'adresse suivante:
https://www.regulations.gov/docket/EPA -HQ-OPPT-2023-0265/document et permet
d'accéder aux documents principaux et aux documents justificatifs, ainsi qu' aux
observations reçues . Les documents sont également disponibles sur le site
Regulations.gov en effectuant une recherche par numéro de dossier ( docket ). Les
Membres de l'OMC et leurs parties prenantes sont priés de formuler des observations à
l'intention du point d'information OTC des États -Unis. Les observations reçues d'ici
au 13 février 2 024, 16 heures (heure de l'Est ), par le point d'information OTC des États -
Unis de la part des Membres de l'OMC et de leurs parties prenantes seront transmises à
la EPA et seront aussi versées au dossier sur Regulations.gov si elles sont reçues pendant
le délai prévu pour la présentation des observations.
9. Date projetée pour l'adoption : à déterminer
Date projetée pour l'entrée en vigueur : à déterminer
10. Date limite pour la présentation des observations : 13 février 2 024
11. Entité auprès de laquelle les textes peuvent être obtenus : point d'information
national [ ] ou adresse, numéros de téléphone et de fax et adresses de courrier
électronique et de site W eb, le cas échéant, d'un autre organisme:
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2023/TBT/USA/23_14700_00_e.pdf
| 983 | 6,399 |
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WTO_1/r_G_TBTN19_ECU454.pdf
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r_G_TBTN19_ECU454
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G/TBT/N/ECU/454
28 mai 2019
(19-3680) Page: 1/3
Comité des obstacles techniques au commerce Original: espagnol
NOTIFICATION
La notification suivante est communiquée conformément à l'article 10.6.
1. Membre notifiant: ÉQUATEUR
Le cas échéant, pouvoirs publics locaux concernés (articles 3.2 et 7.2):
2. Organisme responsable:
Servicio Ecuatoriano de Normalización - INEN (Service équatorien de normalisation)
Calle Baquerizo Moreno E8 -29 y Diego de Almagro
Téléphone: (+593 -2) 3825960 - 90
Site Web: www.normalizacion.gob.ec
Les nom et adresse (y compris les numéros de téléphone et de fax et les adresses
de courrier électronique et de site Web, le cas échéant) de l'organisme ou de
l'autorité désigné pour s'occuper des observations concernant la notif ication
doivent être indiqués si cet organisme ou cette autorité est différent de
l'organisme susmentionné:
Subsecretaría de Calidad (Sous -Secrétariat à la qualité)
Ministerio de Producción, Comercio, Exterior, Inversiones y Pesca - MPCEIP (Ministère de
la production, du commerce extérieur, de l'investissement et de la pêche)
Adresse: Av. Amazonas entre Unión Nacional de Periodistas y Alfonso Pereira, Piso 8,
Bloque amarillo
Téléphone: (+593 2) 3948760 int. 2254 - 2272
Courrier éle ctronique:
[email protected]
[email protected]
aramon@produ ccion.gob.ec
[email protected]
[email protected]
Site Web : www.industrias.gob.ec
3. Notification au titre de l'article 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ], autres:
4. Produits visés (le cas échéant, position du SH ou de la NCCD, sinon position du
tarif douanier national. Les numéros de l'ICS peuvent aussi être indiqués, le cas
échéant) : - Autres légumes et mélanges de légumes (SH 200490); Fruits, non cuits ou
cuits à l'eau ou à la vapeur, congelés, même additionnés de sucre ou d'autres édulcorants
(SH 0811)
5. Intitulé, nombre de pages et langue(s) du texte notifié : Proyecto de Primera
Revisión del Reglamento Técnico Ecuatoriano PRTE INEN 222 (1R) "Frutas y vegetales
congelados rápidamente" (Projet de première révision du Règlement technique équatorien
PRTE INEN 222 (1R) - Fruits et légumes surgelés), 8 page(s), en espagnol.
6. Teneur: Le règlement technique équatorien notifié établit les exigences auxquelles
doivent satisfaire les fruits et légumes surgelés préalablement à la commercialisation de
produits d'origine nationale ou importés, afin de protéger la santé des personnes et de
prévenir les pratiques de nature à induire en erreur . G/TBT/N/ECU/454
- 2 -
Ce règlement technique s'applique aux produits suivants :
1. pois congelés ;
2. brocolis congelés ;
3. épinards congelés ;
4. poireaux congelés ;
5. choux fleurs congelés ;
6. choux de Bruxelles congelés ;
7. haricots congelés ;
8. grains de m aïs congelés ;
9. épis de maïs congelés ;
10. carottes congel ées ;
11. fraises congel ées ;
12. framboises congel ées ;
13. pêches congel ées ;
14. myrtilles congel ées ;
15. myrtilles américaines congelées.
7. Objectif et justification, y compris la nature des problèmes urgents, le cas
échéant: Information des consommateurs, étiquetage; prévention des pratiques de
nature à induire en erreur et protection des consommateurs ; protection de la santé ou
de la sécurité des personnes.
8. Documents pertinents:
RÉFÉRENCES NORMATIVES :
1. Norm e CODEX STAN 193 -1995. Révisée en 2009. Modifiée en 2018, Norme
générale pour les contaminants et les toxines présents dans les produits de
consommation humaine et animale .
2. Norm e NTE INEN -CODEX 192: 2016, Norma general para los aditivos
alimentarios (CODEX STAN 192 -1995, IDT).
3. Norm e NTE INEN 2720:2013, Norma del CODEX para los guisantes (arvejas)
congelados rápidamente (Codex Stan 41 -1981, MOD).
4. Norm e NTE INEN 2723:2014, Norma para los brécoles congelados rápidamente
(CODEX STA N 110 - 1981, MOD).
5. Norm e NTE INEN 2756:2013, Norma para las espinacas congeladas rápidamente
(CODEX STAN 77 - 1981, MOD).
6. Norm e NTE INEN 2762:2013, Norma para el puerro congelado rápidamente
(CODEX STAN 104 - 1981, MOD).
7. Norm e NTE INEN 2763:2013, Norma para las coliflores congeladas rápidamente
(CODEX STAN 111 - 1981, MOD).
8. Norm e NTE INEN 2764:2013, Norma para las coles de bruselas congeladas
rápidamente (CODEX STAN 112 -1981, MOD).
9. Norm e NTE INEN 2765:2013, Norma para los frijoles verdes y los frijolillos
congelados rápidamente (CODEX STAN 113 -1981, MOD).
10. Norm e NTE INEN 2769:2013, Norma para el maíz en grano entero congelado
rápidamente (CODEX STAN 132 -1981, MOD). G/TBT/N/ECU/454
- 3 -
11. Norm e NTE INEN 2770:2013, Norma para el maíz en la mazorca congelado
rápidamente (CODEX STAN 133 -1981, MOD).
12. Norm e NTE INEN 2771:2013, Norma para las zanahorias congeladas
rápidamente (CODEX STAN 140 -1981, MOD).
13. Norm e NTE INEN 2747:2013, Norma para las fresas congeladas rápidamente
(CODEX STAN 52 -1981, MOD).
14. Norm e NTE INEN 2753:2013, Norma para las fra mbuesas congeladas
rápidamente (CODEX STAN 69 -1981, MOD).
15. Norm e NTE INEN 2754:2013, Norma para los melocotones (duraznos)
congelados rápidamente (CODEX STAN 75 -1981, MOD).
16. Norm e NTE INEN 2755:2013, Norma para los arándanos congelados
rápidamente (CODEX STA N 76-1981, MOD).
17. Norm e NTE INEN 2761:2013, Normapara los arándanos americanos congelados
rápidamente (CODEX STAN 103 -1981, MOD).
18. Norm e NTE INEN -CODEX 192: 2016, Norma general para los aditivos
alimentarios (CODEX STAN 192 -1995, IDT).
19. Règlement RTE INEN 022 (2R):2014 + corrigend um 1:2015, “ Rotulado de
productos alimenticios procesados, envasados y empaquetados ”.
TRAÇABILITÉ :
1. G/TBT/N/ECU/222
2. G/TBT/N/ECU/222/Add.1
9. Date projetée pour l'adoption: 60 jours à compter de la date de notification
Date projetée pour l'entrée en vigueur: 180 jours à compter de la date d'adoption
10. Date limite pour la présentation des observations: 60 jours à compter de la
notification
11. Entité auprès de laquelle les textes peuvent être obtenus: point d'information
national [X] ou adresse, numéros de téléphone et de fax et adresses de courrier
électronique et de site Web, le cas échéant, d'un autre organisme:
Point de contact et/ou centre d'information national:
Subsecretaría de Calidad
Ministe rio de Producción, Comercio, Exterior, Inversiones y Pesca (MPCEIP)
Adresse : Av. Amazonas entre Unión Nacional de Periodistas y Alfonso Pereira, Piso 8,
Bloque amarillo
Téléphone: (+593 2) 3948760 int. 2254 - 2272
Courrier électronique:
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
https://members.wto .org/crnattachments/2019/TBT/ECU/19_3122_00_s.pdf
| 1,009 | 6,971 |
WTO_1
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WTO_1/q_S_C_N1081.pdf
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q_S_C_N1081
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S/C/N/ 1081
22 February 2022
(22-1728) Page: 1/2
Council for Trade in Services Original: English
NOTIFICATION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE III:3 OF THE
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES
The following notification, dated 21 February 2022, from the delegation of Albania , is being circulated
to Members of the Council for Trade in Services .
_______________
1 MEMB ER NOTIFYING :
Albania
2 NOTIFICATION UNDER :
Article III:3 of the General Agreement on Trade in Services
3 DATE OF ENTRY INTO FORCE :
12.02.2019
3.1 Duration:
Indefinite
4 AGENCY RESPONSIBLE FOR ENFORCEMENT OF THE MEASURE :
Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy (MIE)
General Directorate of Road Transport Services (GDRTS)
5 DESCRIPTION OF THE MEASURE :
Albania has full commitments for consumption abroad and commercial presence for market access
and national treatment for internat ional road passenger and freight transport. The cross -border
mode remains unbound .
- Decision of the Council of Ministers no. 53, dated 6.2.2019, which refers to "On some addenda
and amendments to Decision of Council of Ministers no. 325 of 19.3.2008 ‘On the approval of
rules of acceptance in the activity of the operator of road transportation of goods and passengers
as well as the recognition of official documents issued to these operators ", entered in force on
12.02.2019.
The purpose of this decision is to accept and follow the activity of the road freight transport operator
or the passenger road transport operator , which is regulated by the provisions of this decision.
The transport of goods and passengers is allowed to be performed, by a tr ansport company, for third
parties or for rent, only when they are equipped with:
S/C/N/10 81
- 2 -
a. the relevant license in road transport, for third parties or for rent, of goods or passengers,
within the country;
b. the relevant license in the international road transport, for third parties or for rent, of
goods or passengers.
Exceptionally, the transport of goods and passengers, by a transport company, for third parties or
for rent, is allowed in the following cases:
a. for the categories of freight transport operations for third parties or rent within the country,
which can be performed without a license according to article 44 of law no. 8308, dated
18.3.1998 "On road transport", as amended;
b. for certain categories of international transport of goods, when pro vided by international
agreements;
c. when the temporary permission, for the continuation of the operation of the enterprise,
has been given for the purposes of unforeseen circumstances, as in the case of natural
disasters, or when this is required by massive constructions within the city, or when
required by agricultural works at the time of harvests and rains.
This decision is aligned with regulation (EC) no. 1071/2009 of the European Parliament and of the
Council, dated 21 October 2009, “On the establishment of common rules regarding the conditions
to be met for the exercise of the profession of road transport operator, which repeals Council
Directive 96/26 / EC”, No. CELEX 32009R1071, Official Journal of the European Union L300,
14.11.2009, pages 51 –71.
6 MEMB ERS SPECIFICALLY AFFECTED, IF ANY :
None
7 TEXTS AVAILABLE FROM :
Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy
https://www.infrastruktura.gov.al/en/ / Legal Background/ Transportation/
_________
| 537 | 3,496 |
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WTO_1/r_G_SPS_NKEN234.pdf
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r_G_SPS_NKEN234
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G/SPS/N/KEN/234
1er décembre 2023
(23-8183) Page: 1/3
Comité des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
1. Membre notifiant : KENYA
Le cas échéant, pouvoirs publics locaux concernés:
2. Organisme responsable : Kenya Bureau of Standards (Bureau des normes du Kenya)
3. Produits visés (Prière d'indiquer le(s) numéro(s) du tarif figurant dans les listes
nationales déposées à l'OMC . Les numéros de l'ICS devraient aussi être indiqués,
le cas échéant) : Autres produits d'origine animale, non dénommés ni compris ailleurs
(chapitre 5 du SH) ; Viande et produits à base de viande (IC S 67.120.10)
4. Régions ou pays susceptibles d'être concernés, si cela est pertinent ou faisable:
[X] Tous les partenaires commerciaux
[ ] Régions ou pays spécifiques:
5. Intitulé du texte notifié : DKS 2308:2023 Soup stock medium - Specification (Fond de
soupe - Spécifications) . Langue(s) : anglais . Nombre de pages : 8
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2023/SPS/KEN/23_13926_00_e.pdf
6. Teneur : La norme kényane notifiée spécifie les exigences et les méthodes
d'échantillonnage et d'essai applicables aux fonds de soupe à base d'animaux destinés à
la consommation humaine approuvés dont la liste est publiée au Journal officiel.
7. Objectif et raison d'être : [X] innocuité des produits alimentaires, [ ] santé des
animaux, [ ] préservation des végétaux, [ ] protection des personnes contre les
maladies ou les parasites des animaux/des plantes, [ ] protection du territoire
contre d'autres dommages attribuables à des parasites.
8. Existe -t-il une norme internationale pertinente ? Dans l'affirmative, indiquer
laquelle:
[ ] Commission du Codex Alimentarius (par exemple, intitulé ou numéro de
série de la norme du Codex ou du texte apparenté) :
[ ] Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (O IE) (par exemple, numéro
de chapitre du Code sanitaire pour les animaux terre stres ou du Code
sanitaire pour les animaux aquatiques) :
[ ] Convention internationale pour la protection des végétaux (par exemple,
numéro de la NIMP) :
[X] Néant
La réglementation projetée est -elle conforme à la norme internationale
pertinente?
[ ] Oui [ ] Non
Dans la négative, indiquer, chaque fois que cela sera possible, en quoi et
pourquoi elle diffère de la norme internationale: G/SPS/N/KEN/234
- 2 -
9. Autres documents pertinents et langue(s) dans laquelle (lesquelles) ils sont
disponibles:
1. IS 11771 : 1986, Specification for soup stock medium (beef)
2. FAO (1993) Viande et produits à base de viande, y compris les bouillons et
consommés, volume 1
3. Normes Codex pour les produits traités à base de viande et de chair de volaille (Partie
1, volume 10-1994)
4. CAC/RCP 1. C ode d'usages international recommandé - Principes généraux d'hygiène
alimentaire
5. KS 2761, Meat hygiene - Code of practice
6. EAS 12 , Drinking (potable water) - Specification
7. EAS 35 , Edible salt - Specification
8. EAS 38 , Labelling of pre -packaged foods - Specification
9. EAS 39 , Hygiene in the food and drink manufacturing industry - Code of practice
10. ISO 4831. M icrobiologie des aliments - Méthode horizontale pour la recherche et le
dénombrement des coliformes - Technique du nombre le plus probable
11. ISO 4832. M icrobiologie des aliments - Méthode horizontale pour le dénombrement
des coliformes - Méthode par comptage des colonies
12. ISO 4833. M icrobiologie des aliments - Méthode horizontale pour le dénombrement
des micro -organismes - Technique de comptage des colonies à 30 degrés C
13. ISO 6579. M icrobiologie des aliments - Méthode horizontale pour la recherche des
Salmonella spp.
14. ISO 7251. M icrobiolo gie des aliments - Méthode horizontale pour la recherche et le
dénombrement d' Escherichia coli présumés - Technique du nombre le plus probable
15. ISO 21527 -1. Microbiologie des aliments - Méthode horizontale pour le
dénombrement des levures et moisissures - Partie 1 : Technique par comptage des
colonies dans les produits à activité d'eau supérieure à 0,95
16. ISO 21527 -2, Microbiologie des aliments - Méthode horizontale pour le
dénombrement des levures et moisissures - Partie 2 : Technique par comptage des
colonies dans les produits à activité d'eau inférieure ou égale à 0,95
10. Date projetée pour l'adoption (jj/mm/aa) : 30 mars 2 024
Date projetée pour la publication (jj/mm/aa) : 30 mars 2 024
11. Date projetée pour l'entrée en vigueur : [ ] Six mois à compter de la date de
publication, et/ou (jj/mm/aa) : à déterminer.
[X] Mesure de facilitation du commerce
12. Date limite pour la présentation des observations : [X] Soixante jours à compter
de la date de distribution de la notification et/ou ( jj/mm/aa ): 30 janvier 2 024
Organisme ou autorité désigné pour traiter les observations : [ ] autorité
nationale responsable des notifications, [X] point d'information national .
Adresse, numéro de fax et adresse électronique (s'il y a lieu) d'un autre
organi sme:
Kenya Bureau of Standards
WTO/TBT National Enquiry Point
P.O. Box: 54974-00200, Nairobi (Kenya)
Téléphone : +(254) 020 605490, 605506/6948258
Fax: +(254) 020 609660/609665
Courrier électronique: [email protected]
Site Web: http://www.kebs.org G/SPS/N/KEN/234
- 3 -
13. Texte(s) disponible(s) auprès de : [ ] autorité nationale responsable des
notifications, [X] point d'information national . Adresse, numéro de fax et
adresse électronique (s'il y a lieu) d'un autre organisme:
Kenya Bureau of Standards
WTO/TBT National Enquiry Point
P.O. Box: 54974-00200, Nairobi (Kenya)
Téléphone : +(254) 020 605490, 605506/6948258
Fax: +(254) 020 609660/609665
Courrier électronique: [email protected]
Site Web: http://www.kebs.org
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G/TBT/N/PER/142
10 de mayo de 2022
(22-3635) Página: 1/3
Comité de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio Original: español
NOTIFICACIÓN
Se da traslado de la notificación siguiente de conformidad con el artículo 10.6.
1. Miembro que notifica: PERÚ
Si procede, nombre del gobierno local de que se trate (artículos 3.2 y 7.2):
2. Organismo responsable:
Ministerio de Salud
Dirección General de Salud Ambiental e Inocuidad Alimentaria - DIGESA
Calle Las Amapolas N° 350
Urb. San Eugenio, Lince – Lima 14, Perú
Tel.: (+51 -1) 631 -440
Email: [email protected] e
Nombre y dirección (incluidos los números de teléfono y de fax, así como las
direcciones de correo electrónico y sitios web, en su caso) del organismo o
autoridad encargado de la tramitación de observaciones sobre la notificación, en
caso de que se trate de un organismo o autoridad diferente:
Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo – MINCETUR
Calle Uno Oeste Nº 50 - Urb. Corpac - Lima 27 – Perú
Tel.: (+51 -1) 513 -6100, Ext. 1223 y 1239
Email: [email protected]
3. Notificación hecha en virtud del artículo 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ],
3.2 [ ], 7.2 [ ], o en virtud de :
4. Productos abarcados (partida del SA o de la NCCA cuando correspon da; en otro
caso partida del arancel nacional. Podrá indicarse además, cuando proceda, el
número de partida de la ICS): Productos de la molinería; malta; almidón y fécula;
inulina; gluten de trigo (Código(s) del SA: 11); - Algas: (Código(s) del SA: 12122); - -
Los demás (Código(s) del SA: 121299); Grasas y aceites, y sus fracciones, de pescado o
de mamíferos marinos, incluso refinados, pero sin modificar químicamente. (Código(s)
del SA: 1504); Aceite de soja (soya) y sus fracciones, incluso refinado, pero s in modificar
químicamente. (Código(s) del SA: 1507); Aceite de cacahuate (cacahuete, maní) y sus
fracciones, incluso refinado, pero sin modificar químicamente. (Código(s) del SA: 1508);
Aceite de oliva y sus fracciones, incluso refinado, pero sin modificar químicamente.
(Código(s) del SA: 1509); Aceites de girasol, cártamo o algodón, y sus fracciones, incluso
refinados, pero sin modificar químicamente. (Código(s) del SA: 1512); Aceites de coco
(de copra), de almendra de palma o de babasú, y sus fracciones, incluso refinados, pero
sin modificar químicamente. (Código(s) del SA: 1513); Las demás grasas y aceites
vegetales fijos (incluido el aceite de jojoba), y sus fracciones, incluso refinados, pero sin
modificar químicamente. (Código(s) del SA: 1515); Grasas y aceites, animales o
vegetales, y sus fracciones, parcial o totalmente hidrogenados, interesterificados,
reesterificados o elaidinizados, incluso refinados, pero sin preparar de otro modo.
(Código(s) del SA: 1516); Margarina; mezclas o preparaciones alime nticias de grasas o
aceites, animales o vegetales, o de fracciones de diferentes grasas o aceites, de este
Capítulo, excepto las grasas y aceites alimenticios y sus fracciones, de la partida 15.16.
(Código(s) del SA: 1517); Preparaciones de carne, pescado o de crustáceos, moluscos o
demás invertebrados acuáticos (Código(s) del SA: 16); Artículos de confitería sin cacao G/TBT/N/PER/142
- 2 -
(incluido el chocolate blanco). (Código(s) del SA: 1704); Pasta de cacao, incluso
desgrasada. (Código(s) del SA: 1803); Manteca, grasa y ace ite de cacao. (Código(s) del
SA: 1804); Cacao en polvo sin adición de azúcar ni otro edulcorante. (Código(s) del SA:
1805); Chocolate y demás preparaciones alimenticias que contengan cacao. (Código(s)
del SA: 1806); Preparaciones a base de cereales, harina , almidón, fécula o leche;
productos de pastelería (Código(s) del SA: 19); Preparaciones de hortalizas, frutos u otros
frutos o demás partes de plantas (Código(s) del SA: 20); Preparaciones alimenticias
diversas (Código(s) del SA: 21); Bebidas, líquidos al cohólicos y vinagre (Código(s) del
SA: 22); Salvados, moyuelos y demás residuos del cernido, de la molienda o de otros
tratamientos de los cereales o de las leguminosas, incluso en «pellets». (Código(s) del
SA: 2302); Sal (incluidas la de mesa y la desnatu ralizada) y cloruro de sodio puro, incluso
en disolución acuosa o con adición de antiaglomerantes o de agentes que garanticen una
buena fluidez; agua de mar. (Código(s) del SA: 2501); Todos los productos alimenticios
procesados industrialmente.
5. Título, número de páginas e idioma(s) del documento notificado: Proyecto de
Documento Técnico "Clasificador de los alimentos elaborados industrialmente"; (17
página(s), en español)
6. Descripción del contenido: El proyecto de Documento Técnico establece un clasificador
para la codificación de los alimentos elaborados industrialmente, así como para la
denominación de las líneas de producción, que deben aplicar las personas naturales o
jurídicas que soliciten la inscripción en el Registro Sanitario de alimento s de consumo
humano, así como para la validación técnica oficial del Plan HACCP o de la certificación de
los Principios Generales de Higiene del Codex Alimentarius.
7. Objetivo y razón de ser, incluida, cuando proceda, la naturaleza de los problemas
urgen tes: Facilitar y ordenar la clasificación de alimentos elaborados industrialmente
nacionales e importados sujetos a registro sanitario que llegan al comercio y su
vinculación con las líneas de producción nacionales. Contribuir a la rastreabilidad de los
alimentos elaborados industrialmente, así como a su control y vigilancia.
8. Documentos pertinentes:
- Ley Nº 26842, Ley General de Salud y sus modificatorias.
- Decreto Legislativo N° 1062, que aprueba la Ley de Inocuidad de los Alimentos.
- Decreto Legislativo N° 1161, Ley de Organización y Funciones del Ministerio de Salud,
y su modificatoria.
- Decreto Supremo N° 008 -2017-SA, Reglamento de Organización y Funciones del
Ministerio de Salud, y sus modificatorias.
- Decreto Supremo N° 007 -98-SA, Reglamento sobre Vigilancia y Control Sanitario de
Alimentos y Bebidas, y sus modificatorias.
- Decreto Supremo N° 034 -2008-AG, que aprueba el Reglamento del Decreto Legislativo
N° 1062, Ley de Inocuidad de los Alimentos.
9. Fecha propuesta de adopción: 180 días a partir de su publicación.
Fecha propuesta de entrada en vigor: 180 días a partir de su publicación.
10. Fecha límite para la presentación de observaciones: 60 días a partir de la
notificación G/TBT/N/PER/142
- 3 -
11. Textos disponibles en: Servicio nacional de información [X] , o direcció n,
números de teléfono y de fax y direcciones de correo electrónico y sitio s web,
en su caso, de otra institución:
Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo – MINCETUR
Calle Uno Oeste Nº 50 - Urb. Corpac - Lima 27 – Perú
Tel.: (+51 -1) 513 -6100, Ext. 1223 y 1239
Email: [email protected]
Ministerio de Salud
Dirección General de Salud Ambiental e Inocuidad Alimentaria - DIGESA
Calle Las Amapolas N° 350
Urb. San Eugenio, Lince – Lima 14, Perú
Tel.: (+51 -1) 631 -440
Email: [email protected]
https://www.gob.pe/i nstitucion/minsa/normas -legales/2781393 -157-2022-minsa
http://extranet.comunidadandina.org/sirt/public/index.aspx
http://consultasenlinea.mincetur.gob.pe/notificaciones/Publico/FrmBuscador.aspx
https://members.wto.org/cr nattachments/2022/TBT/PER/22_3289_00_s.pdf
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G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
13 de junio de 2023
(23-4010) Página: 1/28
Comité de Subvenciones y
Medidas Compensatorias Original: inglés
SUBVENCIONES
NOTIFICACIÓN NUEVA Y COMPLETA DE CONFORMIDAD CON EL
ARTÍCULO XVI.1 DEL GATT DE 1994 Y EL ARTÍC ULO 25 .1
DEL ACUERDO SOBRE SUBVENCIONES Y
MEDIDAS COMPENSATORIAS
MONTENEGRO
Suplemento
La siguiente comunicación, fechada y recibida el 26 de mayo de 2023 , se distribuye a petición de la
delegación de Montenegro.
_______________
Índice
I PROGRAMAS NO RELACIONADOS CON LA PESCA ................................ ........................... 3
1 PROGRAMA DE AYUDA A LA MODERNIZACIÓN DE LA INDUSTRIA DE TRANSFORMACIÓN ......... 3
2 PROGRAMA DE INTRODUCCIÓN DE NORMAS INTERNACIONALES ................................ .......... 4
3 PROGRAMA DE APOYO A LAS PEQUEÑAS INVERSIONES DE EMPRESARIOS
(MUJERES Y JÓVENES) ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 5
4 PROGRAMA DE FOMENTO DE LA ECONOMÍA CIRCULAR ................................ ........................ 6
5 PROGRAMA DE APOYO A LA DIGITALIZACIÓN ................................ ................................ ..... 8
6 ZONAS EMPRESARIALES ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 9
7 PLAN ANUAL DEL FONDO DE INVERSIÓN Y DESARROLLO DE MONTENEGRO ......................... 10
8 PRODUCCIÓN DE ELECTRICIDAD A PARTIR DE FUENTES DE ENERGÍA RENOVABLES ............. 11
II APOYO A LOS PRODUCTOS DE LA PESCA ................................ ................................ .... 16
1 MODERNIZACIÓN DE LA FLOTA PESQUERA PROFESIONAL PARA LA CAPTURA
DE ESPECIES DEMERSALES ................................ ................................ ................................ 16
2 MODERNIZACIÓN DE LA FLOTA PESQUERA PROFESIONAL PARA LA CAPTURA DE
ESPECIES PELÁGICAS ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 17
3 MODERNIZACIÓN DE LA FLOTA PESQUERA PROFESIONAL PARA LA PESCA COMERCIAL
EN PEQUEÑA ESCALA ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 18
4 MEJORA DE LA COMPETITIVIDAD Y LA EFICIENCIA DEL SECTOR DE LA MARICULTURA .......... 19
5 GESTIÓN SOSTENIBLE Y PRESERVACIÓN DE LOS RECURSOS PESQUEROS Y OTROS
ORGANISMOS MARINOS ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 20
6 GESTIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE VIGILANCIA Y CONTROL DE LA PESCA ................................ ...... 21 G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 2 -
7 MIDAS 2 - COMPONENTE 3 - MODERNIZACIÓN DEL SECTOR PESQUERO .............................. 22
8 PAGOS DIRECTOS EN EL SECTOR DE LA MARICULTURA - CULTIVO DE
MOLUSCOS BIVALVOS ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 23
9 GESTIÓN SOSTENIBLE DE LA PESCA DE AGUA DULCE ................................ ....................... 24
10 DESARROLLO DE LA PESCA COMERCIAL EN EL LAGO SKADAR ................................ .......... 25
11 MEJORA DE LA COMPETITIVIDAD Y LA EFICIENCIA DEL SECTOR DE LA
ACUICULTURA DE AGUA DULCE ................................ ................................ .......................... 26
12 PAGOS DIRECTOS PARA LA ACUICUL TURA ................................ ................................ ..... 27
G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 3 -
I PROGRAMAS NO RELACIONADOS CON LA PESCA
1 PROGRAMA DE AYUDA A LA MODERNIZACIÓN DE LA INDUSTRIA DE TRANSFORMACIÓN
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Programa de Ayuda a la Modernización de la Industria de Transformación para 2021 .
2. Período que abarca la notificación
2021.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
El Programa tenía por objeto reforzar la competitividad de las empre sas comerciales y mejorar la
actividad empresarial, la productividad y la rentabilidad mediante la inversión en equipos.
Los objetivos específicos del Programa eran los siguientes:
• modernizar los procesos de producción;
• utilizar de manera eficiente los re cursos disponibles ;
• diversificar la gama de productos y mejorar la calidad de los productos ;
• crear nuevos empleos .
4. Fundamento y legislación en que se basa la subvención (incluida la identificación de las
disposiciones legales en virtud de las cuales se concede )
El Ministerio de Desarrollo Económico1 de Montenegro, en cooperación con el Fondo de Inversión y
Desarrollo de Montenegro y bancos comerciales , ha sido la autoridad competente para esta
subvención, en virtud de la Política Industrial de Montenegr o para 2019-2023 y el Programa de
Reforma Económica de Montenegro para 2019 -2021.
5. Forma de la subvención
Donaciones . El importe de la ayuda no reembolsable destinada a cubrir una parte de los gastos
admisibles relacionados con la compra de equipo por medio del préstamo puede ser de hasta un 35%
del valor neto facturado del equipo (entre EUR 7.000 y EUR 70.000).
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Tienen derecho a participar en el Programa los empresarios y las microempresas y pequeñas y
medianas empresas registradas que hayan ejercido su actividad durante al menos un año y cuya
principal actividad registrada corresponda a la industria de transformación.
7. Subvención por unidad o, cuando ello no sea posible, cuantía total o cuantía anual
presupuestada para e sa subvención
Los fondos disponibles en 202 1 para aplicar el Programa ascendían a EUR 1 .500.000 . En 202 1, el
Ministerio recibió 29 solicitudes de empresas de los sectores de la transformación de la madera y la
fabricación de muebles, la transformación de m etales, la elaboración de frutas y hortalizas, leche y
queso y la fabricación de pan, la fabricación de papel y productos de cartón , etc. U na vez verificada
la documentación, la Comisión del Ministerio de Desarrollo Económico aprobó nueve solicitud es de
conformidad con las normas del Programa . Se compró equipo valorado en EUR 1.071.375 para el
que el Ministerio de Desarrollo Económico aportó una ayuda de EUR 369.762,04 .
1 Nota: En la reunión del Gobierno de Montenegro del 7 de diciembre de 2020, el nombre del Ministerio
de Economía se cambió por el de Ministerio de Desarrollo Económico. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 4 -
8. Duración de la subvención
Un año.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No disponibles.
2 PROGRAMA DE INTRODUCCIÓN DE NORMAS INTERNACIONALES
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Programa de Introducción de Normas Internacionales.
2. Período que abarca la notifica ción
2021.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
El Programa tenía por objeto prestar apoyo a los empresarios y las pymes, especialmente de
municipios menos desarrollados y de la región septentrional, con el fin de aumentar su tamaño para
incrementar su competitividad, principalmente mediante la armonización con las normas
internacionales relativas a sus productos, sistemas de gestión, dotación de personal, pruebas,
control y certificación, y el apoyo para obtener la acreditación a efectos de la evaluación de la
conformidad.
4. Fundamento y legislación en que se basa la subvención (incluida la identificación de las
disposiciones legales en virtud de las cuales se concede )
Ministerio de Desarrollo Económico , en virtud de la Ley de Desarrollo Regional de Montenegro
(Boletín Oficial de la República de Montenegro Nº 20/11), la Ley de Empresas Comerciales (Boletín
Oficial de la República de Montenegro Nº 06/02), la Estrategia de Desarrollo Regional de Montenegro
para 2018-2022, la Estrategia de Innovación para 2016 -2020, la Estrategia de Desarrollo de la
Industria de Transformación de Montenegro para 2014 -2020 y la Política Industrial de Montenegro
hasta 202 3. Las medidas incluidas en el Programa cumplen los crit erios del artículo 14 del anexo 7a
del Reglamento (UE) Nº 651/2014 de la Comisión de 17 de junio de 2014 , por el que se declaran
determinadas categorías de ayudas compatibles con el mercado interior en aplicación de los
artículos 107 y 108 del Tratado y la Orden relativa a la Lista de Normas sobre Ayudas Estatales
(Boletín Oficial de la República de Montenegro Nº 35/14, 02/15 y 38/15), por lo que están en
conformidad con los artículos 6 y 7 de la Ley.
5. Forma de la subvención
La subvención se otorgaba con arr eglo al principio de reembolso . El beneficiario del Programa
financiaba el proyecto ; tras su realización y la presentación de las pruebas pertinentes, el Ministerio
reembolsaba la cuantía contratada.
La ayuda se concedía para dos componentes : la introducci ón de las normas internacionales de la
actividad empresarial y la obtención de la acreditación a efectos de la evaluación de la conformidad.
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Los beneficiarios eran los empresarios y las pymes que se ajustaban a los criterios establecidos en
la convocatoria pública de participación . En 202 1, un total de 34 empresas que cumplían las
condiciones y procedimientos establecidos llevaron a cabo las actividades contratadas, por lo que
recibieron un reembolso de EUR 114.785 (en forma de donaciones). G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 5 -
7. Subvención por unidad o, cuando ello no sea posible, cuantía total o cuantía anual
presupuestada para esa subvención
La cuantía presupuestada para 202 1 ascendía a EUR 250 .000.
8. Duración de la subvención
Un año.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No disponibles.
3 PROGRAMA DE APOYO A LAS PEQUEÑAS INVERSIONES DE EMPRESARIOS (MUJERES Y
JÓVENES)
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Programa de Apoyo a las Pequeñas Inv ersiones de Empresarios (Mujeres y Jóvenes) para 202 1.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
2021.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
El Programa de Apoyo a las Pequeñas Inversiones de Empresarios tiene por objeto fomentar el
espíritu empresa rial entre las mujeres y los jóvenes, así como mejorar la eficiencia de sus negocios
y el apoyo institucional que reciben . Este Programa prestará apoyo a los grupos vulnerables
destinatarios proporcionándoles ayuda financiera mediante donaciones para finan ciar la compra de
activos fijos de escaso valor.
4. Fundamento y legislación en que se basa la subvención (incluida la identificación de las
disposiciones legales en virtud de las cuales se concede )
El Ministerio de Desarrollo Económico es la autoridad compet ente para esta subvención . Se concede
con arreglo a la Ley de Empresas Comerciales (Boletín Oficial de la República de Montenegro
Nº 06/02), el Decreto sobre los Criterios, Condiciones y Procedimientos Específicos de Concesión de
las Ayudas Estatales (Bole tines Oficiales de Montenegro Nos 27/2010, 34/2011 y 16/14) y la Ley de
Contabilidad (Boletín Oficial de la República de Montenegro Nº 52/16), así como de conformidad con
la normativa vigente en virtud de la Ley de Aguas (Boletín Oficial de la República de Montenegro
Nº 27/2007 y Boletines Oficiales de Montenegro Nos 32/2011, 47/2011 -modificado, 48/2015,
52/2016, 2/2017 -otro texto jurídico, 80/2017 -otro texto jurídico, 55/2016 -otro texto jurídico
y 84/2018), la Ley de Gestión Municipal de Aguas Residuales ( Boletín Oficial de Montenegro
Nº 002/17 de 10 de enero de 2017) y otra legislación aplicable que delimita este ámbito.
5. Forma de la subvención
La subvención se otorgaba con arreglo al principio de reembolso . El beneficiario del Programa
financiaba el proyecto ; tras su realización y la presentación de las pruebas pertinentes, el Ministerio
reembolsaba la cuantía contratada.
El objetivo de la ayuda era cofinanciar los costos de adquisición de activos fijos -equipo y una parte
de activos intangibles -softwa re que se utilizan directamente en el proceso de producción/prestación
de servicios:
1) nuevos equipos o maquinaria de producción;
2) nuevos equipos informáticos, ordenadores portátiles, impresoras, escáneres y software
conexo; G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 6 -
3) nuevos equipos de escaneo 3D e impresión 3D y su correspondiente software;
4) programas de Microsoft Office;
5) software de CAD (AUTOCAD, ARHICAD, CATIA, SOLIDWORKS), así como otros
programas informáticos utilizados en el diseño asistido por ordenador;
6) software de CAM (f abricación asistida por ordenador);
7) equipos o maquinaria de producción usados, de menos de tres años, utilizados
directamente para la creación de productos y/o servicios;
8) piezas nuevas, máquinas herramienta especializadas.
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Los beneficiarios eran los empresarios y las mipymes propiedad de mujeres y jóvenes menores de
35 años (criterios establecidos en la convocatoria pública de participación) . En 202 1 solicitaron la
participación 189 empresas . El número d e empresas que cumplían las condiciones y procedimientos
y llevaron a cabo las actividades contratadas fue de 42 y la cuantía total reembolsada ascendió a
EUR 559.153 ,26 (subvención : hasta el 80 % de los costos subvencionables, excluido el IVA).
7. Subvención por unidad o, cuando ello no sea posible, cuantía total o cuantía anual
presupuestada para esa subvención
La cuantía presupuestada para 202 1 ascendía a EUR 650.000 .
Nivel de la ayuda : se aplica el principio de que el empresario financia el 100 % de todos lo s costos
hasta el final de la actividad para la que solicita la ayuda y, a continuación, una vez presentada la
documentación que confirme el gasto efectuado para la actividad contratada, el Ministerio aprueba
un reembolso parcial de hasta el 50 % de los cos tos subvencionables de las microempresas y
pequeñas empresas sin IVA, por una cuantía comprendida entre un mínimo de EUR 500 y un máximo
de EUR 47.500 sin IVA.
8. Duración de la subvención
Un año.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No disponibles.
4 PROGRAMA DE FOMENTO DE LA ECONOMÍA CIRCULAR
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Programa de Fomento de la Economía Circular.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
2021.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
El programa tenía por objeto prestar apoyo a los empresarios y las microempresas y pequeñas y
medianas empresas (mipymes) . Su finalidad era introducir y utilizar procesos biológicos modernos
de tratamiento de aguas residuales en el sector empresarial montenegrino . El programa se centró
en la aplicación de un proceso de tratamiento biológico de aguas residuales : la filtración mediante
lecho de lodos de flujo ascendente (USBF). G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 7 -
4. Fundamento y legislación en que se basa l a subvención (incluida la identificación de las
disposiciones legales en virtud de las cuales se concede )
El Ministerio de Desarrollo Económico es la autoridad competente para esta subvención . Se concede
con arreglo a la Ley de Empresas Comerciales (Boletí n Oficial de la República de Montenegro
Nº 06/02), el Decreto sobre los Criterios, Condiciones y Procedimientos Específicos de Concesión de
las Ayudas Estatales (Boletines Oficiales de Montenegro Nos 27/2010, 34/2011 y 16/14) y la Ley de
Contabilidad (Bole tín Oficial de la República de Montenegro Nº 52/16), así como de conformidad con
la normativa vigente en virtud de la Ley de Aguas (Boletín Oficial de la República de Montenegro
Nº 27/2007 y Boletines Oficiales de Montenegro Nos 32/2011, 47/2011 -modificado , 48/2015,
52/2016, 2/2017 -otro texto jurídico, 80/2017 -otro texto jurídico, 55/2016 -otro texto jurídico
y 84/2018), la Ley de Gestión Municipal de Aguas Residuales (Boletín Oficial de Montenegro
Nº 002/17 de 10 de enero de 2017) y otra legislación aplicab le que delimita este ámbito.
5. Forma de la subvención
La subvención se otorgaba con arreglo al principio de reembolso . El beneficiario del Programa
financiaba el proyecto ; tras su realización y la presentación de las pruebas pertinentes, el Ministerio
reembo lsaba la cuantía contratada.
El objetivo de la ayuda era cofinanciar los costos de las siguientes actividades:
- Componente I - Tratamiento de las aguas residuales en la industria agroalimentaria,
destinado a empresarios y microempresas, y
- Componente II - Tratamiento industrial de las aguas residuales, destinado a pymes y
hoteles.
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Los beneficiarios eran los empresarios y las mipymes que se ajustaban a los criterios establecidos
en la convocatoria públic a de participación . En 202 1, solo una empresa solicitó la participación .
Cumplía las condiciones y procedimientos y llevó a cabo las actividades contratadas, por lo que
recibió un reembolso de EUR 4.628,40 (subvención : 70% de los costos subvencionables, ex cluido
el IVA).
Se aplica el principio de que la empresa financia el 100 % de todos los costos hasta el final de la
actividad para la que solicita la ayuda y, a continuación, una vez presentada la documentación que
confirme el gasto efectuado para la activi dad contratada, el Ministerio de Economía aprueba un
reembolso parcial de los costos subvencionables sin IVA de hasta el 70 % para los empresarios,
microempresas y pequeñas empresas o el 60 % para las medianas empresas, por una cuantía
máxima de EUR 10 .000 s in IVA . Los fondos se otorgaron en el marco de un procedimiento de
concesión abierto, mediante una convocatoria pública y abierta, es decir, hasta que se agotaron los
fondos disponibles para el programa.
7. Subvención por unidad o, cuando ello no sea posible, cuantía total o cuantía anual
presupuestada para esa subvención
La cuantía presupuestada para 202 1 ascendía a EUR 200.000 .
8. Duración de la subvención
Un año.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No disponibles. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
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5 PROGRAMA DE APOYO A LA DIGITALIZACIÓN
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Programa de Apoyo a la Digitalización.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
2021.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
El objetivo del Programa de Apoyo a la Digitalización era aumentar el grado de automatización de
los procesos empresariales y el nivel de conocimientos de las estructuras operativas y de gestión
en las mipymes.
Objetivos específicos:
• aumentar el número de mipymes con procesos empresariales a utomatizados;
• aumentar las exportaciones de las mipymes montenegrinas gracias al comercio digital.
4. Fundamento y legislación en que se basa la subvención (incluida la identificación de las
disposiciones legales en virtud de las cuales se concede )
Ministerio de Desarrollo Económico , en virtud de la Ley de Desarrollo Regional de Montenegro
(Boletín Oficial de la República de Montenegro Nº 20/11), la Ley de Empresas Comerciales (Boletín
Oficial de la República de Montenegro Nº 06/02), la Estrategia de Desarroll o Regional de Montenegro
para 2014-2020, la Estrategia de Innovación para 2016 -2020, la Estrategia de Desarrollo de la
Industria de Transformación de Montenegro para 2014 -2020 y la Política Industrial de Montenegro
hasta 202 3.
5. Forma de la subvención
Se apl ica el principio de que la empresa financia el 100 % de todos los costos hasta el final de la
actividad para la que solicita la ayuda y, a continuación, una vez presentada la documentación que
confirme el gasto efectuado para la actividad contratada, el Min isterio aprueba un reembolso parcial
de hasta el 80% de los costos subvencionables sin IVA, por una cuantía máxima de EUR 7.500
sin IVA.
Ese nivel máximo de la ayuda se aplicaba s i al menos el 50 % del capital de la empresa pertenecía
a mujeres y/o personas menores de 35 años. Esta ayuda se concedió como ayuda de escasa cuantía
(ayuda de minimis ) de conformidad con el Reglamento (UE) Nº 1407/2013 de la Comisión, de 18 de
diciembre de 2013. L a condición era que no se hubiera producido ningún cambio en la estructura de
propiedad en los seis meses anteriores a la fecha de publicación de la convocatoria pública . La
cuantía indicada para 202 1 era de EUR 95.844,42 y se concedió a 16 solicitantes/empresas . Esos
fondos los entrega el Ministerio de Economía en el marco del Programa de Apoyo a la Digitalización.
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Pueden optar al Programa de Apoyo a la Digitalización los empresarios y las pequeñas y medianas
empresas registrados de conformidad con la Ley de Sociedades (Boletín Of icial de la República de
Montenegro Nº 06/02), el Decreto sobre los Criterios, Condiciones y Procedimientos Específicos de
Concesión de las Ayudas Estatales (Boletines Oficiales de Montenegro Nos 27/2010, 34/2011
y 16/14) y la Ley de Contabilidad (Boletín Oficial de la República de Montenegro Nº 52/16) e
inscritos en el Registro Central de Empresas Comerciales.
7. Subvención por unidad o, cuando ello no sea posible, cuantía total o cuantía anual
presupuestada para esa subvención
La cuantía presupuestada para 2 021 ascendía a EUR 400 .000. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 9 -
8. Duración de la subvención y/o cualquier otro plazo que pueda afectarla, incluida la fecha de
inicio/comienzo
Un año.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No disponibles.
6 ZONAS EMPRESARIALES
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Decreto sobre Zonas Empresariales.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
2021.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
El Decreto establece el objetivo de crear zonas empresariales, que son áreas específicas establecidas
por el Gobierno o los municipios para ofrecer desgravaciones fiscales a las empresas que se instalen
en ellas, con el fin de lograr un desarrollo regional más equilibrado en Montenegro . En concreto, el
Decreto establece que los beneficiarios de las zonas empresariales ejercerán su derecho a
desgravaciones fiscales y otras ayudas de conformidad con las decisiones adoptadas por los
municipios a los que pertenezcan esas zonas.
4. Fundamento y legislación en qu e se basa la subvención (incluida la identificación de las
disposiciones legales en virtud de las cuales se concede )
El Ministerio de Desarrollo Económico es la autoridad competente para esta subvención . Las
subvenciones se conceden con arreglo al Decreto sobre Zonas Empresariales y a las decisiones de
los correspondientes municipios sobre el establecimiento de esas zonas.
5. Forma de la subvención
Las subvenciones adoptan la forma de reducciones del impuesto sobre la renta y las cotizaciones
sociales o de inc entivos (definidos por decreto), así como de reducciones de los impuestos
municipales y el arrendamiento de terrenos (definidas por los municipios).
El decreto prevé reducciones de las cotizaciones sociales (cotizaciones a la caja de pensiones y el
seguro de invalidez, el seguro médico, el seguro de desempleo y el Fondo de Trabajo) y del impuesto
sobre la renta para los beneficiarios de las zonas empresariales . Los beneficiarios de dichas zonas
solo tienen derecho a esas ventajas durante los cinco años sigu ientes a la contratación de una
persona en la zona empresarial.
En 202 1, Montenegro contaba con un total de seis zonas empresariales aprobadas (en Berane,
Šavnik, Bijelo Polje, Mojkovac, Nikšic y Podgorica) . Solo hubo cinco beneficiarios de las
desgravacio nes relacionadas con las zonas empresariales, pero únicamente dos de las
desgravaciones otorgadas a nivel nacional , por un importe total de EUR 738.322,50 .
El Decreto sobre Zonas Empresariales también permite a las entidades que crean zonas
empresariales i ncluir ventajas o incentivos adicionales a nivel local en sus decisiones sobre el
establecimiento de esas zonas . Algunas de esas medidas son las siguientes : precios favorables para
la compra o arrendamiento de terrenos, exenciones o reducciones de las cuot as de los servicios
públicos y las tasas de acondicionamiento de terrenos edificables, la reducción del tipo impositivo
sobre los bienes inmuebles hasta el límite establecido por la ley, la exención del impuesto sobre la
renta de las personas físicas, la i nstalación adicional de infraestructuras por parte de la unidad de
autogobierno local. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
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Estos incentivos están sujetos a un acuerdo bilateral entre determinadas autoridades municipales y
el beneficiario de la zona empresarial.
Las desgravaciones pueden asce nder a un máximo del 70 % de los costos subvencionables
(inversiones en activos tangibles y creación de empleo) de la inversión total para las pequeñas
empresas, del 60 % para las medianas empresas y del 50 % para las grandes empresas.
6. A quién y cómo se otorg a la subvención
Los beneficiarios de las zonas empresariales son empresas privadas seleccionadas por los municipios
según los criterios establecidos en la convocatoria pública de participación.
7. Subvención por unidad o, cuando ello no sea posible, cuantía t otal o cuantía anual
presupuestada para esa subvención
No se presupuesta una cuantía anual, ya que se trata de incentivos relativos al impuesto sobre la
renta y las cotizaciones sociales, que dependen del número de empresas instaladas en las zonas
empresar iales aprobadas y del número de sus empleados.
8. Duración de la subvención
Los beneficiarios de las zonas empresariales tienen derecho a reducciones del impuesto sobre la
renta y las cotizaciones sociales durante los cinco años siguientes a la contratación d e una persona.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No disponibles.
7 PLAN ANUAL DEL FONDO DE INVERSIÓN Y DESARROLLO DE MONTENEGRO
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Plan Anual del Fondo de Inversión y Desarrollo de Montenegro S.A. para 202 1.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
2021.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
La subvención se otorgaba con el fin de utilizar las líneas de crédito del Fondo de Inversión y
Desarrollo de Montenegro destinadas a:
• desarrollar la actividad empresarial, mediante el apoyo a grupos objetivo especiales
(jóvenes, principiantes, mujeres, diplomados universitarios, excedentes tecnológicos,
productores agrícolas individuales, emprendimiento innovador , empresas de TIC,
producción en conglomerados , etc.);
• promover el crecimiento y el desarrollo de las microempresas y pequeñas y medianas
empresas capitalizadas, prestando especial atención a :
✓ las inversiones en sectores prioritarios de la economía montene grina;
✓ el mantenimiento y/o la mejora de la liquidez;
✓ el fomento de la competitividad de los productos y servicios montenegrinos en
otros mercados;
✓ la diversifica ción y digitalización de la economía montenegrina; G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 11 -
• respaldar inversiones totalmente nuevas o i nversiones en proyectos ya existentes ;
• respaldar proyectos de infraestructura , proyectos que revistan importancia desde el
punto de vista a mbiental, local y nacional , y proyectos en el ámbito de la energía y la
eficiencia energética ;
• lograr un desarrollo regional equilibrado ;
• creación de empleos y preservación de los empleos existentes.
4. Fundamento y legislación en que se basa la subvención (incluida la identificación de las
disposiciones legales en virtud de las cuales se concede )
Fondo de Inversión y Desarrollo de Montenegro A.D., en virtud de la Ley del Fondo de Inversión y
Desarrollo de Montenegro (Boletines Oficiales de Montenegro Nos 88/09, 40/10 y 080/17) y el Plan
de Trabajo Anual del Fondo de Inversión y Desarrollo para 202 1.
5. Forma d e la subvención
La ayuda se conced e en forma de subvención de los tipos de interés de los préstamos . La ayuda
corresponde a la diferencia entre el tipo de interés medio del mercado para las inversiones en la
economía de acuerdo con las estadísticas del Ban co Central y el tipo de interés actual del Fondo de
Inversión y Desarrollo de Montenegro por inversión individual de acuerdo con el plazo de reembolso
del préstamo.
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
De conformidad con el Plan del Fondo de Inversión y Desarrollo para 202 1, los beneficiarios eran los
empresarios, las mipymes y las grandes empresas que se especificaban en el Programa.
7. Subvención por unidad o, cuando ello no sea posible, cuantía total o cuantía anual
presupuestada para esa subvención
En 20 21, la cuantía total de las ayuda s del Estado ascendió a EUR 2.315.083 . La ayuda correspond e
a la diferencia entre el tipo de interés medio del mercado para las inversiones en la economía de
acuerdo con las estadísticas del Banco Central y el tipo de inter és actual del Fondo de Inversión y
Desarrollo de Montenegro por inversión individual de acuerdo con el plazo de reembolso del
préstamo. Las ayudas se concedieron de conformidad con la Decisión Nº 01-430/21 -16/6 del
Consejo del Organismo de Protección de la Competencia, de 25 de enero de 2021 , por la que se
evaluó el Plan de Trabajo Anual del FID con arreglo a la Ley de Control de la Ayuda Estatal.
8. Duración de la subvención
La duración de la subvención está relac ionada con los términos y condiciones del préstamo de que
se trate .
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No disponibles.
8 PRODUCCIÓN DE ELECTRICIDAD A PARTIR DE FUENTES DE ENERGÍA RENOVABLES
1. Título de l programa de subvenciones
Programa de Subvenciones conforme a la Ley de la Energía para la Producción de Electricidad a
partir de Fuentes de Energía Renovables.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
2021. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 12 -
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
En la Estrategia de Desarrollo del Sector Energético hasta 2030, adoptada en 2014, el desarrollo
de fuentes de energía renovables se reconoce como un objetivo estratégico de Montenegro . La
estrategia prevé la construcción de parques eólicos, ya que el estud io de las posibles fuentes
renovables del territorio de Montenegro ha mostrado la existencia de un potencial considerable de
energía eólica, además del potencial de energía hidroeléctrica, solar y de la biomasa.
4. Fundamento y legislación en que se basa la s ubvención (incluida la identificación de las
disposiciones legales en virtud de las cuales se concede )
El Ministerio de Inversiones de Capital asumió las competencias en materia de energía, que
anteriormente recaían en el Ministerio de Economía . El Ministe rio de Inversiones de Capital es la
autoridad competente para esta subvención, en virtud de los siguientes documentos : Ley de la
Energía ; Decreto sobre la Obtención de la Condición de Productor Privilegiado de Electricidad y los
Derechos Derivados ; Decreto sobre la Compensación para Fomentar la Producción de Electricidad
a partir de Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Cogeneración de Alta Eficiencia.
5. Forma de la subvención
La ayuda se concedió en forma de precio garantizado, compra garantizada y exoneración de la
responsabilidad del balance durante el período para el que se otorgó la condición de productor
privilegiado .
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
De conformidad con las posibilidades jurídicas previstas en la Ley de la Energía y tras cumplir todas
las condiciones prescritas, las siguientes empresas obtuvieron la condición de productor privilegiado
para un período de 12 años: Hidroenergija Montenegro d.o.o. Berane, Kronor d.o.o. Podgorica,
Synergy d.o.o. Podgorica, Hydro Bistrica d .o.o. Podgorica, Igma Energy d.o.o . Andrijevica, Krnovo
Green Energy d.o.o . Nikgić, "Nord Energy" d.o.o . Andrijevica, "Simes inženjering" d.o.o, Podgorica,
"Viridi Progressum" d.o.o . Kolašin, "Power AB" d.o.o . Kolašin, "BB Hydro" d.o.o . Podgorica, "Đekić"
d.o.o. Podgorica, "MHE Vrbnica" d.o.o . Podgorica, "Small Hydro Power Plant Kutska" d.o.o .
Andrijevica, "Small Hydro Power Plant Mojanska" d.o.o . Andrijevica, "Zeta energy" d.o.o .
Danilovgrad, "Benegro" d.o.o . Berane, "Vodovod i kanalizacija" d.o.o . Andrije vica, "Hidroenergija
Andrijevica" d.o.o . Andrijevica, "Manira Hydro" d.o.o . Mojkovac, "Možura Wind Park " d.o.o.
Podgorica, Eco solar system d.o.o . Podgorica, Invicta d.o.o . Podgorica, Alliance d.o.o . Podgorica,
Fudbalski savez Crne Gore d.o.o . Podgorica, B ar-kod d.o.o . Podgorica . En virtud de su condición de
productor privilegiado, pudieron optar a la ayuda.
Una vez obtenida la condición de productor privilegiado, las empresas firmaron el Acuerdo de
Compra de Electricidad con la Empresa Operadora del Mercado de la Electricidad de Montenegro,
que garantizaba la compra a un precio previamente establecido durante 12 años.
7. Subvención por unidad o, cuando ello no sea posible, cuantía total o cuantía anual
presupuestada para esa subvención
El Estado de Monte negro estableció el precio de venta de la electricidad producida en las centrales
durante el período abarcado por el contrato de compra.
En 202 1, los precios de venta fueron los siguientes:
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Šeremet, establecida por No rd Energy d.o.o .
Andrijevica, el precio de venta se fijó en 10, 702 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición
de productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 3 de agosto de 2018 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Bistrica, establecida por H ydro Bistrica d.o.o .
Podgorica, el precio de venta se fijó en 8, 557 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición de
productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 12 de enero de 2018 ); G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 13 -
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Šekular, establecida por H idroenergija
Montenegro d.o.o . Berane, el precio de venta se fijó en 9, 667 céntimos de euro por kWh
(condición de productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 12 de abril
de 2016 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Rmu š, establecida p or Hidroenergija Montenegro
d.o.o. Berane, el precio de venta se fijó en 10,85 céntimos de euro por kWh (situación
de un productor privilegiado de 12 años desde el 19 de mayo de 2015 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Orah, establecida por Hidroenerg ija Montenegro
d.o.o. Berane, el precio de venta se fijó en 10,85 céntimos de euro por kWh (situación
de un productor privilegiado de 12 años desde el 19 de mayo de 2015 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Spaljevići , establecida por Hidroenergija
Montenegro d.o.o . Berane, el precio de venta se fijó en 10,85 céntimos de euro por kWh
(situación de un productor privilegiado de 12 años desde el 19 de mayo de 2015 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Jara, establecida por Kroling d.o.o . Danilovgrad,
el precio de venta se fijó en 8, 062 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición de productor
privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 24 de noviembre de 2016 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Babino Polje, establecida por Kroling d .o.o.
Danilovgrad, el precio de venta se fijó en 9, 324 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición
de productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 2 de noviembre
de 2017);
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Jezerštica , establecida por Hidroene rgija
Montenegro d.o.o . Berane, el precio de venta se fijó en 10,775 céntimos de euro
por kWh (condición de productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir
del 28 de noviembre de 2013 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Jelovica 2, estableci da por Hidroenergija
Montenegro d.o.o . Berane, el precio de venta se fijó en 10, 451 céntimos de euro
por kWh (condición de productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del
28 de noviembre de 2019 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Bistri ca, establecida por Hidroenergija
Montenegro d.o.o . Berane, el precio de venta se fijó en 8, 072 céntimos de euro por kWh
(situación de un productor privilegiado de 12 años desde el 19 de mayo de 2015 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Vrelo, establecida por Synergy d.o.o . Podgorica,
el precio de venta se fijó en 10,85 céntimos de euro por kWh (situación de un productor
privilegiado de 12 años desde el 10 de julio de 2015 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Rijeka Bradavec, establecida por Igma Energy
d.o.o. Andrijevica, el precio de venta se fijó en 10,85 céntimos de euro por kWh
(condición de productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 9 de
noviembre de 2015 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Piševska rijeka , estab lecida por Igma Energy
d.o.o. Andrijevica, el precio de venta se fijó en 10,712 céntimos de euro por kWh
(condición de productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 22 de junio
de 2017);
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Ljevak, establ ecida por Simes inženjering d.o.o.
Podgorica, el precio de venta se fijó en 10,409 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición de
productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 20 de febrero de 2020 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Kutska 1, establecida por Small Hydro Power
Plant Kutska d.o.o . Andrijevica, el precio de venta se fijó en 9,358 céntimos de euro G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 14 -
por kWh (condición de productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir
del 22 de abril de 2020 );
• para la pequeña central hidro eléctrica Kutska 2, establecida por Small Hydro Power
Plant Kutska d.o.o . Andrijevica, el precio de venta se fijó en 10,409 céntimos de euro
por kWh (condición de productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir
del 22 de abril de 2020 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Mojanska 1, establecida por Small Hydro Power
Plant Mojanska d.o.o . Andrijevica, el precio de venta se fijó en 9,278 céntimos de euro
por kWh (condición de productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir
del 22 de abril de 2020 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Mojanska 2, establecida por Small Hydro Power
Plant Mojanska d.o.o . Andrijevica, el precio de venta se fijó en 9,71 céntimos de euro
por kWh (condición de productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir
del 22 de abril de 2020 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Mojanska 3, establecida por Small Hydro Power
Plant Mojanska d.o.o . Andrijevica, el precio de venta se fijó en 10,409 céntimos de euro
por kWh (condición de productor privilegia do por un período de 12 años a partir
del 22 de abril de 2020 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Bistrica, establecida por BB Hidro d.o.o .
Podgorica, el precio de venta se fijó en 10,409 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición de
productor privilegiado p or un período de 12 años a partir del 24 de abril de 2020 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Bukovica, establecida por Power AB d.o.o .
Kolašin, el precio de venta se fijó en 10,409 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición de
productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 4 de junio de 2020 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Paljevinska, establecida por Viridi Progressum
d.o.o. Kolašin , el precio de venta se fijó en 10,409 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición
de productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 23 de julio de 2020 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Slap Zete, establecida por Zeta Energy d.o.o .
Danilovgrad, el precio de venta se fijó en 9,357 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición
de productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 22 de septiembre
de 2020);
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Jelovica 1, establecida por Hidroenergija
Montenegro d.o.o . Berane, el precio de venta s e fijó en 8,531 céntimos de euro por kWh
(condición de productor privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 27 de
noviembre de 2020 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Pecka, establecida por Dekić d.o.o. Podgorica, el
precio de venta se fijó e n 10,44 céntimos de euro por kWh (situación de un productor
privilegiado de 12 años desde el 25 de diciembre de 2020 );
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Vrbnica establecida por MHE Vrbnica d.o.o .
Podgorica, el precio de venta se fijó en 7,3 céntimos d e euro por kWh (situación de un
productor privilegiado de 12 años desde el 19 de enero de 2021);
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Elektrana Mišnjića establecida por Manira Hydro
d.o.o. Mojkovac, el precio de venta se fijó en 10,44 céntimos de euro por kWh (situación
de un productor privilegiado de 12 años desde el 10 de marzo de 2021);
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Miolje Polje establecida por Benegro d.o.o .
Berane, el precio de venta se fijó en 8,35 céntimos de euro por kWh (situación de un
productor privilegiado de 12 años desde el 20 de mayo de 2021 ); G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 15 -
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Krkori establecida por Vodovod i kanalizacije
d.o.o. Andrijevica, el precio de venta se fijó en 8,35 céntimos de euro por kWh (situación
de un pro ductor privilegiado de 12 años desde el 20 de mayo de 2021);
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Umska establecida por Hidroenergija Andrijevica
d.o.o. Andrijevica, el precio de venta se fijó en 10,44 céntimos de euro por kWh
(situación de un productor privilegiado de 12 años desde el 20 de mayo de 2021);
• para la pequeña central hidroeléctrica Štitska establecida por Hidroenergija Andrijevica
d.o.o. Andrijevica, el precio de venta se fijó en 10,44 céntimos de euro por kWh
(situación de un productor privilegiado de 12 años desde el 20 de mayo de 2021 );
• para la central eólic a Možura , establecida por Moiura Wind Park d.o.o . Podgorica, el
precio de venta se fijó en 9,6 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición de productor
privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 29 de diciembre de 2019 );
• para la central eólica Krnovo, establecida por Krnovo Green Energy d.o.o . Nikšić, el
precio de venta se fijó en 9,85 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición de productor
privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 2 de noviembre de 2017 );
• para la central solar Invicta, establecida por Invicta d.o.o . Podgorica, el precio de venta
se fijó en 12,012 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición de productor privilegiado por un
período de 12 años a partir del 29 de m ayo de 2019 );
• para la central solar DG, establecida por Eco solar system d.o.o . Podgorica, el precio de
venta se fijó en 12 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición de productor privilegiado por
un período de 12 años a partir del 4 de agosto de 2019 );
• para la c entral solar Bar -kod, establecida por Bar -kod d.o.o . Podgorica, el precio de
venta se fijó en 12,012 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición de productor privilegiado
por un período de 12 años a partir del 17 de noviembre de 2019 );
• para la central solar establ ecida por Fudbalski savez Crne Gore d.o.o . Podgorica, el
precio de venta se fijó en 10,8 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición de productor
privilegiado por un período de 12 años a partir del 7 de agosto de 2020 );
• para la central solar establecida por Allian ce d.o.o . Podgorica, el precio de venta se fijó
en 10,8 céntimos de euro por kWh (condición de productor privilegiado por un período
de 12 años a partir del 23 de julio de 2020 ).
La cuantía del incentivo representa la diferencia entre el precio de incentivo medio y el precio fijado
en el contrato concluido entr e la empresa operadora y el proveedor, que ascendía a 5.457 céntimos
de euro por kWh para el año 2020.
8. Duración de la subvención y/o cualquier otro plazo que pueda afectarla, incluida la fecha de
inicio/comienzo
El período en que deben aplicarse todas las medidas es de 12 años, contados a partir de la fecha de
la Decisión sobre la Obtención de la Condición de Productor Privilegiado.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No disponibles. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 16 -
II APOYO A LOS PRODUCTOS DE LA PESCA
1 MODERNIZACIÓN DE LA FLOTA PESQUERA PROFESIONAL PARA LA CAPTURA DE
ESPECIES DEMERSALES
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Apoyo a la mejora de la pesca marítima y la maricultura - Modernización de la flota pesquera
profesional par a la captura de especies demersales.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
Año 202 1.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
Medidas estructurales de Montenegro destinadas a mejorar la flota pesquera mediante el logro de
los siguientes objetivos:
• modernizar la flota pesquera profesional para la captura de especies demersales;
• mejorar la seguridad en el mar, las condiciones laborales y el mantenimiento de las
normas de higiene y salud.
4. Fundamento jurídico de la subvención
Ministerio de Agricultura , Silvicultura y Ordenación del Agua .
5. Forma de la subvención
El apoyo a la modernización de la flota pesquera profesional para la captura de especies demersales
consiste en la cofinanciación, para pescadores profesionales (titulares del permiso de pesca
come rcial), de los costos de reconstrucción de embarcaciones pesqueras, sustitución del motor
principal, revisión del motor principal, mejora de las normas de higiene y salud a bordo, suministro
de herramientas y artes de pesca, así como dispositivos electróni cos para aumentar la eficacia de la
pesca . La máxima contribución con cargo a los fondos presupuestarios asciende al 50 % del valor de
la factura presentada, hasta EUR 10 .000. Los criterios para recibir la ayuda se especificarán
mediante convocatoria públic a.
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Pescadores profesionales (titulares del permiso de pesca comercial en gran escala) que utilizan el
arrastre y otros tipos de artes de pesca para la captura de especies demersales.
7. Presupuesto total
EUR 120 .000.
8. Duración del programa
Año 202 1.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No afecta al comercio. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 17 -
2 MODERNIZACIÓN DE LA FLOTA PESQUERA PROFESIONAL PARA LA CAPTURA DE
ESPECIES PELÁGICAS
1. Título del progr ama de subvenciones
Apoyo a la mejora de la pesca marítima y la maricultura - Modernización de la flota pesquera
profesional para la captura de especies pelágicas.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
Año 202 1.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subven ción
Medidas estructurales de Montenegro destinadas a mejorar la flota pesquera mediante el logro de
los siguientes objetivos:
• modernizar la flota pesquera profesional para la captura de especies pelágicas;
• aumentar la eficacia de la pesca.
4. Fundamento jurí dico de la subvención
Ministerio de Agricultura , Silvicultura y Ordenación del Agua .
5. Forma de la subvención
El apoyo a la modernización de la flota pesquera profesional para la captura de especies pelágicas
consiste en la cofinanciación, para pescadores pr ofesionales (titulares del permiso de pesca
comercial), de los costos de reconstrucción de embarcaciones pesqueras, sustitución del motor
principal, revisión del motor principal, mejora de las normas de higiene y salud a bordo, suministro
de herramientas y artes de pesca, así como dispositivos electrónicos para aumentar la eficacia de la
pesca . La máxima contribución con cargo a los fondos presupuestarios asciende al 50 % del valor de
la factura presentada, hasta EUR 10 .000. Los criterios precisos para recib ir la ayuda se especificarán
en la convocatoria pública.
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Pescadores profesionales (titulares del permiso de pesca comercial en gran escala).
7. Presupuesto total
EUR 40.000.
8. Duración de la subvención
Año 202 1.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No afecta al comercio. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 18 -
3 MODERNIZACIÓN DE LA FLOTA PESQUERA PROFESIONAL PARA LA PESCA COMERCIAL
EN PEQUEÑA ESCALA
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Apoyo a la mejora de la pesca marítima y la maricultura - Modernización de la flota pesquera
profesional para la pesca comercial en pequeña escala (embarcaciones de hasta 10 m de eslora
total).
2. Período que abarca la notificación
Año 202 1.
3. Objetivo de política y/o fin alidad de la subvención
Los objetivos de estas medidas son los siguientes:
• mejora de la eficacia de captura y la técnica en la pesca comercial en pequeña escala;
• modernización de las embarcaciones existentes en la pesca comercial en pequeña
escala.
4. Fundame nto y legislación en que se basa la subvención
Ministerio de Agricultura , Silvicultura y Ordenación del Agua .
5. Forma de la subvención
El apoyo a la modernización de embarcaciones pesqueras existentes de entre 3 y 10 m de eslora
total para la pesca comercial en pequeña escala consiste en la cofinanciación de los costos de la
sustitución del motor , la revisión del motor principal, el suministro de una nueva embarcación, la
reconstrucción y adaptación de embarcaciones y la sustitución de herramientas de pesca p ara
aumentar la eficacia de la captura, es decir, reemplazarlas por otras más selectivas . La máxima
contribución con cargo a los fondos presupuestarios asciende al 50 % del valor de la factura
presentada, hasta EUR 6 .500. Los criterios precisos para recibir la ayuda se especificarán en la
convocatoria pública.
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Pescadores profesionales (titulares del permiso de pesca comercial en pequeña escala).
7. Presupuesto total
EUR 150.000.
8. Duración de la subvención
Año 202 1.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No afecta al comercio. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 19 -
4 MEJORA DE LA COMPETITIVIDAD Y LA EFICIENCIA DEL SECTOR DE LA MARICULTURA
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Apoyo a la mejora de la pesca marítima y la maricultura - Mejora de la competitividad y la eficiencia
del sector de la maricultura.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
Año 202 1.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
• mejorar la competitividad y la eficiencia del secto r de la maricultura;
• introducir nuevas tecnologías para proteger las explotaciones contra los depredadores.
4. Fundamento jurídico de la subvención
Ministerio de Agricultura , Silvicultura y Ordenación del Agua .
5. Forma de la subvención
El apoyo a la competitivi dad y la eficiencia del sector de la maricultura consiste en la cofinanciación
de los costos soportados por los criadores de peces y moluscos para la reconstrucción de las
explotaciones ; la construcción o reconstrucción de instalaciones para el almacenamie nto de
alimentos para peces y equipo ; el suministro de equipo para la automatización del proceso de cría
o cultivo ; el suministro de equipo para la mejora de la higiene a efectos de la inocuidad de los
alimentos y la comercialización de productos de factor ía; la reconstrucción o el suministro de balsas
para la explotación de las factorías ; y el suministro de redes para proteger las explotaciones contra
los depredadores.
La máxima asignación de los fondos presupuestarios asciende al 50 % del valor de la inver sión
aprobada, hasta EUR 7 .000. En la convocatoria pública se especificarán criterios y condiciones de
admisibilidad más detallados .
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Organizaciones comerciales y empresarios titulares del permiso de maricultura.
7. Presupuesto total
EUR 35 .000.
8. Duración del programa
Año 202 1.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No afecta al comercio. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 20 -
5 GESTIÓN SOSTENIBLE Y PRESERVACIÓN DE LOS RECURSOS PESQUEROS Y OTROS
ORGANISMO S MARINOS
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Apoyo a la mejora de la pesca marítima y la maricultura - Gestión sostenible y preservación de los
recursos pesqueros y otros organismos marinos.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
Año 202 1.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
• evaluar los recursos pesqueros y otros organismos marinos disponibles;
• vigilar la situación y evaluar la explotación sostenible de los recursos pesqueros y otros
organismos marinos;
• recopilar y procesar datos sobre l as capturas, la flota y el esfuerzo pesquero, así como
datos biológicos, ambientales y socioeconómicos de la pesca marítima;
• vigilar la dinámica demográfica de los peces, buscar posibles ubicaciones para la
maricultura en mar abierto, realizar investigacio nes y/o introducir soluciones
innovadoras para mejorar la calidad del medio ambiente, introducir herramientas y
artes de pesca más selectivas para preservar y proteger los peces y otros organismos
marinos y reducir los costos de captura.
4. Fundamento jurídic o de la subvención
Ministerio de Agricultura , Silvicultura y Ordenación del Agua .
5. Forma de la subvención
La ayuda se otorga al Instituto de Biología Marina para aplicar el programa anual de recopilación de
datos sobre la pesca marítima (DCF -DCRF), buscar p osibles ubicaciones para la maricultura en mar
abierto y/o introducir soluciones innovadoras para mejorar la calidad del medio ambiente.
La ayuda se concede para el proyecto de diseño de artes de pesca y de redes de arrastre más
selectiva s, así como para enseñar a los pescadores a tejer dichas redes.
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
El Instituto de Biología Marina de Kotor y el Proyecto.
7. Presupuesto total
EUR 150.500 .
8. Duración del programa
Año 202 1.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No afecta al comercio. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 21 -
6 GESTIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE VIGILANCIA Y CONTROL DE LA PESCA
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Apoyo a la mejora de la pesca marítima y la maricultura - Gestión del sistema de vigilancia y control
de la pesca.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
Año 202 1.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
• asegurar la funcionalidad del sistema de vigilancia por satélite para las embarcaciones
pesqueras;
• localizar automáticamente las embarcaciones pesqueras;
• mejorar el registro electrónico de las actividades de pesca;
• mejorar el registro electrónico de las ventas, la comercialización, el transporte y la
trazabilidad del pescado y productos de pescado;
• efectuar el an álisis y tratamiento estadístico de los datos pesqueros;
• mejorar el control de las actividades de pesca marítima y en agua dulce;
• mantener y gestionar a largo plazo el sistema de vigilancia y control de la pesca.
4. Fundamento jurídico de la subvención
Ministerio de Agricultura , Silvicultura y Ordenación del Agua .
5. Forma de la subvención
La ayuda se otorga a los operadores de sistemas de comunicaciones móviles y vía satélite, las
organizaciones comerciales, los empresarios y otras personas jurí dicas y físicas contratadas por la
Dirección de Pesca de conformidad con la Ley , con el fin de alcanzar los objetivos mencionados.
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Los operadores que prestan servicios de comunicaciones móviles y por satélite, las empresas , los
empresarios y otras personas jurídicas y físicas contratadas de conformidad con la Ley.
7. Presupuesto total
EUR 105 .500.
8. Duración del programa
Año 202 1.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No afecta al comercio. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 22 -
7 MIDAS 2 - COMPONE NTE 3 - MODERNIZACIÓN DEL SECTOR PESQUERO
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Apoyo a la mejora de la pesca marítima y la maricultura - Midas 2 - componente 3 - modernización
del sector pesquero.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
Año 202 1.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
• mejorar la competitividad del sector pesquero mediante el suministro de nuevas
embarcaciones de pesca, herramientas y artes de pesca y dispositivos electrónicos para
la navegación , la vigilancia y el registro de las actividades pesqueras ;
• desarrollar la infraestructura costera para el atraque de embarcaciones pesqueras y el
desembarque de pescado;
• recopilar y procesar datos sobre las capturas, la flota y el esfuerzo pesquero en la pesca
marítima;
• establecer un sistema de trazabilidad en el sector pesquero;
• establecer un sistema de registro electrónico de la pesca marítima;
• mejorar la inspección y supervisión de las actividades pesqueras;
• mejorar la competitividad del sector pesquero mediante el establecimiento de nuevos
conocimientos y nuevas tecnologías;
• establecer y mejorar los vínculos entre la pesca, la agricultura y el turismo;
• intensificar la cooperación entre los pescadores profesionales de Montenegro y los
pescadores de otros países costeros ; y
• reforzar la promoción y la comercialización de productos pesqueros.
4. Fundamento y legislación en que se basa la subvención
Ministerio de Agricultura , Silvicultura y Ordenación del Agua .
5. Forma de la subvención
La definición del beneficiario y una descripción detallada del procedimiento para el uso de los fondos
de apoyo concedidos en el marco del proyecto Midas 2 aparecerán recogidas en el Manual Práctico,
publicado en el sitio web oficial del Ministerio de Agricultura , Silvicultura y Ordenación del Agua y
en el del proyecto MI DAS 2. E l Manual Práctico es el documento de base en el que se definen todos
los procedimientos de contratación y la aplicación de las donaciones de acuerdo con las normas del
Banco Mun dial. Las medidas y los criterios para recibir ayuda para la compra de nuevas
embarcaciones de pesca, herramientas y artes de pesca y dispositivos electrónicos para la
navegación, la vigilancia y el registro de las actividades pesqueras se definirán en una convocatoria
de licitación pública del Ministerio de Agricultura , Silvicultura y Ordenación del Agua.
Las medidas y los criterios para la construcción de puertos pesqueros, el equipamiento de los
primeros puntos de desembarque, la mejora de la inspección y supervisión de las actividades
pesqueras y la organización de la capacitación y de las visitas de estudio para los pescadores
profesionales se determinarán de conformidad con las normas del Banco Mundial. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 23 -
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Los benefi ciarios se determinarán con arreglo a los criterios establecidos por el Ministerio de
Agricultura , Silvicultura y Ordenación del Agua .
7. Presupuesto total
EUR 2 .400.000 .
8. Duración del programa
Año 202 1.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los ef ectos de la subvención en el comercio
No afecta al comercio.
8 PAGOS DIRECTOS EN EL SECTOR DE LA MARICULTURA - CULTIVO DE MOLUSCOS
BIVALVOS
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Apoyo a la mejora de la pesca marítima y la maricultura - Pagos directos en el sector de la
maricultura - cultivo de moluscos bivalvos.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
Año 2021.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
• aumento de la competitividad del cultivo de moluscos bivalvos y establecimiento d e
maricultores competitivos;
• utilización plena de la capacidad de producción disponible;
• mejora de las actividades comerciales;
• aumento de la producción total de la maricultura.
4. Fundamento y legislación en que se basa la subvención
Ministerio de Agricul tura, Silvicultura y Ordenación del Agua .
5. Forma de la subvención
Pueden beneficiarse de la ayuda en forma de pagos directos a la maricultura las organizaciones
comerciales y los empresarios titulares de un permiso de maricultura. La ayuda se concede
únicamente para la producción de moluscos bivalvos (mejillones y ostras) y solo para la producción
en los propios sitios de cultivo de los beneficiarios. La cantidad de la ayuda se determina sobre la
base de la superficie del lugar de cultivo indicada en la a utorización para la maricultura y de la
producción media de los dos años anteriores, como sigue:
• EUR 0,3/m2 de zona utilizable declarada del sitio de cultivo si el promedio de todos los
moluscos bivalvos producidos fue superior a 2 kg/m2.
• EUR 0,2/m2 de zon a utilizable declarada del sitio de cultivo si el promedio de todos los
moluscos bivalvos producidos se situó entre 1 y 2 kg/m2. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 24 -
• EUR 0,1/m2 de zona utilizable declarada del sitio de cultivo si el promedio de todos los
moluscos bivalvos producidos fue infer ior a 1 kg/m2.
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Organizaciones comerciales y empresarios titulares del permiso de maricultura.
7. Presupuesto total
60.000 EUR.
8. Duración de la subvención
Año 2021.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
Efectos mínimos en el comercio .
9 GESTIÓN SOSTENIBLE DE LA PESCA DE AGUA DULCE
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Apoyo al desarrollo del sector de la pesca y la acuicultura de agua dulce - Gestión s ostenible de la
pesca de agua dulce.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
Año 2021.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
• fomentar el turismo de pesca deportiva;
• reforzar el control de las actividades de pesca deportiva para proteger y fomentar el
desarrollo de las zonas de pesca y las poblaciones de peces;
• hacer una estimación fiable de los recursos pesqueros disponibles en las zonas de pesca
de agua dulce y elaborar un plan general de pesca;
• mejorar la gestión de los recursos de agua dulce sob re la base de la información
científica disponible;
• participar en los gastos de repoblación de las zonas de pesca, de conformidad con los
artículos 23 y 24 de la Ley de Pesca de Agua Dulce y Acuicultura.
4. Fundamento y legislación en que se basa la subvenció n
Ministerio de Agricultura , Silvicultura y Ordenación del Agua .
5. Forma de la subvención
Apoyo a los usuarios de los recursos pesqueros y de otros organismos acuáticos y a la Confederación
para la Organización de Actividades de Pesca Deportiva, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional,
con el fin de promover el turismo de pesca deportiva.
Apoyo al fomento de la protección y la conservación de las zonas de pesca.
Apoyo a la institución científica autorizada por el Ministerio para elaborar el plan general de pesca. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 25 -
Apoyo a una institución científica, la Facultad de Matemáticas y Ciencias - Departamento de Biología,
para vigilar la situación de los recursos pesqueros y otros organismos acuáticos y para cooperar con
los clubes de pesca deportiva en los proce sos relacionados con la repoblación, la pesca selectiva o
la pesca para el control de la población de peces .
Apoyo a los gastos de repoblación para los usuarios de poblaciones de peces y otros organismos
acuáticos y/o los gestores de recursos naturales, de conformidad con los artículos 23 y 24 de la Ley
de Pesca de Agua Dulce y Acuicultura .
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Asociación de Organizaciones de Pesca Deportiva de Montenegro, Asociación de Pesca Deportiva en
el Mar y usuarios de poblaciones d e peces y otros organismos acuáticos.
Institución científica autorizada por el Ministerio.
Facultad de Matemáticas y Ciencias - Departamento de Biología.
Usuarios de poblaciones de peces y otros organismos acuáticos y gestores de recursos naturales.
7. Presup uesto total
EUR 100.000.
8. Duración de la subvención
Año 2021.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No afecta al comercio.
10 DESARROLLO DE LA PESCA COMERCIAL EN EL LAGO SKADAR
1. Título del programa de s ubvenciones
Apoyo al desarrollo del sector de la pesca y la acuicultura de agua dulce - Desarrollo de la pesca
comercial en el lago Skadar.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
Año 2021.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
• mejorar la eficacia de captura en la pesca comercial en el lago Skadar;
• mejorar las normas de seguridad de la navegación;
• mejorar las normas de higiene y de salud.
4. Fundamento y legislación en que se basa la subvención
Ministerio de Agricultura, Silvicul tura y Ordenación de Agua.
5. Forma de la subvención
El apoyo al fortalecimiento de la pesca comercial en el lago Skadar consiste en la cofinanciación,
para pescadores comerciales (titulares de un permiso de pesca comercial válido emitido por el
parque nac ional del lago Skadar), del costo de la sustitución de motores o de aparejos y utensilios
de pesca a fin de aumentar la eficacia de captura y el suministro de máquinas de hielo . La máxima G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 26 -
contribución con cargo a los fondos presupuestarios asciende al 50% del valor de las facturas
presentadas, hasta un máximo de EUR 1.500. Los criterios para recibir la ayuda se especificarán en
la convocatoria pública .
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Titulares de un permiso de pesca comercial válido para el lago Skadar.
7. Presupuesto total
EUR 50.000.
8. Duración de la subvención
Año 2021.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No afecta al comercio.
11 MEJORA DE LA COMPETITIVIDAD Y LA EFICIENCIA DEL SEC TOR DE LA ACUICULTURA
DE AGUA DULCE
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Apoyo al desarrollo de la pesca y la acuicultura de agua dulce - Mejora de la competitividad y la
eficiencia del sector de la pesca de agua dulce.
2. Período que abarca la notificac ión
Año 2021.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
• mejorar la competitividad y la eficiencia del sector de la acuicultura de agua dulce;
• introducir nuevas tecnologías para proteger las explotaciones contra los depredadores.
4. Fundamento y legislación en que se basa la subvención
Ministerio de Agricultura , Silvicultura y Ordenación del Agua .
5. Forma de la subvención
El apoyo a la mejora de la competitividad y la eficiencia del sector de la acuicultura de agua dulce
consiste en la cofinanciación de los costos soportados por los piscicultores para la reconstrucción de
las explotaciones; la construcción o reconstrucción de instalaciones para el almacenamiento de
alimentos para peces y equipo; el suministro de equipo para la automat ización del proceso de cría
o cultivo; el suministro de equipo para la mejora de la higiene a efectos de la inocuidad de los
alimentos y la comercialización de los productos de factoría; el suministro de redes de protección u
otras soluciones técnicas para proteger las explotaciones contra los depredadores. La máxima
asignación de los fondos presupuestarios asciende al 50 % del valor de la inversión aprobada,
hasta EUR 7.000. En la convocatoria pública se especificarán criterios y condiciones de admisibilida d
más detallados .
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Organizaciones comerciales y empresarios titulares del permiso de acuicultura. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 27 -
7. Presupuesto total
EUR 64.000.
8. Duración de la subvención
Año 2021.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evalua ción de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
No afecta al comercio.
12 PAGOS DIRECTOS PARA LA ACUICULTURA
1. Título del programa de subvenciones
Apoyo al desarrollo de la pesca y la acuicultura de agua dulce - Pagos directos para la acuicultura.
2. Período que abarca la notificación
Año 2021.
3. Objetivo de política y/o finalidad de la subvención
• aumentar la competitividad de la producción de la acuicultura de agua dulce y crear
explotaciones competitivas;
• utilizar plenamente la capacidad productiva disponible;
• mejorar las operaciones comerciales;
• aumentar la producción acuícola total.
4. Fundamento y legislación en que se basa la subvención
Ministerio de Agricultura , Silvicultura y Ordenación del Agua .
5. Forma de la subvención
Las org anizaciones comerciales y los empresarios titulares de un permiso de acuicultura pueden
solicitar la ayuda para recibir pagos directos para la acuicultura. La ayuda debe destinarse
exclusivamente a la producción en sus propias explotaciones. La cuantía de la ayuda se basa en la
superficie de la explotación especificada en el permiso de acuicultura y en la producción media de
los dos años anteriores como sigue:
• EUR 3/m2 de superficie útil declarada de la explotación cuando el promedio de las
estructuras de t amaño de los peces criados era superior a 22 kg/m2.
• EUR 2,5/m2 de superficie útil declarada de la explotación cuando el promedio de las
estructuras de tamaño de los peces criados oscilaba entre 22 y 17 kg/m2;
• EUR 2/m2 de superficie útil declarada de la ex plotación cuando el promedio de las
estructuras de tamaño de los peces criados oscilaba entre 17 y 12 kg/m2.
• EUR 1,5/m2 de superficie útil declarada de la explotación cuando el promedio de las
estructuras de tamaño de los peces criados oscilaba entre 12 y 7 kg/m2.
• EUR 1/m2 de superficie útil declarada de la explotación cuando el promedio de las
estructuras de tamaño de los peces criados era inferior a 7 kg/m2. G/SCM/N/401/MNE/Suppl.1
- 28 -
6. A quién y cómo se otorga la subvención
Organizaciones comerciales y empresarios titulares del perm iso de acuicultura.
7. Presupuesto total
EUR 75.000.
8. Duración de la subvención
Año 2021.
9. Datos estadísticos que permitan una evaluación de los efectos de la subvención en el comercio
Efectos mínimos en el comercio.
__________
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(22-7774) Page: 1/10
Comité de l'accès aux marchés
LISTE DES SITES WEB OFFICIELS DES MEMBRES
COMPORTANT DES RENSEIGNEMENTS
TARIFAIRES ET DES STATISTIQUES
D'IMPORTATION
RAPPORT DU SECRÉTARIAT1
Révision
1. Le présent rapport a été établi par le Secrétariat conformément au paragraphe 16 de la
"Décision sur les modalités et le fonctionnement de la base de données intégrée (BDI)"2, qui l'oblige
à maintenir une liste de sites Web officiels sur lesquels les données concernant les droits de douane
ou les importations sont publiquement disponibles.
2. On trouvera en annexe des renseignements qui ont été compilés sur la base de différentes
sources publiquement disponibles, y compris les notifications en matière de transparence présentées
par les Membres au titre de l'article 1:4 de l'Accord sur la facil itation des échanges. Le projet de la
présente révision a été envoyé aux Membres pour validation le 27 septembre 2022. Bien que le
Secrétariat ait vérifié que les sites Web étaient actifs à cette date, il est possible que certains d'entre
eux aient cessé d e l'être au moment de la distribution du présent document.
3. Les Membres sont priés de vérifier l'exactitude des adresses Web figurant ci après et
d'informer le Secrétariat de toute erreur éventuelle et de toute modification qu'ils souhaiteraient
apporter à cette liste.
4. Ces informations sont publiées sur le site Web de l'OMC.3
1 Le présent document a été établi par le Secrétariat sous sa propre responsabilité et est sans préjudice
des positions des Membres ni de leurs droits et obligations dans le cadre de l'OMC.
2 Décision du 28 mai 2019, document G/MA/367.
3 https://www.wto.org /english/tratop_e/markacc_e/tariffandimpofwebsites_e.htm
G/MA/IDB/W/13/Rev.7
- 2 -
Membre de l'OMC Renseignements tarifaires Statistiques d'importation
1 Afghanistan n.d. n.d.
2 Albanie http://www.dogana.gov.al/dokument/2142/nomeklatura -2019 http://databaza.instat.gov.al/pxweb/en/DST/START__FT_
_FTM/
3 Angola http://www.ucm.minfin.gov.ao/cs/groups/public/documents/document/zmlu/mj
e2/~edisp/minfin216967.pdf https://agt.minfin.gov.ao/PortalAGT/#!/estatisticas/estati
stica-do-comercio -externo
4 Antigua -et-Barbuda n.d. n.d.
5 Argentine https://ci.vuce.gob.ar/ https://comex.indec.gov.ar/
6 Arménie http://armvoice.com/map/eng/files/CUSTOMSCODE.pdf https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=160
7 Australie https://www.abf.gov.au/importing -exporting -and-manufacturing/tariff -
classification/current -tariff https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/economy/international -
trade/international -trade -goods -and-services -
australia/latest -release
8 Bahreïn, Royaume de https://www.bahraincustoms.gov.bh/en/tariff -finder http://www.moic.gov.bh/en/MediaCenter/Pages/Statistics.
aspx
9 Bangladesh http://nbr.gov.bd/taxtype/tariff -schedule/eng http://www.bbs.gov.bd/site/page/58b1c0c8 -34b9-45b5-
954d-53a2737 e7bb1/ -
10 Barbade https://gisbarbados.gov.bb/wp -content/uploads/2019/09/SI -2019-57-DO-NOT-
COPY.pdf http://www.centralbank.org.bb/research -
publications/statistics/trade -in-goods-tables
11 Belize http://www.customs.gov.bz/tariffs.html http://sib.org.bz/statistics/merchandise -trade/
12 Bénin https://douanes.gouv.bj/tarif -douane/ https://instad.bj/statistiques/statistiques -
economiques#echanges -exterieurs
13 Bolivie, État
plurinational de https://www.economiayfinanzas.gob.bo/arancel -aduanero -de-
importaciones.html https://www.ine.gob.bo/comex/
14 Botswana https://botswanatradeportal.org.bw/index.php?r=tradeInfo/index http://botswana.opendataforafrica.org/BWCSOIMTSR2016
/international -merchandise -trade -statistics -of-botswana
15 Brésil https://www.gov.br/produtividade -e-comercio -exterior/pt -
br/assuntos/camex/estrategia -comercial/listas -vigentes http://comexstat.mdic.gov.br
16 Brunéi Darussalam http://www.tradingacrossborders.gov.bn/Downloadable/Brunei%20Darussalam
%20Tariff%20and%20Trade%20Classification%202017. pdf https://deps.mofe.gov.bn/SitePages/International%20Mer
chandise%20Trade.aspx
17 Burkina Faso http://www.douanes.bf/sydoniabf/portal/services/tariff/index.jsf http://www.insd.bf/index.php/publications?id=47
G/MA/IDB/W/13/Rev.7
- 3 -
Membre de l'OMC Renseignements tarifaires Statistiques d'importation
18 Burundi https://www.obr.bi/images/PDF/TEC_EAC_TEC_2017_VERSION.pdf https://www.isteebu.bi/bulletins -du-commerce -exterieur/
19 Cabo Verde n.d. n.d.
20 Cambodge https://customs.gov.kh/en/publications/6952 -customs -tariff-of-cambodia -2017 n.d.
21 Cameroun http://www.douanes.cm/douane/images/PDF/SIC/Tarif/TARIFNATIONALCAMER
OUNSHc.pdf https://ins -cameroun.cm/
22 Canada https://www.cbsa -asfc.gc.ca/trade -commerce/tariff -tarif/2022/menu -eng.html
https://www.cbsa -asfc.gc.ca/trade -commerce/tariff -tarif/2022/menu -fra.html https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71 -607-x/71-607-
x2021004 -eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71 -607-x/71-607-
x2021004 -fra.htm
23 République
centrafricaine n.d. n.d.
24 Tchad n.d. n.d.
25 Chili https://www.aduana.cl/arancel -aduanero/aduana/2019 -01-04/161927.html https://www.aduana.cl /aduana/site/edic/base/port/estadi
sticas.html
26 Chine http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302427/302442/shangpinshuilv/index.htm
l http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302274/302
275/index.html
27 Colombie https://muisca.dian.gov.co/WebArancel/DefConsultaGeneralNomenclaturas.face
s https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas -por-
tema/comercio -internacional/importaciones
28 Congo https://douanes.gouv.cg/customs/tariff?lang=fr&navbarActive=tools n.d.
29 Costa Rica n.d. https://gee.bccr.fi.cr/indicadoreseconomicos/Cuadros/frm
VerCatCuadro.aspx?idioma=1&CodCuadro=%20468
http://sistemas.procomer.go.cr/estadisticas/inicio.aspx
30 Côte d'Ivoire https://guce.gouv.ci/douanes/tariff/sections http://www.ins.ci/n/index.php?option=com_content&view
=article&id=115&Itemid=98
31 Cuba https://www.aduana.gob.cu/sites/default/files/2021 -04/R67 -16A2ONEI.pdf http://www.onei.gob.cu/publicacione s-tipo/Serie
32 République
démocratique du
Congo n.d. n.d.
33 Djibouti http://www.douanes.dj/images/code -douanes -2011.pdf n.d.
34 Dominique http://customs.gov.dm/images/documents/HS_2017_new.pdf n.d.
G/MA/IDB/W/13/Rev.7
- 4 -
Membre de l'OMC Renseignements tarifaires Statistiques d'importation
35 République
dominicaine https://www.aduanas.gob.do/de -interes/consultas/ n.d.
36 Équateur http://ecuapass.aduana.gob.ec/ipt_server/ipt_flex/ipt_arancel.jsp https://www. bce.fin.ec/index.php/informacioneconomica/
sector -externo
37 Égypte n.d. https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/IndicatorsPage.aspx?p
age_id=6128&ind_id=2129
38 El Salvador https://aduana2.mh.gob.sv/SAC/consulta/capitulo.xhtml https://www.bcr.gob.sv/bcrsite/?cat=1012&lang=es
39 Eswatini https://www.sars.gov.za/legal -counsel/primary -legislation/schedules -to-the-
customs -and-excise -act-1964/ n.d.
40 Union européenne https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/business/calculation -customs -
duties/what -is-common -customs -tariff/taric_en
https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/ http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/newxtweb/
41 Fidji https://www.frcs.org.fj/our -services/customs/customs -tariff-classification/ https://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/index.php/statistics/economic -
statistics/merchandise -trade-statistics
42 Gabon n.d. https://www.statgabon.ga/wp -
content/uploads/2020/01/ECHANGES -EXTERIEURS.pdf
43 Gambie http://www.gra.gm/assets/common_external_tariff.pdf https://www.gbosdata.org/topics/economy/import -export -
and-reexport
44 Géorgie https://www.rs.ge/CommodityCodes?cat=2&tab=1 https://www.geostat.ge/en/single -categories/99/external -
trade -tendencies -of-georgia
45 Ghana https://view.publitas.com/sgs/cet -2017/page/1 https://statsghana.gov.gh/Economics.php?cate gory=NjMz
Mzk0MDg5LjAzNg==/webstats/qr774001ss
46 Grenade n.d. n.d.
47 Guatemala http://www.sice.oas.org/tpd/col_norte/text/T -ListasGuatemala.pdf https://portal.sat.gob.gt/portal/operador -economico -
autorizado/informacion -comercio -internacional/
48 Guinée https://dgd.gov.gn/textes -legislatifs/# https://www.stat -guinee.org/index.php/publications -
ins/publications -annuelles
49 Guinée -Bissau n.d. n.d.
50 Guyana https://www.gra.gov.gy/publications/the -national -tariff-2011 https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/subjects/exter nal-trade/
G/MA/IDB/W/13/Rev.7
- 5 -
Membre de l'OMC Renseignements tarifaires Statistiques d'importation
51 Haïti https://www.douane.gouv.ht/index.php/taxation -en-douane/taux -et-droits -de-
douane https://www.brh.ht/statistiques/bdp -et-commerce -
exterieur/
52 Honduras n.d. https://www.ine.gob.hn/
53 Hong Kong, Chine https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/trader/hscode/index.jsp
https://www.customs.gov.hk/en/cargo_clearance/index.html https://tradeidds.censtatd.gov.hk
54 Islande https://www.skatturinn.is/english/companies/customs -matters/customs -tariff/ https://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Efnahagur/Efnahag
ur__utanrikisverslun__1_voruvidskipti__01_voruskipti/UT
A06003.px
55 Inde https://www.icegate.gov.in/Webappl/?pageID=2 -13 https://tradestat.commerce.gov.in/eidb/default.asp
56 Indonésie https://insw.go.id/intr http://statistik.kemendag.go.id/indonesia -export -import
57 Israël https://shaarolami -
query.customs.mof.go v.il/CustomspilotWeb/he/UrlHash/CustomsBook?hash=t%
2Bfu8aZs8Xp%2B~QkSdk~MeWERxyrHqyE0fQdr7CsGIJ2B4Hpd1tVqy9FcPDBby
O7Y51vo7bjHdD5bzL92DyjAZuOJyv27GmLLXBhjsnDBI88%21 https://www.boi.org.il/en/DataAndStatistics/Pages/MainPa
ge.aspx?Level=3&Sid=12&SubjectType=2
58 Jamaïque https://www.jacustoms.gov.jm/sites/default/files/docs/PRINTABLE%20%20tariff
%20-HS%202017 -January%2011,%202019.pdf https://statinja.gov.jm/Trade -
Econ%20Statistics/InternationalMerchandiseTrade/Newim
port.aspx
59 Japon https://www.customs.go.jp/english/tariff/2021_4/index.htm http://www.customs.go.jp/toukei/info/tsdl_e.htm
60 Jordanie https://services.customs.gov.jo/JCcits/Search_Cits.aspx?parent=browse http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/linked -
html/ex_trad.htm
61 Kazakhstan http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/act/trade/catr/ett/Pages/default.aspx http://stat.gov.kz/editio n/publication/collection
62 Kenya https://www.eac.int/documents/category/eac -common -external -tariff https://www.centralbank.go.ke/statistics/balance -of-
payment -statistics/
63 Corée, République de https://www.customs.go.kr/english/ad/ct/CustomsTariffList.do?mi=8037 https://unipass.customs.go.kr/ets/index_ eng.do
64 Koweït, État du https://www.customs.gov.kw/HSCode/HsCode https://www.csb.gov.kw/Pages/Statistics_en?ID=38&Pare
ntCatID=%204
G/MA/IDB/W/13/Rev.7
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Membre de l'OMC Renseignements tarifaires Statistiques d'importation
65 République kirghize http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/act/trade/catr/ett/Pages/default.aspx http:// www.stat.kg/en/statistics/vneshneekonomicheskay
a-deyatelnost/
66 République
démocratique
populaire lao https://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/index.php?r=tradeInfo/listAll
http://www.laoftpd.com/en/tariff -reduction -schedule/
http://www.laoftpd.com/en/trade -statistics/
67 Lesotho http://www.lra.org.ls/tariffs https://www.centralbank.org.ls/index.php/statistics
68 Libéria https://revenue.lra.gov.lr/laws -issuances/ https://www.lisgis.gov.lr/tradestats.php
69 Liechtenstein www.tares.ch https://www.ezv.admin.ch/ezv/fr/home/themes/statistiqu
e-du-commerce -exterieur -suisse/daten.html
70 Macao, Chine n.d. https://www.dsec.gov.mo/en -US/Statistic?id=701
71 Madagascar http://www.douanes.gov.mg/tarif -douanes http://madagascar.opendataforafrica.org/cdsgav/merchan
dise-trade
72 Malawi https://www.mra.mw/assets/upload/downloads/MALAWI_CUSTOMS_AND_EXCI
SE_TARIFF(HS_2017_Version)_2022_20 23_FINAL_Circulated_on_26_April_202
2.pdf http://www.nsomalawi.mw/index.php?option=com_conte
nt&view=article&id=158&Itemid=49
73 Malaisie http://mysstext.customs.gov.my/tariff/ https://www.matrade.gov.my/en/abo ut-matrade/28 -
malaysian -exporters/trade -statistics/72 -malaysias -trade -
statistics
74 Maldives https://www.customs.gov.mv/eServices/findtariff https://www.customs.gov.mv/Statistics
75 Mali n.d. https://www.instat -mali.org/fr/publications
76 Mauritanie https://www.mauritaniatrade.com/importation -en-mauritanie/tarifs -
douaniers.html n.d.
77 Maurice http://www.mra.mu/index.php/customs1/tariff -information https://statsm auritius.govmu.org/Pages/Statistics/By_Sub
ject/External_Trade/SB_External_Trade.aspx
78 Mexique https://ventanillaunica.gob.mx/vucem/Clasificador.html https://datos.gob.mx/busca/dataset/estadistica -de-
comercio -exterior -importaciones -y-exportaciones -de-
mexico
79 Moldova, République
de https://trade.gov.md/ro/articles/titlul -ro http://statistica.gov.md/category.php?l=en&idc=336&
G/MA/IDB/W/13/Rev.7
- 7 -
Membre de l'OMC Renseignements tarifaires Statistiques d'importation
80 Mongolie https://gaali.mn/hscode/mn https://gaali.mn/statistic
81 Monténégro https://www.monstat.org/eng/page.php?id=494&pageid=494 https://www.monstat.org/eng/page.php?id=171&pageid=
171
82 Maroc http://www.douane.gov.ma/web/guest/tarif https://services.oc.gov.ma/DataBase/CommerceExterieur
/
83 Mozambique http://www.at.gov.mz/eng/Media/Files/Pauta -Aduaneira -de-Servico -20175 http://www.ine.gov.mz/estatisticas/estatisticas -
sectoriais/comercio -externo
84 Myanmar https://www.myanmartradeportal.gov.mm/en/mfn -tariffs -and-preferential -
tariff-schedule -of-fta http://mmsis.gov.mm/sub_menu/statistics/statDbList.jsp?
vw_cd=MT_ZTITLE
85 Namibie https://www.sars.gov.za/legal -counsel/primary -legislation/schedules -to-the-
customs -and-excise -act-1964/ https://nsa.org.na/page/publications/
86 Népal https://www.customs.gov.np/page/custom -tariff-new https://www.customs.gov.np/page/statistics
87 Nouvelle -Zélande https://www.customs.govt.nz/business/tariffs/working -tariff-document/ https://www.stats.govt.nz/topics/imports -and-exports
88 Nicaragua n.d. https://www.bcn.gob.ni/estadisticas/importaciones
89 Niger n.d. n.d.
90 Nigéria https://web2.customs.gov.ng/?page_id=3133 https://nigeriaforeigntrade.opendataforafrica.org/
91 Macédoine du Nord https://customs.gov.mk/index.php/en/biznis -zaednica -mk-2/presmetka -na-
davacki -en/558 -tarifa -en http://www.stat.gov.mk/OblastOpsto_en.aspx?id=23
92 Norvège https://tolltariffen.toll.no/tolltariff?language=en https://www.ssb.no/en/utenriksokonomi/statistikker/muh
/aar
93 Oman https://www.customs.gov.om/esw/jsf/secure/esw/common/DutyCalculator.xhtm
l?locale=en https://www.customs.gov.om/dgcportal/web/dgc/reports
94 Pakistan https://download1.fbr.gov.pk/Docs/2022711271427852PakistanCustomsTariff.p
df http://www.pbs.gov.pk/trade -tables
95 Panama https://www.ana.gob.pa/w_ana/images/ANA_pdf/arancel/arancel_2018/Arancel
_Nacional_2018.pdf https://www.inec.gob.pa/COMERCIO_EXT/
G/MA/IDB/W/13/Rev.7
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Membre de l'OMC Renseignements tarifaires Statistiques d'importation
96 Papouasie -Nouvelle -
Guinée n.d. https://www.nso.gov.pg/statistics/economy/international -
merchandise -and-trade/
97 Paraguay https://www.economia.gov.py/index.php/dependencias/direccion -de-
integracion/aran celes#:~:text=El%20Arancel%20Nacional%20Vigente%20(ANV
,0%25%20y%20el%2035%25 . https://www.bcp.gov.py/serie -deta11ada -de-comercio -
exterior -i381
98 Pérou http://asistenteaduanero.sunat.gob.pe/clasificacion -arancelaria https://www .inei.gob.pe/biblioteca -
virtual/boletines/exportaciones -e-importaciones/1/
99 Philippines https://tariffcommission.gov.ph/executive -order -20 http://www.psa.gov.ph/statistics/foreign -trade
100 Qatar https://www.ecustoms.gov.qa/qccsw/jsf/tariff/EXPublicHeadingList.jsf https://www.psa.gov.qa/en/statistics1/pages/topicslisting.
aspx?parent=Economic&child=ForeignTrade
101 Fédération de Russie http://www.eurasiancommission.org/ru/act/trade/catr/ett/Pages/default.aspx https://fedstat.ru/indicator/37148
102 Rwanda https://www.rra.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/eac_cet_2017.pdf http://www.statistics.gov.rw/statistical -
publications/subject/quarterly -%26-annual --trade/reports
103 Saint-Kitts-et-Nevis http://www.skncustoms.com/tariffsearch.aspx https://www.stats.gov.kn/data/data -tables/
104 Sainte -Lucie http://www.customs.gov.lc/customs -tariff.php https://stats.gov.lc/subjects/economy/trade/
105 Saint-Vincent -et-les
Grenadines http://asycudaw.svgcustoms.net/downloads/tariff -classification.pdf https://stats.gov. vc/data/data -tables/
106 Samoa https://asyworld.revenue.gov.ws/portal/services/tariff/sections.jsf https://www.cbs.gov.ws/statistics/foreign -trade-report/
107 Arabie saoudite,
Royaume d' https://e -services.zatca.gov.sa/en/customsTariffSearch https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/214
108 Sénégal https://www.douanes.sn/ndn723/ http://www.ansd.sn/index.php?option=com_ansd&view=t
heme&id=4&Itemid=289
109 Seychelles n.d. https://www.nbs.gov.sc/statistics/merchandise -trade
110 Sierra Leone https://www.nra.gov.sl/import -and-export/hs -tarrif n.d.
111 Singapour https://www.customs.gov.sg/businesses/valuation -duties -taxes -fees/duties -
and-dutiable -goods/list -of-dutiable -goods https://www.singstat.gov.sg/modules/infographics/singap
ore-international -trade
112 Îles Salomon https://www.customs.gov.sb/portal/services/tariff/sections.jsf https://www.stati stics.gov.sb/statistics/economic -
statistics/international -trade
G/MA/IDB/W/13/Rev.7
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Membre de l'OMC Renseignements tarifaires Statistiques d'importation
113 Afrique du Sud https://www.sars.gov.za/legal -counsel/primary -legislation/schedules -to-the-
customs -and-excise -act-1964/ https://www.sars.gov.za/customs -and-excise/trade -
statistics/
114 Sri Lanka https://www.customs.gov.lk/customs -tariff/import -tariff/ https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/en/statistics/ statistical -
tables/external -sector
115 Suriname n.d. https://statistics -suriname.org/handelsstattistieken/
116 Suisse www.tares.ch https://www.ezv.admin.ch/ezv/fr/home/themes/statistiqu
e-du-commerce -exterieur -suisse/daten.html
117 Territoire douanier
distinct de Taiwan,
Penghu, Kinmen et
Matsu https://portal.sw.nat.gov.tw/APGQ/GC453?request_locale=zh_TW https://portal.sw.nat.gov.tw/APGA/GA35E
118 Tadjikistan n.d. https://www.customs.tj/index.php/2020 -10-11-20-11-
15/2018 -06-14-07-44-16
119 Tanzanie https://www.tra.go.tz/images/EAC -CET-2017.pdf https://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php/en/census -
surveys/trade -transport -and-tax/trade -and-transport
120 Thaïlande http://itd.customs.go.th/igtf/viewerImportTariff.do?param=langEn http://tradereport.moc.go.th/TradeEng.aspx
121 Togo https://www.otr.tg/index.php/fr/douanes/reglementation -douaniere/tarifs -des-
douanes.html https://inseed.tg/echanges -exterieurs/
122 Tonga https://www.revenue.gov.to/index.php/customs -tariffs -and-fees https://tongastats.gov.to/statistics/economics/foreign -
trade/
123 Trinité -et-Tobago https://tradeind.gov.tt/wp -content/uploads/2016/02/TT -HSTariff -07-Final.pdf https://cso.gov.tt/statistics/
124 Tunisie https://www.douane.gov.tn/consultation -tarif-2/ http://www.ins.tn/statistiques/50
125 Türkiye https://uygulama.gtb.gov.tr/Tara
https://ticaret.gov.tr/ithalat/mevzuat/ithalat -rejimi
www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/12/20201231M3 -1.pdf https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=dis -
ticaret -104&dil=2
126 Ouganda https://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_documentmananger&task=down loa
d.document&file=bWFpbl9kb2N1bWVudHNfcGRmX1Boa2NldE1MdFdxd29PRU5ve
HdYVkRNRUFDIENFVCAyMDE3LTI=&counter=304 https://www.ubos.org/explore -statistics/10/
127 Ukraine https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/674 -20?lang=en#Text https://ukrstat.org/en
128 Émirats arabes unis http://eservices.dubaitrade.ae/tip/dyna/public/home.html https://fcsc.gov.ae/en -us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics -by-
Subject.aspx#/%3Ffolder=Economy/International%20Tra
de/Commodities%20Trade
G/MA/IDB/W/13/Rev.7
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Membre de l'OMC Renseignements tarifaires Statistiques d'importation
129 Royaume -Uni https://www.gov.uk/trade -tariff https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balan
ceofpayments/bulletins/uktrade/previousReleases
130 États-Unis https://dataweb.usitc.gov/ https://usatrade.census.gov/
131 Uruguay https://www.gub.uy/ministerio -economia -finanzas/politicas -y-
gestion/nomenclatura -aranceles -uruguay -0 http://www.ine.gub.uy/web/guest/comercio -internacional -
y-balanza -de-pagos
132 Vanuatu https://customsinlandrevenue.gov.vu/images/Customs_Tariff/Final_HS2017_En
glish.pdf https://vnso.gov.vu/index.php/en/statistics -by-
topic/trade
133 Venezuela,
République
bolivarienne du http://declaraciones.seniat.gob.ve/portal/page/portal/MANEJADOR_CONTENIDO
_SENIAT/04ADUANAS/TIPOS_D E_CAMBIO/GacetaOficialExtraordinariaN6281.pdf http://www.bcv.org.ve/estadisticas/comercio -exterior
134 Viet Nam http://www.itpc.gov.vn/web/en/importers/how_to_import/tax https://www.gso.gov.vn/thuong -mai-dich-vu/
135 Yémen https://customs.gov.ye/Articles/Index/3393 n.d.
136 Zambie https://www.zra.org.zm/wp -content/uploads/2019/12/UPDATED -CUSTOMS -
TARIFF -BOOK -AS-OF-04-01-2019_1.pdf http://zambiaforeigntrade.opendataforafrica.org/
137 Zimbabwe https://www.zimra.co.zw/customs/tariff -handbook n.d.
n.d.: non disponible.
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G/TBT/N/CHN/1654
20 January 2022
(22-0410) Page: 1/2
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English
NOTIFICATION
The following notification is being circulated in accordance with Article 10.6
1. Notifying Member: CHINA
If applicable, name of local government involved (Article 3.2 and 7.2):
2. Agency responsible: State Administration for Market Regulation (Standardization
Administration of the P.R.C.)
Name and address (including telephone and fax numbers , email and website
addresses, if available) of agency or authority designated to handle comments
regarding the notific ation shall be indicated if different from above:
3. Notified under Article 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ], other :
4. Products covered (HS or CCCN where applicable, otherwise national tariff
heading. ICS numbers may be provided in addition, where applicable): Road
illumination devices and systems for vehicles; (HS: 87 ); (ICS: 43.040.20)
5. Title, number of pages and language(s) of the notified doc ument: National
Standard of the P.R.C., Road Illumination Devices and Systems for vehicles (54 page(s),
in Chinese)
6. Description of content: This document specifies the terms and definitions, type
approval, general requirements, light source requirements, colour requirements,
photometric performance, stability of photometric performance, testing methods and
inspection rules etc. for road illum ination devices and systems for vehicles.
This document applies to passing beam headlamp, driving beam headlamp, adaptive
front-lighting system, front fog lamp, corner lamp and other road illumination devices and
systems used by class M and N vehicles. Roa d illumination devices and systems of other
types of vehicles can also follow this document.
7. Objective and rationale, including the nature of urgent problems where
applicable: To ensure traffic safety.; Protection of human health or safety; Other
8. Relevant documents:
9. Proposed date of adoption: To be determined.
Proposed date of entry into force: To be determined.
10. Final date for comments: 60 days from notification G/TBT/N/CHN/1654
- 2 -
11. Texts available from: National enquiry point [X] or address, telephone and fax
numbers and email and website addresses, if available , of other body:
WTO/TBT National Notification and Enquiry Center of the People's Republic of China
Tel：+86 10 57954633 / 57954627
Email: [email protected]
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2022/TBT/CHN/22_0472_00_x.pdf
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Comité de Prácticas Antidumping
Comité de Subvenciones y
Medidas Compensatorias
Comité de Salvaguardias Original: inglés
MEDIDAS COMERCIALES CORRECTIVAS
NOTIFICACIÓN DE KENY A SOBRE LA LEY DE ME DIDAS
COMERCIALES CORRECTI VAS DE 2017
KENYA
La siguiente notificación, de fecha 1º de mayo de 2019 , se distribuye a petición de la delegación
de Kenya.
_______________
Nº 32 DE 2017
LEY DE MEDIDAS COMERCIALES CORRECTIVAS DE KENYA
DISPOSICIÓN DE LOS ARTÍCULOS
PARTE I - CUESTIONES PRELIMINARES
Artículo
1. Título abreviado
2. Interpretación
PARTE II - ESTABLECIMIENTO Y FUNCIONES DEL ORGANISMO DE MEDIDAS COMERCIALES
CORRECTIVAS
3. Establecimiento del Organismo
4. Sede del Organismo
5. Funciones del Organismo
6. Administración del Organismo
7. Condiciones para la designación
8. Impedimentos para la desig nación
9. Permanencia en el cargo y destitución
10. Facultades de la Junta
11. Desarrollo de las actividades y asuntos de la Junta
12. Delegación de funciones por la Junta
13. Director Ejecutivo del Organismo
14. Destitución del Director Ejecutivo
15. Personal del Organismo
16. Sello oficial del Organismo
17. Protección contra la responsabilidad personal
18. Responsabilidad del Organismo en caso de daños
PARTE III - DISPOSICIONES FINANCIERAS
19. Fondos del Organismo
20. Ejercicio financiero G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 2 -
21. Estimaci ones anuales
22. Cuentas y auditoría
PARTE IV - FACULTAD DE IMPONER MEDIDAS ANTIDUMPING, COMPENSATORIAS Y DE
SALVAGUARDIA, PROCEDIMIENTOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN, EVALUACIÓN Y DECISIÓN
23. Medidas antidumping y compensatorias
24. Investigación y evaluación de las supuestas exportaciones objeto de dumping y subvencionadas
a Kenya
25. Investigación y evaluación del supuesto aumento de importaciones en Kenya
26. Facultad de obtener información
27. Derecho a alegar la confidencialidad
28. No divulgación de información confidencial
29. Utilización restringida de la información
30. Designación de funcionarios investigadores
31. Investigación
32. Respuesta a la investigación
33. Facultad de registro en virtud de un mandamiento judicial
34. Facultad de registro
35. Revisió n
36. Modificación o prescindencia de una determinación, recomendación o decisión
37. Apreciación de las pruebas
PARTE V - DELITOS
38. Divulgación ilegal
39. Obstrucción de la aplicación de la Ley
40. Incumplimiento de una convocatoria
41. Sanciones
PARTE VI - DISPOSICIONES DIVERSAS
42. Reglamentos
43. Disposiciones derogadas
PRIMERA SECCIÓN - DESARROLLO DE LAS ACTIVIDADES Y ASUNTOS DE LA JUNTA
SEGUNDA SECCIÓ N - INVESTIGACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE LAS SOLICITUDES DE
IMPOSICIÓN DE MEDIDAS ANTIDUMPING O COMPENSATORIAS
TERCERA SECCIÓN - INVESTIGACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE LAS SOLICITUDES DE
IMPOSICIÓN DE MEDIDAS DE SALVAGUARDIA
G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 3 -
Nº 32 de 2017
LEY DE MEDIDAS CORRECTIVAS DE KENYA
[Fecha de aprobación : 21 de julio de 2017 ]
[Fecha de entrada en vigor : 16 de agosto de 2017 ]
UNA LEY del Parlamento que prevé el establecimiento del Organismo de Medidas
Comerciales Correctivas de Kenya ; la investigación e imposición de medidas antidumping,
compensatorias y de salvaguardia y fines conexos
[Ley Nº 32 de 2017 ]
PARTE I - CUESTIONES PRELIMINARES
1. Título a brevia do
La presente Ley puede citarse como la Ley de Medidas Comerciales Correctivas de Kenya - 2017.
2. Interpretación
En la presente Ley, a menos que el contexto exija lo contrario:
se entiende por "Organismo " el Organism o de Medidas Comerciales Correctivas de
Kenya establecido de conformidad con el artículo 3;
se entiende por "Junta " la Junta del Organismo constituida de conformidad con el
artículo 6;
se entiende por "Secretario del Gabinete " el Secretario del Gabinete re sponsable en
ese momento de las cuestiones relativas al comercio;
se entiende por "información confidencial " toda la información que es:
a) confidencial por su naturaleza ; o
b) proporcionada con carácter confidencial de conformidad con lo dispuesto
en la p resente Ley;
se entiende por "medidas compensatorias " un derecho especial aplicado con el fin
de contrarrestar cualquier subvención concedida, directa o indirectamente, sobre la
fabricación, producción o exportación de cualquier mercancía;
se entiende por "rama de producción nacional " el conjunto de los productores
nacionales del producto o los productos similares o de aquellos de esos productores
nacionales cuya producción conjunta de los productos constituye una proporción
importante de la producción naci onal total de los mismos y que no están vinculados con
los exportadores o importadores o son ellos mismos importadores del producto
supuestamente subvencionado o un producto similar procedente de otros países;
se entiende por "producto nacional similar " el producto producido en el país que es
un producto similar al producto investigado;
se entiende por "mercado interno " el mercado del país, incluida la CAO como un
territorio aduanero único;
se entiende por "dumping " la introducción de un producto en el comercio del país a
un precio de exportación que es inferior a su valor normal; G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 4 -
se entiende por "margen de dumping " la diferencia entre el precio de exportación y
el valor normal tal como resulta de la comparación de ambos de conformidad con las
disposicio nes de la presente Ley;
se entiende por "CAO" la Comunidad de África Oriental como un territorio aduanero
único;
se entiende por "Director Ejecutivo " el Director Ejecutivo del Organismo de Medidas
Comerciales Correctivas de Kenya designado de conformidad c on el artículo 13;
se entiende por "GATT de 1994" el Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y
Comercio que fue adoptado en Marrakech el 15 de abril de 1994 y estableció la
Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC);
se entiende por "comprador independiente " una persona o empresa que no tiene
ninguna vinculación con el importador o el exportador del producto objeto de
investigación;
se entiende por "daño " el daño importante o la amenaza de daño importante a una
rama de producción nacional o el retraso import ante en la creación de esa rama de
producción nacional;
se entiende por "partes interesadas ":
- un exportador o productor del país de exportación o el importador de un
producto objeto de investigación o una asociación mercantil o empresarial
cuyos miembros son en su mayoría productores, fabricantes, exportadores
o importadores del producto investigado ; o
- el Gobierno de tanto el país de importación como el país de exportación ; o
- un productor del producto similar o una asociación mercantil o empresarial
cuyos miembros producen en su mayoría el producto similar en Kenya;
se entiende por "producto investigado " el producto objeto de una investigación en
materia de prácticas comerciales desleales;
se entiende por "producto similar " un producto que sea idéntico o igual en todos los
aspectos al producto objeto de investigación o, cuando no exista ese producto, otro
producto que aunque no sea igual en todos los aspectos tenga características muy
parecidas a las del producto objeto de investigación ;
se entiende por "impuestos indirectos acumulativos en etapas anteriores " los
impuestos aplicados en diversas etapas sobre los bienes o servicios utilizados directa o
indirectamente en la fabricación de un producto cuando no existe ningún mecanismo
para acr editar posteriormente el impuesto si los bienes o servicios sujetos al impuesto
en una etapa de producción se utilizan en una etapa posterior;
se entiende por "tasa de subvención " la subvención ad valorem del producto
investigado;
se entiende por "medidas de salvaguardia " la imposición temporal de una restricción
arancelaria o cuantitativa u otras medidas admisibles necesarias para prevenir o
remediar el daño grave y facilitar el ajuste de la rama de producción de que se trata;
se entiende por "daño grave " el daño importante o la amenaza de daño importante a
una rama de producción nacional o el retraso importante en la creación de una rama de
producción nacional;
se entiende por "subvenciones específicas " las subvenciones únicamente disponibles
para una empr esa o rama de producción o un grupo de empresas o ramas de producción
determinadas sujetas a la jurisdicción de un organismo otorgante; G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 5 -
se entiende por "mercancías subvencionadas " las mercancías con respecto a cuya
producción, fabricación, crecimiento, ela boración, compra, distribución, transporte,
venta, exportación o importación ha sido o será pagada, concedida, autorizada o
proporcionada de otra manera, directa o indirectamente, una subvención específica por
un Gobierno extranjero;
se entiende por "subve nción " cualquier beneficio financiero u otro beneficio comercial
que han recibido o recibirán, directa o indirectamente, las personas dedicadas a la
producción, fabricación, crecimiento, elaboración, compra, distribución, transporte,
venta, exportación e i mportación de mercancías como resultado de cualquier esquema,
programa, práctica o acción realizado, proporcionado o llevado a cabo por un Gobierno
extranjero o un organismo del Gobierno extranjero pero esto no incluye la cuantía de
cualquier derecho o imp uesto interno aplicado a las mercancías por el Gobierno del país
de origen o del país de exportación del que las mercancías, debido a su exportación del
país de exportación o el país de origen, han sido exentas o han sido o serán liberadas
mediante reembol so o devolución;
se entiende por "amenaza de daño grave " el daño grave que es inminente y cuya
existencia se determina sobre la base de hechos y no de alegaciones, conjeturas o
posibilidades remotas;
se entiende por "cuantía total de la subvención " el valor monetario absoluto del
beneficio recibido por un receptor de un programa de subvenciones investigado que
pueda ser objeto de medidas compensatorias, una vez efectuados los descuentos o las
deducciones permitidos por otras disposiciones de la presente Ley;
se entiende por "OMC" la Organización Mundial del Comercio;
se entiende por "Acuerdo Antidumping de la OMC " el Acuerdo relativo a la Aplicación
del Artículo VI del GATT de 1994 de la Organización Mundial del Comercio ; y
se entiende por "Acuerdo SMC d e la OMC " el Acuerdo sobre Subvenciones y Medidas
Compensatorias de la Organización Mundial del Comercio .
PARTE II - ESTABLECIMIENTO Y FUNCIONES DEL ORGANISMO
DE MEDIDAS COMERCIALES CORRECTIVAS
3. Establecimiento del Organismo
1) Se establece un Organismo que se denominará el Organismo de Medidas Comerciales
Correctivas de Kenya.
2) El Organismo es una persona jurídica con vigencia perpetua y un sello oficial y, en su carácter
de persona jurídica, podrá:
a. iniciar acciones judiciales y ser objeto de ellas;
b. comprar o adquirir de otra manera bienes muebles e inmuebles y tener la tenencia,
encargarse y disponer de ellos;
c. tomar préstamos y hacerlos ; y
d. hacer o realizar todas las demás cosas o actos necesarios para el debido desarrollo de
sus funciones de conform idad con la presente Ley que pueda hacer o realizar una
persona jurídica.
4. Sede del Organismo
La Sede del Organismo estará en Nairobi. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 6 -
5. Funciones del Organismo
El Organismo.
a. investigará y evaluará las alegaciones de dumping y subvención de los product os
importados en Kenya;
b. investigará y evaluará las solicitudes de aplicación de medidas de salvaguardia sobre
cualquier producto importado en Kenya;
c. asesorará al Secretario del Gabinete sobre los resultados y recomendaciones de sus
investigaciones;
d. iniciará y realizará acciones encaminadas a la información del público y la formación de
las partes interesadas sobre sus funciones y sobre las medidas comerciales correctivas;
e. publicará y difundirá manuales, códigos, directrices y decisiones relativas a sus
funciones; y
f. realizará las demás funciones que le asigne el Secretario del Gabinete.
6. Administración del Organismo
1) La administración del Organismo incumbirá a la Junta, que estará constituida por:
a. un presidente designado por el Presidente por recomendación de la Comisión del
Servicio Público mediante un proceso competitivo;
b. el Secretario Principal del Ministerio responsable en ese momento de las cuestiones
relativas a las finanzas o un representante del Secretario Principal;
c. el Secretario Pri ncipal del Ministerio responsable en ese momento de las cuestiones
relativas al comercio o un representante del Secretario Principal;
d. el Secretario Principal del Ministerio responsable en ese momento de las cuestiones
relativas a la industrialización o un representante del Secretario Principal;
e. el Ministro de Justicia o un representante del Ministro de Justicia;
f. otros tres miembros designados mediante un proceso competitivo por el Secretario del
Gabinete ; y
g. el Director Ejecutivo del Organismo que ejercerá l as funciones de secretario.
2) La Junta garantizará que todas sus designaciones estén conformes con los valores y principios
de la Constitución enunciados e n los artículos 27 y 32 y otras disposiciones pertinentes de la misma.
7. Condiciones para la design ación
1) Una persona reúne las condiciones para ser designada presidente de la Junta si:
a. posee un master en una disciplina pertinente de una universidad reconocida en Kenya;
b. ha desarrollado una carrera distinguida en un cargo administrativo superior en el sector
privado o público;
c. posee por lo menos 10 años de experiencia profesional pertinente ; y
d. cumple las prescripciones del capítulo seis de la Constitución. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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2) Una persona reúne las condiciones para ser designada miembro de la Junta en el sentido del
artículo 6 f) si:
a. posee un título en una disciplina pertinente de una universidad reconocida en Kenya;
b. ha desarrollado una carrera distinguida en su esfera respectiva;
c. posee por lo menos siete años de experiencia profesional pertinente ; y
d. cumple las prescr ipciones del capítulo seis de la Constitución.
3) Los miembros elegirán al vicepresidente entre los miembros designados de conformidad con
el artículo 6 f).
8. Impedimentos para la designación
Una persona no reunirá las condiciones para ser designada presidente o miembro de la Junta de
conformidad con el artículo 6 a) o f) si:
a. es miembro del Parlamento o de una asamblea regional;
b. es miembro del órgano rector de un partido político;
c. es miembro de una comisión establecida de conformidad con la Constitu ción;
d. es un quebrado no rehabilitado;
e. ha sido destituida de un cargo público por infringir la Constitución o cualquier otra ley ; o
f. no ha cumplido sus obligaciones legales en la realización de sus actividades.
9. Permanencia en el cargo y destitución
1) El presidente y los miembros de la Junta a que se hace referencia en el artículo 6 a) y f) serán
designados por un período de tres años en las condiciones que se especifiquen en el instrumento de
designación y podrán ser reelegidos por un período adicional de tres años.
2) Una persona dejará de ser miembro de la Junta si:
a. la Junta recomienda al Secretario del Gabinete la destitución del miembro por conducta
incorrecta o realización insatisfactoria de sus funciones;
b. infringe las disposiciones de la Ley de Ét ica de los Funcionarios Públicos (Nº 4 de 2003 );
c. no asiste a tres reuniones consecutivas de la Junta sin la aprobación escrita del
presidente;
d. presenta su renuncia por escrito al Secretario del Gabinete;
e. fallece ; o
f. es declarada en quiebra.
10. Facultade s de la Junta
La Junta tendrá las facultades necesarias para ejercer debidamente sus funciones de conformidad
con la presente Ley y, en particular, pero sin perjuicio del carácter general de lo antedicho, podrá:
a. supervisar al Organismo y ofrecerle directri ces y orientaciones estratégicas;
b. controlar y supervisar la utilización de los activos del Organismo de tal modo que
promueva de la mejor manera posible los fines para los que este se establece;
c. establecer las disposiciones que se adopten en relación con e l capital y los gastos
recurrentes y en relación con las reservas del Organismo;
d. recibir cualquier aportación, obsequio, donación o dotación y hacer desembolsos
legítimos de ellos;
e. colaborar con otros órganos u organizaciones en la promoción del fin con el que se
establece el Organismo; G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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f. abrir las cuentas bancarias de los fondos del Organismo que puedan ser necesarias ; y
g. invertir cualesquiera fondos del Organismo que no sean inmediatamente necesarios
para los fines de la presente Ley a reserva de la aprobaci ón del Secretario del Gabinete
responsable en ese momento de las cuestiones relativas a las finanzas.
11. Desarrollo de las actividades y asuntos de la Junta
La Junta desarrollará sus actividades de conformidad con las disposiciones de la primera sección
pero, con sujeción a estas, podrá regular su propio procedimiento.
12. Delegación de funciones por la Junta
La Junta podrá, por resolución adoptada por escrito, ya sea con carácter general o en cualquier caso
determinado, delegar en cualquier comité del Org anismo o en cualquier miembro, funcionario,
empleado o agente del mismo, el ejercicio de cualquiera de sus facultades o de cualquiera de sus
funciones de conformidad con la presente Ley.
13. Director Ejecutivo del Organismo
1) Habrá un Director Ejecutivo d el Organismo, que será el funcionario ejecutivo superior del
mismo.
2) Con sujeción a lo dispuesto en el apartado 3), la Junta designará al Director Ejecutivo después
de un proceso de reclutamiento competitivo en los términos y condiciones que se especifiq uen en el
instrumento de designación.
3) Una persona reúne las condiciones para ser designada Director Ejecutivo del Organismo si:
a. posee un título superior en Economía, Comercio Internacional, Ley Comercial, Aduanas
o calificaciones equivalentes y posee por lo menos cinco años de experiencia
profesional ; o
b. posee un título básico en una esfera pertinente y posee por lo menos 10 años de
experiencia profesional en cuestiones relativas al comercio y la industria ; y
c. cumple las prescripciones del capítulo seis de la Constitución.
4) El Director Ejecutivo será:
a. responsable ante la Junta en general por las funcionas del Organismo;
b. un miembro ex officio de la Junta que no tendrá derecho a votar en ninguna reunión de
la Junta;
c. el secretario de la Junta;
d. con sujec ión a las instrucciones de la Junta, responsable de la administración cotidiana
de los asuntos del Organismo ; y
e. responsable ante la Junta en general por la supervisión del personal.
14. Destitución del Director Ejecutivo
1) El Director Ejecutivo podrá ser destituido de su cargo por la Junta por los siguientes motivos:
a. imposibilidad de desempeñar las funciones propias de su cargo debido a incapacidad
física o mental;
b. falta grave en su conducta o comportamiento;
c. incompetencia o negligencia en sus funciones; G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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d. violación de la Constitución o cualquier otra ley ; o
e. cualquier otro motivo que justifique la destitución de su cargo de conformidad con los
términos y condiciones del servicio.
2) Cuando la Junta decida destituir de su cargo al Director Ejecuti vo, dará a este:
a. aviso suficiente de su decisión y de los motivos en que esta se basa ; y
b. una oportunidad de impugnar los motivos de la decisión de la Junta.
15. Personal del Organismo
La Junta designará a los funcionarios u otro personal que sean necesar ios para el debido
cumplimiento de las funciones del Organismo, de acuerdo con los términos y condiciones del servicio
que determine la Junta en consulta con la Comisión de Salarios y Remuneraciones.
16. Sello oficial del Organismo
El sello oficial del Org anismo se mantendrá bajo la custodia que decida la Junta y solo se utilizará
por orden de la Junta.
17. Protección contra la responsabilidad personal
Los funcionarios, empleados o agentes del Organismo o las personas que actúen de acuerdo con las
instrucci ones de esos funcionarios, empleados o agentes no serán personalmente responsables
frente a cualquier acción, alegación o demanda por un acto u omisión de un miembro del Organismo
o de cualquier funcionario, empleado o agente del mismo si el acto u omisión se realiza sin mala
intención a efectos de la ejecución de las funciones, facultades u obligaciones del Organismo.
18. Responsabilidad del Organismo en caso de daños
Pese a lo dispuesto en el artículo 17, el Organismo será responsable de pagar una indemni zación o
daños y perjuicio s a cualquier persona por cualquier daño causado a la misma, a su propiedad o a
cualquiera de sus intereses cuando ese daño, pérdida o perjuicio sea ocasionado por el Organismo,
sus agentes o sus funcionarios en el curso del ejerc icio de las funciones legítimas del Organismo.
PARTE III - DISPOSICIONES FINANCIERAS
19. Fondos del Organismo
1) Los fondos del Organismo estarán constituidos por:
a. los fondos asignados por la Asamblea Nacional para el cumplimiento de los fines del
Organis mo;
b. el dinero en efectivo o los activos que aumenten el patrimonio del Organismo o se
incorporen al mismo en el curso del ejercicio de sus facultades o de sus funciones de
conformidad con la presente Ley o cualquier otra ley escrita;
c. las sumas que puedan ser pagaderas al Organismo de conformidad con la presente Ley
o cualquier otra ley escrita o de conformidad con cualquier fideicomiso;
d. cualquier aportación, obsequio, donación o dotación recibido por la Junta en nombre del
Organismo;
e. cualesquiera otros fon dos recibidos por el Organismo de cualquier otra fuente ; y
f. los honorarios recibidos por servicios de consultoría y otros servicios prestados por el
Organismo.
2) El Organismo revelará los detalles sobre las fuentes de sus fondos en su informe anual. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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20. Ejercicio financiero
El ejercicio financiero del Organismo será el período de 12 meses que finalizará el 30 de junio de
cada año.
21. Estimaciones anuales
1) No menos de tres meses antes de la iniciación de cada ejercicio financiero, la Junta adoptará
dispos iciones para que se preparen estimaciones de los ingresos y los gastos del Organismo en ese
ejercicio financiero.
2) En las estimaciones anuales se preverán todos los gastos estimados del Organismo para el
ejercicio financiero y, en particular:
a. el pago de los salarios, dietas y otros gastos de los miembros, el personal y los agentes
del Organismo;
b. el pago de las pensiones, gratificaciones y otros gastos en relación con las prestaciones
por jubilación del personal del Organismo,
c. la adquisición y el debido ma ntenimiento de los edificios y terrenos del Organismo;
d. el debido mantenimiento, reparación y sustitución del equipo y otros bienes muebles
del Organismo;
e. la creación de los fondos de reserva para satisfacer responsabilidades futuras o
eventuales en relació n con las prestaciones por jubilación, seguros o sustitución de
edificios o equipo o en relación con las otras cuestiones que el Organismo considere
apropiadas ; y
f. cualesquiera otros gastos necesarios para el ejercicio de las funciones del Organismo.
3) Las estimaciones anuales serán aprobadas por la Junta y sometidas al Secretario de Gabinete
para su aprobación antes de la iniciación del ejercicio financiero a que se refieran.
4) No se incurrirá en ningún gasto para los fines del Organismo salvo de conformi dad con las
estimaciones anuales aprobadas con arreglo al apartado 3) o de conformidad con la autorización de
la Junta y la aprobación escrita previa del Secretario del Gabinete.
22. Cuentas y auditoría
1) La Junta adoptará las disposiciones necesarias par a el debido mantenimiento de los libros y
registros de las cuentas relativas a los ingresos, los gastos, los activos y las obligaciones del
Organismo.
2) Dentro de los tres meses siguientes al final de cada ejercicio financiero, la Junta someterá al
Audito r General las cuentas del Organismo relativas a ese ejercicio, junto con:
a. una declaración de los ingresos y los gastos del Organismo durante ese ejercicio
financiero ; y
b. una declaración de los activos y obligaciones del Organismo el último día de ese ejerci cio
financiero.
3) El Auditor General examinará las cuentas del Organismo e informará al respecto de
conformidad con las disposiciones de la Ley de Auditoría Pública (Nº 34 de 2015 ). G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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PARTE IV - FACULTAD DE IMPONER MEDIDAS ANTIDUMPING,
COMPENSATORIAS Y DE SALVAGUARDIA, PROCEDIMIENTOS
DE INVESTIGACIÓN, EVALUACIÓN Y DECISIÓN
23. Medidas antidumping y compensatorias
1) El Secretario del Gabinete podrá imponer:
a. en el caso de las mercancías objeto de dumping en Kenya, un derecho antidumping en
una cuantía igual o inferior al margen de dumping de las mercancías importadas ; y
b. en el caso de las mercancías subvencionadas importadas en Kenya, un derecho
compensatorio en una cuantía igual o inferior a la cuantía de la subvención de las
mercancías importadas.
2) Cuando un producto se importe en Kenya en tales cantidades mayores y en tales condiciones
que causen o amenacen causar un daño grave a una rama de producción nacional que produce un
producto similar o directamente competidor, el Secretario del Gabinete podrá soli citar al Secretario
del Gabinete responsable de las finanzas que imponga una medida de salvaguardia.
3) La imposición de una medida de salvaguardia de conformidad con el apartado 2) se hará con
arreglo a las disposiciones de la presente Ley y las secciones de la presente Ley.
4) Cuando el Secretario del Gabinete deba actuar por recomendación del Organismo para
imponer una medida antidumping, compensatoria o de salvaguardia, adoptará medidas de acuerdo
con la recomendación dentro de los 60 días siguientes a la recepción de la misma.
5) Cuando el Secretario del Gabinete no actúe de acuerdo con la recomendación del Organismo
durante el período prescrito, informar á por escrito al Organismo de la razón de esa omisión.
24. Investigación y evaluación de las supuest as exportaciones objeto de dumping y
subvencionadas a Kenya
1) Una solicitud de investigación o evaluación de las supuestas exportaciones objeto de dumping
o subvencionadas a Kenya o la realización de esa investigación o evaluación se efectuará de
conformi dad con el procedimiento establecido en la segunda sección.
2) Una solicitud de investigación o evaluación de las supuestas mercancías objeto de dumping o
subvencionadas importadas en Kenya podrá ser presentada por un fabricante de un producto similar
o una persona autorizada.
25. Investigación y evaluación del supuesto aumento de importaciones en Kenya
1) Una solicitud de investigación, o evaluación de las importaciones que hayan causado o
amenacen causar un daño grave a una rama de producción nacional en Kenya o la realización de
esa investigación o evaluación se efectuará de conformidad con el procedimiento establecido en la
tercera sección.
2) Una solicitud de investigación o evaluación de las importaciones que hayan causado o
amenacen causar un daño gr ave en Kenya podrá ser presentada por un fabricante de un producto
similar, un funcionario de una asociación de fabricantes de esa rama de producción o una persona
autorizada.
26. Facultad de obtener información
Por escrito y dentro de un período especific ado, el Organismo podrá ordenar a cualquier persona
que le proporcione cualquier información relativa a una investigación o evaluación en la forma
prescrita por él. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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27. Derecho a alegar la confidencial idad
1) Una persona a la que se haya ordenado que propo rcione información al Organismo puede
identificar toda la información que proporcione o una parte de ella como confidencial.
2) Cuando una persona alegue el carácter confidencial de conformidad con este artículo, lo hará
por escrito y expondrá los motivos para que esa información se trate como confidencial.
3) El Organismo adoptará todas las medidas para proteger a cualquier persona que le
proporcione información.
28. No divulgación de información confidencial
1) El Organismo no revelará a ninguna persona n o autorizada la información confidencial de
conformidad con la presente Ley hasta que determine el grado en que se aplicará el carácter
confidencial a la información.
2) Cuando el Organismo determine finalmente el grado del carácter confidencial de la
información, solo podrá revelar a las personas no autorizadas la información que no haya sido
calificada como confidencial de conformidad con el presente artículo.
29. Utilización restringida de la información
1) Cualquier decisión del Organismo se adoptará por escrito y en ella se expondrán los motivos
de la misma.
2) Si los motivos de una decisión del Organismo revelan la utilización de información confidencial,
el Organismo notificará por escrito la decisión a la persona que proporcionó la información
confidencial, y esa notificación contendrá una copia de la decisión.
3) El Organismo efectuará la notificación a que hace referencia el apartado 2) por lo
menos 14 días antes de publicar su decisión.
4) La persona a la que el Organismo notifique una decisión d e revelar información confidencial
de conformidad con el presente artículo podrá solicitar al Tribunal Supremo, dentro de los 14 días
siguientes a la recepción de la notificación, una orden de que se proteja el carácter confidencial de
la información.
5) El Organismo no podrá publicar su decisión hasta que el Tribunal Supremo decida sobre la
solicitud efectuada de conformidad con el apartado 4).
30. Designación de funcionarios investigadores
1) La Junta podrá designar a cualquier persona como funcionario in vestigador, y la designación
se publicará en la Gaceta de Kenya.
2) En el ejercicio de sus funciones, los funcionarios investigadores designados de conformidad
con el apartado 1) poseerán y mostrarán a solicitud de cualquier persona documentos de
identific ación oficiales que acrediten que son funcionarios investigadores del Organismo.
3) Durante una investigación, el Organismo podrá solicitar el apoyo de funcionarios de policía en
caso de necesidad.
31. Investigación
1) Un funcionario investigador podrá int errogar a cualquier persona durante el curso de una
investigación haciéndole o no prestar juramento.
2) Una persona interrogada por un funcionario investigador podrá ser acompañada por un
representante legal. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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3) Un funcionario investigador podrá convocar a cualquier persona para que proporcione
información sobre el tema de la investigación en cualquier momento de la misma o para que le
entregue o presente cualquier libro, documento u otro objeto o información a que se haga referencia
en la convocatoria en u n momento y un lugar especificados en dicha convocatoria.
4) El funcionario investigador podrá:
a. aceptar cualquier información pertinente de cualquier persona en forma oral o escrita;
b. aceptar cualquier información, documento u otra cosa pertinente, sea o n o:
i. proporcionada o probada prestando o no juramento ; o
ii. admisible como prueba ante un tribunal ; o
c. negarse a aceptar cualquier información, documento o cosa que sea indebidamente
repetitivo.
5) Cuando el funcionario investigador reciba la información oral a que se hace referencia en el
apartado 4), la registrará por escrito tan pronto como sea posible y podrá exigir a la persona que
proporcionó la información que firme la declaración escrita o ponga su marca en la declaració n
escrita.
32. Respuesta a la investigación
1) Las personas deberán responder al funcionario investigador honradamente.
2) Pese a lo dispuesto en el apartado 1), una persona no estará obligada a responder si tal
respuesta constituiría una admisión de la comisión de un delito por esa persona.
33. Facultad de registro en virtud de un mandamiento judicial
1) Un tribunal podrá emitir un mandamiento judicial para que un funcionario investigador registre
cualesquiera locales sometidos a la jurisdicción de ese tribunal si el funcionario investigador jura o
afirma que hay motivos razonables para creer que cualquier cosa conectada con una investigación
en el sentido de la presente Ley está en poder o bajo el control de una persona que se encuentra en
esos locales, y ese mandamiento podrá se r emitido en ausencia de la persona cuyos locales desee
registrar el funcionario investigador.
2) Un mandamiento judicial de registro podrá ser emitido en cualquier momento y:
a. identificará concretamente los locales que pueden ser registrados ; y
b. autorizará al funcionario investigador mencionado a entrar en los locales y registrarlos
y a hacer cualquier otra cosa prevista en el mandamiento.
3) Un mandamiento judicial de registro es válido hasta que:
a. se ejecuta;
b. es anulado por el tribunal;
c. el propósito de su emisión caduca ; o
d. transcurre un mes a partir de la fecha en que fue emitido.
4) Un mandamiento judicial solo podrá ser ejecutado durante el día a menos que el tribunal
autorice su ejecución durante la noche o en un momento que sea razonable según las cir cunstancias.
5) Antes de ejecutar un mandamiento judicial, el funcionario investigador que lo ejecuta:
a. se identificará a la persona mencionada en el mandamiento si está presente o a la
persona que esté a cargo de los locales en el momento de la ejecución d el mandamiento
y explicará a esa persona el propósito del mismo; G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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b. entregará una copia del mandamiento a la persona mencionada en el mismo si está
presente o a la persona que esté a cargo de los locales en el momento de la ejecución
del mandamiento ; o
c. cuando no haya nadie presente en los locales, fijará una copia del mandamiento en un
lugar destacado y visible de los locales.
34. Facultad de registro
Un funcionario investigador que ejecute un mandamiento judicial de conformidad con el artículo 33
podrá:
a. entra r en los locales mencionados en el mandamiento;
b. registrar esos locales;
c. registrar a cualquier persona que se encuentre en esos locales si hay motivos razonables
para creer que esa persona tiene en su poder un artículo o documento pertinente que
tenga influ encia en la investigación;
d. examinar cualquier artículo o documento pertinente que se encuentre en esos locales;
e. solicitar información sobre un artículo o documento al propietario de los locales o a la
persona que esté a cargo de ellos o a cualquier persona que pueda poseer esa
información;
f. hacer un extracto o hacer copias de cualquier libro o documento pertinente que se
encuentre en los locales;
g. utilizar cualquier sistema informático que se encuentre en los locales o solicitar la
asistencia de cualquier per sona que se encuentre en los locales para utilizar ese sistema
informático a fin de:
i. tener acceso a cualquier dato contenido en ese ordenador o disponible en ese
sistema informático ; y
ii. reproducir cualquier registro de esos datos;
h. tomar posesión de cualquie r cosa pertinente y, cuando sea necesario, sacarla de los
locales para su examen y su custodia segura ; o
i. cerrar y sellar los locales con fines de continuación de la investigación durante un
período no superior a 14 días.
35. Revisión
Cualquier persona afec tada por una determinación, recomendación o decisión del Organismo o del
Secretario del Gabinete podrá apelar ante el Tribunal Supremo dentro de los 30 días siguientes a
que se efectúe la determinación, recomendación o decisión para que se realice una revisión.
36. Modificación o prescindencia de una determinación, recomendación o decisión
El Organismo o el Secretario de Gabinete podrá modificar una determinación, recomendación o
decisión o prescindir de ella a iniciativa propia del Organismo o el Secre tario del Gabinete o cuando
lo solicite una persona afectada por la determinación, recomendación o decisión:
a. cuando exista una ambigüedad, un error evidente o una omisión en la determinación,
recomendación o decisión . En esos casos, la modificación o la pr escindencia tendrá
únicamente lugar en la medida necesaria para corregir la ambigüedad, el error o la
omisión ; o G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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b. cuando la determinación, recomendación o decisión se haya efectuado debido a un mero
error y afecte a todas las partes pertinentes.
37. Aprecia ción de las pruebas
En cualquier procedimiento de conformidad con la presente Ley que no sea un procedimiento penal,
las pruebas se apreciarán sobre la base de las probabilidades.
PARTE V - DELITOS
38. Divulgación ilegal
1) Una persona comete un delito si revela información que ha sido declarada confidencial y que
ha obtenido de una persona autorizada acerca de los asuntos de cualquier persona:
a. al desempeñar cualquier función o ejercer cualquier facultad de conformidad con la
presente Ley ; o
b. como resultado de la iniciación de una reclamación o la participación en cualquier
procedimiento previsto en la presente Ley.
2) Pese a lo dispuesto en el apartado 1), no será delito que una persona revele cualquier
información:
a. para los fines de la debida administración o cumplimiento de la presente Ley;
b. para los fines de la administración de justicia;
c. a solicitud del Director Ejecutivo o de un funcionario investigador que tenga derecho a
recibir la información ; o
d. que sea revelada de conformidad con la pr esente Ley.
39. Obstrucción de la aplicación de la Ley
Una persona comete un delito si obstaculiza u obstruye a cualquier persona o influye indebidamente
en ella en el ejercicio de una facultad o de una obligación prevista en la presente Ley.
40. Incumplim iento de una convocatoria
Una persona comete un delito si, cuando se la convoca de conformidad con la presente Ley:
a. no se presenta, sin causa suficiente, en el momento y el lugar especificados o no
permanece en ese lugar hasta que se le permite abandonarlo ; o
b. se presenta según lo exigido pero se niega a prestar juramento o a hacer una
declaración o se niega a presentar un libro, documento o cualquier otro artículo que se
le exija, si está en su poder o bajo su control.
41. Sanciones
Cualquier persona que ha ya cometido de conformidad con la presente Ley un delito para el que no
se prevea una sanción podrá ser condenada a una multa no superior a 5 millones de chelines o a
pena de prisión por un período no superior a cinco años o a ambas sanciones. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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PARTE VI - DISPOSICIONES DIVERSAS
42. Reglamentos
1) El Secretario del Gabinete podrá adoptar, en consulta con el Organismo, reglamentos para la
aplicación más eficaz de las disposiciones de la presente Ley.
2) A los efectos del párrafo 6 del artículo 94 de la Constit ución:
a. la finalidad y el objetivo de la delegación efectuada de conformidad con el presente
artículo es permitir al Secretario del Gabinete que adopte reglamentos para la aplicación
más eficaz de las disposiciones de la presente Ley;
b. la facultad de adoptar reglamentos de conformidad con la presente Ley del Secretario
del Gabinete estará limitada a poner en vigor las disposiciones de la presente Ley y a
hacer cumplir los objetivos especificados en este artículo;
c. los principios y criterios aplicables a los re glamentos adoptados de conformidad con el
presente artículo son los establecidos en la Ley sobre Interpretación y Disposiciones
Generales (Capítulo 2) y la Ley sobre los Instrumentos Legislativos (Nº 23 de 2013 ).
43. Disposiciones derogadas
Se derogan los artículos 125, 125A y 126 de la Ley de Aduanas e Impuestos Indirectos
(Capítulo 472).
G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 17 -
PRIMERA SECCIÓN
[Artículo 11]
DESARROLLO DE LAS ACTIVIDADES Y ASUNTOS DE LA JUNTA
1. Reuniones
1) La Junta se reunirá no menos de cuatro veces en cada ejercicio financiero, y no transcurrirán
más de dos meses entre las fechas de dos reuniones.
2) Las reuniones de la Junta se celebrarán en la fecha y hora decididas por el presidente.
3) A menos que la mayoría de los miembros de la Junta decida lo contrario, las reu niones se
notificarán a todos los miembros con una antelación de 14 días.
4) El presidente convocará una reunión especial de la Junta si lo solicita por escrito por lo menos
la tercera parte de los miembros.
5) El quorum para el desarrollo de las actividad es de la Junta será la mitad de todos los
miembros.
6) Cuando el presidente esté presente presidirá todas las reuniones de la Junta pero los
miembros presentes elegirán un miembro para presidirlas cuando el presidente esté ausente, y la
persona así elegida tendrá las facultades del presidente con respecto a esa reunión y a los asuntos
que en ella se resuelvan.
7) A menos que se llegue a una decisión unánime, las decisiones sobre cualquier cuestión
sometida a la Junta se adoptarán por mayoría de los votos de los miembros presentes y votantes y,
en caso de empate, el presidente o la persona que presida tendrá el voto decisorio.
8) Con sujeción a lo dispuesto en el apartado 5), ningún procedimiento de la Junta será inválido
debido únicamente a la existencia de una vacante entre los miembros de la misma.
2. Divulgación de interés por los miembros de la Junta
1) Un miembro que tenga un interés en cualquier contrato u otro asunto presentado en una
reunión deberá, en la reunión y tan pronto como sea razonablemente f actible después de la iniciación
de esta, revelar su interés y no tomará parte en el examen, el debate o la votación de cualquier
cuestión relativa al contrato o el otro asunto ni se contará su presencia para determinar el quorum
de la reunión durante el e xamen del asunto.
2) La divulgación del interés efectuada de conformidad con el apartado 1) se hará constar en el
acta de la reunión en que tenga lugar.
3) Un miembro de la Junta que infringe lo dispuesto en el apartado 1) comete un delito y, si es
condena do, podrá ser castigado con pena de prisión por un período no superior a seis meses o con
una multa no superior a 100.000 chelines o ambas cosas.
3. Ejecución de instrumentos
Cualquier contrato o instrumento que, si es concertado o ejecutado por una person a que no es una
persona jurídica no requiera un sello, podrá ser concertado o ejecutado en nombre de la Junta por
cualquier persona autorizada en general o específicamente por la Junta.
4. Actas
La Junta adoptará disposiciones para que las actas de todas l as resoluciones y procedimientos de
sus reuniones se registren en libros mantenidos con ese objeto.
G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 18 -
SEGUNDA SECCIÓN
[Artículo 24]
INVESTIGACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE LAS SOLICITUDES DE IMPOSICIÓN
DE MEDIDAS ANTIDUMPING O COMPENSATORIAS
PARTE I - CUESTIONES PRELIMINARES
1. Despacho de aduana
Una investigación antidumping o en materia de subvenciones no obstaculizará el procedimiento de
despacho de aduana.
PARTE II - DETERMINACIÓN DE LA EXISTENCIA
DEL DUMPING, DAÑO Y RELACIÓN CAUSAL
2. Identificación del dumping
Se considera que una mercancía importada es objeto de dumping si se introduce en el comercio de
Kenya a un precio inferior a su valor normal.
3. Determinación del valor normal
1) Excepto con arreglo a lo dispuesto en los párrafos 3 y 4 de la presente sección, el Organismo
establecerá el valor normal de la mercancía importada objeto de investigación determinando el
precio comparable pagado o pagadero en el curso de operaciones comerciales normales por las
ventas de un producto simi lar en el país de exportación.
2) Pese a lo dispuesto en el apartado 1), el Organismo podrá establecer el valor normal de una
mercancía importada comparando el precio de esta con el precio pagado o pagadero en el curso de
operaciones comerciales normales p or un producto similar cuando el producto similar esté destinado
al consumo en el país de exportación.
3) Cuando no haya ventas del producto similar en el curso de operaciones comerciales normales
en el mercado interno del país de exportación o cuando, deb ido a la situación particular o el bajo
volumen de las ventas en el mercado interno del país de exportación, esas ventas no permitan una
comparación adecuada, el margen de dumping se determinará sobre la base de:
a. o bien la comparación con un precio compar able del producto similar cuando este se
exporte a un tercer país apropiado, siempre que ese precio sea representativo ; o bien
b. la comparación con el costo de producción en el país de origen más una cantidad
razonable por concepto de gastos administrativos, de venta y de carácter general y de
beneficios.
4) Las ventas de un producto similar destinado al consumo en el mercado interno del país de
exportación, o las ventas a un tercer país apropiado, se considerarán normalmente una cantidad
suficiente para la d eterminación del valor normal cuando esas ventas constituyan el 5 % o más de
las ventas del producto investigado a la República de Kenya siempre que sea aceptable un porcentaje
inferior porque las pruebas demuestren que ese porcentaje inferior de las ventas internas es, no
obstante, de una magnitud suficiente para proporcionar una comparación adecuada.
5) Las ventas del producto similar en el mercado interno del país de exportación o las ventas a
un tercer país a precios unitarios inferiores a los costos de producción fijos y variables más los gastos
administrativos, de venta y de carácter general podrán tratarse como si no se efectuaran en el curso
de operaciones comerciales normales debido al precio y solo podrán descartarse al determinar el
valor normal si el Organismo establece que tales ventas se efectúan:
a. en un período de tiempo amplio, normalmente de un año, pero en ningún caso inferior
a seis meses; G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 19 -
b. en cantidades sustanciales ; y
c. a precios que no permiten la recuperación de todos los costos dentro de u n período
razonable.
Si los precios inferiores a los costos unitarios en el momento de la venta son superiores al promedio
ponderado de los costos unitarios correspondiente al período de investigación, se considerará que
esos precios permiten la recuperaci ón de los costos dentro de un período razonable.
6) A los efectos del apartado 5) b ., las ventas inferiores a los costos unitarios se efectúan en
cantidades sustanciales cuando el Organismo establece que el promedio ponderado del precio de
venta de las tra nsacciones tenidas en cuenta para la determinación del valor normal es inferior al
promedio ponderado de los costos unitarios o que el volumen de las ventas inferiores a los costos
unitarios representa no menos del 20 % del volumen vendido en las transaccio nes tenidas en cuenta
para la determinación del valor normal.
7) A los efectos de los apartados 3), 4) y 5), los costos se calcularán normalmente sobre la base
de los registros mantenidos por el exportador o el productor objeto de investigación, siempre qu e
esos registros estén conformes con los principios de contabilidad generalmente aceptados del país
de exportación y reflejen razonablemente los costos asociados con la producción y venta del
producto objeto de investigación.
8) A los efectos de los aparta dos 3), 4) y 5), las cantidades correspondientes a los gastos
administrativos, de venta y de carácter general y a los beneficios se basarán en los datos reales
relativos a la producción y las ventas en el curso de operaciones comerciales normales del produ cto
similar por el exportador o productor objeto de investigación . Cuando esas cantidades no se puedan
determinar sobre esta base, se determinarán sobre la base de:
a. las cantidades reales en que haya incurrido y que haya obtenido el exportador o
productor en cuestión en relación con la producción y las ventas en el mercado interno
del país de origen de la misma categoría general de productos;
b. el promedio ponderado de las cantidades reales en que hayan incurrido y que hayan
obtenido otros exportadores o prod uctores objeto de investigación en relación con la
producción y las ventas del producto similar en el mercado interno del país de origen ; o
c. cualquier otro método razonable, siempre que la cantidad por concepto de beneficios
así establecida no sea superior a los beneficios normalmente obtenidos por otros
exportadores o productores sobre las ventas de productos de la misma categoría
general en el mercado interno del país de origen del producto similar.
9) El Organismo examinará todas las pruebas disponibles d e la debida atribución de los costos,
incluidas aquellas que proporcione el exportador o productor en el curso de la investigación siempre
que esas atribuciones hayan sido utilizadas en el pasado por el exportador o productor.
10) A menos que ya se hayan r eflejado en la atribución de los costos de conformidad con la
presente sección, los costos se ajustarán apropiadamente para tener en cuenta los elementos no
recurrentes del costo que beneficien a la producción futura y actual o para tener en cuenta las
circunstancias en que los costos durante el período de investigación son afectados por operaciones
de puesta en marcha . El ajuste realizado para tener en cuenta las operaciones de puesta en marcha
reflejará los costos al final del período de puesta en marcha o, cuando ese período se prolongue más
allá del período de investigación, los costos más pertinentes que el Organismo pueda tener
razonablemente en cuenta durante la investigación.
11) Cuando el país que exporte el producto investigado sea un país sin econ omía de mercado, el
Organismo podrá, en la medida en que considere que la metodología para determinar el valor normal
establecida en la presente sección es inapropiada, determinar el valor normal sobre la base de:
a. el precio comparable pagado o pagadero en el curso de operaciones comerciales
normales en las ventas del producto similar cuando esté destinado al consumo en un
país apropiado de economía de mercado; G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 20 -
b. el precio comparable pagado o pagadero en el curso de operaciones comerciales
normales en las expo rtaciones del producto similar procedentes de un país de economía
de mercado apropiado a otros países, incluida la República de Kenya;
c. el precio realmente pagado o pagadero en la República de Kenya por el producto
nacional similar, debidamente ajustado en caso de necesidad para incluir un margen de
beneficio correspondiente al margen que se prevería en las circunstancias económicas
existentes para el sector en cuestión ; o
d. cualquier otra base que el Organismo considere razonable.
12) Las disposiciones del a partado 11) solo se aplicarán a las importaciones procedentes de
Estados Miembros de la Organización Mundial del Comercio en la medida en que esa aplicación sea
compatible con la segunda disposición suplementaria al párrafo 1 del artículo VI del GATT de 19 94
y otras obligaciones de Kenya en el marco de la Organización Mundial del Comercio.
4. Determinación del precio de exportación
1) Salvo por lo dispuesto en los apartados 2) y 3), el precio de exportación es el precio pagado
o pagadero por el producto inv estigado cuando se vende para la exportación del país de exportación
a Kenya.
2) Si no hay un precio de exportación o si el Organismo considera que el precio de exportación
no puede determinarse debido a una vinculación o un acuerdo compensatori o entre el exportador y
el importador o un tercero, el precio de exportación podrá determinarse:
a. sobre la base del precio al que el producto importado se revenda por primera vez a un
comprador independiente ; o
b. sobre la base razonable que decida el Organismo.
3) Cuando el Organismo determine el valor normal sobre la base del país de origen, el precio de
exportación será el precio pagado o pagadero por el producto cuando se venda para la exportación
en el país de origen.
4) Si el producto no se importa directamente del país de origen en Kenya, el precio al que se
vende el producto procedente del país de exportación en Kenya se comparará con el precio
comparable en el país de exportación.
5) Pese a lo dispuesto en el apartado 4), se podrá realizar una comparación con el precio en el
país de origen si el producto es objeto de transbordo a través del país de exportación o si ese
producto no se produce en el país de exportación o si no hay un precio comparable para el producto
en el país de exportación.
5. Comparación entre el valor normal y el precio de exportación
1) Una comparación equitativa entre el precio de exportación y el valor normal se efectuará en
el mismo nivel de comercio y con respecto a ventas realizadas en el mismo momento en la medida
de lo posible.
2) Podrá admitirse un margen para tener en cuenta las diferencias que afecten a la
comparabilidad de los precios, incluidas las diferencias de las condiciones y los términos de la venta,
la tributación, los niveles de comercio, las cantidades o las características físicas.
3) Cuando se haya comprobado el precio de exportación de conformidad con la presente Ley,
podrá admitirse también un margen para tener en cuenta los costos, incluidos los derechos e
impuestos, en que se incurra entre la importación y la reventa y los beneficios obtenidos y si, en
esos casos, ha sido afectada la comparabilidad de los precios, el Organismo establecerá el valor
normal en un nivel de comercio equivalente al nivel de comercio del precio de exportación
reconstruido o tendrá en cuenta un margen justificado de conformidad con el presente apartado que
indique a las partes en cuestión qué información es necesaria para garantizar una comparación
equitativa y no impondrá una carga de la prueba irrazonable a esas partes. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 21 -
4) La existencia de már genes de dumping se establecerá comparando el promedio ponderado
del valor normal con el promedio ponderado de los precios de todas las transacciones de exportación
comparables o mediante una comparación del valor normal y los precios de exportación transa cción
por transacción.
5) El valor normal establecido sobre la base de un promedio ponderado podrá compararse con
los precios de las transacciones de exportación individuales si el Organismo halla una pauta de
precios de exportación que difiere significati vamente entre los distintos compradores, regiones o
períodos, y el Organismo explicará por qué esas diferencias no pueden tenerse en cuenta mediante
la utilización de una comparación entre promedios ponderados o transacción por transacción.
6) Cuando una c omparación equitativa de conformidad con la presente reglamentación exija una
conversión de monedas, esa conversión se realizará utilizando el tipo de cambio de la fecha de la
venta pero, cuando una venta de moneda extranjera en los mercados a término esté directamente
vinculada con la venta de exportación de que se trata, se utilizará el tipo de cambio de la venta a
término.
7) El Organismo concederá a los exportadores por lo menos 60 días para ajustar los precios de
exportación a fin de reflejar las fluct uaciones prolongadas de los tipos de cambio en el período de
investigación.
6. Determinación de la existencia de daño
1) La determinación de la existencia de daño se basará en pruebas objetivas y comprenderá un
examen objetivo de:
a. el volumen de las importa ciones objeto de dumping y el efecto de estas en los precios
de los productos similares en el mercado interno ; y
b. la repercusión de las importaciones objeto de dumping sobre los productores nacionales
de los productos similares.
2) El Organismo tendrá en cu enta si ha habido un aumento significativo de las importaciones
objeto de dumping en términos absolutos o en relación con la producción o el consumo de los
productos similares en Kenya.
3) El Organismo tendrá en cuenta si:
a. ha habido una significativa subva loración de precios de las importaciones objeto de
dumping en comparación con el precio de un producto similar fabricado en Kenya ; o
b. el efecto de las importaciones objeto de dumping es reducir de otro modo los precios
en medida significativa o impedir en m edida significativa la subida que en otro caso se
habría producido.
4) Cuando las importaciones de un producto similar procedentes de más de un país son objeto
simultáneamente de investigaciones antidumping, el Organismo solo podrá evaluar
acumulativamente los efectos de esas importaciones si determina que:
a. el margen de dumping establecido en relación con las importaciones procedentes de
cada país es más que de minimis y el volumen de las importaciones procedentes de
cada país no es de minimis ; y
b. es necesar ia la evaluación acumulativa de los efectos de las importaciones debido a la
competencia entre los productos importados y las condiciones de competencia entre los
productos importados y el producto nacional similar.
5) El examen de la repercusión de las im portaciones objeto de dumping sobre la rama de
producción nacional de Kenya incluirá una evaluación de todos los factores e índices económicos
pertinentes que tengan una influencia en el estado de la rama de producción, incluidos: G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 22 -
a. la disminución real y pot encial de las ventas, los beneficios, la producción, la
participación en el mercado, la productividad, el rendimiento de las inversiones o la
utilización de la capacidad;
b. los factores que afecten a los precios internos;
c. la magnitud del margen de dumping ; y
d. los efectos negativos reales y potenciales en el flujo de caja, las existencias, el empleo,
los salarios, el crecimiento, la capacidad de reunir capital o la inversión.
6) El efecto de las importaciones objeto de dumping se evaluará en relación con la producción
nacional del producto similar cuando los datos disponibles permitan identificarla separadamente con
arreglo al proceso de producción, las ventas de los productores y sus beneficios pero, si no es posible
tal identificación separada de esa produc ción, los efectos de las importaciones objeto de dumping
se evaluarán examinando la producción del grupo más restringido de productos que incluya el
producto similar a cuyo respecto pueda proporcionarse información.
7. Amenaza de daño
1) El Organismo no determinará la existencia de una amenaza de daño importante sobre la base
de alegaciones, conjeturas o posibilidades remotas sino solo sobre la base de los hechos y cuando
la amenaza de daño importante sea previsible e inminente.
2) Al llev ar a cabo una determinación referente a la existencia de una amenaza de daño
importante el Organismo deberá considerar, entre otros, los siguientes factores:
a. una tasa significativa de incremento de las importaciones objeto de dumping en el
mercado interno que indique la probabilidad de que aumenten sustancialmente las
importaciones;
b. una suficiente capacidad libremente disponible del exportador o un aumento inminente
y sustancial de la misma que indique la probabilidad de un aumento sustancial de las
exporta ciones objeto de dumping a la República de Kenya, teniendo en cuenta la
existencia de otros mercados de exportación que puedan absorber el posible aumento
de las exportaciones;
c. el hecho de que las importaciones se realicen a precios que tendrán en los prec ios
internos el efecto de hacerlos bajar o contener su subida de manera significativa y que
probablemente hagan aumentar la demanda de nuevas importaciones ; y
d. las existencias del producto objeto de investigación.
8. Relación causal
1) La relación causal s e basará en el examen de todas las pruebas pertinentes que tenga en su
poder el Organismo que demuestren que las importaciones objeto de dumping están causando daño
de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la presente sección.
2) Pese a lo dispuesto en el aparta do 1), el Organismo examinará también otros factores de que
se tenga conocimiento no atribuidos a las importaciones objeto de dumping que estén causando,
incluidos:
a. el volumen y los precios de las importaciones no vendidas a precios de dumping;
b. la contracc ión de la demanda o las modificaciones de las pautas de consumo;
c. las prácticas comerciales restrictivas y la competencia entre los productores extranjeros
y nacionales;
d. la evolución de la tecnología ; y
e. los resultados de exportación y la productividad de l a rama de producción nacional. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 23 -
PARTE III - INICIACIÓN, REALIZACIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN
DE UNA INVESTIGACIÓN ANTIDUMPING
9. Iniciación de una investigación
1) Una investigación para determinar la existencia, la medida o el efecto del supuesto dumping
se iniciará cuando se presente una solicitud escrita de la rama de producción nacional o en nombre
de ella.
2) La solicitud contendrá detalles sobre:
a. el dumping;
b. el daño ; y
c. la relación causal entre las importaciones objeto de dumping y el supuesto daño.
3) Una solicitud contendrá la información que el solicitante tenga razonablemente a su
disposición, incluidos:
a. el nombre y la información de contacto del solicitante;
b. la rama de producción nacional por la cual o en el nombre de la cual se efectúa la
solicitud, i ncluidos los nombres y la información de contacto de todos los productores
de la rama de producción nacional de que se tenga conocimiento;
c. el volumen y el valor de la producción nacional del producto similar;
d. una descripción del volumen y el valor de la pr oducción nacional del producto similar
que corresponda al solicitante y a cada productor nacional identificado;
e. una descripción completa del producto investigado, incluidos sus características
técnicas, sus usos y su número de la Clasificación Arancelaria Armonizada;
f. el nombre del país o los países en los que se fabrica o produce el producto investigado
o, si el producto investigado se importa de un país distinto del país de fabricación o
producción, el país intermedio del que se importa el producto;
g. la ide ntidad de cada exportador o productor extranjero del producto investigado de que
se tiene conocimiento y una lista de las personas conocidas que importan el producto
investigado en Kenya;
h. información sobre los precios a que se vende el producto investigado cuando se destina
al consumo en los mercados internos del país o los países de origen o de exportación
(o, cuando proceda, información sobre los precios a que se vende el producto
procedente del país o los países de origen o de exportación a un tercer paí s o terceros
países o sobre el valor reconstruido del producto investigado) e información sobre los
precios de exportación en Kenya ; e
i. información sobre las modificaciones del volumen de las importaciones del producto
investigado, el efecto de las importac iones en los precios del producto similar en Kenya
y la repercusión de las importaciones sobre la rama de producción nacional, demostrada
por los factores e índices económicos pertinentes que tienen una influencia en el estado
de la rama de producción naci onal.
4) El Organismo determinará si hay pruebas suficientes para justificar la iniciación de una
investigación y podrá pedir información adicional al solicitante antes de decidir si inicia una
investigación.
5) El Organismo examinará simultáneamente las p ruebas de la existencia de dumping, daño y
relación causal cuando determine si inicia una investigación, comenzando en una fecha no posterior
a la fecha más temprana en que pueden aplicarse medidas provisionales de conformidad con las
disposiciones del pár rafo 17. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 24 -
6) El Organismo no iniciará una investigación a menos que determine si la solicitud ha sido
efectuada por la rama de producción nacional o en nombre de ella después de un examen del grado
de apoyo u oposición a la solicitud expresado por los produ ctores nacionales del producto similar.
7) A los efectos del presente párrafo, una solicitud es efectuada por la rama de producción
nacional o en nombre de ella si es apoyada por productores nacionales cuya producción conjunta es
superior al 50 % de la prod ucción total del producto similar producida por la parte de la rama de
producción nacional que apoya la solicitud o se opone a ella.
8) El Organismo no iniciará una investigación si los productores nacionales que apoyan la solicitud
representan menos del 2 5% de la producción total del producto similar producida por la rama de
producción nacional.
9) El Organismo podrá determinar la magnitud del apoyo a la iniciación de una investigación
utilizando técnicas de muestreo estadísticamente válidas cuando la rama de producción nacional
esté fragmentada y esté compuesta por un número excepcionalmente elevado de productores.
10) El Organismo adoptará la decisión de iniciar o no una investigación en un plazo de 45 días
pero, si la solicitud implica cuestiones complej as o si el Organismo ha pedido información adicional
al solicitante, tomará la decisión en un plazo de 60 días.
11) Cuando el Organismo no inicie una investigación, notificará por escrito al solicitante o los
solicitantes su decisión y las razones de no in iciarla.
12) El Organismo podrá iniciar una investigación por iniciativa propia sin haber recibido una
reclamación por escrito de la rama de producción afectada.
13) Cuando el Organismo inicie una investigación por iniciativa propia, solo la continuará si
dispone de pruebas suficientes de la existencia de daño o amenaza de daño y relación causal que
justifiquen la iniciación de una investigación.
10. Notificación pública de una investigación
1) El Organismo notificará al Gobierno del país de exportación la iniciación de una investigación.
2) Cuando el Organismo inicie una investigación:
a. notificará la iniciación de la investigación a los exportadores, los exportadores y las
asociaciones representativas de los importadores o exportadores, así como al Gobierno
del país o los países de exportación, el solicitante o los solicitantes y cualquier otra parte
interesada ; y
b. informará al público mediante notificación de la iniciación de la investigación en la
Gaceta y mediante anuncios en, por lo menos, dos periódicos de circulación nacional.
3) La notificación de la iniciación de una investigación contendrá:
a. el nombre del país o los países de exportación del producto investigado y el país o los
países de origen de este, cuando sean distintos;
b. una descripción completa d el producto investigado, que incluya la descripción de las
características técnicas y los usos del producto y su número de la Clasificación
Arancelaria Armonizada;
c. una descripción del supuesto dumping, que incluya la base de la alegación;
d. un resumen de los factores en que se base la evaluación de la existencia de daño y
relación causal;
e. una dirección en la que puedan presentarse la información y las observaciones;
f. la fecha de iniciación de la investigación; y
g. un programa propuesto para la investigación. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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4) La fecha efectiva de la iniciación de una investigación es la fecha en que se publica la
notificación de la investigación en la Gaceta.
11. Terminación de una investigación
1) El Organismo podrá dar por terminada una investigación:
a. en cualquier momento e n que determine que las pruebas que apoyan la alegación de la
existencia de dumping o daño a una rama de producción nacional son insuficientes ; o
b. en cualquier caso cuando determine que el margen de dumping es de minimis o que el
volumen de las importacion es del producto investigado o la amenaza de daño a una
rama de producción nacional son de minimis.
2) A los efectos del presente párrafo:
a. el margen de dumping es de minimis si la diferencia entre el precio de exportación y el
valor normal es inferior al 2 %; y
b. el volumen de las importaciones es de minimis si se constata que el volumen del
producto investigado procedente de un país determinado representa menos del 3 % de
las importaciones del producto similar en Kenya pero no es de minimis si los países que
representan individualmente menos del 3 % del producto similar en Kenya representan
conjuntamente más del 7 % del producto similar en Kenya.
3) Cuando el Organismo dé por terminada una investigación de conformidad con el presente
párrafo, publicará sus razon es en la Gaceta y por lo menos en dos periódicos de circulación nacional
con los detalles que sean factibles en las circunstancias, cuidando de proteger la información
confidencial.
12. Requisitos de procedimiento de una investigación
1) Excepto en circuns tancias especiales, el Organismo concluirá una investigación antidumping
dentro de los 12 meses siguientes a la iniciación de la misma y, en cualquier caso, no más de
18 meses después de su iniciación.
2) Cuidando de proteger la información confidencial, el Organismo proporcionará el texto escrito
de la solicitud, tan pronto como se inicie una investigación antidumping, a los exportadores del
producto investigado de que se tenga conocimiento y al Gobierno del país o los países de
exportación, según el caso, a las partes interesadas si lo solicitan y, cuando el número de
exportadores del producto investigado sea especialmente elevado, a la asociación mercantil de la
rama de producción que fabrica el producto investigado o un producto similar o comercia con él.
3) Se notificará a las partes interesadas en una investigación antidumping la información que
requiera el Organismo y se les dará una oportunidad razonable de presentar al Organismo
cualesquiera pruebas que consideren pertinentes para la investigación antidumping.
4) Después de la iniciación de la investigación, el Organismo podrá enviar cuestionarios a
cualquier persona que crea que posee información pertinente y dará a esas personas 30 días para
respond er a los cuestionarios y, cuando una persona que haya recibido un cuestionario solicite una
prórroga del plazo de respuesta demostrando la existencia de justificación suficiente, el Organismo
concederá esa prórroga.
5) Durante una investigación, el Organis mo podrá solicitar más información a las partes
interesadas y lo hará mediante cuestionarios suplementarios o solicitudes escritas de aclaraciones o
información adicional y concederá tiempo suficiente para que se proporcionen respuestas
significativas.
6) A fin de verificar la información proporcionada y obtener más información en caso de
necesidad, el Organismo podrá realizar investigaciones fuera de Kenya pero solo lo hará cuando se
lo permitan las empresas interesadas y cuando lo haya notificado al país o los países en que tendrá G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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lugar la investigación y haya sido autorizado por ellos y, cuidando de proteger la información
confidencial, informará a las empresas interesadas y al solicitante o los solicitantes de los resultados
de la investigación.
7) El Or ganismo podrá hacer una determinación preliminar o definitiva sobre la base de la
información disponible si, durante la investigación, una parte interesada se niega a darle acceso a
cualquier información que requiera para los fines de la investigación o no se la proporciona de otra
manera.
8) Pese a lo dispuesto en el apartado 7), el Organismo podrá tener debidamente en cuenta
cualesquiera dificultades que experimente una parte interesada, en particular cualquier pequeña
empresa, para suministrar la informa ción solicitada y podrá proporcionar cualquier asistencia factible
o podrá ampliar cualquier plazo prescrito para la presentación de la información que se proporcione,
según el caso.
9) El Organismo dará a los usuarios industriales del producto investigado y a las organizaciones
de consumidores representativas si el producto se vende habitualmente al por menor una
oportunidad de proporcionar información pertinente sobre el dumping, el daño y la relación causal
durante el curso de la investigación.
10) El pr esente párrafo no impide al Organismo proceder prontamente cuando inicia una
investigación, efectúa una determinación definitiva o aplica medidas provisionales o definitivas.
13. Período de reunión de datos para las investigaciones
1) El Organismo:
a. reunir á datos en el curso de una investigación antidumping durante por lo menos
6 meses pero no más de 12 meses del período objeto de investigación, y ese período
comenzará lo antes posible tras la fecha de iniciación de la investigación;
b. podrá reunir datos en u na investigación antidumping al mismo tiempo que recoge datos
sobre las ventas del producto investigado por debajo del costo en Kenya ; y
c. establecerá los períodos de reunión de datos e informará al respecto a cualquier parte
interesada y establecerá también las fechas para completar la reunión o presentación
de datos y, cuando se establezcan esas fechas, informará por adelantado a cualquier
parte interesada.
2) En un caso concreto de daño a una rama de producción nacional, el Organismo reunirá datos
durante por lo menos tres años del período objeto de investigación, a menos que una parte de la
que se estén obteniendo datos haya desarrollado sus actividades durante un período menor, e
incluirá también el período de reunión de datos para la investigación del du mping.
3) Cuando establezca el período durante el cual se reunirán los datos en una investigación, el
Organismo podrá examinar las prácticas de información financiera de las empresas a las que se
soliciten esos datos que importen el producto investigado, l as características del producto
investigado, incluido su carácter estacional y cíclico, y la existencia de pedidos especiales o ventas
adaptadas al cliente.
14. Audiencias
1) A solicitud de las partes interesadas, el Organismo preverá una fecha en que estas podrán ser
oídas en relación con cualquier determinación preliminar del Organismo, y esa audiencia se celebrará
dentro de los 30 días siguientes a la formulación de la determinación preliminar pero, en cualquier
caso, no más de 60 días antes de la formul ación de una determinación definitiva.
2) El Organismo podrá prever una audiencia teniendo en cuenta la conveniencia de una parte
interesada pero, cuando una parte interesada no asista a una audiencia, esa inasistencia no
perjudicará sus intereses. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 27 -
3) Cuando una parte interesada desee asistir a una audiencia prevista por el Organismo,
informará por escrito al Organismo por lo menos siete días antes de la celebración de la audiencia
de la persona que la representará en esta y de cualquier testigo que pueda t estificar en su nombre.
4) El Organismo designará a uno de sus funcionarios para presidir la audiencia, y ese funcionario
será responsable de garantizar la confidencialidad del procedimiento, de que se conceda a cualquier
parte interesada una oportunidad r azonable de participar en la audiencia y de que se mantenga un
registro del procedimiento y se haga prontamente público, cuidando de proteger la información
confidencial.
5) Las partes interesadas podrán estar representadas por un representante legal duran te la
audiencia y podrán, cuando esté justificado, presentar oralmente cualquier otra información
pertinente durante las reuniones con el Organismo, y este mantendrá un registro detallado de las
reuniones y pondrá ese registro a disposición del público, cu idando de proteger la información
confidencial.
15. Información confidencial
1) Las partes podrán solicitar al Organismo que clasifique la información que hayan
proporcionado como confidencial y podrán dar razones para esa solicitud, y el Organismo conside rará
la solicitud y decidirá al respecto e informará a la parte interesada de su decisión si rechaza la
solicitud.
2) El Organismo podrá solicitar a una parte que presente un resumen no confidencial de la
información confidencial que haya proporcionado, y el resumen no confidencial contendrá suficientes
detalles para permitir una comprensión razonable de la información confidencial.
3) En circunstancias excepcionales, una parte podrá indicar que la información confidencial no
puede ser resumida y proporcionará una exposición de las razones por las que no es posible
resumirla.
4) Si el Organismo llega a la conclusión de que un resumen no confidencial de la información
confidencial proporcionado por una parte no contiene suficientes detalles para per mitir una
comprensión razonable de la información confidencial, podrá determinar que la solicitud de que se
clasifique la información como confidencial no está justificada.
5) Si el Organismo constata que una solicitud de confidencialidad no está justifica da y si la parte
interesada no está dispuesta a hacer pública la información o a autorizar su divulgación en términos
generales o resumidos, el Organismo podrá hacer caso omiso de esa información a menos que pueda
demostrarse sobre la base de fuentes aprop iadas de manera que lo satisfaga que la información es
correcta.
16. Determinación preliminar
1) El Organismo informará a las partes interesadas de la fecha en que efectuará un a
determinación preliminar de la existencia de dumping, daño y relación causal, y esas partes
interesadas podrán presentar comunicaciones escritas por lo menos 15 días antes de que el
Organismo efectúe la determinación preliminar.
2) El Organismo efectuará una determinación preliminar de la existencia de dumping, daño y
relación causa l no antes de 60 días y no después de 180 días de la iniciación de una investigación.
3) El Organismo hará pública una notificación de la determinación preliminar de la existencia de
dumping, daño y relación causal, y en la notificación se expondrán las co nstataciones y conclusiones
del Organismo y se incluirán:
a. las identidades de los exportadores y productores del producto investigado de que se
tenga conocimiento;
b. una descripción del producto investigado, incluido su número de la Clasificación
Arancelaria Armonizada; G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 28 -
c. la cuantía del margen de dumping y la base para efectuar esa determinación, incluido
el método utilizado para determinar el valor normal, el precio de exportación y cualquier
ajuste efectuado cuando se comparen ambos ;
d. los factores que han llev ado a la determinación de la existencia de daño y relación
causal, incluida la información sobre los factores distintos de las importaciones objeto
de dumping que se hayan tenido en cuenta ; y
e. las medidas provisionales que se aplicarán y las razones de que esas medidas
provisionales sean necesarias para evitar el daño .
4) El Organismo publicará la notificación en la Gaceta y mediante anuncios en por lo menos dos
periódicos de circulación nacional en Kenya y entregará la notificación al Gobierno del país de
exportación y a la parte o las partes interesadas de que se tenga conocimiento.
5) Dentro de los 15 días siguientes a la formulación de la determinación preliminar y a solicitud
de los exportadores y productores, el Organismo celebrará reuniones separadas c on los exportadores
y productores para revelar y explicar el método de cálculo del dumping utilizado para efectuar la
determinación preliminar.
17. Medidas provisionales
1) El Secretario del Gabinete solo podrá aplicar medidas provisionales s i:
a. el Organismo ha iniciado una investigación de conformidad con la presente sección, ha
publicado una notificación de tal investigación y ha proporcionado a cada parte
interesada una oportunidad razonable de presentar comunicaciones sobre la misma;
b. el Organismo ha efectuado una determinación preliminar que demuestra la existencia
de dumping, daño y relación causal que afectan a una rama de producción nacional ; y
c. el Organismo ha comunicado al Secretario del Gabinete que las medidas son necesarias
para evitar el d año a la rama de producción nacional durante la investigación.
2) Las medidas provisionales podrán tomar la forma de derechos antidumping provisionales o de
una garantía no superior al margen de dumping estimado, y la garantía será un depósito en efectivo
o una fianza.
3) No se aplicarán medidas provisionales antes de 60 días a partir de la fecha de iniciación de la
investigación.
4) Las medidas provisionales se aplicarán durante un período no superior a seis meses.
5) El Secretario del Gabinete podrá prorrogar la aplicación de las medidas provisionales por un
período no superior a nueve meses a solicitud de exportadores que representen un porcentaje
significativo del comercio del producto investigado.
6) Las disposiciones sobre la imposición y la recau dación de derechos antidumping se aplicarán
al presente párrafo, con las modificaciones necesarias.
7) Cuidando de proteger la información confidencial, el Secretario del Gabinete publicará en la
Gaceta los detalles de las medida s provisionales impuestas y esa notificación contendrá:
a. los nombres de los exportadores o, cuando esto no sea factible, los países de
exportación;
b. una descripción del producto investigado, incluido su número de la Clasificación
Arancelaria Armonizada;
c. el margen de dumping establecid o y el método utilizado para el establecimiento y la
comparación del precio de exportación y el valor normal; G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 29 -
d. cualesquiera fundamentos en que se base la determinación de la existencia de daño a
la rama de producción nacional ; y
e. los principales fundamentos de la determinación preliminar.
18. Compromisos voluntarios relativos a los precios
1) El procedimiento podrá suspenderse o darse por terminado sin que se impongan medidas o
derechos antidumping provisionales si el Organismo está convencido de que el efec to perjudicial del
dumping ha sido eliminado después de que el exportador del producto investigado ha asumido un
compromiso voluntario de revisar sus precios o poner fin a la exportación del producto investigado
a Kenya.
2) El aumento de los precios no pod rá ser mayor de lo necesario para eliminar el margen de
dumping pero podrá ser inferior al margen de dumping si es suficiente para eliminar el daño a la
rama de producción nacional.
3) El Organismo solo podrá tratar de obtener o aceptar de un exportador de un producto
investigado un compromiso relativo a los precios en forma de revisión del precio de exportación del
producto para eliminar el margen de dumping si ha efectuado una determinación preliminar de la
existencia de dumping, daño y relación causal.
4) El Organismo podrá negarse a aceptar un compromiso relativo a los precios si considera que
la aceptación no es práctica, por ejemplo, si el número de exportadores reales o potenciales es
demasiado elevado o por otras razones, en particular de política ge neral, y cuando el Organismo se
niegue a aceptar un compromiso relativo a los precios, proporcionará al exportador las razones de
esa negativa y le dará una oportunidad de formular observaciones sobre la misma.
5) Cuando el Organismo haya aceptado un compr omiso relativo a los precios de un exportador,
podrá completar, sin embargo, la investigación si así lo decide o a solicitud del exportador y si
determina:
a. que no hay dumping ni daño, el compromiso relativo a los precios caducará ; o
b. que no hay dumping ni d año y ello se debe al compromiso relativo a los precios, dicho
compromiso se mantendrá durante un período razonable;
c. el margen de dumping establecido y el método utilizado para el establecimiento y la
comparación del precio de exportación y el valor normal ;
d. cualesquiera fundamentos en que se base la determinación del daño a la rama de
producción nacional ; y
e. los principales fundamentos de la determinación preliminar.
6) Un exportador podrá sugerir al Organismo un compromiso relativo a los precios pero no es tará
obligado a asumir tal compromiso, y el Organismo no albergará ningún prejuicio contra un
exportador que no ofrezca un compromiso relativo a los precios o no acepte una oferta de asumir
tal compromiso durante una investigación.
7) El Organismo podrá ex igir a cualquier exportador del que se haya aceptado un compromiso
relativo a los precios que proporcione periódicamente información pertinente para el cumplimiento
de ese compromiso y que permita la verificación de los datos pertinentes . Un exportador pod rá
sugerir al Organismo un compromiso relativo a los precios pero no estará obligado a asumir tal
compromiso, y el Organismo no albergará ningún prejuicio contra un exportador que no ofrezca un
compromiso relativo a los precios o no acepte una oferta de as umir tal compromiso durante una
investigación.
8) Si un exportador infringe cualquiera de las condiciones de un compromiso relativo a los
precios, el Organismo podrá recomendar al Secretario de Gabinete la pronta aplicación de medidas
provisionales, y la i mposición de derechos podrá hacerse sobre los productos exportados a Kenya
no más de 90 días antes de la aplicación de esas medidas provisionales, salvo que tal evaluación
retroactiva no se aplicará a los productos importados antes de la violación del comp romiso. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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9) Cuando el Organismo acepte un compromiso, publicará los detalles del mismo en la Gaceta y
mediante anuncios en, por lo menos, dos periódicos de circulación nacional, incluidos los detalles no
confidenciales del compromiso y las razones fundamentales para l a aceptación de este.
19. Determinación definitiva y cálculo del margen de dumping
1) Cuidando de proteger la información confidencial, el Organismo efectuará una determinación
definitiva de la existencia de dumping, daño y relación causal dentro de los 180 días siguientes a la
formulación de la determinación preliminar sobre la base de la información obtenida por él durante
el curso de la investigación.
2) El Organismo determinará el margen de dumping para cada exportador o productor del
producto investiga do de que se tenga conocimiento.
3) Cuando el número de exportadores, productores, importadores o tipos de productos de que
se trate sea tan grande que no sea factible efectuar una determinación, el Organismo limitará su
examen a un número razonable de exp ortadores, productores o importadores o productos utilizando
muestras estadísticamente válidas o al mayor porcentaje del volumen de las exportaciones
procedentes del país de exportación que pueda razonablemente investigarse.
4) Se podrá elegir cualquier se lección de los exportadores, productores, importadores o tipos de
producto en consulta con los exportadores, productores o importadores de que se trate.
5) Además de lo dispuesto en los apartados 3) y 4), el Organismo determinará el margen de
dumping indiv idual de los exportadores o productores no seleccionados inicialmente que presenten
la información requerida a tiempo para que esa información se tenga en cuenta durante la
investigación pero si el número de exportadore s o productores es tan grande que los exámenes
individuales resultarán indebidamente gravosos e impedirán la terminación oportuna de la
investigación, el Organismo no efectuará esas determinaciones individuales del margen de dumping.
6) El Organismo podrá negarse a determinar un margen de dum ping individual sobre la base de
una respuesta voluntaria y limitar su examen a los exportadores y productores incluidos en la
muestra.
20. Notificación de la determinación definitiva
1) El Organismo informará a todas las partes interesadas de su determina ción definitiva y de las
principales razones de la decisión de aplicar medidas antidumping por lo menos 30 días antes de
que se efectúe la determinación definitiva de imponer una medida antidumping.
2) Cuidando de proteger la información confidencial, el O rganismo publicará una notificación de
la determinación definitiva, y la notificación contendrá toda la información pertinente, incluidos:
a. los nombres de los exportadores y productores del producto investigado de que se tenga
conocimiento;
b. una descripción del producto investigado, incluido su número de la Clasificación
Arancelaria Armonizada;
c. la cuantía del margen de dumping, si lo hubiere, y la base de esa determinación,
incluidos el método utilizado para la determinación del valor normal y el precio de
exportación y cualesquiera ajustes efectuados al comparar ambos;
d. el método de comparación entre el precio de exportación y el valor normal y la
explicación de la utilización de ese método;
e. las razones para no determinar cualquier margen de dumping individual cuando el
Organismo se haya negado a efectuar esa determinación;
f. los fundamentos en que se base la determinación de la existencia de daño y relación
causal, incluidos los fundamentos distintos de las exportaciones objeto de dumping; G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 31 -
g. cualesquiera otros fun damentos de la determinación definitiva;
h. las razones para aceptar o rechazar los argumentos o alegacione s pertinentes de los
exportadores o los importadores;
i. la cuantía del derecho antidumping que se impondrá, en particular si un derecho inferior
al margen de dumping sería suficiente para eliminar el daño a la rama de producción
nacional ; y
j. cuando deban recaudarse derechos antidumping definitivos con respecto a las
importaciones, las medidas provisionales aplicadas y los fundamentos de la decisión.
3) El Organismo publicará la notificación en la Gaceta y mediante anuncios en por lo menos dos
periódicos de circulación nacional.
4) La notificación se enviará al Gobierno de cada país cuyos productos queden sujetos a la
determinación y a las demás partes interes adas de que se tenga conocimiento.
21. Imposición y recaudación de derechos antidumping
1) Cuando se hayan cumplido todas las condiciones para la imposición de un derecho
antidumping, al decidir si impone o no ese derecho, el Secretario del Gabinete:
a. examinará si la imposición de una medida antidumping redunda en interés nacional ; y
b. por recomendación del Organismo, considerará si un derecho inferior al margen de
dumping total es suficiente para eliminar el daño a la rama de producción nacional.
2) Cuando determine cuál es el interés nacional, el Secretario del Gabinete tendrá en cuenta,
además de los intereses de la rama de producción nacional, la competencia interna con respecto al
producto investigado, las necesidades de los usuarios industriales de este y el interés de los
consumidores finales cuando proceda.
3) Un derecho antidumping será un derech o ad valorem o cualquier otro derecho específico y se
recaudará de manera no discriminatoria de todas las fuentes que se haya constatado que son
responsabl es del dumping y causan daño en Kenya pero no de aquellas fuentes de las que el
Organismo haya aceptado compromisos relativos a los precios.
4) Cuando el Secretario del Gabinete imponga un derecho antidumping, el Organismo indicará el
nombre del proveedor del producto investigado.
5) Pese a lo dispuesto en el apartado 4), cuando no sea factible indicar el nombre de todos los
exportadores del producto investigado, el Organismo podrá indicar el país de exportación de que se
trate y, si intervienen varios expo rtadores de más de un país, podrá indicar el nombre o bien de
todos los exportadores que participen o, cuando esto no sea factible, de todos los países de
exportación a que pertenezcan.
6) Un derecho antidumping no será superior al margen de dumping establ ecido de conformidad
con la presente sección.
7) Cuando el Organismo haya limitado su examen de conformidad con el párrafo 19, cualquier
derecho antidumping aplicado a las importaciones procedentes de exportadores o productores no
incluidos en el examen no será superior a:
a. el promedio ponderado del margen de dumping establecido con respecto a los
exportadores o productores seleccionados ; o
b. cuando un derecho antidumping se calcule sobre la base de un valor normal prospectivo,
la diferencia entre el promedio ponderado del valor normal de los exportadores o
productores seleccionados y los precios de exportación de esos exportadores o G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 32 -
productores no se calculará individualmente pero el Organismo hará caso omiso de
cualesquiera márgenes de dumping nulos y de mini mis determinados de conformidad
con la presente sección.
8) Cuando la cuantía del derecho antidumping se evalúe retroactivamente de conformidad con
el párrafo 22:
a. la determinación de la responsabilidad final del pago del derecho antidumping tendrá
lugar lo antes posible en un plazo de 12 meses y, en cualquier caso, no después de
18 meses a partir de la fecha en que se haya formulado una solicitud de evaluación
definitiva de la cuantía del derecho antidumping;
b. cualquier reembolso se efectuará dentro de los 90 días siguientes a la determinación de
la responsabilidad final ; y
c. cuando no se efectúe un reembolso en un plazo de 90 días, el Organismo Fiscal de
Kenya proporcionará una explicación si se le solicita.
9) Cuando la cuantía del derecho antidumping se eval úe de manera prospectiva:
a. si se solicita se adoptarán disposiciones para el pronto reembolso de cualquier derecho
pagado que exceda del margen de dumping;
b. el reembolso de cualquier derecho pagado que exceda del margen de dumping real se
efectuará en un pla zo de un año y, en cualquier caso, no después de 18 meses a partir
de la fecha en que solicitó el reembolso un importador del producto sujeto al derecho
antidumping ; y
c. el reembolso autorizado será efectuado por el Organismo Fiscal de Kenya en los 90 días
siguientes a la decisión del Organismo.
10) Al determinar la cuantía del reembolso que habrá de efectuarse de conformidad con la
presente Ley y por recomendación del Organismo, cuando el precio de exportación se establezca de
conformidad con el párrafo 4, el Organismo tendrá en cuenta cualquier modificación del valor normal,
los gastos en que se incurra entre la importación y la reventa y cualquier modificación del precio de
reventa y calculará el precio de exportación sin deducir la cuantía del derecho ant idumping pagado.
22. Retroactividad
1) Cualquier medida o derecho antidumping provisional impuesto por el Secretario del Gabinete
solo podrá aplicarse sobre los productos importados después de que se publique la notificación de
la determinación definitiva de una investigación o un examen.
2) El Secretario del Gabinete podrá imponer un derecho antidumping retroactivo si se lo
recomienda al Organismo cuando haya habido una determinación definitiva de la existencia de daño
o amenaza de daño y si la determinaci ón de la existencia de daño o amenaza de daño ha dado lugar
a la imposición de medidas provisionales para el período en que se importó el producto.
3) Si el derecho antidumping definitivo aplicado es más elevado que el derecho provisional
pagado o pagadero o la cuantía estimada a los efectos de la garantía, la diferencia no se recaudará
si el Organismo lo recomienda pero si el derecho antidumping definitivo es más bajo que el derecho
provisional pagado o pagadero o la cuantía estimada a los efectos de la ga rantía, la diferencia se
reembolsará o el derecho se calculará de nuevo, según el caso.
4) Cuando se efectúe una determinación de la existencia de amenaza de daño o retraso
importante pero aún n o se haya producido un daño, solo podrá imponerse un derecho antidumping
definitivo a partir de la fecha de la determinación de la existencia de amenaza de daño o retraso
importante, y cualquier depósito en efectivo efectuado durante el período de aplicación de
cualesquiera medidas provis ionales se reembolsará y cualquier fianza se liberará prontamente
cuando lo recomiende el Organismo. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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5) Cuando una determinación definitiva sea negativa, se reembolsará cualquier depósito en
efectivo efectuado durante el período de aplicación de las medida s provisionales y se liberarán
prontamente cualesquiera fianzas si lo recomienda el Organismo.
6) Podrá aplicarse un derecho antidumping definitivo cuando lo recomiende el Organismo a los
productos que fueron importados para el consumo no más de 90 días an tes de la fecha de
aplicación de las medidas provisionales y cuando el Organismo determine con respecto al producto
investigado que:
a. hay antecedentes de dumping que ha causado daño o que el importador está, o debería
estar informado de que el exportador pr actica el dumping y de que ese dumping puede
causar daño; y
b. habida cuenta del momento y el volumen de las importaciones objeto de dumping y
otras circunstancias, incluida la rápida acumulación de existencias del producto objeto
de dumping, el daño es causa do por importaciones masivas objeto de dumping de un
producto en un período relativamente breve que probablemente debilite gravemente el
efecto correctivo del derecho antidumping definitivo que se aplicará, pero el derecho
antidumping definitivo no se apli cará a menos que se haya concedido a los importadores
de que se trate una oportunidad de formular observaciones.
7) No se impondrán retroactivamente derechos antidumping según las instrucciones del
Secretario del Gabinete sobre los productos importados par a el consumo antes de la fecha de
iniciación de una investigación antidumping.
8) Si lo recomienda el Organismo, el Organismo Fiscal de Kenya podrá, después de la iniciación
de una investigación antidumping, adoptar medidas como la abstención de la estimac ión o la
evaluación que pueda ser necesaria para recaudar derechos antidumping retroactivamente una vez
que el Organismo disponga de pruebas suficientes de que las condiciones establecidas en el
apartado 6) han sido cumplidas.
PARTE IV - DURACIÓN Y EXAMEN DE LOS DERECHOS ANTIDUMPING
Y LOS COMPROMISOS VOLUNTARIOS RELATIVOS A LOS PRECIOS
23. Prescripciones generales
1) Se aplicará un derecho antidumping hasta el momento en que el daño causado por cualquier
dumping de un producto haya sido contrarrestado.
2) Cualquier examen se realizará prontamente y se concluirá dentro de los 12 meses siguientes
a su fecha de iniciación.
3) Las disposiciones del presente párrafo se aplicarán a cualquier compromiso voluntario relativo
a los precios aceptado de conformidad con el párrafo 18.
4) El Organismo publicará una notificación de la expiración inminente de cualesquiera medidas
antidumping en la Gaceta y mediante anuncios en por lo menos dos periódicos de circulación nacional
no menos de 90 días antes de la fecha de expira ción de una medida antidumping.
5) El Organismo publicará una notificación pública de la iniciación de cualquier examen que
realice en la Gaceta y mediante anuncios en por lo menos dos periódicos de circulación nacional.
24. Examen por cambio de las circun stancias
1) El Organismo examinará la necesidad de continuar imponiendo un derecho antidumping por
iniciativa propia cuando sea necesario o a solicitud de cualquier parte interesada que presente
información que justifique la necesidad de un examen.
2) Una parte interesada podrá solicitar al Organismo que examine si la continuación de la
imposición de un derecho antidumping es necesaria para contrarrestar el dumping o si el daño
continuaría o se reanudaría probablemente si se eliminara o se modificara el der echo o ambas cosas. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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3) Si, después de un examen realizado de conformidad con el presente párrafo, el Organismo
determina que el derecho antidumping ya no es necesario, solicitará al Organismo Fiscal de Kenya
que ponga fin a su recaudación.
25. Exámenes por extinción
1) Pese a lo dispuesto en los párrafos 24 o 26, el Organismo podrá solicitar al Organismo Fiscal
de Kenya que ponga fin a la recaudación de un derecho antidumping definitivo no después de cinco
años a partir de la fecha de la imposición del dere cho antidumping o a partir de la fecha del último
examen realizado con arreglo al párrafo 26.
2) Si el Organismo inicia un examen antes del período previsto en el apartado 1) por iniciativa
propia o a solicitud hecha por la rama de producción nacional o en nombre de ella y el examen se
inicia dentro de un plazo razonable y el Organismo determina que el final de la recaudación del
derecho antidumping daría lugar a la continuación o la repetición del dumping y el daño, no solicitará
al Organismo Fiscal de Ken ya que ponga fin a dicha recaudación.
3) El Organismo Fiscal de Kenya continuará recaudando el derecho antidumping mientras el
Organismo realice un examen.
26. Exámenes de nuevos exportadores
1) Si un producto está sujeto a derechos antidumping, el Organismo realizará prontamente un
examen con el fin de determinar los márgenes de dumping individuales de cualesquiera exportadores
o productores de un país de exportación que no hayan exportado el producto a Kenya durante el
período de investigación, sie mpre que esos exportadores o productores puedan demostrar que no
están vinculados con ninguno de los exportadores o productores del país de exportación que están
sujetos a los derechos antidumping impuestos sobre un producto.
2) El examen se iniciará dentr o de los 30 días siguientes a la recepción de la solicitud por el
productor o exportador de que se trate y se realizará prontamente.
3) No se impondrán derechos antidumping sobre las importaciones de esos exportadores o
productores mientras se esté realiza ndo el examen pero el Organismo podrá recomendar al
Organismo Fiscal de Kenya que obtenga garantías por la cuantía del derecho antidumping residual
determinada de conformidad con el párrafo 22 para asegurar que, cuando ese examen tenga como
resultado una d eterminación la existencia de dumping con respecto a esos productores o
exportadores, los derechos antidumping puedan aplicarse retroactivamente en la fecha de iniciación
del examen.
PARTE V - DETERMINACIÓN DE LA EXISTENCIA DE
SUBVENCIÓN, DAÑO Y RELACIÓN C AUSAL
27. Subvenciones
1) A los efectos del presente párrafo, se considerará que existe subvención cuando haya una
contribución financiera de un Gobierno o de cualquier organismo público en el territorito de un país
extranjero, es decir:
a. la práctica del Gobierno que implique una transferencia directa de fondos, por ejemplo,
donaciones, préstamos o aportaciones de capital y posibles transferencias directas de
fondos o de pasivos, por ejemplo, garantías de préstamos;
b. cuando se condonen o no se recauden ingres os públicos que en otro caso se percibirían,
por ejemplo, incentivos tales como bonificaciones fiscales;
c. cuando un Gobierno proporcione bienes o servicios que no sean de infraestructura
general o compre bienes ; y
d. cuando un Gobierno realice pagos a un mecan ismo de financiación o encomiende a una
entidad privada una o varias de las funciones descritas en el presente párrafo que
normalmente incumbirían al Gobierno y le orden que las lleve a cabo y la práctica no
difiera significativamente de las prácticas norm almente seguidas por ese Gobierno . G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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2) Se considerará también que existe subvención cuando haya cualquier forma de sostenimiento
de los precios que aumente las exportaciones de un producto cualquiera del territorio del país que
ofrezca ese sostenimiento o r eduzca las importaciones de ese producto en el territorio de ese país y
con ello se otorgue un beneficio definido en el artículo XVI del GATT de 1994 .
3) Se considerará también que existe subvención cuando haya cualquier forma de sostenimiento
de los ingre sos que aumente las exportaciones de cualquier producto procedentes del territorio del
país que ofrezca ese sostenimiento o reduzca las importaciones de cualquier producto en el territorio
de ese país y con ello se otorgue un beneficio definido en el artíc ulo XVI del GATT de 1994 .
4) De conformidad con las disposiciones del artículo XVI del GATT de 1994 , el Acuerdo SMC de
la OMC y la presente sección, la exención de un producto exportado de los derechos o impuestos
aplicados al producto similar cuando esté destinado al consumo interno o la renuncia a esos derech o
o impuestos en cuantías que no excedan de las devengadas no se considerará subvención.
5) Una subvención solo estará sujeta a las disposiciones de la presente sección si es específica
de conformidad con el párrafo 28.
28. Las subvenciones deben ser específicas
1) A los efectos del presente párrafo, se entiende por "determinadas empresas " una empresa o
rama de pro ducción o un grupo de empresas o ramas de producción dentro de la jurisdicción de la
autoridad otorgante.
2) Una subvención es específica para determinadas empresas si se aplican los principios
siguientes:
a. la autoridad otorgante o la legislación en virtud de la cual actúe la autoridad otorgante
limita expresamente el acceso a la subvención a determinadas empresas;
b. no existe especificidad si la autoridad otorgante o la legislación en virtud de la cual
actúe la autoridad otorgante establece criterios o condic iones objetivos que rijan el
derecho a obtener la subvención y su cuantía siempre que el derecho sea automático y
que se respeten estrictamente tales criterios y condiciones . Se entiende por "criterios o
condiciones objetivos " criterios o condiciones que s on neutros, que no favorecen a
determinadas empresas con preferencia a otras y que son de carácter económico y de
aplicación horizontal, como el número de empleados o el tamaño de la empresa ; y
c. pese a la apariencia de no especificidad, hay factores que hac en creer que la subvención
específica, incluida la utilización de un programa de subvenciones por un número
limitado de determinadas empresas, la utilización predominante por determinadas
empresas, la concesión de cantidades desproporcionadamente elevadas de
subvenciones a determinadas empresas y la forma en que la autoridad otorgante haya
ejercido facultades discrecionales en la decisión de conceder una subvención . Se
considerará también la información sobre la frecuencia con que se rechacen o se
aprueben las solicitudes de subvención y las razones de esas decisiones . También se
tendrá en cuenta el grado de diversificación de las actividades económicas dentro de la
jurisdicción de la autoridad otorgante, así como el período durante el que se haya
aplicado e l programa de subvenciones.
3) Cualquier subvención limitada a determinadas empresas situadas en una región geográfica
designada, incluida una zona de elaboración de exportaciones o una zona de libre comercio, de la
jurisdicción de la autoridad otorgante s e considerará específica . En el caso de los productos
originarios de una zona de elaboración de exportaciones o una zona de libre comercio situada dentro
de la jurisdicción de un país menos adelantado, estas subvenciones no se considerarán subvenciones
específicas recurribles en tanto permanezca en vigor la exención pertinente en el marco de la OMC.
4) El establecimiento o la revisión de tipos fiscales generalmente aplicables establecidos por
todos los niveles del gobierno que tengan derecho a hacerlo no se considerará una subvención
específica a efectos de la presente sección. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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5) Cualquier subvención incluida en las disposiciones del párrafo 29 se considerará específica.
6) Cualquier determinación de especificidad de conformidad con las disposiciones del pr esente
párrafo se establecerá mediante pruebas positivas.
29. Subvenciones prohibidas
1) A reserva de lo permitido expresamente por el Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura de la OMC, están
prohibidas las siguientes subvenciones:
a. las subvenciones supeditadas a los resultados de exportación, y este criterio se cumplirá
cuando se demuestre que la concesión de una subvención está vinculada a la
exportación o los ingresos de exportación reales o previstos pero la mera concesión de
una subvención a empresas que exporten no será razón suficiente por sí sola para
considerarla una subvención a la exportación en el sentido de esta disposición ; y
b. las subvenciones supeditadas al empleo de productos nacionales con preferencia a los
importados.
2) La subvención descrita en el ap artado 1) a . podrá permitirse en el caso de los productos
originarios de un país designado por las Naciones Unidas como país menos adelantado.
30. Cálculo de la cuantía de una subvención sobre la base del beneficio para el receptor
1) La cuantía de una sub vención que pueda ser objeto de derechos compensatorios recibida por
el receptor se calculará sobre la base del beneficio otorgado al receptor.
2) Cuando el receptor de una subvención que pueda ser objeto de derechos compensatorios es
una empresa propiedad del Estado que es privatizada posteriormente, se da por supuesto que la
privatización extingue el beneficio si se realiza en condiciones de plena competencia y por un valor
justo de mercado.
3) Al calcular la tasa total de subvención del producto investig ado para a un productor o
exportador extranjero determinado, la tasa de subvención de ese producto correspondiente al
productor o exportador se calculará para cada subvención o programa de subvenciones investigado
y la suma de las tasas de la subvención o el programa de subvenciones será la tasa total de
subvención del producto para ese productor o exportador.
4) Cualquier cálculo de la subvención ad valorem total de un producto que exceda del porcentaje
de minimis pertinente se calculará de conformidad con el apartado 11) en los casos en que se
produzca un perjuicio grave como resultado de lo siguiente:
a. el efecto de la subvención es desplazar u obstaculizar la importación de un producto
similar originario de Kenya en el mercado del país extranjero que conc ede la
subvención;
b. el efecto de la subvención es desplazar u obstaculizar las exportaciones de un producto
similar originario de Kenya al mercado de un país extranjero;
c. el efecto de la subvención es una significativa subvaloración de precios por el product o
subvencionado en Kenya en comparación con el precio de un producto similar fabricado
en Kenya o la reducción del precio, la limitación de la subida del precio o la pérdida de
ventas significativa en Kenya ; el efecto de la subvención es desplazar u obstac ulizar las
exportaciones de un producto similar originario de Kenya al mercado de un país
extranjero;
d. el efecto de la subvención es un aumento para el país que concede la subvención de la
participación en el mercado mundial de un producto o producto básico subvencionado
determinado a menos que se apliquen otras normas específicas acordadas a nivel
multilateral al comercio del producto o producto básico en cuestión en comparación con
la participación media que tuvo durante el período anterior de tres años, y este aumento
muestre una tendencia uniforme durante el período en el que se han concedido las
subvenciones. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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5) A fin de calcular la tasa de subvención de un producto investigado para un productor o
exportador extranjero resultante de una subvención o prog rama de subvenciones objeto de
investigación determinado, el Organismo:
a. determinará la cuantía total de la subvención recibida por ese productor o exportador
de la subvención o el programa en cuestión y la fecha o las fechas de recepción de la
misma;
b. determinará la parte de la cuantía total de la subvención atribuible al período de
investigación de la subvención;
c. determinará el valor total durante el período de investigación de la subvención de las
ventas pertinentes del productor o exportador extranjero a l que puede atribuirse la
cuantía de la subvención correspondiente al período de investigación ; y
d. calculará la tasa de subvención ad valorem de la subvención o el programa dividiendo
la cuantía de la subvención correspondiente al período de investigación por el valor
pertinente de las ventas identificado en el tercer paso y multiplicando el resultado
por 100.
6) El Organismo determinará una cuantía de subvención individual para cada productor o
exportador extranjero del producto investigado de que se tenga conocimiento.
7) Cuando el número de exportadores, productores, importadores o tipos de productos
participantes sea tan grande que no resulte factible determinar una cuantía de subvención individual
para cada productor o exportador extranjero interesado d el producto investigado de que se tenga
conocimiento, el Organismo podrá limitar su examen a un número razonable de partes interesadas
o productos investigados utilizando muestras estadísticamente válidas basadas en los datos de que
disponga en el momento de la selección o al mayor porcentaje del volumen de las exportaciones
procedentes del país en cuestión que se pueda investigar razonablemente.
8) Cualquier selección de exportadores, productores, importadores o tipos de productos
efectuada de conformidad con el presente párrafo se hará después de celebrar consultas con los
exportadores, productores o importadores interesados.
9) Cuando el Organismo haya limitado su examen de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el
apartado 5), determinará una cuantía de subvenc ión individual para cada productor o exportador
extranjero que presente voluntariamente la información necesaria a tiempo para que esa
información se examine en el curso de la investigación.
10) Cuando el número de exportadores o productores sea tan grande que los exámenes
individuales resultarían indebidamente gravosos e impedirían la terminación oportuna de una
investigación, el Organismo podrá negarse a determinar cuantías de subvención individuales sobre
la base de esas respuestas voluntarias y limitar su examen a los exportadores y productores de la
muestra . Si el número de los exportadores, productores, importadores o tipos de productos
participantes es tan grande que no resulta factible determinar una cuantía de subvención individual
para cada product or o exportador extranjero del producto investigado interesado de que se tenga
conocimiento, el Organismo podrá limitar su examen a un número razonable de partes interesadas
o productos investigados utilizando muestras estadísticamente válidas basadas en l os datos de que
disponga en el momento de la selección o al porcentaje mayor del volumen de las exportaciones
procedentes del país en cuestión que pueda investigarse razonablemente.
11) La cuantía total de la subvención, calculada sobre la base del benefic io para el receptor será
determinada por el Organismo utilizando un método apropiado correspondiente a la forma de
subvención de que se trate.
12) Al determinar la cuantía total de la subvención, recibida por un productor o exportador
extranjero o la tasa total de subvención ad valorem del producto objeto de investigación, el
Organismo deducirá las siguientes cantidades cuando proceda: G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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a. cualquier derecho de solicitud u otro gasto en que se incurra necesariamente para reunir
las condiciones de la subvención o para la obtención de esta;
b. los impuestos y derechos de exportación u otras cargas aplicadas a la exportación del
producto a Kenya específicamente destinados a contrarrestar la subvención o las
subvenciones.
13) Cualquier método utilizado por el Organismo para calcular el beneficio otorgado al receptor
será transparente y suficientemente explicado y será compatible con las siguientes directrices:
a. no se considerará que la aportación de capital por un Gobierno otorga un beneficio a
menos que la decisión de i nversión pueda considerarse incompatible con la práctica
habitual en materia de inversiones de los inversores privados en el territorio de ese país;
b. no se considerará que un préstamo de un Gobierno otorga un beneficio a menos que
haya una diferencia entre la cuantía que la empresa que reciba el préstamo pague al
Gobierno como intereses de este y cualesquiera otras cargas y gastos y la cuantía que
la empresa pagaría sobre un préstamo comercial comparable que podría obtener
realmente en el mercado . En este ca so, el beneficio será la diferencia entre esas dos
cuantías;
c. no se considerará que la garantía de un préstamo por un Gobierno otorga un beneficio
a menos que haya una diferencia entre la cuantía que la empresa que reciba la garantía
pague sobre el préstamo garantizado por el Gobierno y la cuantía que la empresa
pagaría sobre un préstamo comercial comparable sin la garantía del Gobierno . En este
caso, la garantía será la diferencia entre esas dos cuantías, ajustada para tener en
cuenta cualesquiera diferenci as en los derechos ; y
d. no se considerará que el suministro de bienes o servicios o la compra de bienes por un
Gobierno otorga un beneficio a menos que el suministro se haga por una remuneración
inferior a la adecuada, y la adecuación de la remuneración se determinará en relación
con las condiciones existentes en el mercado para el bien o el servicio en cuestión en el
país del suministro, incluidos el precio, la calidad, la disponibilidad, la comerciabilidad,
el transporte y otras condiciones de la compra o la venta.
14) El cálculo de la cuantía de la subvención se efectuará determinando el costo de la subvención
para el Gobierno otorgante.
15) Salvo por lo dispuesto en los apartados 16), 17) y 18), al determinar si la tasa total de
subvención es superior al 5 % del valor del producto, el valor del producto se calculará como el valor
total de las ventas de la empresa receptor a en el período de 12 meses anterior a la fecha en que se
concedió la subvención y para el cual se disponga de datos sobre las ventas . La cuantía total de la
subvención calculada sobre la base del beneficio para el receptor será determinada por el Organism o
utilizando un método apropiado correspondiente a la forma de la subvención de que se trate.
16) Si la empresa receptora es una empresa que se está poniendo en marcha, se considerará que
existe perjuicio grave si la tasa total de subvención es superior al 15% de los fondos totales
invertidos en la empresa puesta en marcha y el período de puesta en marcha no es superior a los
primeros 12 meses de producción e incluye situaciones en que se hayan asumido compromisos
financieros para el desarrollo de productos o la construcción de instalaciones incluso si la producción
aún no ha comenzado.
17) Si la empresa receptora está situada en un país con una economía inflacionaria, el valor del
producto se calculará como las ventas totales de la empresa receptora o, si l a subvención está
vinculada, las ventas del producto conexo durante el período de 12 meses anterior a la fecha en que
se concedió la subvención.
18) Las subvenciones concedidas en virtud de distintos programas y por distintas autoridades en
el territorio d e un país extranjero se sumarán para establecer la tasa total de subvención en un año
determinado. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 39 -
31. Determinación de la cuantía de la subvención atribuible al período de investigación
1) La cuantía de la subvención atribuible al período de investigación de una subvención o un
programa de subvenciones investigado es la cuantía total de la subvención recibida por el receptor
de esa subvención o programa de subvenciones correspondiente a ese período.
2) Cuando las cuantías totales de la subvención se distribuyan a lo largo de un período de varios
años, la cuantía de la subvención correspondiente al período de investigación será la parte de los
beneficios resultante de la cuantía total de la subvención asignada a ese período.
3) Cuando el Organismo cons tate que una determinada subvención presenta una o varias de las
características de una "subvención asignable ", la cuantía de la subvención podrá ser asignada a lo
largo del promedio de vida útil de los activos operacionales del receptor.
4) Las subvencion es que se asignan de esta manera de conformidad con el apartado 3) incluyen
las subvenciones que:
a. son proporcionadas para los fines de compra de activos fijos;
b. son no recurrentes;
c. están orientadas a la producción futura ; y
d. se pasan a cuenta nueva en lo s registros contables del receptor.
5) En el caso de las donaciones de pequeño valor que no superen el 0,5 % de las ventas
pertinentes de la empresa receptora, el período de investigación de la subvención se atribuirá por
completo al año de recepción.
6) El Organismo determinará la cuantía de la subvención que debe atribuirse al período de
investigación de la subvención en el caso de una subvención asignable dividiendo la cuantía total de
la subvención por el número de años del promedio de vida útil de los a ctivos operacionales del
receptor, es decir, el período de asignación y, cuando el número de años entre la fecha de recepción
de la subvención y el período de investigación de esta sea mayor que el promedio de vida útil de los
activos, no se atribuirá ning una cuantía de la subvención al período de investigación de la misma.
7) La asignación prescrita en los apartados 3) , 4), 5) y 6) supra se realizará dividiendo la cuantía
de la subvención por el número de años del período de asignación y atribuyendo la cua ntía resultante
al período de investigación de la subvención.
8) En el caso de las subvenciones proporcionadas mediante préstamos a largo plazo, es decir,
con un vencimiento superior a un año, el período de asignación será la vida del préstamo.
9) Salvo si se dispone otra cosa en la presente sección, la fecha en que se considerará que la
cuantía correspondiente al período de investigación de una subvención asignable ha sido recibida
será el aniversario de la fecha original de recepción de la subvención.
10) A los efectos de determinar el período de asignación para un productor o exportador extranjero
dado, el Organismo calculará normalmente el promedio de vida útil de los activos de ese productor
o exportador como la razón entre el promedio total del valor c ontable de sus activos físicos
amortizables y el gasto anual medio por amortización durante el período de varios años pertinente
más reciente . Al seleccionar una fuente de datos para el cálculo del promedio de vida útil de los
activos, se preferirán los da tos contables a los datos sobre amortización calculados con fines fiscales.
11) Cuando el Organismo esté convencido sobre la base de pruebas positivas de que una
subvención está vinculada a la compra de un activo determinado, podrá utilizar el promedio de vida
útil del activo al que está vinculada la subvención como el período de asignación de esa subvención.
32. Determinación de las ventas a las que es atribuible la cuantía de la subvención
correspondiente al período de investigación
1) Las ventas a las qu e se atribuirá la cuantía de la subvención correspondiente al período de
investigación son las ventas totales del receptor durante ese período, a menos que el Organismo
demuestre que la cuantía de la subvención recibida por un productor o exportador extran jero está
vinculada a una parte determinada de los productos o las ventas del receptor o está destinada a G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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beneficiarla, por ejemplo, a la producción o las ventas de un producto determinado para un mercado
determinado.
2) Cuando el Organismo demuestre que l a cuantía de una subvención recibida por un productor
o exportador extranjero está vinculada a una parte determinada de la producción o las ventas del
receptor o está destinada a beneficiarla, atribuirá la cuantía de la subvención al valor de las ventas
correspondientes pertinentes del receptor durante el período de investigación de la subvención . Al
identificar esas ventas correspondientes pertinentes, el Organismo aplicará las siguientes
directrices:
a. en el caso de las subvenciones vinculadas a la totalida d de las exportaciones o las
actividades de exportación del receptor, el valor de las ventas pertinentes para la
atribución de la cuantía de la subvención será el valor total de las ventas de exportación
del receptor durante el período de investigación de la subvención;
b. en el caso de las subvenciones vinculadas a la producción o la venta de un producto
determinado, el valor de las ventas pertinentes para la atribución de la cuantía de la
subvención será el valor total de las ventas de ese producto del recep tor durante el
período de investigación de la subvención;
c. en el caso de las subvenciones vinculadas a un mercado determinado, el valor de las
ventas pertinentes para la atribución de la cuantía de la subvención será el valor total
de las ventas del recepto r a ese mercado durante el período de investigación de la
subvención ; y
d. en el caso de las subvenciones vinculadas exclusivamente a la producción o la venta de
productos, o a mercados, distintos de las exportaciones del producto investigado a
Kenya, no se a tribuirá a esas exportaciones ninguna cuantía de la subvención, es decir,
ninguna cuantía de esas subvenciones será objeto de medidas compensatorias.
33. Determinación de la tasa total de subvención del producto investigado
1) El Organismo calculará la tasa de subvención ad valorem para un productor o exportador
extranjero del producto investigado resultante de una subvención o un programa de subvenciones
dado dividiendo la cuantía de la subvención correspondiente al período obj eto de investigación
determinada por el valor apropiado de las ventas establecido de conformidad con el párrafo 30 y
multiplicando el resultado por 100.
2) El Organismo calculará la tasa de subvención ad valorem total para un productor o exportador
extranj ero del producto investigado sumando las tasas de subvención ad valorem calculadas para
ese productor o exportador correspondientes a cada una de las subvenciones o los programas de
subvenciones investigados.
3) En el caso de las subvenciones asignables en los países con una gran inflación, el Organismo
podrá ajustar la tasa de subvención ad valorem para tener en cuenta la inflación y, si ese ajuste se
hace, se efectuará convirtiendo tanto la cuantía total de la subvención como el valor de las ventas
para e l período objeto de investigación a la misma moneda no inflacionaria utilizando los siguientes
tipos de cambio:
a. para la cuantía total de la subvención, el tipo de cambio será el tipo prevaleciente en la
fecha en que se considere que la subvención ha sido r ecibida;
b. para el valor de las ventas correspondiente al período de investigación, el tipo de cambio
será el tipo medio calculado para el período de investigación de la subvención ; y
c. en los casos en que haya variaciones importantes del volumen de las ventas a lo largo
del período de investigación, este tipo medio podrá ser ponderado por el volumen de
las ventas en subperíodos apropiados del período de investigación. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 41 -
34. Método de cálculo y directrices para las subvenciones a determinadas empresas
1) En el ca so de una donación de cuyo valor no se reembolse ninguna parte al Gobierno , la
cuantía total de la subvención será la cuantía de la donación, determinada de conformidad con el
párrafo 30, pero el Organismo considerará normalmente que la fecha de recepción de la subvención
es la fecha de la recepción de la donación y determinará la cuantía de la donación que es atribuible
al período de investigación de la subvención de conformidad con el párrafo 31.
2) En el caso de que el Gobierno asuma o condone la obligac ión de deuda de una empresa, existe
un beneficio igual a la cuantía del capital o el interés que el Gobierno ha asumido o condonado pero,
si el Gobierno recibe acciones de una empresa a cambio de eliminar o reducir las obligaciones de
deuda de esta, el Organismo determinará la existencia de un beneficio de conformidad con las
disposiciones del párrafo 30 y considerará normalmente que la fecha de recepción de la subvención
es la fecha en que se asume o se condona la deuda o el interés.
3) La exención, red ucción o condonación de impuestos directos constituye una subvención por la
cuantía de la diferencia entre la cuantía de los impuestos objeto de la exención, la reducción o la no
recaudación y la cuantía que la empresa habría pagado de lo contrario sin la exención, reducción o
condonación pero el Organismo considerará que la fecha de recepción de la subvención es la fecha
en que han debido pagarse los impuestos objeto de la exención, reducción o condonación y cargará
la cuantía de la subvención de conformid ad con las disposiciones del párrafo 31.
4) En el caso de una postergación de impuestos (impuestos directos, impuestos indirectos,
derechos de importación cargas a la importación y cargas fiscales similares), el Organismo
considerará esa postergación de im puestos como un préstamo del Gobierno por la cuantía de los
impuestos postergados y calculará la cuantía de cualquier subvención resultante de conformidad con
las disposiciones del párrafo 30, según si la postergación se efectúa por menos de un año o por
un año o más pero no se considerará que la postergación de impuestos concede una subvención si
el Gobierno recauda un tipo de interés comercial apropiado sobre la cuantía postergada.
5) En el caso de una exención total o parcial de impuestos indirectos o ca rgas a la importación,
el Organismo determinará la cuantía de cualquier subvención resultante como la diferencia entre la
cuantía de los impuestos indirectos o las cargas a la importación pagados por una empresa y la
cuantía que la empresa habría pagado en otro caso sin la exención pero el Organismo considerará
que la fecha de recepción de la subvención es la fecha en la que la empresa habría tenido que pagar
el impuesto o la carga objeto de la exención y cargará la cuantía de la subvención de conformidad
con las disposiciones del párrafo 31.
6) En el caso de una ayuda del Gobierno a los trabajadores, se considerará que existe un
beneficio en la medida en que la ayuda libere a la empresa que los emplea de una obligación en que
incurriría de lo contrario pero el Organismo considerará que la fecha de recepción de la subvención
es la fecha en que se efectúa el pago del Gobierno que libera a la empresa de la obligación pertinente
y cargará la cuantía de la subvención de conformidad con las disposiciones del párra fo 31.
7) En el caso de la exención o la reducción de impuestos indirectos distintos de los impuestos
indirectos acumulativos correspondientes a etapas anteriores en lo que se refiere a la producción y
distribución de un producto exportado, el Organismo solo considerará que existe subvención en la
medida en que determine que la cuantía de la exención o la reducción supera la cuantía aplicada a
la producción y distribución del producto similar cuando se vende para el consumo interno pero
considerará que la f echa de recepción de la subvención es la fecha en que se redujo la cuantía
excesiva o en que se debían pagar de otra manera los impuestos objeto de la exención y cargará la
cuantía de la subvención de conformidad con las disposiciones del párrafo 31.
8) En el caso de la exención o la reducción de impuestos indirectos acumulativos
correspondientes a etapas anteriores con respecto a un producto exportado, el Organismo
considerará que solo existe subvención en la medida en que determine que la cuantía de la ex ención
o la reducción supera la cuantía de los impuestos recaudados sobre los insumos consumidos en el
proceso de producción, teniendo debidamente en cuenta el desperdicio según las disposiciones de
la parte IV de la presente sección , pero el Organismo con siderará que la fecha de recepción de la
subvención es la fecha en que se redujo la cuantía excesiva o debían pagarse de otra manera los
impuestos objeto de la exención y cargará la cuantía de la subvención de conformidad con las
disposiciones del párrafo 31. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 42 -
9) En el caso de la reducción o la devolución de las cargas a la importación con respecto a un
producto exportado, el Organismo solo considerará que existe subvención en la medida en que
determine que la cuantía de la reducción o la devolución supera l a cuantía de las cargas a la
importación sobre los insumos importados que se consumen en el proceso de producción, teniendo
normalmente en cuenta el desperdicio y, al determinar la cuantía de la subvención en el caso de la
reducción o la devolución de las cargas a la importación con respecto a los insumos consumidos en
la producción de un producto exportado, el Organismo tendrá en cuenta las disposiciones de la
parte IV de la presente sección.
10) En el caso de la reducción o la devolución de las cargas a l a importación de conformidad con
el apartado 9) con respecto a los insumos consumidos en la producción de un producto exportado,
el Organismo considerará que la fecha de recepción de la subvención es la fecha en que se redujo o
se devolvió la cuantía exces iva y cargará la cuantía de la subvención de conformidad con las
disposiciones del párrafo 31.
11) Las disposiciones del apartado 9) se aplicarán en los casos de devolución por sustitución
cuando una empresa utilice una cantidad de insumos del mercado inte rno igual a los insumos
importados y de la misma calidad y características de estos como sustituto de ellos, y en ese caso
el Organismo solo considerará que existe subvención cuando:
a. las operaciones de importación y las operaciones de exportación correspon dientes no
tengan ambas lugar dentro de un plazo razonable de no más de dos años; o
b. la cuantía devuelta supere la cuantía de las cargas a la importación percibidas
inicialmente sobre los insumos importados cuya devolución se reclama.
35. Determinación de la existencia de daño
1) La determinación de la existencia de daño se basará en pruebas positivas y comprenderá un
examen objetivo de:
a. el volumen de las importaciones subvencionadas;
b. el efecto de las importaciones subvencionadas en los precios de los prod uctos similares
en el mercado interno ; y
c. la consiguiente repercusión de esas importaciones sobre los productores nacionales de
esos productos.
2) Con respecto al volumen de las importaciones subvencionadas, el Organismo considerará si
ha habido un aumento significativo de estas, ya sea en términos absolutos o en relación con la
producción o el consumo en Kenya.
3) Con respecto al efecto de las importaciones subvencionadas en los precios, el Organismo
considerará si:
a. ha habido una subvaloración de precios si gnificativa de las importaciones
subvencionadas en comparación con el precio de un producto similar en Kenya ; o
b. el efecto de esas importaciones es hacer bajar de otro modo los precios en medida
significativa o impedir en medida significativa la subida de estos que en otro caso se
habría producido.
4) Cuando las importaciones de un producto procedentes de más de un país sean sometidas
simultáneamente a investigaciones en materia de derechos compensatorios, el Organismo solo
podrá evaluar acumulativamente los efectos de esas importaciones si determina que:
a. la cuantía de la subvención establecida en relación con las importaciones procedentes
de cada país es más que de minimis y el volumen de las importaciones procedentes de
cada país no es de minimis ; y G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 43 -
b. la eval uación acumulativa de los efectos de las importaciones es apropiada a la luz de
las condiciones de competencia entre los productos importados y las condiciones de
competencia entre los productos importados y el producto nacional similar.
5) El examen de la repercusión de las importaciones subvencionadas sobre la rama de producción
nacional comprenderá una evaluación de todos los factores e índices económicos pertinentes que
influyan en el estado de la rama de producción, incluidos:
a. la disminución real y pot encial de la producción, las ventas, la participación en el
mercado, los beneficios, la productividad, el rendimiento de las inversiones o la
utilización de la capacidad;
b. los factores que afecten a los precios internos;
c. los efectos negativos reales y pote nciales en el flujo de caja, las existencias, el empleo,
los salarios, el crecimiento, la capacidad de reunir capital o las inversiones ; y
d. en el caso de la agricultura, si ha habido un aumento de la carga sobre los programas
de apoyo del Gobierno .
6) El Or ganismo evaluará el efecto de las importaciones subvencionadas en relación con la
producción nacional del producto nacional similar cuando los datos disponibles permitan la
identificación separada de esa producción sobre la base de criterios como el proces o de producción,
las ventas de los productores y los beneficios pero, si esa identificación separada de esa producción
no es posible, la autoridad encargada de las investigaciones evaluará los efectos de las importaciones
subvencionadas mediante el examen de la producción del grupo o la gama de productos más
limitado, que incluya el producto nacional similar, para el que puede proporcionarse la información
necesaria.
36. Amenaza de daño
1) La determinación de la existencia de una amenaza de daño importante se basará en hechos y
no simplemente en alegaciones, conjeturas o posibilidades remotas, y el cambio de las circunstancias
que crearía una situación en la que la subvención causaría daño deberá ser claramente previsto e
inminente.
2) Cuando el Organismo ef ectúe una determinación sobre la existencia de una amenaza de daño
importante, los factores que debería examinar comprenden:
a. la naturaleza de la subvención en cuestión y los efectos en el comercio que se produzcan
probablemente como resultado;
b. una tasa significativa de aumento de las importaciones subvencionadas en Kenya que
indique la probabilidad de un aumento sustancial de la importación;
c. una capacidad del exportador libremente disponible suficiente o un aumento inminente
y sustancial de esa capacidad que indique la probabilidad de un aumento sustancial de
las exportaciones subvencionadas en el mercado dentro del territorio aduanero de
Kenya, habida cuenta de la disponibilidad de otros mercados de exportación que puedan
absorber cualesquiera exportacio nes adicionales;
d. si las importaciones entran en el país a precios que tendrían un efecto significativo de
bajar los precios internos o reducir su subida y aumentarían probablemente la demanda
de nuevas importaciones ; y
e. las existencias del producto investi gado.
3) Con respecto a los casos en que las importaciones subvencionadas amenacen causar daño, se
considerará la posibilidad de aplicar medidas compensatorias y se adoptará una decisión al respecto
con especial prudencia. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 44 -
37. Relación causal
1) Se demostr ará que las importaciones subvencionadas están causando daño en el sentido de
la presente sección, mediante los efectos de las subvenciones, y la demostración de una relación
causal entre las importaciones subvencionadas y el daño a la rama de producción n acional se basará
en un examen de todas las pruebas pertinentes de que disponga el Organismo.
2) El Organismo examinará también los factores de que se tenga conocimiento distintos de las
importaciones subvencionadas que al mismo tiempo causen daño a la ram a de producción nacional,
y no se atribuirán a las importaciones subvencionadas los daños causados por esos otros factores,
incluidos los volúmenes y los precios de las importaciones no subvencionadas del producto en
cuestión, la contracción de la demanda o las modificaciones de las pautas de consumo, las prácticas
comerciales restrictivas de los productores extranjeros y nacionales y la competencia entre ellos, la
evolución de la tecnología y los resultados de exportación y la productividad de la rama de p roducción
nacional.
PARTE VI - INICIACIÓN, REALIZACIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN DE
UNA INVESTIGACIÓN EN MATERIA DE SUBVENCIONES
38. Iniciación de una investigación
1) Salvo con arreglo a lo dispuesto en el apartado 11), se iniciará una investigación para
determinar la existencia, el grado y el efecto de cualquier supuesta subvención cuando sea
presentada al Organismo una solicitud escrita por la rama de producción nacional o en nombre
de ella.
2) Una solicitud incluirá pruebas suficientes de la existencia de:
a. una subv ención y, cuando sea posible, la cuantía de la misma;
b. un daño ; y
c. una relación causal entre las importaciones subvencionadas y el supuesto daño.
3) No se iniciará una investigación si la solicitud escrita es una simple afirmación no justificada
por pruebas pertinentes.
4) La solicitud contendrá la información que esté razonablemente a disposición del solicitante
sobre:
a. la identidad del solicitante y su información de contacto;
b. la rama de producción nacional por la cual o en nombre de la cual se efectúe la solicitud,
incluidos los nombres y la información de contacto de todos los otros productores de
que se tenga conocimiento en Kenya;
c. el grado de apoyo a la solicitud de la rama de producción nacional, incluidos el volumen
y el valor totales del producto na cional similar y el volumen y el valor de la producción
nacional del producto similar que representen el solicitante y cada productor en Kenya;
d. una descripción completa del producto subvencionado, el nombre del país de origen o
de exportación de que se tra te, la identidad de cada exportador o productor extranjero
de que se tenga conocimiento y una lista de las personas conocidas que importen el
producto;
e. una descripción completa del producto investigado, incluidos sus características técnicas
y sus usos y s u número actual de la Clasificación Arancelaria;
f. el país en que se fabrica o se produce el producto supuestamente subvencionado y, si
este se importa de un país distinto del país de fabricación o producción, el país
intermedio del que se importa el product o;
g. el nombre y la dirección de cada persona que, según cree el solicitante, vende el
producto supuestamente subvencionado y la proporción de las exportaciones totales a
Kenya que esa persona representó durante el período de 12 meses más reciente ; y G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 45 -
h. pruebas de que el supuesto daño a una rama de producción nacional es causado por las
importaciones subvencionadas mediante los efectos de la subvención, incluida
información sobre la evolución del volumen de las importaciones supuestamente
subvencionadas, el efec to de esas importaciones en los precios del producto similar en
el mercado interno y la consiguiente repercusión de las importaciones sobre la rama de
producción nacional.
6) No se iniciará una investigación a menos que el Organismo haya determinado que la solicitud
ha sido hecha por la rama de producción nacional o en nombre de ella.
Siempre que la solicitud sea hecha por la rama de producción nacional o en nombre de ella, si la
apoyan productores nacionales cuya producción conjunta constituye más del 50 % de la producción
total del producto similar.
7) No se iniciará una investigación cuando los productores nacionales que apoyen expresamente
la solicitud representen menos del 25 % de la producción total del producto similar producido por la
rama de producció n nacional.
8) Las pruebas de la existencia de subvención y daño se examinarán simultáneamente:
a. en la decisión de iniciar o no una investigación ; y
b. en adelante, durante el curso de la investigación, que comenzará en una fecha no más
tardía que la fecha más temprana en que puedan aplicarse medidas provisionales.
9) En los casos en que los productos no se importen directamente del país de origen sino que
sean exportados a Kenya desde un país intermedio, las disposiciones del presente párrafo serán
plenamente aplicables y se considerará, a efectos del presente párrafo, que la transacción tiene
lugar entre el país de origen y Kenya.
10) El Organismo decidirá si iniciará una investigación en materia de medidas compensatorias
dentro de los 45 días siguientes a la fecha de recepción de la solicitud escrita pero, cuando la solicitud
implique cuestiones complejas o si el Organismo ha solicitado información adicional al solicitante, la
decisión de iniciar una investigación en materia de medidas compensatorias podrá adoptarse dentro
de un plazo de 60 días.
11) Cuando, en circunstancias especiales, el Organismo decida iniciar una investigación por
iniciativa propia, solo lo hará si dispone de pruebas suficientes de la existencia de subvención, daño
y relación causal para justificar la iniciación de una investigación.
39. Notificación pública de la iniciación de una investigación
1) Una vez que el Organismo haya adoptado la decisión de iniciar una investigación, podrá
publicar una notificación de su decisión en la Gaceta y mediante anuncios en por lo menos dos
periódicos de circulación nacional.
2) El Organismo notificará su decisión de iniciar una investigación a los exportadores,
importadores y asociaciones representativas de los importadores o exportadores de que se tenga
conocimiento, así como al Gobierno de cualquier país del que se exporte el producto investigado, los
reclamantes y otras partes interesadas conocidas.
3) La notificación y el aviso público de la iniciación de una investigación contendrán información
suficiente sobre lo siguiente:
a. el nombre del país de exportación del producto investigado y del país de origen, si es
distinto;
b. una descripción completa del producto investigado, incluidos sus características técnicas
y sus usos y su número de la Clasificación Arancelaria Armonizada;
c. una descripción de la práctica de subvención que haya de investigarse;
d. un resumen de los factores en que se basen las alegaciones de la existencia de daño y
relación causal; G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 46 -
e. la dirección en la que puedan presentarse la información y las observaciones;
f. la fecha de iniciación de la investigación ; y
g. el programa propuesto para la investigación.
4) La iniciación de una investigación solo surtirá efectos en la fecha en que se publique la
notificación pública según lo especificado en el aviso o después de esa fecha.
40. Terminación de una investigación
1) La solicitud se rechazará y se pondrá fin a la investigación tan pronto como el Organismo se
convenza de que las pruebas de la existencia de subvención o daño son insuficientes para just ificar
la continuación del asunto.
2) Se pondrá fin a cualquier investigación en materia de derechos compensatorios tan pronto
como el Organismo determine que la cuantía de la subvención es de minimis o cuando el volumen
de las importaciones subvencionadas o el daño sean insignificantes.
3) La cuantía de la subvención se considerará de minimis si la subvención es inferior al 1 %
ad valorem .
4) En el caso de las subvenciones proporcionadas por un país en desarrollo , la subvención se
considerará de minimis si no es superior al 2 % ad valorem.
5) Cuando el producto investigado se importe de uno o varios países desarrollados, las
importaciones se considerarán insignificantes si el volumen del producto investigado procedente de
un país desarrollado representa menos del 4% de las importaciones totales del producto similar
en Kenya.
6) Cuando el producto investigado se importa de uno o varios países en desarrollo Miembros de
la OMC, se considerará que las importaciones son de minimis si el volumen de las importaciones
procedentes de un país en desarrollo representa menos del 4 % de las importaciones totales del
producto similar en Kenya, a menos que las importaciones procedentes de países en desarrollo cuya
participación individual en las importaciones totales represent e menos del 4 % representen
conjuntamente más del 9 % de las importaciones totales del producto similar en Kenya.
7) Teniendo en cuenta la protección de la información confidencial y cuando no imponga ninguna
medida, el Organismo publicará una notificación p ública de la conclusión de la investigación que
contendrá con suficiente detalle las constataciones y conclusiones a que se haya llegado en todas
las cuestiones de hecho y de derecho que el Organismo considere importantes, incluso aquellas que
hayan llevad o a que los argumentos se acepten o se rechacen.
41. Consultas
1) Con prontitud después de que el Organismo acepte una solicitud de iniciar una investigación
y, en cualquier caso, antes de la iniciación de esta, el Organismo invitará al Gobierno del país d el
que se exporte el producto investigado a celebrar consultas sobre la solicitud para llegar a una
solución mutuamente acordada.
2) Durante la investigación, se concederá al Gobierno del país del que se exporte el producto
investigado una oportunidad razo nable de proporcionar información adicional para llegar a una
solución mutuamente beneficiosa.
3) Por recomendación del Organismo, el Secretario del Gabinete podrá imponer medidas
provisionales o definitivas durante una investigación pese a la celebración de cualesquiera consultas
en curso con el país del que se exporte el producto investigado.
4) El Organismo podrá dar acceso a pruebas no confidenciales o al resumen no confidencial de
la información confidencial a los representantes de un país del que se importe el producto investigado
si los representantes lo solicitan por escrito. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 47 -
42. Requisitos de procedimiento de una investigación
1) Las investigaciones terminarán en un plazo de 12 meses y, en cualquier caso, no más
de 18 meses después de su iniciación .
2) Salvo cuando sea necesaria la protección de la información confidencial, el Organismo
proporcionará una copia de la solicitud de iniciar una investigación a cualquier exportador o
productor del producto investigado de que se tenga conocimiento o a cua lquier parte interesada si
lo solicita o a los representantes de cualquier Gobierno de un país del que se exporte el producto
investigado y, cuando el número de exportadores o productores del producto investigado sea grande,
el Organismo podrá proporcionar una copia de la solicitud a la asociación mercantil pertinente o a
los representantes del país del que se exporte el producto investigado.
3) Cuando se inicie una investigación, el Organismo enviará cuestionarios a cualquier persona
que crea que posee inf ormación pertinente para la investigación, incluidos los productores,
importadores y exportadores nacionales, los productores extranjeros de que se tenga conocimiento
y el Gobierno de cualquier país del que se exporte el producto investigado, y la parte qu e reciba un
cuestionario responderá a él dentro de los 30 días siguientes a su recepción pero se considerará que
el cuestionario ha sido recibido a los 7 días de que el Organismo lo envíe a la parte.
4) El Organismo puede prorrogar el plazo para la respues ta al cuestionario cuando sea necesario
o factible a solicitud de una parte.
5) El Organismo podrá enviar cuestionarios complementarios a los productores, importadores y
exportadores nacionales, los productores extranjeros de que se tenga conocimiento y el Gobierno
de cualquier país del que se exporte el producto investigado solicitando información adicional .
Cuando el Organismo solicite información adicional, dará a las partes un plazo razonable para
responder a los cuestionarios complementarios.
6) El Org anismo basará su evaluación de la existencia de subvención, daño y relación causal en
datos relativos a períodos definidos, que serán los períodos sobre los cuales se solicitará información
en sus cuestionarios:
a. el período de investigación para la determinación de la subvención, es decir, el "período
de investigación de la subvención " será el año natural o el ejercicio financiero
completado más recientemente, según el caso, antes de la iniciación de la investigaci ón;
b. el período de investigación sobre el daño, es decir, el "período de investigación del daño "
abarcará un período de tres años pero el Organismo podrá seleccionar un período más
breve o más largo si se considera apropiado a la luz de la información dispo nible relativa
a la rama de producción nacional y el producto investigado ; o
c. cuando se utilicen períodos distintos de los especificados en las normas contenidas en
los apartados 6) a. y 6) b. supra , el Organismo incluirá en su informe publicado sobre
la investigación previsto en la presente sección una explicación de las razones de esa
utilización.
7) Cuando cualquier Gobierno extranjero o parte interesada niegue el acceso a la información
solicitada o no la facilite de otra manera dentro de un plazo razona ble u obstaculice
significativamente la investigación, podrán efectuarse determinaciones preliminares y definitivas sin
esa información.
8) El Organismo tendrá debidamente en cuenta cualesquiera dificultades que experimenten las
partes interesadas, en part icular las pequeñas empresas, para suministrar la información solicitada
y les proporcionará cualquier asistencia cuando sea factible.
9) Salvo según lo dispuesto en el apartado 8), el Organismo comprobará la exactitud de la
información proporcionada por l as partes interesadas durante la investigación u obtendrá más
detalles realizando investigaciones fuera de Kenya pero solo si se obtiene el acuerdo de las empresas
interesadas y si lo notifica al Gobierno del país en cuestión y ese Gobierno no se opone. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 48 -
10) El Organismo dará a los usuarios industriales del producto objeto de investigación y a las
organizaciones de consumidores representativas, en los casos en los que el producto se venda
habitualmente a nivel minorista, una oportunidad razonable de proporci onar información que sea
pertinente para la investigación.
43. Audiencias
1) Las partes interesadas podrán solicitar al Organismo que celebre una audiencia tras la
publicación de una determinación preliminar no más de 30 días después de la publicación de l a
determinación , y la audiencia solo podrá celebrarse no más de 60 días antes de la fecha propuesta
de la publicación de una determinación definitiva por el Organismo.
2) Las partes interesadas podrán asistir a las audiencias pero el hecho de que una parte
interesada no asista a una audiencia no perjudicará los intereses de esa parte interesada, y el
Organismo tendrá en cuenta la conveniencia de las partes interesadas cuando organice audiencias.
3) Las partes interesadas que tengan intención de asistir a un a audiencia notificarán al
Organismo los nombres de sus representantes y testigos que participarán en la audiencia por lo
menos siete días antes de la fecha de la misma.
4) Las audiencias serán presididas por un funcionario del Organismo que se asegurará d e que se
respete la confidencialidad y que organizará la audiencia de manera que garantice que todas las
partes participantes tengan una oportunidad suficiente de presentar sus opiniones.
5) Teniendo en cuenta la necesidad de proteger la información confid encial, el Organismo
mantendrá un registro de la audiencia, que se proporcionará a cualquier persona que lo solicite, a
excepción de cualquier información confidencial.
6) Las partes interesadas podrán solicitar al Organismo que las permita proporcionar in formación
adicional mediante una exposición oral en la audiencia, y esa información adicional será registrada
por el Organismo.
44. Determinación preliminar
1) Las partes interesadas podrán presentar al Organismo comunicaciones escritas sobre
cualquier cue stión pertinente no después de 15 días antes de que el Organismo publique una
determinación preliminar.
2) El Organismo efectuará una determinación preliminar con respecto a la subvención, el daño y
la relación causal no antes de 60 días ni después de 180 días a partir de la iniciación sobre la base
de toda la información de que disponga en ese momento.
3) El Organismo publicará una notificación pública de la determinación preliminar en la que
expondrá las constataciones y conclusiones a que haya llegado so bre todas las cuestiones de hecho
y de derecho consideradas importantes, protegiendo al mismo tiempo la información confidencial, y
la notificación contendrá:
a. los nombres de los exportadores y productores del producto investigado de que se tenga
conocimien to;
b. una descripción del producto investigado que sea suficiente a efectos aduaneros,
incluido el número de la Clasificación Arancelaria Armonizada;
c. la cuantía de la subvención establecida y la base sobre la que se haya determinado la
existencia de una subv ención;
d. los factores que hayan llevado a la determinación de la existencia de daño y relación
causal, incluida la información sobre factores distintos de las importaciones
subvencionadas que se hayan tenido en cuenta; y
e. la cuantía de cualesquiera medidas p rovisionales que se aplicarán y las razones de que
esas medidas provisionales sean necesarias para evitar el daño causado durante la
investigación. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 49 -
4) El Organismo publicará la notificación en la Gaceta y por lo menos en dos periódicos de
circulación nacional y enviará la notificación al Gobierno del país exportador del producto investigado
y a las demás partes interesadas de que se tenga conocimiento.
5) A solicitud de los exportadores y productores en los 15 días siguientes a la publicación de una
determinación preliminar por el Organismo, este celebrará reuniones de divulgación separadas con
los importadores y productores para explicar el método de cálculo de la subvención aplicado para
ese exportador o productor extranjero.
45. Medidas provisionales
1) El Secretario del Gabinete solo podrá apl icar medidas provisionales a solicitud del
Organismo si:
a. se ha iniciado una investigación de conformidad con el párrafo 38 y se ha dado a
cualquier Gobierno y parte interesados una oportunidad suficiente de presentar
información y formular observaciones;
b. se ha efectuado una determinación preliminar de conformidad con el párrafo 44 de la
existencia de subvención y daño a una rama de producción nacional y de relación causal
con el producto investigado; y
c. el Organismo considera que esas medidas son necesarias para impedir que se cause
daño durante la investigación .
2) Las medidas provisionales podrán comprender una garantía mediante un depósito en efectivo
o una fianza no superior a la cuantía estimada de la subvención calculada provisionalmente que se
expone e n la notificación de la determinación preliminar.
3) Las medidas provisionales no se aplicarán antes de los 60 días siguientes a la fecha de
iniciación de la investigación.
4) Las medidas provisionales se aplicarán durante un período máximo de cuatro meses .
5) En la notificación pública dictada por el Organismo con respecto a las medidas provisionales
se dará una explicación de la determinación preliminar sobre la existencia de subvención y daño y,
teniendo en cuenta la protección de la información confiden cial, la notificación contendrá, en
particular:
a. los nombres de los proveedores o, cuando esto no sea factible, los países que
suministran el producto;
b. una descripción del producto, incluido su número de la Clasificación Arancelaria
Armonizada;
c. la cuantía de la subvención establecida y la base sobre la que se ha determinado;
d. consideraciones pertinentes a la determinación de la existencia de daño o amenaza de
daño previstas en los párrafos 35 y 36 ; y
e. las principales razones de la determinación por el Organi smo.
46. Compromisos voluntarios relativos a los precios
1) El procedimiento podrá ser suspendido o terminado sin la imposición de medidas o derechos
compensatorios provisionales por el Secretario del Gabinete si el Organismo está satisfecho con
compromiso s voluntarios en los que:
a. el Gobierno del país de exportación accede a eliminar o limitar la subvención o adoptar
otras medidas en relación con sus efectos ; o
b. el exportador accede a revisar sus precios de manera que el Organismo se convenza de
que el efect o perjudicial de la subvención es eliminado. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 50 -
2) En el marco de tal compromiso, cualquier aumento de los precios no podrá ser mayor de lo
necesario para eliminar la cuantía de la subvención y será inferior a la cuantía de la subvención si
es suficiente para eliminar el daño a la rama de producción nacional.
3) El Organismo no tratará de conseguir ni aceptará un compromiso a menos que haya hecho
una determinación preliminar de conformidad con el párrafo 44 de la existencia de subvención, daño
y relación causa l pero, si un exportador asume un compromiso, el Organismo obtendrá primero el
consentimiento del Gobierno del país de exportación.
4) No se aceptará un compromiso si el Organismo considera que su aceptación no es práctica y
el Organismo proporcionará las razones del rechazo y dará al exportador una oportunidad de ser
oído acerca del rechazo del compromiso.
5) Si el Organismo acepta un compromiso:
a. la investigación de la subvención y el daño se completará, no obstante, si el Gobierno
del país de exportación lo desea o el Organismo lo decide;
b. el compromiso caducará si se determina que no hay subvención ni daño pero no si esa
determinación se debe en gran parte a la existencia de un compromiso y, en ese caso,
el compromiso se mantendrá durante un período razona ble compatible con las
disposiciones de la presente sección ; o
c. el compromiso seguirá aplicándose si se determina que hay subvención y daño.
6) El Organismo podrá proponer un compromiso relativo a los precios pero un exportador podrá
negarse a asumir ese co mpromiso, y la propuesta del Organismo o la negativa del exportador no
prejuzgará la consideración del asunto pero el Organismo puede determinar libremente que es más
probable que una amenaza de dañ o se realice si continúan las importaciones subvencionadas .
7) El Organismo podrá exigir al Gobierno o al exportador del que se haya aceptado un
compromiso que proporcione periódicamente información pertinente para el cumplimiento de ese
compromiso y que permita la verificación de la información.
8) Si un exporta dor o un Gobierno infringe un compromiso, el Organismo podrá interpretar que
tal acto autoriza la aplicación inmediata de medidas provisionales utilizando la mejor información
disponible.
9) Cuando se acepte un compromiso, el Organismo publicará en la Gace ta y en por lo menos dos
periódicos de circulación nacional una notificación que contendrá la parte no confidencial del
compromiso y en ella se expondrán las constataciones y conclusiones sobre todas las cuestiones de
hecho y de derecho que el Organismo co nsidere importantes, y la notificación se enviará al Gobierno
del país cuyos productos estén sujetos a esa determinación y a las demás partes interesadas de que
se tenga conocimiento.
10) Cuando el Organismo continúe una investigación de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el
apartado 5) supra, el departamento responsable de las cuestiones relativas al comercio internacional
publicará una notificación de la continuación de la investigación que contendrá la fecha propuesta
para la determinación definitiva y cual quier otra modificación del programa propuesto de la
investigación, y la determinación definitiva se efectuará dentro de los 180 días siguientes a la fecha
de publicación de la notificación.
47. Determinación definitiva
Cuidando de proteger la información confidencial, el Organismo efectuará la determinación definitiva
de la existencia de subvención, daño y relación causal dentro de los 120 días siguientes a la
determinación preliminar sobre la base de la información obtenida por él durante el curso de la
investigación. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 51 -
48. Notificación de la determinación definitiva
1) Antes de efectuar una determinación definitiva, el Organismo informará a todos los Gobierno s
y las partes interesados de los hechos esenciales que constituyan la base para la determinación, y
esa divulgación debería tener lugar por lo menos 30 días antes de la fecha propuesta para la emisión
de la determinación definitiva.
2) Cuidando de proteger la información confidencial, el Organismo emitirá una notificación
pública de la determinación def initiva que contendrá toda la información pertinente y los
fundamentos de la determinación, incluidos:
a. los nombres de los exportadores y productores del producto investigado de que se tenga
conocimiento;
b. una descripción del producto investigado que incluya su número de la Clasificación
Arancelaria Armonizada;
c. si es aplicable, una explicación del período de investigación de la subvención o el daño
utilizado;
d. la cuantía de la subvención establecida y la base de la determinación;
e. los fundamentos de la determ inación definitiva;
f. las razones de la aceptación o el rechazo de cualquier argumento o alegación formulado
por un exportador o importador;
g. la cuantía de cualesquiera derechos compensatorios que se impongan a solicitud del
Organismo, en particular si un der echo inferior a la cuantía de la subvención sería
suficiente para eliminar el daño a la rama de producción nacional ; y
h. si han de recaudarse derechos compensatorios definitivos a solicitud del Organismo en
relación con las importaciones a las que se aplica ron medidas provisionales, las razones
de la decisión de hacerlo.
3) El Organismo publicará la notificación en la Gaceta y en por lo menos dos periódicos de
circulación nacional y la enviará al país cuyos productos estén sujetos a esa determinación y a las
demás partes interesadas de que se tenga conocimiento.
4) Después de que se haya publicado la determinación definitiva, el Organismo celebrará, a
solicitud de los exportadores o productores, en los 15 días siguientes a la publicación de dicha
determinació n, reuniones de divulgación separadas con esos exportadores o productores para
explicar el método de cálculo de la cuantía de la subvención aplicada para cada productor o
exportador extranjero.
49. Imposición y recaudación de derechos compensatorios
1) El Organismo podrá recomendar al Secretario del Gabinete la imposición de un derecho
compensatorio después de determinar que se han celebrado consultas suficientes y de hacer pública
una determinación definitiva de la existencia de subvención y daño a la rama de producción nacional
debida a la subvención pero recomendará que no se imponga un derecho compensatorio si la
subvención se retira.
2) La decisión de imponer un derecho compensatorio cuando se hayan cumplido todos los
requisitos para su imposición y la cuantía del derecho compensatorio que se impondrá quedará
exclusivamente a discreción del Organismo.
3) Al adoptar su decisión de imponer o no un derecho compensatorio, el Organismo tendrá en
cuenta las manifestaciones de las partes nacionales interesadas, incluidas las necesidades de los
usuarios industriales y los intereses de los consumidores finales que podrían ser afectados
desfavorablemente por la imposición de una medida compensatoria. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 52 -
4) Las medidas compensatorias tomarán la forma de derechos ad val orem o específicos.
5) Cuando se imponga un derecho compensatorio con respecto a cualquier producto, el derecho
se percibirá en las cuantías apropiadas en cada caso, con carácter no discriminatorio, sobre las
importaciones de esos productos procedentes de todas las fuentes de los que se haya constatado
que están subvencionados y causan daño, excepto las importaciones procedentes de fuentes que
hayan renunciado a cualesquiera subvenciones de que se trate o cuando se haya aceptado un
compromiso voluntario rel ativo a los precios.
6) Cualquier exportador cuyas exportaciones estén sujetas a un derecho compensatorio pero que
no haya sido realmente investigado por razones distintas a una negativa a cooperar tendrá derecho
a un examen acelerado a fin de que el Organ ismo pueda establecer prontamente el derecho
compensatorio individual correspondiente a ese exportador.
7) El Organismo Fiscal de Kenya no percibirá sobre cualquier producto importado un derecho
compensatorio que exceda de la cuantía de la subvención cuya existencia se haya constatado y que
haya sido calculada por unidad del producto exportado subvencionado.
50. Retroactividad
1) Solo se aplicarán medidas y derechos compensatorios provisionales a los productos que entren
en Kenya en la fecha de publicación de una determinación preliminar o definitiva en una investigación
o un examen o después de esa fecha, con sujeción a las excepciones expuestas en el presente
párrafo.
2) Cuando se efectúe una determinación definitiva de la existencia de daño, o en el caso de una
determinación definitiva de la existencia de una amenaza de daño, cuando el efecto de las
importaciones subvencionadas habría dado lugar, si no se adoptaran medidas provisionales, a una
determinación de la existencia de daño, los derechos compensato rios podrán imponerse
retroactivamente durante el período en que se hayan aplicado las medidas provisionales, si las
hubiere.
3) Cuando el derecho compensatorio sea mayor que la cuantía garantizada por el depósito en
efectivo o la fianza, la diferencia no debería recaudarse . Cuando el derecho sea inferior a la cuantía
garantizada por el depósito en efectivo o la fianza, la cuantía en exceso se reembolsará o la fianza
será liberada prontamente por el Organismo Fiscal de Kenya.
4) Salvo lo dispuesto en el apa rtado 2), cuando se compruebe la existencia de una amenaza de
daño o retraso importante, solo podrá imponerse un derecho compensatorio a partir de la fecha de
la determinación de la existencia de la amenaza de daño o retraso importante, y cualquier depósit o
en efectivo efectuado durante el período de aplicación de medidas provisionales será reembolsado
y cualquier fianza será prontamente liberada.
5) Cuando el Organismo determine que no hay daño ni amenaza de daño o cuando dé por
terminada una investigación sin imponer derechos compensatorios, cualquier depósito en efectivo
efectuado durante el período de aplicación de medidas provisionales será embolsado y cualquier
fianza será prontamente liberada.
6) Pese a lo dispuesto en el apartado 1) y en circunstanci as críticas en las que el Organismo
constate que el daño causado por una subvención será difícil de remediar debido a un aumento
repentino y masivo de las importaciones en un plazo relativamente breve y en las que, a fin de evitar
la repetición del daño se a necesari o fijar retroactivamente derechos compensatorios, el Organismo
podrá fijar derechos compensatorios sobre las importaciones que han sido efectuadas para el
consumo dentro de un período de 90 días anteriores a la fecha de aplicación de las medidas
provisionales.
7) No se percibirán derechos compensatorios retroactivamente en virtud del apartado 6) sobre
las mercancías importadas antes de la fecha de iniciación de la investigación. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 53 -
PARTE VII - DURACIÓN Y EXAMEN DE LAS MEDIDAS COMPENSATORIAS
Y LOS COMPROMISOS VOLUNTARIOS RELATIVOS A LOS PRECIOS
51. Disposiciones generales
1) Una medida compensatoria solo permanecerá en vigor mientras sea necesario para
contrarrestar la subvención que esté causando daño y en la medida necesaria para ello.
2) Las disp osiciones del párrafo 42 sobre las pruebas y el procedimiento se aplicarán a cualquier
examen realizado de conformidad con el presente párrafo . Cualquiera de esos exámenes se realizará
prontamente pero, en cualquier caso, se concluirá en un plazo de 12 meses a partir de la fecha de
su iniciación.
3) Las disposiciones de la presente sección se aplicarán con las modificaciones necesarias a los
compromisos voluntarios relativos a los precios aceptados de conformidad con el párrafo 46.
4) No antes de los 90 días anteriores a la fecha de expiración de una medida compensatoria, el
Organismo publicará una notificación de la expiración inminente de los derechos compensatorios en
la Gaceta y mediante anuncios en, por lo menos, dos periódicos de circulación nacional.
5) Cuando el Organismo inicie un examen, publicará una notificación en la Gaceta y mediante
anuncios en por lo menos dos periódicos de circulación nacional.
52. Examen por cambio de las circunstancias
1) El Organismo examinará la continuación de la imposic ión de un derecho compensatorio por
iniciativa propia o a solicitud de cualquier parte interesada que presente información positiva que
justifique la necesidad de un examen pero solo después de que haya transcurrido un plazo razonable.
2) Las partes intere sadas podrán solicitar al Organismo que examine si la continuación de la
imposición de un derecho compensatorio es necesaria para contrarrestar la subvención, si sería
probable que el daño continuara o se repitiera si se eliminara o se modificara el derech o o ambas
cosas y, después del examen, el Organismo podrá recomendar la continuación de la imposición del
derecho compensatorio o su retirada.
53. Exámenes por extinción
Pese a los párrafos 54 y 55, se pondrá fin a cualquier medida definitiva dentro de los cinco años
siguientes a su imposición o a la fecha del examen más reciente realizado de conformidad con el
párrafo 55, si ese examen ha abarcado tanto la subvención como el daño, pero si el Organismo
determina, en un examen comenzado por iniciativa propia o a solicitud debidamente justificada de
la rama de producción nacional o en nombre de ella, que la expiración del derecho daría
probablemente lugar a la continuación o la repetición de la subvención y el daño, el derecho podrá
permanecer en vigor en espe ra del resultado de ese examen.
54. Examen de nuevos exportadores
1) Si un producto está sujeto a una medida compensatoria, el Organismo realizará prontamente
un examen para determinar la tasa individual del derecho compensatorio correspondiente a cualquie r
exportador o productor del país de exportación de que se trate que no exportó el producto a Kenya
durante el período de investigación siempre que esos exportadores o productores puedan demostrar
que no están vinculados a ninguno de los exportadores o pro ductores del país de exportación que
están sujetos a las medidas compensatorias sobre el producto importado investigado, y ese examen
se iniciará dentro de los 30 días siguientes a la recepción de la solicitud del productor o exportador
interesado.
2) El examen se completará dentro de los 6 meses siguientes a su iniciación y, en cualquier caso,
no después de 12 meses.
3) No se percibirá un derecho compensatorio sobre las importaciones de esos exportadores o
productores mientras se esté realizando el examen. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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4) El Organismo podrá obtener garantías iguales a la tasa del derecho compensatorio residual
para asegurarse de que, si el examen tiene como resultado una determinación de la existencia de
subvención, los derechos compensatorios puedan aplicarse retroacti vamente a partir de la fecha de
la iniciación del examen.
55. Examen judicial
Cualquier parte interesada que haya participado en el procedimiento administrativo desarrollado por
el Organismo en relación con a las determinaciones definitivas y los exámenes de las
determinaciones relativas a la imposición de un derecho antidumping o una medida compensatoria
de conformidad con la presente sección podrá apelar ante el Tribunal Supremo.
G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 55 -
TERCERA SECCIÓN
[Artículo 25]
INVESTIGACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE LAS SOLICITUDE S
DE IMPOSICIÓN DE MEDIDAS DE SALVAGUARDIA
1. Finalidad y aplicación
La presente sección regula la investigación de cualquier producto importado en Kenya que haya
causado o amenace causar un daño grave a una rama de producción nacional y la aplicación de
medidas de salvaguardia.
2. Condiciones para la aplicación de una medida de salvaguardia
1) Solo se podrá aplicar una medida de salvaguardia a un producto si:
a. el Organismo ha realizado una investigación de conformidad con la presente sección ; y
b. el Organism o ha determinado que, como resultado de acontecimientos imprevistos, ese
producto está siendo importado en Kenya en tales cantidades mayores, en términos
absolutos o en relación con la producción interna, y en tales condiciones que causa o
amenaza causar u n daño grave a la rama de producción nacional que produce productos
similares o directamente competidores .
2) La medida de salvaguardia se aplicará a un producto con independencia de su origen.
3. Solicitud de iniciación de una investigación
1) Se podrá in iciar una investigación para determinar si el aumento de las importaciones de un
producto ha causado o amenaza causar un daño grave si una solicitud escrita es dirigida al
Organismo por una rama de producción nacional o en nombre de ella.
2) El Organismo p odrá iniciar una investigación general en materia de salvaguardias por iniciativa
propia si determina que hay pruebas suficientes que cumplen las condiciones establecidas en el
presente párrafo.
3) Una solicitud escrita de iniciación de una investigación comprenderá la información que esté
razonablemente a disposición del solicitante sobre:
a. la descripción completa del producto importado, incluidos sus características técnicas,
sus usos, su número de la Clasificación Arancelaria Armonizada y los derechos
aplicables;
b. la descripción completa del producto nacional similar o directamente competidor,
incluidos sus características técnicas y sus usos;
c. los nombres y direcciones de las empresas o las entidades representadas en la solicitud
y de todos los demás produ ctores del producto nacional similar o directamente
competidor de que se tenga conocimiento;
d. el porcentaje de la producción nacional del producto similar o directamente competidor
que representen las empresas solicitantes;
e. información sobre el volumen y el valor del producto importado durante cada uno de
los tres años naturales anteriores a la solicitud y cualesquiera datos más recientes sobre
una parte de un año, por países de origen;
f. una descripción del aumento de las importaciones que se alega que existe , en particular
si ese aumento tiene lugar en términos absolutos o en relación con la producción
nacional o ambas cosas; G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 56 -
g. información pertinente a la existencia de daño grave o amenaza de dañ o grave a la
rama de producción nacional durante cada uno de los t res años naturales anteriores a
la solicitud y cualesquiera datos más recientes sobre una parte de un año, incluidos los
mencionados en el apartado 1) del párrafo 12 de la presente sección con respecto al
daño grave o los mencionados en el apartado 1) del párrafo 13 de la presente sección
con respecto a la amenaza de daño grave pero no limitados a ellos;
h. una explicación, a la luz de los datos proporcionados en la solicitud y los requisitos de
esas disposiciones, de las razones por las que se cree que existe un daño grave o una
amenaza de daño grave que es causado por el aumento de las importaciones;
i. información sobre los acontecimientos imprevistos pertinentes;
j. una declaración en la que se proporcionen razones específicas para pedir la aplicación
de una med ida de salvaguardia, por ejemplo, para facilitar la transferencia ordenada de
los recursos a usos más productivos, mejorar la competitividad o adaptarse a las nuevas
condiciones de competencia, junto con el tipo y el nivel de la medida que se considere
necesaria para asegurar el logro de los objetivos que se persiguen;
k. una explicación de por qué la aplicación de una medida de salvaguardia redundaría en
interés público;
l. un plan para adaptar la rama de producción nacional a la competencia de las
importaciones , de conformidad con los objetivos descritos en el apartado j ; y
m. si se solicita una medida provisional, información relativa a las circunstancias críticas
en las que el retraso en la adopción de medidas causaría a la rama de producción
nacional un daño que sería difícil de remediar, y una declaración que indique el nivel del
aumento de los aranceles solicitado como medida provisional.
4. Decisión de iniciar una investigación
1) Cuando el Organismo haya recibido una solicitud escrita de iniciar una investiga ción, podrá
pedir la información adicional que considere necesaria, en particular a la persona que formule la
solicitud, antes de decidir si iniciará una investigación.
2) Cuando el Organismo haya recibido una solicitud escrita de iniciar una investigación y decida
no iniciarla, notificará a la persona que formuló la solicitud las razones de que no inicie la
investigación.
3) El Organismo adoptará la decisión de iniciar o no una investigación dentro de los 60 días
siguientes a la recepción de la solicitud e scrita de que la inicie.
4) Cuando una solicitud escrita de investigación implique cuestiones complejas o si el Organismo
ha pedido información adicional, el Organismo adoptará la decisión de iniciar o no una investigación
dentro de los 90 días siguientes a la recepción de la solicitud.
5. Notificación pública de la iniciación de una investigación
1) Cuando el Organismo adopte una decisión sobre una solicitud de investigación, notificará su
decisión por escrito al Gobierno del país de exportación y la notif icará a las partes interesadas en la
Gaceta y mediante anuncios en por lo menos dos periódicos de circulación nacional pero, si decide
iniciar la investigación, la fecha de iniciación de la misma será la fecha de la publicación de la
iniciación en la Gacet a.
2) La notificación de la iniciación de una investigación en materia de salvaguardias contendrá la
siguiente información:
a. una descripción completa del producto investigado, incluidos sus características
técnicas, sus usos, su número de la Clasificación A rancelaria Armonizada y los derechos
aplicables; G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 57 -
b. una descripción completa del producto nacional simila r o directamente competidor,
incluidos sus características técnicas y sus usos;
c. los nombres de las empresas solicitantes, si las hubiere, y de todos los demás
productores del producto nacional similar o directamente competidor de que se tenga
conocimiento;
d. el país de origen del producto investigado;
e. un resumen de la información en que se basan las alegaciones de aumento de las
importaciones y daño grave o amenaza de daño gravo causado por el aumento de las
importaciones, incluido un resumen de los acontecimientos imprevistos que dieron lugar
al aumento alegado de las importaciones del producto investigado o a la modificación
de las condiciones en que tiene n lugar esas importaciones;
f. el nombre, la dirección y el número de teléfono de la persona de contacto del
Organismo;
g. una declaración de que la fecha de iniciación es la fecha de publicación en la Gaceta de
Kenya de la notificación relativa a la iniciación de una investigación en materia de
salvaguardias;
h. si se considerará o no que la aplicación de una medida provisional incluye un calendario
para la fase preliminar de la investigación y fechas límite al respecto;
i. el calendario propuesto para la investigació n, incluida la fecha en la que las partes
interesadas que deseen participar en la investigación informarán de ello al Organismo
por escrito;
j. la fecha en que debe solicitarse una audiencia, si se desea ; y
k. las fechas propuestas para la determinación en relación con cualquier decisión sobre la
aplicación de una medida de salvaguardia.
3) Las partes interesadas que deseen participar en la investigación podrán informar al Organismo
por escrito dentro de los 30 días siguientes a la publicación de la notifica ción pero el Organismo
podrá aceptar una solicitud hecha por una parte interesada fuera del plazo de 30 días si existe
justificación suficiente.
6. Información confidencial
1) A los efectos del presente párrafo, la información confidencial incluye la infor mación cuya
divulgación proporcionaría a un competidor una ventaja significativa sobre la parte a que se refiere
la información o cuya divulgación tendría un efecto desfavorable significativo en la persona a que se
refiere dicha información.
2) Las partes en la investigación podrán solicitar al Organismo que clasifique como confidencial
cualquier información que la parte proporcione al Organismo y, si el Organismo clasifica la
información como tal, no la revelará salvo con la autorización de esa parte.
3) El Organismo podrá solicitar a una parte que le haya proporcionado información confidencial
que suministre un resumen no confidencial de esa información, y ese resumen no confidencial será
lo suficientemente detallado para permitir una comprensión razonable de la información confidencial
pero, si la parte alega que la información confidencial no puede resumirse, dará al Organismo una
explicación de las razones de que no pueda resumirse.
4) Si el Organismo constata que una solicitud de confidencialidad no est á justificada y si la parte
de que se trata no está dispuesta a que se haga pública la información o a autorizar su divulgación
en forma resumida, el Organismo podrá hacer caso omiso de esa información a menos que pueda
demostrarse de fuentes apropiadas de manera que lo satisfaga que la información es exacta. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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7. Calendario para completar la investigación
1) El Organismo completará una investigación dentro de los seis meses siguientes a la fecha de
su iniciación.
2) El Organismo podrá prorrogar ese período u na sola vez por dos meses.
3) Cuando el Organismo considere la imposición de medidas provisionales durante la
investigación, adoptará una decisión de conformidad con la presente sección no antes de los 30 días
siguientes a la iniciación de la investigación , pero no después de los 45 días siguientes a dicha
iniciación.
4) Durante la investigación, el Organismo establecerá y notificará prontamente a todas las partes
interesadas participantes las fechas límite que sean necesarias para la realización eficaz de la
investigación.
8. Presentación de pruebas
1) Todas las partes interesadas que participen en una investigación presentarán pruebas y
comunicaciones por escrito, incluidas respuestas a las comunicaciones escritas y orales de las demás
partes interesadas y opiniones sobre si la aplicación de medidas de salvaguardia redundaría o no en
interés público.
2) En una investigación en la que se considere la posibilidad de aplicar una medida provisional
de salvaguardia, cualquier parte interesada podrá presentar com unicaciones escritas relativas a
cualquier cuestión que considere pertinente a la fase preliminar de la investigación no después de
los 15 días anteriores a la fecha propuesta de la determinación relativa a la aplicación de una medida
provisional de salvag uardia.
3) En una investigación en la que no se solicite una audiencia, cualquier parte interesada podrá
presentar comunicaciones escritas relativas a cualquier cuestión que considere pertinente a la
investigación, no después de los 45 días anteriores a la fecha propuesta de la determinación relativa
a la existencia de daño grave o amenaza de daño grave y relación causal . Las partes interesadas
participantes dispondrán de otros 10 días después de la fecha límite para las comunicaciones escritas
iniciales a fin de presentar cualesquiera respuestas escritas a las comunicaciones escritas de las
demás partes interesadas participantes.
9. Audiencias públicas
1) Si se celebra una audiencia durante una investigación, las partes interesadas podrán presentar
por escrito comunicaciones e información relativas a cualquier cuestión pertinente a la investigación
no más de 10 días antes de la celebración de la audiencia, pero las partes interesadas podrán
presentar también por escrito comunicaciones e información en respuesta a cualquier cuestión que
se plantee durante la audiencia dentro de los 10 días siguientes a la misma.
2) El Organismo celebrará una audiencia a solic itud de las partes interesadas dentro de
los 15 días siguientes a la publicación de una determinación relativa a la aplicación de una medida
provisional o dentro de los 45 días siguientes a la iniciación de una investigación si no está
considerando la apli cación de una medida provisional, y en esa audiencia las partes interesadas
podrán presentar argumentos orales o escritos, y cualquier audiencia se celebrará no menos
de 60 días antes de la fecha propuesta para la determinación relativa a la existencia de daño grave
o amenaza de daño grave y relación causal.
3) Las partes interesadas participantes no estarán obligadas a asistir a una audiencia, y el hecho
de que no lo hagan no prejuzgará la posición de esa parte interesada participante pero el Organismo
organizará las audiencias, en la medida de lo posible, teniendo en cuenta la conveniencia de las
partes interesadas participantes.
4) Cuidando de proteger la información confidencial, funcionarios del Organismo presidirán las
audiencias y las organizarán aseg urándose de que todas las partes interesadas tengan una
oportunidad suficiente de presentar sus opiniones. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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5) Cuidando de proteger la información confidencial, el Organismo mantendrá un registro de
cualquier audiencia, que se incorporará prontamente al reg istro público.
10. Daño grave y relación causal
1) En la investigación para determinar si el aumento de las importaciones ha causado o amenaza
causar un daño grave a una rama de producción nacional, el Organismo evaluará todos los factores
pertinentes de c arácter objetivo y cuantificable que tengan una influencia en la situación y el nivel
de desarrollo de esa rama de producción, y en particular:
a. el ritmo y la cuantía del aumento de las importaciones del producto investigado en
términos absolutos y en relac ión con la producción nacional de productos similares o
directamente competidores;
b. los precios del producto investigado, especialmente a los efectos de determinar si se
han registrado precios inferiores a los de los productos nacionales similares o
directa mente competidores;
c. la repercusión del aumento de las importaciones del producto investigado sobre la rama
de producción nacional, demostrada por indicadores pertinentes, incluidos la
producción, la utilización de la capacidad, las existencias, las ventas, la participación en
el mercado, y los precios, es decir, los descensos de los precios nacionales o el hecho
de que los precios nacionales no hayan subido como lo habrían hecho en otro caso si
no hubieran aumentado las importaciones, la productividad, los beneficios y las
pérdidas, el rendimiento de las inversiones, el flujo de caja y el empleo ; y
d. los factores distintos del aumento de las importaciones del producto investigado que al
mismo tiempo causen o amenacen causar un daño grave a la rama de producció n.
2) La determinación no se efectuará a menos que la investigación demuestre objetivamente la
existencia de una relación causal entre el aumento de las importaciones del producto de que se trate
y el daño grave real o la amenaza de daño grave a la rama de producción nacional.
3) La demostración de la existencia de una relación causal entre el aumento del volumen de las
importaciones y el daño a la rama de producción nacional se basará en un examen de todas las
pruebas pertinentes por el Organismo y, cuando proceda, este examinará también cualesquiera
otros factores de que se tenga conocimiento distintos del aumento de las importaciones del producto
de que se trate para asegurarse de que el daño causado por esos otros factores no se atribuya al
aumento del v olumen de las importaciones.
11. Amenaza de daño grave
1) Una determinación de la existencia de daño grave causado por el aumento de las
importaciones se basará en hechos y no simplemente en alegaciones, conjeturas o posibilidades
remotas.
2) Al examinar s i el aumento de las importaciones amenaza causar un daño grave, el Organismo
evaluará, además de los factores previstos en el apartado 1) del párrafo 10, los factores siguientes:
a. la capacidad de exportación real y potencial del país de producción o de orig en;
b. cualquier acumulación de existencias en Kenya y en el país de exportación;
c. la probabilidad de que las exportaciones del producto investigado entren en Kenya en
cantidades cada vez mayores ; y
d. cualquier otro factor que el Organismo considere pertinente. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 60 -
12. Medidas de salvaguardia provisionales
1) En circunstancias críticas en las que un retraso causaría un daño que sería difícil de remediar,
el Secretario del Gabinete podrá imponer una medida de salvaguardia provisional después de una
determinación preliminar de que, debido a circunstancias imprevistas, hay pruebas de que el
aumento de las importaciones ha causado o amenaza causar un daño grave a la rama de producción
que produce un producto similar o directamente competidor.
2) Las medidas prelimina res tomarán la forma de aumentos de los aranceles que se
reembolsarán prontamente si la investigación no determina que el aumento de las importaciones ha
causado o amenaza causar un daño grave a una rama de producción nacional.
3) El Organismo publicará un a notificación relativa a la aplicación de una medida provisional de
salvaguardia en la Gaceta y mediante anuncios en por lo menos dos periódicos de circulación
nacional inmediatamente después de adoptar la decisión sobre la aplicación de esa medida
provis ional de salvaguardia.
4) La notificación contendrá la siguiente información:
a. una descripción completa del producto investigado incluidos sus características técnicas,
sus usos, su número de la Clasificación Arancelaria Armonizada y los derechos
aplicables ;
b. el volumen y el valor del producto importado durante cada uno de los tres años
naturales anteriores a la solicitud y cualesquiera datos más recientes sobre parte de
un año, por países de origen;
c. una descripción completa del producto nacional similar o di rectamente competidor,
incluidos sus características técnicas y sus usos;
d. los nombres de todos los productores del producto nacional similar o directamente
competidor de que se tenga conocimiento;
e. la base de la determinación de la existencia de circunstanc ias críticas en las que un
retraso causaría un daño difícil de remediar y la base de la determinación de la
existencia de pruebas claras de que, como resultado de acontecimientos imprevistos, el
producto investigado está siendo importado en tales cantidade s mayores y en tales
condiciones que causan o amenazan causar un daño grave a la rama de producción
nacional que produce productos similares o directamente competidores;
f. la cuantía del aumento arancelario propuesto como medida de salvaguardia
provisional ; y
g. la duración prevista de la medida de salvaguardia provisional.
5) El período durante el que será aplicable la medida provisional no será superior a 200 días, y
el Organismo podrá suspender la aplicación de la medida de salvaguardia provisional antes de la
expiración del período autorizado.
6) La duración de cualquiera de esas medidas provisionales se contará como parte del período
inicial y cualquier prórroga del período que pueda efectuar el Organismo.
7) Cualquier cantidad recaudada como medida de salv aguardia provisional se reembolsará
prontamente y cualquier fianza o depósito se liberará prontamente si la investigación demuestra que
el aumento de las importaciones no ha causado ni amenaza causar un daño grave a la rama de
producción nacional.
13. Aplicación de medidas de salvaguardia definitivas
1) El Organismo determinará si el aumento de las importaciones del producto investigado ha
causado o amenaza causar un daño grave a la rama de producción nacional, y la determinación se
publicará en un informe que contendrá un análisis detallado de la información obtenida durante la
investigación, las constataciones y conclusiones del Organismo sobre todas las cuestiones G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
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pertinentes de hecho y de derecho y también una demostración de la pertinencia de los factor es
examinados por el Organismo.
2) El Secretario del Gabinete solo aplicará una medida de salvaguardia en la medida necesaria
para prevenir o remediar un daño grave y facilitar el ajuste, y la medida de salvaguardia definitiva
se aplicará en forma de un au mento de los aranceles o de una restricción cuantitativa de las
importaciones.
3) Si se utiliza una restricción cuantitativa, esta no reducirá la cantidad de las importaciones del
producto investigado por debajo del promedio calculado para los tres años an teriores para los que
se disponga de estadísticas a menos que el Organismo justifique razonablemente que es necesario
un nivel diferente para remediar o prevenir el daño grave o la amenaza de daño grave.
4) Si más de un país exporta un producto investigado sobre el que se ha impuesto una restricción
cuantitativa, cualquiera de esos contingentes se distribuirá entre los países proveedores y, en ese
caso, el Organismo podrá tratar de llegar a un acuerdo con respecto a la distribución de las partes
del conting ente con los Gobierno s de todos los demás países que tengan un interés sustancial en
suministrar el producto de que se trate.
5) En los casos en que el método a que se hace referencia en el apartado 4) no sea
razonablemente factible, el Organismo asignará a todos esos países un contingente basado
proporcionalmente en la cantidad o el valor total de las importaciones del producto investigado que
esos países hayan suministrado en los tres años anteriores y tendrá en cuenta cualesquiera factores
especiales que puedan haber afectado o estén afectando al comercio del producto.
6) Pese a lo dispuesto en el apartado 3), en caso de que se haya constatado la existencia de un
daño grave a la rama de producción nacional, el Organismo proporcionará una justificación que
indique que:
a. las importaciones procedentes de determinados países han crecido en un porcentaje
desproporcionado en relación con el aumento total de las importaciones del producto
de que se trate durante el período representativo;
b. las razones de la difere ncia de nivel están justificadas ; y
c. las condiciones de esa diferencia son equitativas para todos los proveedores del
producto de que se trate;
la duración de cualquier medida de ese tipo no se prorrogará más allá del período inicial previsto en
el apartado 2) del párrafo 18, es decir, por un máximo de seis años.
7) No se podrán aplicar medidas de salvaguardia definitivas sobre cualquier producto originario
de un país en desarrollo:
a. si la participación de ese país en las importaciones no es superior al 3 % de las
importaciones totales de ese producto ; y
b. si los países en desarrollo situados por debajo del umbral del 3 % individualmente no
representan conjuntamente más del 9 % de las importaciones en Kenya del producto
investigado.
14. Notificación de una determinación definitiva
1) Una vez que efectúe una determinación relativa a la existencia de daño grave, amenaza de
daño grave y relación causal, el O rganismo publicará prontamente en la Gaceta y mediante anuncios
en por lo menos dos periódicos de circulación nacional una notificación que contendrá los siguientes
detalles:
a. una descripción completa del producto investigado, incluidos sus características
técnicas, sus usos, la identificación de su clasificación arancelaria y los derechos
aplicables ; G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 62 -
b. una descripción completa del producto nacional similar o directamente competidor,
incluidos sus características técnicas y sus usos;
c. los nombres de todos los productores del producto nacional similar o directamente
competidor de que se tenga conocimiento;
d. el país de origen del producto investigado ; y
e. un resumen de la información obtenida en la investigación, los factores examinados y
la pertinencia de los mism os y las constataciones y conclusiones a que se haya llegado
sobre las cuestiones de hecho y de derecho consideradas y las razones de esas
constataciones y conclusiones.
2) Si el Organismo decide imponer una medida de salvaguardia definitiva, la notificaci ón
contendrá también los siguientes detalles:
a. el volumen y el valor del producto importado en cada uno de los tres años naturales
anteriores a la solicitud y cualesquiera datos más recientes sobre parte de un año, por
países de origen;
b. un resumen de los ac ontecimientos imprevistos que dieron lugar al aumento de las
importaciones del producto investigado o a la modificación de las condiciones en que se
producen esas importaciones;
c. un resumen de la determinación positiva de la existencia de daño, incluidos lo s factores
de daño examinados y la pertinencia de los mismos, así como de las constataciones y
conclusiones sobre las cuestiones de hecho y de derecho examinadas con respecto al
daño y las razones de estas;
d. las razones por las que el Organismo haya llegado a la conclusión de que la aplicación
de una medida de salvaguardia definitiva redunda en interés público;
e. detalles sobre el plan de ajuste de la rama de producción nacional;
f. la forma, el nivel y la duración de la medida de salvaguardia definitiva propues ta y una
explicación del plan de ajuste de la rama de producción nacional;
g. la fecha propuesta para la aplicación de la medida de salvaguardia definitiva;
h. si se propone una restricción cuantitativa, la distribución del contingente entre los países
proveedor es, y una explicación y la información pertinente sobre la base de esa
distribución; y
i. si la duración propuesta de la medida, incluido el período de aplicación de cualquier
medida de salvaguardia provisional, es superior a un año, un calendario para la
liberalización progresiva de la medida.
15. Consultas
1) Antes de que el Organismo recomiende la aplicación o la prórroga de una medida de
salvaguardia, proporcionará una oportunidad suficiente para la celebración de consultas con cada
Gobierno de un país que tenga un interés sustancial como exportador del producto investigado con
miras a examinar toda la información que el Organismo haya tenido en cuenta para apoyar su
determinació n de la existencia de daño grave o amenaza de daño grave causado por el aumento de
las importaciones, intercambiar opiniones sobre la medida propuesta y llegar a un entendimiento
que redunde en el interés público de la mejor manera posible, entre otras cuestiones.
2) Las consultas se iniciarán prontamente después de la aplicación de una medida de
salvaguardia provisional. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 63 -
16. Concesiones, etc.
Si Kenya aplica una medida de salvaguardia o trata de prorrogar una medida de salvaguardia,
intentará mantener un nivel de concesiones sustancialmente equivalente para el país de exportación
que sería afectado por esa medida, y el Secretario del Gabinete podrá llega r eventualmente a un
acuerdo con el Gobierno de un país interesado sobre cualquier medio de compensación comercial
suficiente de los efectos desfavorables de la medida e n su comercio.
17. Duración y examen de una medida de salvaguardia
1) Una medida de salvaguardia solo permanecerá en vigor en la medida necesaria para prevenir
o remediar el daño grave y facilitar el ajuste y, en cualquier caso, no durará más de seis años, a
menos que sea prorrogada por el Organismo por decisión expresa.
2) El período de vigencia de una medida de salvaguardia podrá prorrogarse si el Organismo ha
determinado que la medida de salvaguardia sigue siendo necesaria para prevenir o remediar el dañ o
grave y si hay pruebas de que la rama de producción nacional está llevando a cabo un ajuste . La
empresa del sector privado pertinente, en consulta con el Secretario del Gabinete, llegará a un
acuerdo sobre la secuencia de medidas que adoptará para adapta rse a la situación.
3) El período total de aplicación de una medida de salvaguardia, incluido el período de aplicación
de cualquier medida provisional, el período de aplicación inicial y cualquier prórroga de la aplicación,
no será superior a 10 años.
4) Para facilitar el ajuste cuando la duración prevista de una medida de salvaguardia sea superior
a un año, el Secretario del Gabinete la liberalizará progresivamente a intervalos regulares durante
el período en que esté en vigor.
5) Si la duración de una med ida de salvaguardia definitiva es superior a tres años, incluido el
período de aplicación de cualquier medida provisional, el Organismo examinará la situación no
después de la mitad del período en que haya estado vigente la medida y, si procede, aconsejará al
Secretario del Gabinete que la retire o aumente el ritmo de liberalización pero una medida de
salvaguardia que haya sido prorrogada no será más restrictiva de lo que lo fue el final del período
inicial, y debería seguir siendo liberalizada.
6) El Organ ismo publicará los resultados de un examen en forma de un informe e informará de
ellos al público mediante notificación en la Gaceta y mediante anuncios en por lo menos dos
periódicos de circulación nacional, y decidirá mantener o retirar la medida de salv aguardia definitiva
o aumentar el ritmo de su liberalización.
18. Prórroga de las medidas de salvaguardia
1) Cuando una rama de producción nacional considere que sigue existiendo la necesidad de
aplicar una medida de salvaguardia definitiva después del per íodo inicial de aplicación, presentará
al Organismo una solicitud escrita de prórroga de la medida, que incluya pruebas de que la rama de
producción está aplicando el plan de ajuste, no menos de seis meses antes del final del período
inicial, y el Organism o investigará y determinará si la prórroga es necesaria.
2) Una medida de salvaguardia podrá prorrogarse solo una vez por un período no superior a
seis años, salvo de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el apartado 3).
3) El Organismo solo podrá recomendar la prórroga de una medida de salvaguardia definitiva si
determina que la medida sigue siendo necesaria para prevenir o remediar el daño grave y que la
rama de producción nacional está efectuando un ajuste.
4) Una medida de salvaguardia definitiva prorrogada n o será más restrictiva que al final del
período inicial de aplicación pero, durante el período de prórroga, la medida continuará siendo
liberalizada progresivamente, y el Organismo informará al público de la prórroga de la duración de
la medida de salvagua rdia mediante notificación en la Gaceta y mediante anuncios en por lo menos
dos periódicos de circulación nacional. G/ADP/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SCM/N/1/KEN/3 • G/SG/N /1/KEN/2
- 64 -
5) Cuando prorrogue una medida de salvaguardia definitiva, Kenya adoptara todas las medidas
razonables a fin de mantener un nivel sustancial mente equivalente de concesiones y otras
obligaciones para cada país de exportación del producto investigado.
19. Nueva aplicación de una medida de salvaguardia
1) Una medida de salvaguardia no se aplicará de nuevo a la importación de un producto que
haya sido objeto de esa medida antes de que transcurra un período igual al que haya durado la
medida anteriormente aplicada pero solo si el período transcurrido sin esa aplicación es por lo menos
de dos años.
2) Pese a lo dispuesto en el apartado 1), se podrá a plicar a las importaciones del producto
investigado que fueron objeto de una medida de salvaguardia anterior una medida de salvaguardia
con una duración de 180 días o menos si:
a. ha transcurrido por lo menos un año desde la fecha de imposición de la medida d e
salvaguardia anterior sobre las importaciones del producto investigado ; y
b. no se ha aplicado una medida de salvaguardia a las importaciones del producto
investigado más de dos veces en el período de cinco años inmediatamente anterior a la
fecha en que deb a entrar en vigor la nueva medida de salvaguardia.
__________
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G/TBT/N/VNM/185
8 octobre 2020
(20-6889) Page: 1/2
Comité des obstacles techniques au commerce Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
La notification suivante est communiquée conformément à l'article 10.6.
1. Membre notifiant : VIET NAM
Le cas échéant, pouvoirs publics locaux concernés (articles 3.2 et 7.2):
2. Organisme responsable:
Ministry of Industry and Trade (Ministère de l'industrie et du commerce)
Vietnam Chemicals Agency (Agence vietnamienne des produits chimiques)
21 Ngo Quyen, Hanoi (Viet Nam)
Téléphone : 84 (0)4 22205136
Courrier électronique: [email protected]
Site Web: http://vinachemia.gov.vn/
Les nom et adresse (y compris les numéros de téléphone et de fax et les
adresses de courrier électronique et de site Web, le cas échéant) de l'organisme
ou de l'autorité désigné pour s'occuper des observations concernant la
notification doivent être indiqu és si cet organisme ou cette autorité est différent
de l'organisme susmentionné:
3. Notification au titre de l'article 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ], autres:
4. Produits visés (le cas échéant, position du SH ou de la NCCD, sinon position du
tarif douanier national . Les numéros de l'ICS peuvent aussi être indiqués, le cas
échéant) : Produits de l'industrie chimique ( ICS 71 .100)
5. Intitulé, nombre de pages et langue(s) du texte notifié : National technical
regulations on quality of industrial sodium hydroxide (Règlement technique national sur
la qualité de l'hydroxyde de sodium industriel), 7 pages, en vietnamien
6. Teneur : Le règlement technique notifié spécifie les exigences techniques, méthodes
d'essai et de contrôle de la qualit é applicables à l'hydroxyde de sodium industriel (NaOH)
produit, importé et commercialisé sur le territoire du Viet Nam.
Ce règlement ne s'applique pas à l'hydroxyde de sodium pur et à l'hydroxyde de sodium
destiné aux aliments.
Ce règlement technique s'applique aux organisations et aux personnes qui produisent,
importent et commercialisent de l'hydroxyde de sodium industriel, aux agences de gestion
publiques et à d'autres organisations et personnes intéressées.
7. Objectif et justification, y compris la nature des problèmes urgents, le cas
échéant : Protection de la santé ou de la sécurité des personnes G/TBT/N/VNM/185
- 2 -
8. Documents pertinents:
• Law on Chemicals 2007
• Law on Standards and Technical Regulations 2006
• Law on product and goods quality 2007
9. Date projetée pour l'adoption : décembre 2 020
Date projetée pour l'entrée en vigueur : 2021
10. Date limite pour la présentation des observations : 60 jours à compter de la date de
notification
11. Entité auprès de laquelle les textes peuvent être obtenus : point d'information
national [X] ou adresse, numéros de téléphone et de fax et adresses de courrier
électronique et de site Web, le cas échéant, d'un autre organisme:
Ministry of Industry and Trade
Vietnam Chemicals Agency
21 Ngo Quyen, Hanoi (Viet Nam)
Téléphone : 84 (0)4 22205136
Courrier électronique: [email protected]
Site Web: http://vinachemia.gov.vn/
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G/ADP/N/322/CHL
18 avril 2019
(19-2575) Page: 1/4
Comité des pratiques antidumping Original: espagnol
RAPPORT SEMESTRIEL PRÉSENTÉ AU TITRE DE
L'ARTICLE 16.4 DE L'ACCORD
CHILI
On trouvera ci -joint le rapport semestriel présenté par le Chili pour la période allant du 1er juillet au
31 décembre 2 018.
_______________
G/ADP/N/322/CHL
- 2 -
Membre présentant le rapport : CHILI1
RAPPORT SEMESTRIEL SUR LES ACTIONS ANTIDUMPING2
POUR LA PÉRIODE DU 1ER JUILLET AU 31 DÉCEMBRE 2018
Enquêtes initiales
Pays/
territoire
douanier Produit Ouverture
de l'enquête Mesures
provisoires et
déterminations
préliminaires Mesures finales Absence de
mesures
finales/clôture
de l'enquête Autres Données commerciales
(provenant du (des) rapport(s)
publié(s)) Base de la
détermination
de la valeur
normale Droit définitif Engagement
en matière
de prix
Désignation ;
catégorie à 6
chiffres du SH visant
le produit faisant
l'objet de
l'enquête3; numéro
d'identification;
(*) si l'enquête vise
plusieurs pays Date; période
couverte par
l'enquête
(D: dumping;
I: dommage) Date d'entrée en
vigueur ;
fourchette des
marges de
dumping
individuelles ;
"autres" taux ;
[fourchette des
taux appliqués en
cas de différence,
raison] Date; fourchette
des marges de
dumping
individuelles ;
"autres" taux ;
[fourchette des
taux appliqués
en cas de
différence,
raison] Date
d'application ;
fourchette
des marges
de dumping
individuelles
ou des prix
minimaux Date,
raison Date,
explication Volume ou
valeur des
importations
(unité /monnaie) ;
produits visés,
période, si
différents des
colonnes 2 et 3 Volume des
importations en
% de la
consommation
intérieure
apparente ou
en % des
importations
totales Symboles de
toutes les bases
utilisées dans la
procédure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Chine Boulets en acier
forgés pour
broyeurs , d'un
diamètre inférieur à
4 pouces ;
7326.1110 ;
Dm-2-2018 08/06/2018 ;
D: janv.-
déc. 2017
I: 2013-2017 - - - - - D: 84 047 t D: 98,3%
des
importations
totales CV
Mexique Barres en acier pour
béton armé;
7213.1000,
7214.2000,
7227.9000 et
7228.3000;
Dm-1-2018 08/03/2018;
D: janv.-
déc. 2017
I: 2012-2017 - - - - - D: 48 574 t D: 33,9% des
importations
totales -
1 Adresse du site Web où les rapports publiés sur les enquêtes sont disponibles: http://www.cndp.cl/ .
2 Tous les termes et en -têtes des colonnes figurant dans le présent modèle ont le sens qui leur est attribué dans les instructions.
3 Uniquement à des fins de référence.
G/ADP/N/322/CHL
- 3 -
Réexamens/autres procédures ultérieures
Pays/
territoire
douanier Produit Ouverture
de l'enquête Résultats/
déterminations
préliminaires Mesures finales Abrogation
de
mesures Autres (par
exemple
procédures ne
visant pas le
niveau des
droits) Données commerciales
(si disponibles dans le(s)
rapport(s) publié(s) sur la
procédure) Base de la
détermination
de la valeur
normale Droit définitif Engagement en
matière de prix
Désignation ;
catégorie à 6
chiffres du SH
visant le produit
faisant l'objet de
l'enquête3;
numéro
d'identification ;
(*) si l'enquête
vise plusieurs
pays Date, type de
réexamen ou
de procédure
(symbole),
période
couverte Date d'entrée en
vigueur ;
fourchette des
marges de
dumping
individuelles ;
"autres" taux ;
[fourchette des
taux appliqués en
cas de différence,
raison] Date d'entrée en
vigueur ;
fourchette des
marges de
dumping
individuelles ;
"autres" taux ;
[fourchette des
taux appliqués en
cas de différence,
raison] Date d'entrée en
vigueur ;
fourchette des
marges de
dumping
individuelles ou
des pr ix
minimaux ; ou
autre résultat
(symbole) Date, raison Date,
explication Volume ou
valeur des
importations
(unité/monnaie) ;
produits visés,
période, si
différents des
colonnes 2 et 3 Volume des
importations
en % de la
consommation
intérieure
apparente ou
en % des
importations
totales Symboles de
toutes les bases
utilisées dans la
procédure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Chine Barres en acier
destinées à la
fabrication de
boulets
conventionnels
pour le broyage
de minerais, de
diamètres
inférieurs à
3,5 pouces ;
7228.3000 ;
Dm-1-2017 EXP - - - 22
novembre
2018
La mesure a
été
appliquée
pendant
1 an. - - - -
CF Renseignements non communiqués parce que confidentiels.
n.d. Non disponible.
LDR Droit moindre.
SNR Réexamen à l'extinction.
EXP Expiration de la mesure sans réexamen.
HMP Prix sur le marché intérieur.
TMP Prix dans un pays tiers.
CV Valeur construite.
P Date de publication.
C Date du début du recouvrement des droits.
G/ADP/N/322/CHL
- 4 -
ANNEXES
MESURES ANTIDUMPING DÉFINITIVES EN VIGUEUR
AU 31 DÉCEMBRE 2018
Pays/territoire
douanier Produit, numéro
d'identification de
l'enquête Mesure(s) Date d'imposition
initiale ; référence
de la publication Date(s) de
prorogation ;
référence(s) de
la publication
NÉANT
DEMANDES DE REMBOURSEMENT PRÉSENTÉES AU TITRE
DE L'ARTICLE 9.3 PENDANT LA PÉRIODE ALLANT
DU 1ER JUILLET AU 31 DÉCEMBRE 2018
Pays/territoire
douanier Produit, numéro
d'identification de
l'enquête Date initiale
d'entrée en
vigueur ;
date de la
prorogation la
plus récente Nombre de
demandes de
remboursement
reçues Nombre de
réexamens aux fins
du rembou rsement
commencés,
achevés
NÉANT
SUPPRESSION DE MESURES PENDANT LA PÉRIODE ALLANT
DU 1ER JUILLET AU 31 DÉCEMBRE 2018
Pays/territoire
douanier Produit, numéro d'identification
de l'enquête Date de
suppression Raison de la
suppression
Chine Barres en acier destinées à la
fabrication de boulets conventionnels
pour le broyage de minerais, de
diamètres inférieurs à 3,5 pouces ;
Dm-1-2017 22 novembre 2 018 La mesure a été
appliquée pendant
1 an.
__________
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G/AG/N/MYN/18
27 August 2019
(19-5523) Page: 1/1
Committee on Agriculture Original: English
NOTIFICATION
The following submission, dated 26 August 2019, is being circulated at the request of the delegation
of Myanmar . The notification concerns export subsidy commitments ( Table ES:1) for
the calendar year 2012 .
_______________
Myanmar notifies that export subsidies were not granted to agricultural products during
the calendar year 2012.
__________
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WT/TPR/S/415/Rev.1
9 March 2022
(22-2125) Page: 1/206
Trade Policy Review Body
TRADE POLICY REVIEW
REPORT BY THE SECRETARIAT
CHINA
Revision
This report, prepared for the eighth Trade Policy Review of China, has been drawn up by the WTO
Secretariat on its own responsibility. The Secretariat has, as required by the Agreement establishing
the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (Annex 3 of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World
Trade Organization), sought clarification from China on its trade policies and practices .
Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Masahiro Hayafuji
(tel. 022 739 5873) , Arne Klau (tel . 022 739 5706) , Katie Waters ( tel. 022 739 5067), Michael Kolie
(tel. 022 739 5931), and Verena Hess -Bays (tel . 022 739 5489).
Document WT/TPR/G/ 415 contains the policy statement su bmitted by China.
Note: This report covers developments up until mid -April 2021 , in accordance with the work
programme initially agreed with China. This report was drafted in English. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 2 -
CONTENTS
SUMMARY ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 10
1 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ................................ ................................ ........................ 16
1.1 Main Features of the Economy ................................ ................................ .................... 16
1.2 Recent Economic Developments ................................ ................................ .................. 18
1.2.1 Growth and impact of COVID ‑19 ................................ ................................ .............. 18
1.2.2 Monetary and exchange rate policy ................................ ................................ .......... 19
1.2.3 Fiscal policy ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 21
1.2.4 Structural measures ................................ ................................ ............................... 22
1.2.5 Balance of payments ................................ ................................ .............................. 22
1.3 Developments in Trade and Investment ................................ ................................ ....... 24
1.3.1 Trends and patterns in merchandise and services trade ................................ ............... 24
1.3.2 Trends and patterns in FDI ................................ ................................ ...................... 27
2 TRADE AND INVESTMENT REGIMES ................................ ................................ ........... 31
2.1 General Framework ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 31
2.2 Trade Policy Framework and Objectives ................................ ................................ ....... 32
2.2.1 Institutional framework ................................ ................................ .......................... 32
2.2.2 Trade policy formulation and objectives ................................ ................................ .... 33
2.3 Trade Agreements and Arrangements ................................ ................................ .......... 34
2.3.1 WTO ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 34
2.3.2 Regional and preferential agreements ................................ ................................ ....... 34
2.3.3 Other agreements and arrangements ................................ ................................ ........ 36
2.4 Investment Regime ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 36
2.4.1 Regulatory framework and market access ................................ ................................ . 36
2.4.2 Examination and approval procedures ................................ ................................ ....... 41
2.4.3 Incentives to foreign direct investments ................................ ................................ .... 43
2.4.4 Bilateral investment and tax agreements ................................ ................................ ... 44
3 TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE ................................ ........................ 45
3.1 Measures Directly Affecting Imports ................................ ................................ ............ 45
3.1.1 Customs procedures, valuation, and requirements ................................ ...................... 45
3.1.1.1 Preshipment inspection ................................ ................................ ........................ 48
3.1.1.2 Customs valuation ................................ ................................ ............................... 48
3.1.1. 3 Trade facilitation ................................ ................................ ................................ . 48
3.1.2 Rules of origin ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 50
3.1.3 Tariffs ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 51
3.1.3.1 Applied MFN tariffs ................................ ................................ .............................. 51
3.1.3.2 Tariff rate quotas (TRQs) ................................ ................................ ...................... 53
3.1.3.3 Bound tariffs ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 53
3.1.3.4 Preferential rates ................................ ................................ ................................ 53
3.1.3.5 Tariff exemptions or concessions ................................ ................................ ........... 55 WT/TPR/S/ 415/Re v.1 • China
- 3 -
3.1.4 Other charges affecting imports ................................ ................................ ............... 55
3.1.4.1 Value added tax (VAT) ................................ ................................ ......................... 55
3.1.4.2 Consumption (excise) tax ................................ ................................ ..................... 56
3.1.4.3 Automobile Purchase Tax ................................ ................................ ..................... 57
3.1.4.4 Port construction fees ................................ ................................ .......................... 58
3.1.5 Import prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing ................................ ........................... 58
3.1.5.1 Import prohibitions ................................ ................................ ............................. 58
3.1.5.2 Import licensing requirements ................................ ................................ .............. 60
3.1.5.2.1 Automatic import licensing requirements ................................ ............................. 61
3.1.5.2.2 Non-automatic import licensing requirements ................................ ....................... 62
3.1.6 Anti-dumping, coun tervailing, and safeguard measures ................................ ............... 62
3.1.6.1 Anti-dumping measures ................................ ................................ ....................... 62
3.1.6.2 Countervailing measures ................................ ................................ ...................... 65
3.1.6.3 Safeguard measures ................................ ................................ ............................ 66
3.2 Measures Directly Affecting Exports ................................ ................................ ............. 67
3.2.1 Customs procedures and requirements ................................ ................................ ..... 67
3.2.2 Taxes, charges, and levies ................................ ................................ ...................... 68
3.2.3 Export prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing ................................ ............................ 69
3.2.4 Export support and promotion ................................ ................................ ................. 72
3.2.5 Export finance, insurance, and guarantees ................................ ................................ 73
3.3 Measures Affecting Production and Trade ................................ ................................ ..... 75
3.3.1 Incentives ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 75
3.3.2 Standards and other technical requirements ................................ .............................. 79
3.3.2.1 Overview ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 79
3.3.2.2 Product certification ................................ ................................ ............................. 82
3.3.2.3 Labelling and packaging ................................ ................................ ....................... 83
3.3.3 Sanitary and phytosanitary requirements ................................ ................................ .. 84
3.3.3.1 Legal, institutional, and po licy framework ................................ ............................... 84
3.3.3.2 SPS measures ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 86
3.3.3.3 Inspection and quarantine ................................ ................................ .................... 88
3.3.3.4 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) ................................ ................................ .. 88
3.3.4 Competition policy and price controls ................................ ................................ ........ 89
3.3.4.1 Competition policy ................................ ................................ .............................. 89
3.3.4.1.1 Legislative and institutional framework ................................ ................................ 89
3.3.4.1.2 Monopoly agreements ................................ ................................ ....................... 91
3.3.4.1.3 Dominant market positions ................................ ................................ ................ 91
3.3.4.1.4 Mergers and acquisitions ................................ ................................ ................... 92
3.3.4.1.5 Administrative monopoly ................................ ................................ ................... 93
3.3.4.1.6 Enforcement ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 93
3.3.4.1.7 International cooperation ................................ ................................ .................. 94 WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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3.3.4. 2 Price controls ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 94
3.3.5 State trading, state -owned enterprises, and privatization ................................ ............. 97
3.3.6 Government procurement ................................ ................................ ....................... 99
3.3.6.1 Overview ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 99
3.3.6.2 Legal and institutional framework ................................ ................................ ........ 100
3.3.6.3 Procurement methods and e -procurement ................................ ............................ 103
3.3.6.4 Other policy considerations in government procurement ................................ ......... 104
3.3.6.5 COVID‑19-related government procurement measures ................................ ........... 105
3.3.6.6 Supplier complaint mechanism ................................ ................................ ............ 106
3.3.6.7 Accession to the GPA and other international cooperation ................................ ....... 106
3.3.7 Intellectual property rights ................................ ................................ .................... 106
3.3.7.1 Overview ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 106
3.3.7.2 Institutional reforms and IP -related p olicies ................................ .......................... 107
3.3.7.3 International context ................................ ................................ ......................... 108
3.3.7.4 Copyright and related rights ................................ ................................ ............... 108
3.3.7.5 Industrial property ................................ ................................ ............................ 109
3.3.7.5.1 Trademarks ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 109
3.3.7.5.2 Geographical indications ................................ ................................ .................. 110
3.3.7.5.3 Patents ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 111
3.3.7.5.4 Utility models ................................ ................................ ................................ 113
3.3.7.5.5 Industrial designs ................................ ................................ ........................... 114
3.3.7.5.6 Layout -designs of integrated circuits ................................ ................................ . 114
3.3.7.5.7 New plant varieties ................................ ................................ ......................... 114
3.3.7.5.8 Undisclosed information and trade secrets ................................ ......................... 115
3.3.7.6 Enforcement ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 116
3.3.7.6.1 Overview ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 116
3.3.7.6.2 Administrative procedures ................................ ................................ ............... 117
3.3.7.6.3 Judicial measures ................................ ................................ ........................... 118
3.3.7.6.4 Customs measures ................................ ................................ ......................... 119
3.3.7.6.5 Criminal procedures ................................ ................................ ........................ 119
4 TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR ................................ ................................ ................... 120
4.1 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries ................................ ................................ ........... 120
4.1.1 Overview ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 120
4.1.2 Agriculture ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 120
4.1.2.1 Features and market development ................................ ................................ ....... 120
4.1.2.2 Legal and institutional framework ................................ ................................ ........ 123
4.1.2.3 Policy objectives and reforms ................................ ................................ .............. 124
4.1.2.4 Policy instruments ................................ ................................ ............................. 125
4.1.2.4.1 Border measures ................................ ................................ ............................ 125
4.1.2.4.2 Measures affecting exports ................................ ................................ .............. 126 WT/TPR/S/ 415/Re v.1 • China
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4.1.2.4.3 Internal measures ................................ ................................ .......................... 127
4.1.2.4.3.1 Support measures ................................ ................................ ....................... 127
4.1.2.4.3.2 Price controls and market price support systems ................................ .............. 129
4.1.2.4.3.3 Other measures ................................ ................................ .......................... 130
4.1.2.4.4 Levels of support ................................ ................................ ............................ 130
4.1.3 Fisheries ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 133
4.1.3.1 Features and market developments ................................ ................................ ..... 133
4.1.3.2 Legal, institutional, and policy framework ................................ ............................. 134
4.1.3.3 Government support to the fisheries sector ................................ ........................... 136
4.1.3.4 Fisheries conservation measures ................................ ................................ ......... 136
4.2 Mining and Energy ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 137
4.2.1 Mining ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 137
4.2.2 Energy ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 140
4.2.2.1 Overview including environmental pol icy ................................ .............................. 140
4.2.2.2 Coal ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 143
4.2.2.3 Oil ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 143
4.2.2.4 Gas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 144
4.2.2.5 Electricity ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 145
4.3 Manufacturing ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 148
4.3.1 Recent developments ................................ ................................ ........................... 148
4.3.2 Selected subsectors ................................ ................................ ............................. 149
4.3.2.1 Automobiles, automotive parts, and components ................................ ................... 149
4.3.2.2 Machinery and equipment ................................ ................................ .................. 151
4.3.2.3 Iron and steel ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 152
4.3.2.4 Electronic, IT, and integrated circuits ................................ ................................ ... 153
4.3.2.5 Shipbuilding ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 154
4.4 Services ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 155
4.4.1 Financial services ................................ ................................ ................................ . 155
4.4.1.1 Overview ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 155
4.4.1.2 Reform of the financial supervision framework ................................ ....................... 157
4.4.1.3 Recent regulatory developments ................................ ................................ ......... 158
4.4.1.3.1 Overview ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 158
4.4.1.3.2 Regulatory developments in banking ................................ ................................ . 158
4.4.1.3.2.1 Developments in licensing of foreign banks ................................ ..................... 158
4.4.1.3.2.2 Developments in banking prudential regulations and measures to tackle other
systemic risks ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 159
4.4.1.3.2.3 Other measures in banking ................................ ................................ ........... 160
4.4.1.3.3 Regulatory developments in insurance ................................ ............................... 161
4.4.1.3.3.1 Developments in licensing requirements ................................ ......................... 161
4.4.1.3.3.2 Developments in prudential regulations ................................ .......................... 162
4.4.1.3.4 Recent developments in securities activities ................................ ....................... 162 WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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4.4.1.3.4.1 Foreign participation ................................ ................................ .................... 162
4.4.1.3.4.2 Measures to improve governance and prevent risks ................................ .......... 163
4.4.1.3.4.3 Foreign activities of Chinese companies ................................ .......................... 164
4.4.1.3.5 Developments in pension fund management ................................ ....................... 165
4.4.1.3.6 Measures to ease cross -border transactions and promote CNY internalization .......... 165
4.4.1.3.7 Developments in the fintech industry ................................ ................................ 165
4.4.2 Telecommunications ................................ ................................ ............................. 167
4.4.2.1 Overview ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 167
4.4.2.2 Regulatory framework ................................ ................................ ....................... 168
4.4.2.2.1 Developments in 5G ................................ ................................ ....................... 169
4.4.2.2.2 Facility sharing ................................ ................................ ............................... 169
4.4.2.2.3 Number portability ................................ ................................ ......................... 170
4.4.2.2.4 Spectrum management ................................ ................................ ................... 170
4.4.2.2.5 Cloud computing ................................ ................................ ............................ 170
4.4.2.2.6 Cybersecurity ................................ ................................ ................................ 170
4.4.2.2.7 E-commerce ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 172
4.4.3 Transport ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 174
4.4.3.1 Maritime transport ................................ ................................ ............................ 175
4.4.3.2 Air transport ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 177
5 APPENDIX TABLES ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 181
CHARTS
Chart 1.1 Product composition of merchandise trade by main HS section, 2016 and 2020 ........... 25
Chart 1. 2 Direction of merchandise trade, 2016 and 2020 ................................ ...................... 26
Chart 1.3 Foreign direct investment, 2000 -19 ................................ ................................ ...... 28
Chart 2.1 Number of restrictive measures in China's Special Administrative Measures
determining access to foreign investment, 2017 -20 ................................ .............................. 38
Chart 3.1 Distribution of MFN applied tariff rates, 2015, 2017, and 2021 ................................ .. 52
Chart 3.2 Average applied tariff rates, by HS section, 2017 and 2021 ................................ ...... 53
Chart 3.3 Import licensing by HS section, 2020 ................................ ................................ .... 61
Chart 3.4 Anti -dumping measures in force, by product, 31 December 2020 .............................. 65
Chart 3.5 Main elements contained in SPS measures notified by China, 1 January 2018 -
13 April 2021 ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 87
Chart 3.6 Exports and imports of fees for the use of IP, 2010 -19 ................................ .......... 107
Chart 3.7 Patent applications, 2010 -19 ................................ ................................ ............. 112
Chart 3.8 Patent grants, 2010 -19 ................................ ................................ ..................... 112
Chart 3.9 Patent grants by top fields of technology, 2019 ................................ .................... 113
Chart 4.1 Value of production of agriculture and animal husbandry, 2009 -19 .......................... 121
Chart 4.2 Volume of production, 2009 -19 ................................ ................................ .......... 121
Chart 4.3 Green and Amber Box support, 2011 -16 ................................ ............................. 131 WT/TPR/S/ 415/Re v.1 • China
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Chart 4.4 OECD measurement of support, 2010 -19 ................................ ............................ 132
Chart 4.5 Total consumption of energy and its composition, 2015 and 2019 ........................... 141
Chart 4.6 Total energy consumption by sector, 2015 and 2018 ................................ ............. 141
Chart 4.7 Structure of elect ricity production and consumption, 2018 ................................ ..... 145
Chart 4.8 Installed generation capacities by primary energy, 2019 ................................ ........ 146
Chart 4.9 International passenger flights, January to December, 2019 and 2020 ..................... 178
Chart 4.10 Domestic passenger flights, January to December, 2019 and 2020 ........................ 178
TABLES
Table 1.1 Selected macroeconomic indicators, 2015 -20 ................................ ......................... 16
Table 1.2 GDP by sector, 2015 -20 ................................ ................................ ...................... 19
Table 1.3 Balance of payments, 2015 -20 ................................ ................................ ............. 23
Table 1.4 Composition of trade in services, 2015 -20 ................................ ............................. 27
Table 1.5 Inward foreign direct investment by source, 2015 -19 ................................ .............. 28
Table 1.6 Inward foreign direct investment by main sectors, 2015 -19 ................................ ...... 29
Table 1.7 Outward FDI by main de stination, 2015 -19 ................................ ............................ 29
Table 1.8 Outward FDI by main sectors, 2015 -19 ................................ ................................ . 30
Table 3.1 China's legislation related to customs procedures ................................ .................... 45
Table 3.2 Tariff structure, 2015, 2017, and 2021 ................................ ................................ .. 51
Table 3.3 Summary analysis of the Chinese preferential tariff, 2020 ................................ ........ 54
Table 3.4 VAT rates, December 2020 ................................ ................................ .................. 56
Table 3.5 Consumption tax, March 2021 ................................ ................................ .............. 56
Table 3.6 Import prohibitions notified to the WTO for period 2018-20 ................................ ...... 59
Table 3.7 Anti -dumping investigations and measures, January 2018 -December 2020 ................. 64
Table 3.8 Anti -dumping measures in force, by trading partner/region, January 2018 -
December 2020 ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 64
Table 3.9 Countervailing investigations and measures, 2016 -20 ................................ ............. 66
Table 3.10 Countervailing investigations initiated during the review period, as at
31 December 2020 ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 66
Table 3.11 Export duties by type and HS chapter, 2020 ................................ ......................... 69
Table 3.12 Products subject to export quotas and licensing, 2020 ................................ ........... 70
Table 3.13 Overview of SINOSURE short -term e xport credit insurance policy ............................ 74
Table 3.14 Overview of SINOSURE medium - and long -term export credit insurance policy .......... 75
Table 3.15 Government guidance funds ................................ ................................ .............. 77
Table 3.16 Policy -related funds ................................ ................................ .......................... 78
Table 3.17 Central Government institutions with SPS -related responsibilities, 2021 ................... 85
Table 3.18 Main SPS -related laws and regulations , January 2021 ................................ ............ 85
Table 3.19 SPS -related STCs raised against China, 1 January 2018 -13 April 2021 ..................... 87
Table 3.20 Department rules related to price controls, 2021 ................................ ................... 95
Table 3.21 Products/services subject to price controls by the Central Government, 2021 ............ 95 WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Table 3.22 Products/services subject to price controls by local governments, 2020 .................... 96
Table 3.23 SOEs in China's economy , 2013 -19 ................................ ................................ ..... 98
Table 3.24 China's 10 largest state -owned enterprises, 2020 ................................ ................. 98
Table 3.25 Government procurement by type of purchase, 2017 -19 ................................ ........ 99
Table 3.26 Government procurement -related laws, regulations, and administrative measures ... 101
Table 3.27 Government procurement by procurement method, 2017 -19 ................................ 103
Table 3.28 Copyright collective management organizations – fees and membership ................. 109
Table 3.29 Trademark applications and registrations, 2017 -19 ................................ ............. 110
Table 3.30 Utility models – Applications and registrations, 2017 -19 ................................ ....... 114
Table 3.31 Industrial designs – Applications and registrations, 2017 -19 ................................ . 114
Table 3.32 IP enforcement, 2018 -20 ................................ ................................ ................. 117
Table 3.33 Judicial measures, 2018 -19 ................................ ................................ ............. 118
Table 4.1 Principal indicators for agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, and fisheries,
2015-20 ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 120
Table 4.2 Agricultural production, 2015 -19 ................................ ................................ ........ 120
Table 4.3 Agricult ural exports and imports, 2015 -20 ................................ ........................... 121
Table 4.4 Main agriculture -related laws, December 2020 ................................ ..................... 124
Table 4.5 TRQs on agricultural products and their utilization, 2018 -19 ................................ ... 126
Table 4.6 Agricultural products subject to export quotas and licensing in 2020 ........................ 127
Table 4.7 Export quotas for maize, rice, and wheat flour, 2018 -20 ................................ ........ 127
Table 4.8 Central Government tax incentives provided to the agriculture sector, 2018 ............. 128
Table 4.9 Central Government fiscal appropriations for the agriculture secto r, 2018 ................. 128
Table 4.10 Minimum procurement prices, 2016 -21 ................................ .............................. 130
Table 4.11 Distribution of the financing of the agricultural insurance scheme between
central and local authorities ................................ ................................ ............................ 130
Table 4.12 OECD indicators for support to agriculture in China, 2010 -19 ................................ 132
Table 4.13 Fisheries indicators, 2015 -19 ................................ ................................ ........... 134
Table 4.14 Fishery exports and imports, 2015 -20 ................................ ............................... 134
Table 4.15 Main mining production, 2017 -19 ................................ ................................ ..... 137
Table 4.16 Mining industry foreign investment regime, 2017 and 2020 ................................ .. 139
Table 4.17 China's key trading partners for oil imports, 2018 -20 ................................ .......... 144
Table 4.18 Investment in power generation capacity by source, 2017 -19 ............................... 146
Table 4.19 Investment regime for electricity, 2017 and 2020 ................................ ............... 146
Table 4.20 Action plans for IT and its subsectors, 2016 -20 ................................ ................... 154
Table 4.21 Overview of the regulatory regime for fintech ................................ ..................... 166
Table 4.22 Telecoms prices as a percentage of GNI per capita, 2019 ................................ ..... 168
Table 4.23 Value of merchandise goods imported to and exported from China through
different transport modes, 2018 -20 ................................ ................................ .................. 174
Table 4.24 Ship tonnage tax rates, 2020 ................................ ................................ ........... 176
Table 4.25 CAAC policies support ing active response to the COVID ‑19 outbreak ...................... 179
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Re v.1 • China
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BOXES
Box 2.1 Main changes in the 2019 National Negative List for foreign investments and
the 2019 Encouraged Catalogue ................................ ................................ ......................... 38
Box 2.2 Main changes in the 2020 National Negative List for foreign investments and
the 2020 Encouraged Catalogue ................................ ................................ ......................... 39
Box 3.1 GACC t rade facilitation measures ................................ ................................ ............ 49
Box 3.2 Main laws, regulations, and guidelines dealing with competition policy issues ................ 90
Box 4.1 Fisheries conservation measures, 2018 -20 ................................ ............................. 137
Box 4.2 Selected indicators of the telecommunications sector, 2020 ................................ ...... 168
APPENDIX TABLES
Table A1.1 Bilateral debt stocks to China – public and publicly guaranteed (PPG), 2014 -19 ....... 181
Table A1.2 Merchandise exports by HS section and major HS chapter/subheading, 2015 -20 ..... 182
Table A1.3 M erchandise imports by HS section and major HS chapter/subheading, 2015 -20 ..... 183
Table A1.4 China's merchandise exports by destination, 2015 -20 ................................ .......... 184
Table A1.5 China's merchandise imports by origin, 2015 -20 ................................ ................. 185
Table A2.1 Main notifications under WTO Agreements, 1 January 2018 -13 April 2021 .............. 186
Table A2.2 WTO dispute settlement cases involving China, 1 January 2018 -13 April 2021 ........ 188
Table A2.3 Industries in which FDI was/is restricted, 2019 and 2020 ................................ ..... 189
Table A2.4 Industries in which FDI was/is prohibited, 2019 and 2020 ................................ .... 191
Table A3.1 MFN applied tariff summary, 2021 ................................ ................................ .... 193
Table A3.2 Active central subsidy programmes notified in 2019 ................................ ............ 194
Table A3.3 Summary of IPR legislation, as at late -January 2021 ................................ ........... 196
Table A3.4 Membership in International IPR Conventions, as at January 2021 ......................... 198
Table A3.5 General regulatory framework of new plant varieties protection ............................ 199
Table A4.1 Central Government support to fisheries as notified to the WTO ............................ 200
Table A4.2 Local government support to fisheries as notified to the WTO ............................... 201
Table A4.3 Tariff lines and rates as per the Resourc e Tax Law ................................ .............. 204
Table A4.4 Tariff lines and tariff rate range before the implementation of the Resource
Tax Law ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 206
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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SUMMARY
1. Since China's previous Trade Policy Review in 2018, the country's economy has been a major
driver of global growth . Real GDP growth rates fell from just under 7.0% in 2016 -18 to 6.0% in
2019 and 2.3% in 2020. Growth is projected to reach 6.0% again in 2021, as economic activities
are expected to normalize. China's GDP per capita was USD 11,710 in 2020, up from USD 9,976 in
2018. The long -term structural changes in China's economy, away from agriculture and industry
towards services, continued during the review period. Services now make up some 55% of GDP.
Remarkable progress on poverty alleviation has been achieved over the past decades, resulting from
high GDP growth rates and market -oriented reforms.
2. The outbreak of the COVID ‑19 pandemic in early 2020 had a major impact on output and
employment. At the beginning of 2020, China 's econom y contracted by 6.8%. Virtually all sectors
were severely hit by the pandemic, with the notable exceptions of financial services and information
technology . Starting in mid -2020, the economy began to recover, mainly driven by public investment
and international trade. Swift fis cal and monetary policy reactions helped mitigate the economic
impact of the COVID ‑19 pandemic, but as a result of the Government's stabilizing measures , financial
stability risks may have increased.
3. Price stability remains the main goal of monetary policy . Inflation rates remained low during
the review period, fluctuating between -0.5% and 3.8%. China has a managed floating exchange
rate regime. The exchange rate of the Chinese yuan (CNY) is determined with reference to a basket
of currencies with a public ly known composition; the CNY's central parity is determined daily as a
"fix". Officially reported foreign exchange reserves held steady during the review period, at around
USD 3.1 trillion. Regulations on capital movements remain in place on inflows and o utflows. China's
bilateral lending to the rest of the world, notably to African countries, has increased over the past
years. The CNY is fully convertible for current account transactions and partially convertible for some
capital account transactions. Chi na continued its efforts to further internationalize the CNY. As at
mid-2020, about 2% of global payments were conducted through the CNY.
4. China's current account surplus contracted between 2016 and 2018, but grew again in 2019,
to USD 102.9 billion. Availa ble information for 2020 indicates a widening of the surplus, to
USD 273.9 billion (1.9% of GDP), while for 2021, the authorities predict a narrowing of the current
account surplus. The financial account (excluding reserve assets) posted a strong deficit in 2015, a
surplus between 2016 and 2019, and a deficit in 2020. Direc t investment was in surplus in all recent
years except for 2016. The portfolio investment account was in deficit until 2016 and has posted a
surplus since 2017. China's merchandise trade surplus declined between 2016 and 2018, which was
a major driver of i ts narrowing current account surplus. In 2019 and 2020, the trade surplus grew
again. China's balance of trade in services has traditionally posted a deficit, which grew between
2015 and 2018, but fell in 2019 and 2020.
5. China's merchandise exports increase d every year during the review period, to attain a peak
of nearly USD 2.6 trillion in 2020. Exports fell in the first half of 2020 due to the COVID ‑19 pandemic,
but grew strongly afterwards due to China being the first manufacturing power to resume operati ons
after the first wave of global shutdowns, and its role as leading supplier of protective health
equipment and electronics related to working from home. At over 44%, machinery and electrical
equipment continue to represent a very large and rising share in China's merchandise exports. The
United States and the European Union remain China's main destinations for merchandise exports.
Asia remains the most important region for China's merchandise exports, with a share of over 44%
in 2020. Within Asia, Japan and the Republic of Korea are the most important trading partners.
Africa and the Middle East received between 4% and 5% of China's exports, while the share for
Latin America fluctuated around 6%.
6. China's merchandise imports increased sharply between 2016 and 2018, but fell in 2019 and
2020. At about 35%, machinery and electrical equipment make up an important and stable share of
China's imports, followed by mineral products (some 25%). The European Union remains the most
important supplier of goods, while the share of the United States in China's imports fell, from nearly
9% in 2015 to 6.6% in 2020. The share of imports originating in Asia fluctuated at around 47%
between 2016 and 2019, but increased to over 49% in 2020. Africa, Australia, and the Middle Ea st
account for about 4%, 5% , and 7% of China's merchandise imports, respectively. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Re v.1 • China
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7. China 's services exports grew from USD 217 billion in 2015 to USD 244 billion in 2019, but
fell to USD 235 billion in 2020. They are mostly composed of various business servi ces,
transportation, and travel. Services imports grew from USD 436 billion in 2015 to USD 506 billion in
2019, but fell to USD 380 billion in 2020. Travel is traditionally by far the most important individual
category.
8. Annual foreign direct investment ( FDI) inflows into China continued to grow between 2016
and 2019, although at a much slower pace than in previous periods. Outward FDI, after lagging
behind for many years, overtook inward FDI in 2015. It peaked in 2016 and has fallen sharply every
year since . Manufacturing remains by far the largest sector of FDI inflows into China. The most
important sectors for China's FDI abroad are leasing and business services, and manufacturing.
Investment under the Belt and Road Initiative accounts for some 13% of Chin a's recent outward
FDI; it is mostly concentrated in Central and South East Asia, with a focus on infrastructure projects.
9. During the review period, China continued to aim at expanding international trade and
investments, as outlined in Five -Year Plans and various Administrative Measures. Efforts to address
climate change issues were also noticeable within China's trade policy framework. The main ongoing
actions in this regard included industrial restructuring, energy structure optimization, energy
conserva tion and efficiency, and the establishment of a carbon emissions trading market.
10. In pursuit of its trade policy objectives, China accords a leading role to the multilateral trading
system and regional trade agreements (RTAs) in which it participates. China is an active Member of
the WTO; it is an observer to the Committee on Government Procurement, and has been negotiating
its accession to the Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement since 20 07. China is also an
observer to the Plurilateral Agreemen t on Trade in Civil Aircraft, and a participant in the Information
Technology Agreement. It also participates in Joint Statement Initiatives on e -commerce;
investment facilitation for development; micro, small, and medium -sized enterprises; and domestic
regulation in services. Between 2018 and mid-April 2021, China was involved in 10 trade disputes
as a complainant and 11 as a respondent. During the review period , China signed new RTAs with
Mauritius, Cambodia, and 14 other countries within the framework of the Regional Comprehensive
Economic Partnership (RCEP) Agreement. By the end of February 2021, China had signed 19 RTAs
with 26 countries and territories. Chin a submitted various notifications to the WTO during the review
period . Nevertheless, some notifications, including those on state trading enterprises and domestic
support, remain outstanding.
11. A new Foreign Investment Law was adopted, with the aim of, inter alia, improving China's
business environment for foreign investors and ensuring that they participate in market competition
on an equal basis. The legislation stipulates that investors are protected against expropriation,
restrictions on cross -border remi ttances, IPR infringement, and forced transfer of technology.
12. Various negative lists and the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries for Foreign Investment,
which are revised periodically, remain the main instrument s used to guide FDI in China. The 2020
version of the Special Administrative Measures on Access to Foreign Investment (National Negative
List) further reduced the number of restrictive measures from 63 in 2017 to 33 in 2020. FDI in the
Pilot Free Trade Zones (PFTZs) is guided by another negative list (PFTZ Negative List). In 2020,
three PFTZs were established , bringing the total to 21. FDI is not allowed in prohibited industries
that are included in either the PFTZ Negative List or the National Negative List; for those in a
restricted industry, investo rs must comply with the required administrative measures. Projects in
the encouraged category are eligible for preferential treatment. In 2018, China issued the Market
Access Negative List, which lists industries that are prohibited or subject to licensing for investment
and operation within China by market participants of any kind, including state -owned, private,
domestic , or foreign -invested enterprises . Certain FDI projects may be subject to national security
reviews if they are deemed to have an influen ce on national security. Examination and approval are
required for foreign -invested projects involving fixed asset investment and projects involving
"serious" overcapacity.
13. Various tax incentives are available to foreign -invested enterprises ( FIEs) to prom ote sectors
deemed beneficial to the development of China's economy. Furthermore, several relief measures
were recently taken or announced for foreign investors, as a response to the COVID ‑19 pandemic. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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14. China has taken various trade -facilitating measures wi th respect to import registration,
documentation, and inspection requirements, as well as in response to the COVID -19 pandemic. Its
national single window for international trade was extended and , reportedly , the overall customs
clearance time for imports nationwide was reduced.
15. China's simple average applied most-favoured nation (MFN) rate decreased from 9.3% in 2017
to 7.1% in 2021, with tariff -rate reductions in nearly all product categories. The percentage of tariff
lines bearing rates higher than 15% ( international tariff peaks) was 4.5% in 2021, significantly lower
than the 13.9% in 2017. Applied MFN tariffs ranged from 0 %-65%; the highest tariffs of 65% apply
to 20 agricultural tariff lines . Duty-free lines accounted for 12.6% of all lines. China applies lower
tariffs under its preferential trade agreements (PTAs) and RTAs ; the average tariff rate under China's
PTAs and RTAs ranges between 0.04% (RTAs with Hong Kong, China and Macao, China) an d 6.6%
(Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei) ). China also
grants preferential tariff treatment to imports from least developed countries ( LDCs) that have
established diplomatic relations with China and completed t he exchange of diplomatic notes. By
February 2021, China had implemented zero tariffs on 97% of tariff lines for these 41 LDCs.
16. Other charges affecting imports are the value added tax (VAT), the consumption tax, the
Automobile Purchase Tax, and (until rece ntly) port construction fees. During the review period, some
VAT rates were reduced. Port construction fees levied on imported and exported goods were
permanently abolished in January 2021.
17. Some changes were made in the import regime on prohibition and lic ensing. Since
1 January 2021, imports of all solid waste products have been prohibited, and the previous regime
for allowing imports of certain wastes under licensing conditions has been terminated. Certain
recycling materials for brass, iron -steel materia ls, copper, and cast aluminium alloys may be
imported if they meet the required standards. Automatic import licensing requirements, in place for
monitoring purposes have been removed on certain items and non -automatic import licensing
requirements were rem oved for some used mechanical and electrical products.
18. Changes in legislation concerning anti -dumping measures during the review period included
the adoption of the Ministry of Commerce's ( MOFCOM ) Rules on Interim Review of Dumping and
Dumping Margins (Int erim Review Rules) in April 2018 and the entering into force of t he Rules on
Questionnaires in Anti-Dumping Investigations and t he Rules for Hearing of Anti-Dumping and
Anti-Subsidy Investigations in May 2018. Other than these, t he laws and regulations gov erning
anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures in China remained largely unchanged during
the review period. Between January 2018 and December 2020, China initiated 34 anti-dumping
investigations and 8 countervailing investigations; it did not initiate any new safeguard
investigations. As at end -December 2020, China was enforcing 113 anti-dumping definitive
measures affecting imports from 16 countries or territories and 6 countervailing measures. Chemic al
products continue to account for most anti-dumping measures in force at end -December 2020,
followed by products made of resin, plastic, and rubber.
19. Regarding the export regime, i n the wake of the COVID -19 pandemic, the authorities took
steps to further streamline customs procedures, including inspections and quarantine, and reduce
port charges for exporters of medical devices. To ensure the quality of exported medical devices,
reinforced quality control measures were also put in place for enterprises inv olved in the export of
COVID‑19-related test kits and other medical devices.
20. China charges export taxes on certain products. As at January 2021, 102 tariff lines (at the
8-digit level) were subject to statutory export duties, while 75 tariff lines carried interim duties.
Prohibitions and restrictions are also in place on a variety of export items. Restricted exports may
be subject to quotas or licences. During the review period, 23 new items were added to the list of
technologies subject to export restricti ons, while 4 items that were subject to export prohibition and
5 items that were subject to export restriction were removed.
21. During the review period, a new Export Control Law was adopted; it provides for the
establishment of a single framework for restric ting exports of controlled items, i.e. dual -use items
(with both civilian and military applications); military products; nuclear products; and goods,
technologies, and services that are related to the maintenance of national security and interests and
the implementation of international obligations such as nuclear non-proliferation. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Re v.1 • China
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22. The authorities indicate that China did not maintain or introduce any export subsidies on
agricultural products during the review period. All exporters are generally entitled to VAT rebates.
To promote exports, the Trade Development Bureau of MOFCOM organizes exhibitions in emerging
markets and provides export -oriented training activities. It also maintains the websites of China
Trade Promotion and provides, through various servi ce platforms, background information about
foreign markets.
23. China continued to provide incentives and financial support to different sectors and industries
during the review period. In June 2019, China notified its support programmes for the
period 2017-18. The notification contains information on 79 central -level and 420 subcentral -level
programmes, many of which, however, had expired by the time of the notification. No information
was provided by the authorities on how many of the programmes were still ac tive as at April 2021.
The notifications submitted to the WTO and the replies provided by China to questions asked by
other Members did not enable the Secretariat to have a clear overall picture o f China's support
programmes. In particular, the notificatio ns do not contain information on expenditure levels in
certain critical sectors , such as aluminium, electric vehicles, glass, shipbuilding, semiconductors, or
steel. Information on subsidies going beyond the 2019 notification was not made available to the
Secretariat. In addition to the notified programmes, numerous other initiatives are reported to be in
place to support different industries and attract foreign investment. So -called "government guidance
funds " use public resources to make equity investment s in industries that the Government considers
important, while numerous policy -related funds finance direct investments to support a particular
policy initiative. Many of these funds seem to be endowed with sums over CNY 100 billion. According
to the autho rities, the incentives provided by these funds do not constitute subsidies and are not
required to be notified under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
(SCM Agreement) .
24. Since its previous Review, China introduced or revised various laws and regulations related to
standards and other technical requirements. On 1 January 2018, the revised Standardization Law
entered into force and included new provisions such as those on association standards. According to
the authorities, at end -2020, amo ng the national standards that correspond to the relevant
international standards, 92.4% of mandatory standards (technical regulations) and 91.4% of
voluntary standards were adoptions or adaptation s of international standards, compared with 74.3%
and 85.9% at end -2017. Between January 2018 and mid-April 2021, China submitted 344 technical
barriers to trade ( TBT) notifications. During this period, i n the TBT Committee, 25 specific trade
concerns were raised by Members regarding TBT measures maintained or planned by China.
25. During the review period, there was a substantial reorganization of the agencies responsible
for sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) -related issues. The main change to the legal framewor k for
SPS-related issues was the entry into force of the Implementing Regulations of the 2015 Food Safety
Law 2019. During the review period, 13 specific trade concerns were raised in the SPS Committee
on SPS measures maintained by China , of which 8 were r aised for the first time. Between
1 January 2018 and mid-April 2021, China submitted 165 notifications to the SPS Committee .
26. In 2018, the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) was established as the
national administrative body for regulating m arket-related issues, including competition. The
previous functions and personnel of the National Development and Reform Commission ( NDRC ), the
State Administration for Industry and Commerce ( SAIC), and MOFCOM in their respective fields of
competition poli cy merged into the SAMR. A new Anti -Monopoly Bureau and a new Price Supervision
and Anti -Unfair Competition Bureau were established as the competition agencies within the SAMR.
The State Council also established an Anti -Monopoly Committee to organize, coor dinate, and guide
the anti -monopoly work across the country. In 2019, the Anti -Unfair Competition Law was revised
to strengthen the protection of trade secrets. There were no changes to the legislation concerning
price controls during the review period.
27. China's state trading enterprises have the exclusive right to import or export the following
products: wheat, maize, sugar, tobacco, rice, cotton, crude and processed oil, refined coal, chemical
fertilizers, tungsten and tungstate products, antimony, and sil ver. State ownership remains very
important in China 's economy, even in non -strategic, commercially oriented sectors, with
state-owned enterprises ( SOEs) still having large market shares. No privatization took place during
the review period ; reform of SOEs proceeded almost exclusively in the context of mixed -ownership
reform. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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28. There have been no major changes to China's legislative and regulatory regime concerning
government procurement since the previous Review , while modifications to relevant laws are
currently under consideration. The total value of government procurement in China was
CNY 3.3 trillion in 2019 (the latest year for which data were made available), accounting for 3.3%
of GDP; important infrastructure projects implemented by SOEs are not cover ed by the Government
Procurement Law. The majority of procurement takes place at the sub -Central Government level.
29. During 2018 and 2019, China undertook wide -ranging reforms that included its intellectual
property ( IP) regime ; the infrastructure of IP cour ts; and amendments to the Trademark Law, the
Patent Law, and the Anti -Unfair Competition Law, which govern trade secrets. As part of these
reforms, in 2018, the State Intellectual Property Office became the China National Intellectual
Property Administrati on under the SAMR. The IP enforcement regime continued to evolve in response
to the challenges posed by the shift from brick -and-mortar stores to virtual marketplaces and the
implementation of international agreements. For example, copyright surveillance o f large -scale
video, music, and literature websites, as well as online storage service providers, was strengthened.
30. While the overall value of production of agriculture and animal husbandry increased steadily
over the review period, China continues to be a net importer of agricultural products. China is
pursuing a rural revitalization strategy. Rural reform initiatives have included amending the Law on
the Contracting of Rural Land to legally upgrade the institutional arrangements on the land
management right on rural contracted land , and steps have been taken to e xtend a similar approach
to rural homesteads. As part of the Government's restructuring in 2018, the Ministry of Agriculture
(MOA) was renamed the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) , and its responsibilities
were expanded, a National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration was created, and the S tate
Administration of Grain was dissolved. In 2021, the average MFN applied tariff on agricultural
products was 12.7% (14.8% in 2017). China continues to make use of tariff -rate quotas on wheat,
corn, rice, sugar, wool, wool tops , and cotton, which are administered through import licences; fill
rates have fluctuated and were under 50% for wheat, rice, and wool tops in 2019. Little up -to-date
information was available on current government support to the agriculture sector , given that
China's most recent do mestic support notification to the WTO covers the period up to 2016, and its
SCM notification to 2018. China continues to implement a minimum purchase price policy for rice
and wheat, with certain price reductions reported in recent years. Likewise, China continues to
maintain reserves of maize, rice, soya beans, and wheat , as well as a subsidized agricultural
insurance scheme providing coverage for natural disasters .
31. China is one of the world's largest fish -producing countries , particularly in aquaculture , and is
a net importer of fish. The simple average MFN tariff on fish and fishery products (WTO definition)
was 6.8% in 2021, with tariffs ranging from 0 %-15%. Since 2018, China has revised its fishing
licence rules. No updated data were available on fisheries subsidies from 2019, and on fuel subsidies
to the fisheries sector over the whole review period. However, the authorities indicate that the
Government will short ly issue a new policy to terminate fuel and boat construction subsidies, with
the last of these pay -outs being made at end -2020. Reportedly, the Government has taken measures
to monitor and control fishing vessels, enhance its international compliance capa bility, and prevent
illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing activities , and it is taking first steps to introduce a total
allowable catch system.
32. During the review period, some liberalization steps were taken in the mining sector to allow
increased fo reign participation; foreign investment prohibitions and restrictions on the exploration
and development of a number of mining products were removed. Foreign investment in the
exploration, exploitation, and processing of rare earth s, radioactive minerals, and tungsten is
prohibited. The average MFN applied tariff on mining products was 1.7% in 2021, unchanged
since 2017.
33. China continues to reduce its proportion of coal consumption, in line with objectives set for
green and low -carbon energy development in t he 13th Five -Year Plan for Energy Development. Other
measures regarding the promotion of clean energy included the authorities' efforts to fully
operationalize China's carbon emission trading framework, set renewable electricity consumption
quotas as a sha re of total power consumption in each province, and implement a new environmental
tax policy. The energy sector was further opened to foreign investments during the review period,
through several liberalization measures, such as the removal of the restrict ions on the exploration
and development of oil and natural gas (except for oil shale, oil sands, and shale gas). WT/TPR/S/ 415/Re v.1 • China
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34. The Made in China 2025 (or China Manufacturing 2025) initiative (launched in 2015) and the
Internet Plus initiative (launched in 2015) remain C hina's main initiatives to promote its
manufacturing sector. The authorities undertook a series of market -opening measures, such as
lifting of restrictions on the share holding ratio of foreign investment in commercial vehicle
manufacturing, with a view to promoting the sector's competitiveness. Furthermore, some
manufacturing activities were added to the list of encouraged industries, mainly certain items for
integrated circuits, chip packaging equipment, cloud computing devices, key components of
industria l robots, new energy vehicles, and intelligent vehicles. The average MFN applied tariff on
manufactured products was 7% in 2021 (9.7% in 2017).
35. During the review period, China continued to liberalize its financial sector to allow increased
foreign particip ation. A new supervision framework was established to address new types of financial
risks, such as shadow banking. Foreign shareholding ratio limits were lifted for commercial banks,
life insurers and insurance asset management companies, securities compa nies, futures companies,
and fund management companies. Furthermore, foreign investors were allowed to participate in
various segments of China's financial sector, including bond rating and private pension fund
management.
36. In the telecommunications sector, China granted 5G licen ces to its three major telecom
operators and a broadcasting company . At the same time , the authorities put in place strategic plans
for an integrated development of 5G and industrial Internet. Several regulations, administrative
meas ures, and technical specifications were adopted or published for public comment, with a view
to fully implementing the 2017 Cybersecurity Law. The E -commerce Law was passed during the
review period to regulate business activities of selling goods and/or pr oviding services through
information networks such as the Internet.
37. The State continues to have major presence in maritime and air transport. Developments in
the maritime transport sector since 2018 have included continued measures to encourage qualified
Chinese -funded international "Flag of Convenience" ships to return to China and a lifting of
restrictions on foreign investment in international shipping and international shipping agency
services in China. As is the case for other economies, the COVID -19 pandemic has had a big impact
on the air transport sector, with international and domestic passenger flights dropping dramatical ly
from February 2020; only the domestic passenger flight segment has recovered. China has taken
various measures to support the air and maritime sectors in the wake of the COVID -19 outbreak.
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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1 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
1.1 Main Features of the Economy
1.1. China's GDP per capita rose to USD 11,710 in 2020, up from USD 8,148 in 2016 (Table 1.1).
Real GDP growth rates fell from just under 7% in 2016 -18 to 6.0% in 2019 and 2.3% in 2020.
Despite the slowdown in growth rat es, China continues to be a major driver of global growth, and
its convergence with advance d economies continues. Rapid economic development over the last
decades, induced by market -oriented reforms, lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.
1.2. China's population stood at an estimated 1.4 1 billion in 2020.1 While the population is estimated
to peak in 2029, at around 1.44 billion, the working -age population has been shrinking since 2012.2
In 2020, China's newly born population was 12 million, the lowest since 1949 . The percentage of
people aged 65 and over has been rapidly rising, from 6.96% in 2000 to 13.50% in 2020 .
Urbanization further increased, with around 65% of the population now living in cities. Life
expectancy is currently estimated at 77.3 years.
1.3. China's growth has been accompanied by a n increase in income inequality. Despite
unprecedented poverty reduction over the past decades, the income gap between the richest and
the poorest remains significant. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the Gini index of
income distribution fell from 49 .1 in 2008 to 46.2 in 2015, to climb again to 46.5 in 2019.3 According
to World Bank data, income distribution is more equal, with a Gini index of 43.0 in 2008, falling to
38.5 in 2016.4 With regard to wealth distribution, some academic studies suggest t hat the top decile
and percentile shares of wealth increased sharply between 1990 and 2015 .5 According to the
authorities, official indicators on wealth distribution do not exist.
Table 1.1 Selected macroecon omic indicators, 2015 -20
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Nominal GDP (CNY billion) 68,885.8 74,639.5 83,203.6 91,928.1 98,651.5 101,598.6
Nominal GDP (USD billion) 11,061.6 11,233.3 12,310.5 13,894.9 14,280.0 14,722.8
Real GDP (CNY billion, 2015 prices) 68,885.8 73,603.6 78,717.0 84,030.3 89,030.5 91,120.5
Real GDP (USD billion, 2015 prices) 11,061.6 11,077.4 11,646.7 12,701.1 12,887.3 13,204.4
GDP per capita (CNY) 50,237.0 54,139.0 60,014.0 66,006.0 70,581.0 ..
GDP per capita (USD) 8,067.0 8,148.0 8,879.4 9,976.8 10,216.7 11,710.0
National accounts
Real GDP (percentage change) 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.7 6.0 2.3
Domestic demand 7.3 7.9 6.8 7.4 5.5 1.5
Consumption 8.3 8.5 7.3 8.1 6.0 -0.8
Investment 6.1 7.2 6.1 6.5 4.5 4.6
Fixed 7.9 7.3 5.9 7.1 5.1 4.3
Contribution to GDP growtha
Consumption 4.9 4.5 3.9 4.3 3.5 -0.5
Investment 1.6 3.1 2.7 2.9 1.7 2.2
Net exports 0.6 -0.8 0.3 -0.5 0.7 0.7
Unemployment rate (%)b 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.6 ..
Prices and interest rates
Inflation (CPI, percentage change) 1.4 2.0 1.6 2.1 2.9 3.8
Benchmark lending rate (%, end of year) 4.35 4.35 4.35 4.35 4.15 3.85
Benchmark deposit rate (%, end of year) 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
Exchange rate
CNY per USD (period average) 6.227 6.644 6.759 6.616 6.908 6.899
Nominal effective exchange rate index (percentage
change) 9.7 -5.4 -2.5 1.5 -1.8 -1.2
Real effective exchange rate (REER) indexc
(percentage change) 9.8 -4.9 -2.9 1.4 -0.8 1.3
Monetary indicators
Net domestic credit (percentage change, end -
period) 23.7 20.1 11.3 10.3 10.7 13.3
Broad money, M2 (percentage change, end-
period) 13.3 11.3 9.0 8.1 8.7 10.1
1 The authorities indicate that more accurate figures will be published with the results of the
2020 census, which were only partially available as at April 2021.
2 Information provided by the authorities.
3 National Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Yearbo ok, various issues.
4 World Bank. Viewed at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI .
5 Picketty, T. (2020), Capital and Ideology , Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press ; and
Piketty, T., Yang. L., and Zucman, G. (2019), "Capital Accumulation, Private Property, and Rising Inequality in
China, 1978 -2015", American Economic Review , Vol. 109, No. 7, pp. 2469-2496. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Required reserve ratio (RRR) (% of bank deposits) 17.5 17.0 .. .. .. ..
Excess reserve ratio (% of bank deposits) 2.1 .. .. .. .. ..
Fiscal policyd (% of GDP)
Financial deficit -3.4 -3.8 -3.7 -4.1 -4.9 ..
Total revenue 22.1 21.4 20.7 19.9 19.2 ..
Tax revenue 18.1 17.5 17.4 17.0 15.9 ..
Total expenditure 25.5 25.2 24.4 24.0 24.1 ..
General government gross debt 41.1 44.2 46.8 50.6 51.6 ..
Saving and investment (source: National Bureau of Statistics)
GDP by expenditure approach (CNY billion) 69,209.4 74,598.1 82,898.3 91,577.4 99,070.8 ..
Final consumption expenditure (CNY billion) 37,192.1 41,080.6 45,651.8 50,613.5 55,263.2 ..
Households 26,020.2 28,866.8 32,069.0 35,412.4 38,718.8 ..
Government 11,171.8 12,213.8 13,582.9 15,201.1 16,544.4 ..
Gross capital formation (CNY billion) 29,782.7 31,819.9 35,788.6 40,258.5 42,667.9 ..
Net exports of goods and services (CNY billion) 2,234.6 1,697.6 1,457.8 706.0 1,139.8 ..
Savings (CNY billion) 31,354.1 33,196.5 37,405.9 40,805.9 43,807.7 ..
Savings (% of GDP by expenditure) 45.3 44.5 45.1 44.6 44.2 ..
Investment (% GDP by expenditure) 43.0 42.7 43.2 44.0 43.1 ..
Savings -investment gap (% of GDP by
expenditure) 2.3 1.8 1.9 0.6 1.2 ..
Saving and investment (source: IMF)
Gross national savings (% of GDP) 45.8 44.5 44.8 44.1 44.1 45.0
Gross investment (% of GDP) 43.0 42.7 43.2 44.0 43.1 43.1
Savings -investment gap (% of GDP) 2.8 1.8 1.6 0.1 1.0 1.9
External sector (% of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)
Current account balance 2.6 1.7 1.5 0.2 0.7 1.9
Net merchandise trade 5.2 4.4 3.9 2.7 2.8 3.5
Value of exports 19.4 17.7 18.0 17.4 16.7 17.0
Value of imports 14.2 13.4 14.1 14.7 14.0 13.5
Services balance -2.0 -2.1 -2.1 -2.1 -1.8 -1.0
Capital account 0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0
Financial account (excluding reserve assets) -0.8 0.2 0.1 1.1 0.2 -0.7
Direct investment , net 0.6 -0.4 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.7
Reserve assets 3.1 3.9 -0.7 -0.1 0.1 -0.2
Merchandise exportse (percentage change) -4.5 -7.2 11.4 9.1 -1.3 4.6
Merchandise importse (percentage change) -13.4 -4.2 16.0 17.1 -2.1 -0.6
Service exportse (percentage change) -0.8 -4.1 2.2 9.6 4.6 -3.7
Service importse (percentage change) 0.7 1.3 6.9 11.4 -3.8 -24.7
Gross official reservesf (USD billion; end -period) 3,406.1 3,097.8 3,235.9 3,168.0 3,222.9 3,356.5
Foreign currency reserves (USD billion; end -
period) 3,330.4 3,010.5 3,139.9 3,072.7 3,107.9 3,216.5
Total external debt (USD billion; end -period) 1,383.0 1,415.8 1,758.0 1,982.8 2,057.3 2,132.4
Debt service ratiog 5.0 6.1 5.5 5.5 .. ..
.. Not available.
a Refers to the growth of GDP multiplied by the respective contribution share.
b Registered unemployment in urban areas.
c A positive increase in the REER means an appreciation of the CNY relative to the other major
currencies in the index.
d Including central and local governments.
e Growth rates on merchandise and services trade are based on USD.
f Including foreign currency reserves, IMF reserve position, special drawing rights, and gold.
g Debt service ratio refers to the ratio of the payment of principal and interest of foreign debts to the
foreign exchange receipts from foreign trade and n on-trade services of the current year.
Source: National Bureau of Statistics; State Administration of Foreign Exchange; People's Bank of China; and
the IMF.
1.4. Since the global financial crisis in 2008, China has experienced a marked slowdown in growth
of tot al factor productivity (TFP), according to a World Bank study; the authorities indicate that no
estimates of TFP were conducted by the Government, and they do not agree with this assessment.6
Aggregate TFP growth is reported to have slowed from 2.8% in 19 98-2008 to 0.7% in 2009 -18. In
2017, signs of improving labour productivity and TFP growth emerged, but both remain significantly
lower than their pre -crisis levels. According to this study, it would also appear that the allocation of
a larger share of cre dit and investment to infrastructure and housing led to lower returns on capital,
a rapid build -up in debt, and higher risks to growth. Also, an academic study suggests that the
resurgence in the state sector following the global financial crisis may have contributed to larger
6 Brandt, L., Litwack, J., et al. (2020), China's Productivit y Slowdown and Future Growth Potential ,
World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 9298. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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entry barriers for non -state firms and, hence, lower non -state sector growth.7 The authorities do not
agree with these views.8
1.5. Under its 14th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development (2021 -25), China aims to
achieve "sustained and healthy" economic development in 2021 -25, with a focus on higher quality
growth.9 While not suggesting specific GDP growth targets, the Plan lays out a 15 -year goal to raise
per capita GDP levels to those of a moderately developed country b y 2035, while strengthening
China's technological capacities, developing a robust domestic market, and reaffirming a significant
green transformation of production and lifestyles.
1.2 Recent Economic Developments
1.2.1 Growth and impact of COVID ‑19
1.6. The COVID ‑19 pand emic has posed an unprecedented shock to China's economy. Besides
inflicting human cost s, it has had a major impact on output, trade, and employment. At the beginning
of 2020, economic growth fell to its lowest level in 40 years: between the last quarter o f 2019 and
the first quarter of 2020, growth fell by almost 13 percentage points, from 5.8% to -6.8%.10 Apart
from financial services and information technology, all sectors were severely hit. Over 100 million
workers were directly affected by the pandemic , by being put on unpaid leave in retention schemes
or reduced -work programmes, exiting the labour market, or becoming unemployed.11 In May 2020,
the Government abandoned the announcement of the annual GDP target for the first time in more
than 25 years du e to factors that are difficult to predict, such as the coronavirus pandemic and
uncertainties around trade.
1.7. Fuelled by a middle class that has been increasing both in number and in average income,
consumption played an important role in sustaining economi c growth until 2019, although household
saving rates remained high. Over the same period, investment growth slowed. Starting in mid -2020,
China's economy began to recover from the pandemic, as economic activity normalized. The
recovery was mainly driven by public investment and international trade, whereas private
consumption remained sluggish in the presence of continued uncertainties ; the authorities consider
that the recovery in private consumption gain ed momentum in recent months , as observed in retail
sales of consumer goods .
1.8. Poverty rates fell during the review period. According to the authorities, t he incidence of
poverty dropped from 3.1% in 2017 to 1.7% in 2018 and to 0.6% in 2019, using the 2011 poverty
line.12 At the same time, income levels of t hose over the poverty line or living in poor regions rose
significantly. The authorities also underline the results that were achieved regarding access to basic
education, electricity, healthcare, and improved infrastructure. The authorities further indica te
China's aim to completely eradicate poverty by 2020.
1.9. With regard to the sectoral composition of China's GDP, the long -term structural change away
from industry towards services continued during the review period (Table 1.2). The contribution of
agriculture to GDP fell from 8.7% in 2015 to 7.3% in 2018, before slightly climbing again during the
pandemic. While the share of industry fell, it remains very high by international comparison, at
around 31%. Services now make up 55% of China's GDP, up from 51% in 2015. The fastest -growing
7 Lardy, N. (2019), The State Strikes Back: The End of Economic Reform in China? Washington, DC:
Peterson Institute for International Economics.
8 According to the autho rities, by end -2020, the balance of CNY real estate loans grew by 11.7%
year-on-year, 3.1 percentage points lower than the growth rate of end -2019; according to China's official
statistics, in regard to profit, the growth rate of private companies was high er than that of state -owned
enterprises.
9 NDRC. Viewed at: https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghwb/202103/t20210323_1270124.html .
10 Data provided by the authorities.
11 ILO (2020), China – Rapid Assessment of the Impact of COVID ‑19 on Employment . The authorities
indicate that in 2020 11.86 million new jobs were created for urban residents, and the average surveyed urban
unemployment rate was 5.6%.
12 It should be noted th at China's progress in poverty alleviation is strongly dependent on the poverty
line chosen as a benchmark. According to an academic study, progress is most impressive when using the
1985 poverty line, equivalent to USD 0.98 in 2011 prices. The use of the 2000 (equivalent to USD 1.30 in 2011
prices) or the 2011 (USD 2.29) poverty lines leads to lower poverty reduction. Chen, S. and Ravallion, M.
(2020), Reconciling the Conflicting Narratives on Poverty in China , NBER Working Paper 28147. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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service sectors during the review period include information transmission, software, and information
technology; and leasing and business services. Nevertheless, the pandemic -related slump was
strong for individual subsectors such as accommodation and food service activities, as well as
wholesale and retail trade.
Table 1.2 GDP by sector, 2015 -20
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
GDP by industry at constant prices (annual percentage change)
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 4.0 3.5 4.1 3.6 3.2 3.1
Industrya 5.7 5.7 6.2 6.1 4.8 2.4
Manufacturing 6.2 5.9 6.5 6.1 4.6 2.3
Construction 7.3 7.7 3.9 4.8 5.2 3.5
Services 8.8 8.1 8.3 8.0 7.2 2.1
Wholesale and retail trade 6.7 7.7 7.8 6.7 5.6 -1.3
Accommodation and food service activities 6.6 7.7 8.2 6.7 5.5 -13.1
Transport, storage and communication 4.4 6.9 9.6 8.3 6.5 0.5
Financial intermediation 16.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 6.6 7.0
Real estate 3.8 8.8 7.0 3.5 2.6 2.9
Information transmission, software and information
technology 13.7 16.9 20.5 27.8 21.7 16.9
Leasing and business services 11.1 13.0 12.0 10.9 8.7 -5.3
Other 8.7 8.0 7.8 7.6 6.9 1.0
Share of main sectors in current GDP (%)
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 8.7 8.4 7.8 7.3 7.5 8.0
Industrya 34.1 32.9 33.1 32.8 31.6 30.8
Manufacturing 29.0 28.1 28.1 27.8 26.8 26.2
Construction 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.2
Services 50.8 52.4 52.7 53.3 54.3 54.5
Wholesale and retail trade 9.8 9.9 9.8 9.7 9.7 9.4
Accommodation and food service activities 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.6
Transport, storage and communication 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.1
Financial intermediation 8.2 8.0 7.8 7.7 7.7 8.3
Real estate 6.2 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.3
Information transmission, software and information
technology 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.7
Leasing and business services 2.6 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.1
Otherb 14.7 15.4 15.6 15.9 16.4 16.5
a Including mining and quarrying, manufacturing, and production and supply of electricity.
b Includes scientific research and technical services; water, environment, and public facilities
management; resident services, repairs and other services; education; health and social work;
culture, sports and entertainment; and public management, social security, and social organizations.
Source: National Bureau of Statistics. Viewed at: https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=B01 .
1.10. Swift fiscal and monetary policy reactions (Section 1.2.2) helped mitigate the economic
impact of the COVID ‑19 pandemic and prepare for the recovery. GDP growth was 2.3% in 2020,
which made China the only G -20 economy with a positive growth rate that year. Growth is projected
to be over 6% in 2021, as economic activities continue to normalize and further domestic outbreaks
of COVID -19 remain under cont rol. However, according to the IMF, risks of the projection are tilted
to the downside, with a possible resurgence of the pandemic and a tightening of financial
conditions.13
1.2.2 Monetary and exchange rate policy
1.11. Price stability remains the primary, but not th e only, goal of monetary policy. Under the Law
on the People's Bank of China (PBOC), the objective of monetary policy is to maintain the stability
of the value of the currency and thereby promote economic growth. However, the PBOC refrains
from explicit in flation targeting. Overall, monetary policy remained prudent until early 2020.
1.12. In August 2019, the PBOC changed the formation mechanism of China's lending benchmark
rate, the loan prime rate (LPR). With a view to better reflecting market dynamics, the new LPR is
linked to rates set during open market operations, namely the PBOC's medium -term lending facility,
which is determined by broader financial system demand for central bank liquidity. The number of
13 IMF (2021), Peopl e's Republic of China: Staff Report for the 2020 Article IV Consultation , IMF Country
Report No. 21/6. The authorities indicate that they do not agree with various conclusions of recent IMF and
OECD reports. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 20 -
quotation banks was expanded from national banks to u rban commercial banks, rural commercial
banks, foreign -invested banks, and private banks. Since August 2019, the new LPR has been
announced on the 20th of every month, in lieu of publishing it on a daily basis.
1.13. With a view to safeguarding financial market stability and providing liquidity to the banking
system during the pandemic, the PBOC expanded its relending facilities to provide targeted support
to manufacturers of medical supplies and daily necessities. Furthermore, the authorities tolerated
rising le vels of non -performing loans in heavily impacted regions and sectors, and introduced a
payment moratorium for most micro, small, and medium -sized enterprises (MSMEs) and other
eligible firms until end -2021. Furthermore, the PBOC lowered various policy rate s. Non -interest rate
instruments deployed by the PBOC aimed to provide additional support especially to smaller firms.
They included expanding relending facilities, reducing targeted reserve requirement ratios,
increasing bank lending targets, expanding cr edit support by policy banks, subsidizing local banks'
repayment moratoria, and introducing a zero -interest scheme for uncollateralized lending to MSMEs.
The various measures led to a rapid increase in bank lending and had a significant positive measure
on corporate bond issuance.
1.14. As a result of the Government's stabilizing measures, however, financial stability risks
increased.14 According to the IMF, these risks include a strong increase in private sector debt, a
likely deterioration of credit quality, an d intensified pressure on small banks and some local
governments. The authorities consider that the quality of credit assets of commercial banks is
basically stable. The IMF estimates corporate debt to have increased by some 10 percentage points
to 127% of GDP in 2020, while local government debt (excluding local government financing
vehicles) also rose rapidly, to some 25% of GDP.
1.15. The CPI inflation rate was low during the review period. However, in the first half of 2020,
inflation picked up, to increase to 3.8%, mainly caused by increasing food (notably pork) prices due
to the lingering effects of the African swine fever and heavy rains and floods. In November 2020,
the CPI fell by 0.5%, China's first decrease in the CPI since November 2009. The decrease in prices
was caused by a drop in food prices, notably of pork.
1.16. China has a managed floating exchange rate regime. Since 2015, the exchange rate of the
Chinese yuan (CNY) has been determined with reference to a basket of currencies with a publicly
known composition; the CNY's central parity is determined daily as a "fix". The fix takes into account
the previous day's closing rate, and the move of the currency basket overnight. The use of the
counter -cyclical adjustment factor in the daily trading band's central parity formation, which was
introduced in 2017, was phased out in October 2020. Market makers can deviate 2% in either
direction. At the end of 2020, the central parity of th e CNY exchange rate was CNY 6.5249 per
US dollar, down from a seasonal high of CNY 7.1690 in May 2020.
1.17. Officially reported foreign exchange reserves have held steady at around USD 3.1 trillion since
mid-2016, signalling that the CNY faced no great apprecia tion or depreciation pressure during the
review period.
1.18. China continued its efforts during the review period to further internationalize the CNY ; for
example, it took measures including bilateral swap agreements15, the pursuit of alternatives to the
SWIFT inter-bank payments system16, and investment in credit rating agencies for sovereign debt.
According to the authorities, China promotes the two-way opening of the capital market , facilitates
foreign investors to invest in CNY assets, optimiz es policies on cross-border CNY business, promotes
trade and investment facilitation, and further improves the CNY internationalization infrastructure .
About 70 countries now also use the CNY as reserve currency. Yet as at mid -2020, only about 2%
of global payments were conducted through the CNY.17 It would appear that regulations on capital
14 IMF (2021), People's Republic of China: Staff Report for the 2020 Article IV Consultation , IMF Country
Report No. 21/6.
15 As at January 2021, China entered into bilateral swap agreements with 40 trading partners. The
largest are with Hong Kong, China (CNY 450 billion), the Republic of Korea (CNY 400 billion), the
United Kingdom (CNY 350 billion), and Singapore (CNY 300 billion).
16 China launched the China Inter -bank Payment Service (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system
in 2015. Supervised by the Central Bank, CIPS states that it processe d CNY 181.8 billion (USD 28.2 billion) a
day in 2020, with participation of banks from 99 countries and regions.
17 PBOC (2020), 2020 RMB Internationalization Report . According to the Report, more than 70 central
banks and monetary authorities have incorpor ated the CNY into their foreign exchange reserves. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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movements (see below) constitute a major obstacle for the further internationalization of the CNY.
China's bilateral lending to the rest of the world substantially increased over the past years
(Table A1.1).
1.19. Since 2014, the PBOC has been developing a central bank digital currency, the e -CNY or
e-renminbi. It is designed to be a legal tender combining digital currency and electronic payment
characteristics, thus serving as cash (M0). Th e e-CNY is currently being tested across several
regions, selected banks, and electronic payment platforms. It is expected to offer a higher degree
of anonymity and lower handling charges than those of existing payment providers, higher
compatibility acros s platforms, and, by broadening the reach of people with limited access to finance,
to lead to more financial inclusion. The PBOC plans to use the e -CNY for domestic transactions
initially.
1.20. The CNY is fully convertible for current account transactions and partially convertible for some
capital account transactions. Residents and non -residents are permitted to use the CNY for foreign
direct investment.
1.21. Regulations on capital movements, set by the State Administration on Foreign Exchange
(SAFE), remain in pla ce on inflows and outflows. New foreign exchange measures entered into force
on 1 January 2020. The 12 measures introduced various relaxations and simplifications and
extended the scope and application of existing regional pilot schemes.
1.22. "Qualified institu tional investors" (overseas institutional investors that have been approved
by the China Securities Regulatory Commission) may invest in China's stock and bond market
through specific channels. Regulations on portfolio inflows have been further liberalized . In
November 2020, the two major inbound foreign investment program mes (Qualified Foreign
Institutional Investors, QFII, and Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors, RQFII) were
combined, while applications were simplified, review cycles shorte ned, data submission
requirements reduced, and some restrictions lifted. Foreign portfolio investment (the market value
of equities held by QFII/RQFII) in China amounted to CNY 1,081 billion in February 2021.
1.2.3 Fiscal policy
1.23. Against the background of dampening of domestic demand and weaker exports, partly
resulting from trade tensions, the authorities resorted to various stimulus measures during the
review period, involving taxes, access to credit, and infrastructure investment; however, according
to an OECD study, the stimulus may increase corporate sector indebtedness and, more generally,
reverse progress in the deleveraging of state -owned enterprises (SOEs).18 The authorities do not
agree with the conclusion of the OECD study. The y indicate that the description in the study does
not reflect the fact s. For example, they state that the overall debt risk of central SOEs is dropping ;
there has been no bond default since 2017 , and the average debt ratio of central SOEs decreased
from 66.7% in 2016 to 65.0% in 2019.
1.24. With a view to mitigating the economic impact of the COVID ‑19 pandemic, the Government
put in place strong and exceptionally high fiscal support, including an extension of the coverage of
unemployment insurance. The Government also provided vario us tax relief measures and partially
waived social security contributions by employers to protect employment. With the reopening of the
economy, fiscal policy measures shifted to demand support, including infrastructure investment,
while employment measure s remained important.
1.25. According to the IMF, the total amount of discretionary fiscal policy measures implemented
in 2020 was estimated at 4.7% of GDP. Coupled with declining tax revenue, the measures
contributed to a strong increase in the deficit of the C entral Government, to some 18.2% of GDP.19
This is a major increase compared with the period since 2015, when fiscal deficits oscillated between
3% and 5% of GDP. As a result, China's augmented debt20 to GDP ratio increased to some 92%
18 IMF (2021), People's Republic of China: Staff Report for the 2020 Article IV Consultation , IMF Country
Report No. 21/6; and OECD (2019), OECD Economic Surveys: China 2019 .
19 IMF (2021), People's Republic of China: Staff Report for the 2020 Article IV Consultation , IMF Country
Report No. 21/6.
20 The augmented deficit, as defined by the IMF, includes local government investment vehicles,
government -guided funds, and other off -budget activities. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 22 -
in 2020. Against the background of narrowing fiscal space and a rapidly ageing population, fiscal
consolidation with appropriate adjustment policies will be important in the medium term.
1.26. Value added tax and other indirect taxes contribute to some 65% of fiscal revenues, where as
corporate taxes account for around 26% and the personal income tax (PIT) for some 5%. A 2018
reform of the PIT raised the taxable income threshold and introduced a wide range of deductions
that further narrowed the tax base. Customs tariffs and other im port duties accounted for about
1.8% of total fiscal revenue in 2018. China's tax to GDP ratio amounted to 17% in 2018, and to
16% in 2019.
1.2.4 Structural measures
1.27. Structural reforms since China's previous Review include the implementation of tariff cuts
(Sect ion 3.1.3), the further opening of the financial sector with a shortening of the negative list for
financial FDI, and the removal of restrictions on the investment quota for foreign institutional
investors (Section 4. 4.1).
1.28. Labour market reforms provided for a cautious liberalization of the hukou21 or permit system,
with a view to increasing labour market mobility and improving the allocation of labour. Under the
2019 Urbanization Plan, cities with populations of less than 3 million eliminated all restrictions on
household registration. Moreover, cities with populations between 3 million and 5 million relaxed
restrictions on new migrants and removed limits on key population groups.
1.29. State ownership remains important, even in no n-strategic, commercially oriented sectors,
with SOEs still having large market shares. At the same time, reform of SOEs proceeded almost
exclusively in the context of mixed ownership (Section 3.3.5).
1.30. Various regulatory measures were undertaken during the review period in order to ensure
financial stability by enhancing prudential regulations and deleveraging highly indebted corporations
(Section 4. 4.1). These measures include the reining -in of shadow banks, tighter rules on informal
lending, the merger of the banking regulator and the insurance regulator into the China Banking and
Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC) in 2018, and ongoing reform s of the comprehensive
national social credit system, which covers firms and individuals.22
1.31. Under the One Belt a nd One Road Initiative, or the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)23, launched
in 2013, the Government seeks to connect nearly 140 countries and regions through rail lines,
pipelines, highways, ports, and other infrastructure. As at March 2021, total expenditure under the
BRI amounted to USD 640 billion. According to an OE CD study, infrastructure projects of the BRI
may have an impact on the debt burden on recipient countries.24 Nonetheless, the authorities do not
agree with the conclusion of the study. The authorities also underline the trade -enhancing and
mutually benefic iary nature of the projects.
1.2.5 Balance of payments
1.32. China's current account surplus started to decline in 2016, with a surplus of USD 191.3 billion
(1.7% of GDP). In 2018, the surplus narrowed to USD 24.1 billion, but grew again to
USD 102.9 billion in 2019 ( Table 1.3). Available information for 2020 indicates a widening of the
surplus, to USD 273.9 billion (1.9% of GDP), caused mainly by lower commodity prices, the collapse
21 Hukou is a household registration system. The authorities state that the registration distinction
between agricultural and non -agricultural households has been abolished, and certain policies differentiating
urban and rural household registrations have been abolishe d.
22 China's social credit system is composed of databases and initiatives that monitor and assess the
trustworthiness of individuals, companies, and government entities. Each entry is given a social credit score,
with rewards for those who have a high rat ing, and negative consequences for those with low scores. The
databases are managed by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the PBOC, and the
country's court system.
23 The BRI is a network of ports, roads, railways, airports, power plants , oil and gas pipelines and
refineries, and free trade zones. It also incorporates the supporting IT, telecom, and financial infrastructure.
On land, it follows the ancient Silk Road connecting Asia with Europe, while at sea, the Maritime Silk Road
connect s eastern China to the Middle East, Africa, and Europe.
24 OECD (2019), OECD Economic Surveys: China 2019 . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 23 -
in outbound tourism, and a surge in exports of pandemic -related and other goods. For 2 021, the
authorities predict a narrowing of the current account surplus.
Table 1.3 Balance of payments, 2015 -20
(USD million)
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Current account 293,022 191,337 188,676 24,131 102,910 273,980
Goods and services balance 357,871 255,737 217,010 87,905 131,844 369,673
Trade balance 576,191 488,883 475,941 380,074 392,993 515,000
Exports 2,142,753 1,989,519 2,216,214 2,417,443 2,386,640 2,497,156
Imports 1,566,562 1,500,636 1,740,272 2,037,369 1,993,647 1,982,156
Service balance -218,320 -233,146 -258,932 -292,168 -261,149 -145,327
Exports 217,399 208,404 213,064 233,567 244,359 235,209
Imports 435,719 441,550 471,995 525,735 505,508 380,536
Income -52,199 -54,880 -16,478 -61,365 -39,184 -105,173
Credit 223,816 226,654 289,698 268,496 273,514 241,681
Compensation of employees 33,105 26,883 21,699 18,109 14,258 14,736
Investment income 189,885 199,210 267,303 248,295 257,464 224,393
Other 826 560 697 2,092 1,792 2,552
Debit 276,015 281,533 306,176 329,861 312,699 346,854
Compensation of employees 5,718 6,211 6,762 9,946 11,157 14,360
Investment income 270,139 275,108 299,156 319,616 300,820 331,508
Other 158 215 258 299 722 986
Current transfers -12,649 -9,520 -11,856 -2,410 10,250 9,480
Credit 35,938 30,900 28,168 27,757 25,907 37,607
Debit 48,588 40,420 40,024 30,167 15,657 28,127
Capital account 316 -344 -91 -569 -327 -77
Financial account -91,523 27,594 18,021 153,795 26,598 -105,765
Assets 9,454 -231,985 -423,920 -362,039 -260,532 -626,329
Liabilities -100,977 259,579 441,941 515,835 287,130 520,563
Financial account excluding reserve
assets -434,462 -416,070 109,537 172,682 7,308 -77,759
Direct investment 68,099 -41,675 27,791 92,338 50,260 102,554
Assets -174,391 -216,424 -138,293 -143,027 -136,910 -109,922
Liabilities 242,489 174,750 166,084 235,365 187,170 212,476
Portfolio investment -66,470 -52,271 29,498 106,874 57,948 87,329
Assets -73,209 -102,770 -94,803 -53,507 -89,419 -167,333
Equity securities -39,679 -38,238 -32,847 -17,712 -29,332 -130,996
Debt securities -33,530 -64,531 -61,956 -35,795 -60,087 -36,338
Liabilities 6,739 50,499 124,301 160,381 147,366 254,662
Equity securities 14,964 23,416 36,209 60,668 44,906 64,138
Debt securities -8,226 27,083 88,092 99,713 102,460 190,525
Financial derivates (other than
reserves) and employee stock options -2,087 -5,384 354 -6,153 -2,355 -11,409
Assets -3,420 -6,550 1,538 -4,816 1,393 -6,901
Liabilities 1,333 1,166 -1,185 -1,338 -3,748 -4,508
Other investment -434,004 -316,741 51,894 -20,376 -98,545 -256,234
Assets -82,465 -349,906 -100,847 -141,803 -54,886 -314,166
Other equity -12 -2 40 -1,493 -1,491 -484
Currency and deposits -55,010 -64,280 -57,111 -14,999 -101,750 -130,397
Loans -47,464 -110,267 -43,466 -81,830 25,962 -128,177
Insurance, pension, and
standardized guarantee schemes -3,198 -266 -47 -573 -1,168 -3,330
Trade credits and advances -45,966 -100,800 -19,400 -65,300 36,800 -36,900
Other accounts receivable 69,186 -74,292 19,137 22,392 -13,240 -14,878
Liabilities -351,538 33,165 152,742 121,427 -43,659 57,933
Currency and deposits -122,552 9,062 107,944 51,436 -55,734 77,437
Loans -166,667 -17,361 50,060 32,115 42,540 -35,442
Insurance, pension, and
standardized guarantee schemes 2,393 -668 657 210 1,803 3,275
Trade credits and advances -62,283 16,200 -1,200 40,800 -28,750 7,550
Other accounts payable -2,428 25,932 -4,719 -3,135 -3,517 5,113
Reserve assets 342,939 443,665 -91,516 -18,887 19,291 -28,006
Net errors & omissions -201,816 -218,587 -206,606 -177,358 -129,181 -168,138
Note: In the financial account, a positive value for assets represents a net decrease, while a negative value
represents a net increase. A positive value for liabilities represents a net increase, while a negative
value represents a net decrease.
Source: State Administration of Foreign Exchange. Viewed at: http://www.safe.gov.cn/ .
1.33. The financial account (excluding reserve assets) posted a strong deficit in 2015, a surplus
between 2016 and 2019, and a deficit in 2020. Direct investment posted a surplus in all recent years
except for 2016. Projects under the BRI played an important role in outward investments. The
authorities consider that the surplus was due in part to China's endeavours to open the economy. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 24 -
The deficit on the portfolio investment account declined until 2016 and turned into a surplus in 2017.
In 2020, the surplus amounted to USD 87.3 billion.
1.34. China's declinin g merchandise trade surplus was a major driver of its narrowing current
account surplus. The merchandise trade surplus fell from USD 576 billion in 2015 to USD 380 billion
in 2018, before climbing again to USD 393 billion in 2019. Available figures for 202 0 indicate that
the COVID ‑19 pandemic led to a further increase in China's trade surplus, to USD 515 billion; in the
first phase of the pandemic, imports plummeted more quickly than exports, and in the second phase
exports recovered earlier. China's balanc e of trade in services has traditionally posted a deficit, which
grew between 2015 and 2018, but fell in 2019 and 2020.
1.3 Developments in Trade and Investment
1.3.1 Trends and patterns in merchandise and services trade
1.35. China's merchandise exports increased every year between 2016 and 2019, to attain a peak
of nearly USD 2.6 trillion in 2020 (Chart 1.1 and Table A1.2). In the first half of 2020, export levels
fell due to the COVID ‑19 pandemic, but China's share of global manufacturing exports rose to a
record high in the second half of the year. Exports received a boost because China was the
first manufacturing power to resume operations after the first wave of international shutdowns, and
it is the world's bigger producer of protective health equipment, such as masks and surgical gowns,
and electronics related to working from home.
1.36. China's merchandise imports increased sharply between 2016 and 2018, but fell in 2019
and 2020 (Table A1.3). During the pandemic, merchandise imports fell sharply, t o USD 931 billion
in the first half of 2020, but the decrease in imports was less pronounced than that for exports.
During the second half of 2020, imports recovered and contributed to sustaining global growth.
1.37. During the review period, the United States a nd the European Union (EU-27) remained
China's main destinations for merchandise exports (Chart 1.2 and Table A1.4). The European Union's
share in China's exports increased from 13.5% in 2016 to 15.1% in 2020. Within the
European Union, the importance of G ermany and the Netherlands as export destinations further
increased. The United States' share fell, from over 19% in 2018 to 17.5% in 2020. Asia remains the
most important region for China's goods exports, with a share of over 44% in 2020. Within Asia,
Japan and the Republic of Korea are the most important trading partners. Africa and the Middle East
received between 4% and 5% of China's exports, while the share for Latin America fluctuated
around 6%.
1.38. On the import side, the European Union is the most impor tant suppliers of goods, with a share
of 12.6% of all imports in 2020 (Table A1.5). The share of the United States in China's imports fell,
from nearly 9% in 2015 to 6.6% in 2020. The share of imports originating in Asia fluctuated around
47% between 2016 and 2019. It increased to over 49% in 2020. Australia's share increased over
time, to 5.6% in 2020. Africa and the Middle East account for 4% and 7% of China's imports,
respectively.
1.39. Machinery and electrical equipment continue to represent a very large and rising share in
China's merchandise exports – over 44% in 2020 (Chart 1.1 and Table A1.2). The share of textiles
and textile articles fell from 12.0% in 2015 to 10.4% in 2019, and up slightly to 10.8% in 2020. The
shares of chemical products and plastics increased during the same period.
1.40. At about 35%, machinery and electrical equipment make up an important and stable share
of China's imports (Table A1.3). The share of mineral products in China's imports increased from
some 17% in 2016 to 25% in 2019, mainl y caused by an increase of the share of fuels. Its share
dropped to 22.1% in 2020. Until 2017, China was the leading importer of plastic waste (totalling
USD 3,263 million), but since then it has reduced its imports to USD 49 million in 2018 ,
USD 0.5 million in 2019 , and USD 0.1 million in 2020 .25
25 UN Comtrade database. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 25 -
1.41. According to an academic study, it would appear that the structure of merchandise trade has
been characterized by a rapid expansion of production stages conducted in China.26 It states that
Chinese firms span more production stages as they grow more productive, larger, and more
experienced.
Chart 1.1 Product composition of merchandise trade by main HS section, 2016 and 2020
Source: UN Comtrade database.
26 Chor, D., Manova, K., and Yu, Z. (2020), Growing Like China: Firm Performance and Global
Production Line Position , NBER Work ing Paper No. 27795, September 2020.
Chart 1.1 Product composition of merchandise trade by main HS section, 2016 and 2020
2016 2020
Total: USD 2,097.6 billion Total: USD 2,590.6 billion
Base metals &
articles thereof
5.0%Chemicals
6.9%Machinery;
electrical equipment
44.4%
Base metals &
articles thereof
5.7%
Total: USD 1,587.9 billion Total: USD 2,055.6 billion Transport
equipment
4.3%Textiles &
textile articles
10.8%Other
12.8%
Source: UNSD, Comtrade database.Other
10.2%Base metals &
articles thereof
7.4%
Other
11.8%Vegetables
& cereals
3.4%
Transport
equipment
4.2%Transport
equipment
4.4% Other
14.4%
Chemicals
7.3%Transport
equipment
6.1%Textiles &
textile articles
12.1%
Base metals
& articles
thereof
6.8%
Machinery;
electrical equipment
42.8%Plastics & rubber
4.6%
Machinery;
electrical equipment
35.3% Machinery;
electrical equipment
36.0% Plastics & rubber
4.2% Plastics & rubber
4.7% Plastics & rubber
3.9%
Petroleum &
mineral products
17.4%Petroleum &
mineral products
22.1%
Precious stones
& metals
5.0%Chemicals
5.3%Chemicals
4.7%
Vegetables
& cereals
3.5%Precision
instruments
3.3%Misc. manufacturing
7.7%Exports
Imports
Precision
instruments
6.1%Precision
instruments
5.1%Misc. manufacturing
7.0%
Precision
instruments
3.5%WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 26 -
Chart 1.2 Direction of merchandise trade, 2016 and 2020
a Commonwealth of Independent States, including certain associate and former member States.
b Includes goods that have been exported from China and thereafter re -imported into China.
Source: UN Comtrade database.
1.42. Services exports grew from USD 217 billion in 2015 to USD 244 billion in 2019, but fell to
USD 235 billion in 2020. They are mostly composed of various business services, transportation,
and travel (Table 1.4). The relative importance of communication, computer, information,
mainten ance, repair, and other business services grew, while the shares of manufacturing services
and travel decreased over time.
Chart 1.2
Direction of merchandise trade, 2016 and 2020
2016 2020
Exports (f.o.b.)
Asia/Oceania
45.6%
Total: USD 2,097.6 billion Total: USD 2,590.6 billion
EU-27
11.9%Middle East
5.4%
CISa2.9%
United States
8.5%Australia
4.5%
Malaysia
3.1%Imports (c.i.f.)
EU-27
12.6%Australia
5.6%
CISa3.7%
United States
6.6%
Total: USD 1,587.9 billion Total: USD 2,055.6 billionJapan
6.2%
Middle East
6.0%Korea, Rep. of
8.4%Korea, Rep. of
10.0%United States
18.4%Other Asia/
Oceania
18.4%
United States
17.5%Middle East
4.2%
Source : UN Comtrade database.Japan
8.5%
Chinab
8.1%CISa
2.9%
EU-27
15.1%CISa2.7%Africa
4.3%
Japan
9.2%
Other Asia/
Oceania
9.7%Hong Kong, China
10.5%
EU-27
13.5%Middle East
4.6%
Other Europe
4.0%
Other America
6.7%Hong Kong, China
13.7%Japan
5.5%
Chinese Taipei
9.8%Other Asia/
Oceania
19.4%
Africa 3.5%Other Asia/
Oceania
12.3%Korea, Rep. of
4.5%
Other Europe
4.3%Africa
4.3%
Chinese Taipei
8.7%
Asia/Oceania
49.4%Asia/Oceania
47.8%Asia/Oceania
44.2%
Other
America
5.0%Other
America
4.7%Other America
7.4%
Africa 3.5%Korea, Rep. of
4.3%
Chinab
6.1%
a Commonwealth of Independent States, including certain associate and former member states.
b Includes goods that have been exported from China and thereafter re -imported into China.Brazil
4.1%Brazil
2.9%Viet Nam
4.4% Viet Nam 2.9%
Malaysia
3.6%
Other Europe
4.3%Other Europe
2.8%Viet Nam
3.8%WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Table 1.4 Composition of trade in services, 2015 -20
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Total credit (USD billion) 217.4 208.4 213.1 233.6 244.4 235.2
% of total credit
Manufacturing services on physical inputs 9.4 8.9 8.5 7.5 6.4 5.6
Maintenance and repair services 1.7 2.5 2.8 3.1 4.2 3.3
Transportation 17.8 16.2 17.5 18.1 18.9 24.1
Travel 20.7 21.3 18.1 17.3 14.7 6.0
Construction 7.7 6.1 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.4
Insurance and pension 2.3 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.3
Financial services 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.8
Charges for the use of intellectual property 0.5 0.6 2.3 2.4 2.7 3.6
Communication, computer & information 11.3 12.2 12.6 12.9 14.3 16.5
Other business services 26.9 27.8 27.8 28.3 28.3 29.9
Personal, cultural & recreational services 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Government goods and services 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 1.1
Total debit (USD billion) 435.7 441.5 472.0 525.7 505.5 380.5
% of total debit
Manufacturing services on physical inputs 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.1 0.1 0.1
Maintenance and repair services 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9
Transportation 19.6 18.2 19.8 20.8 20.8 24.9
Travel 57.3 56.6 54.6 52.7 50.4 34.3
Construction 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.1
Insurance and pension 2.0 2.9 2.4 2.2 2.2 3.2
Financial services 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.9
Charges for the use of intellectual property 5.1 5.4 6.1 6.8 6.8 9.9
Communication, computer & information 2.6 2.9 4.1 4.5 5.3 8.7
Other business services 9.1 9.8 9.0 8.9 9.9 13.3
Personal, cultural & recreational services 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8
Government goods and services 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.9
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
1.43. According to the authorities, in 2019, China's major trading partners for trade in services were
Hong Kong, China; the United States; Japan; Singapore; Germany; and the United Kingdom.
1.44. Services imports grew from USD 436 billion in 2015 to USD 506 billion in 2019, but fell to
USD 380 billion in 2020. Travel is traditionally by far the most important individual category, though
its share had already declined before the pandemic, followed by transport services and business
services. While the contribution of travel and construction services decreased, the relative
importance of telecommunications, computer and information services, and of charges for the use
of intellectual property grew over time.
1.3.2 Trends and pa tterns in FDI
1.45. Foreign investment into China continued to grow between 2016 and 2019, although at a much
slower pace than in previous periods (Chart 1.3). China's inward FDI stock amounted to
USD 1.8 trillion in 2019. Outward FDI, after lagging behind for many years, ove rtook inward FDI
in 2015. It peaked in 2016 and has fallen sharply every year since. The total stock of China's outward
FDI amounted to USD 2.1 trillion in 2019.
1.46. Hong Kong, China is by far the most important source for FDI into China ( Table 1.5). Other
important sources include Singapore, the Republic of Korea, the British Virgin Islands, Japan, and
the United States.
1.47. The manufacturing sector remains by far the largest recipient of FDI into China, followed by
real estate and leasing and bu siness services (Table 1.6). Sectors such as agriculture, mining, and
construction are of limited importance for FDI. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Chart 1.3 Foreign direct investment, 2000 -19
(USD billion)
Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2020 . Viewed at:
https://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/World%20Investment%20Report/Annex -Tables.aspx .
Table 1.5 Inward foreign direct investment by source, 2015 -19
(USD billion)
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
% of total FDI
Total 126.27 126.00 131.04 134.97 138.14
Hong Kong, China 86.39 81.47 94.51 89.92 96.30 69.7
Singapore 6.90 6.05 4.76 5.21 7.59 5.5
Korea, Republic of 3.20 4.75 3.67 4.67 5.54 4.0
British Virgin Islands 7.39 6.74 3.99 4.71 4.96 3.6
Japan 3.20 4.75 3.26 3.80 3.72 2.7
United States 2.09 3.10 2.65 2.69 2.69 1.9
Cayman Islands 2.09 3.10 2.18 4.07 2.56 1.9
Netherlands 0.75 0.56 2.17 1.27 1.80 1.3
Macao, China 0.89 0.82 0.64 1.28 1.74 1.3
Germany 1.44 1.39 1.54 3.67 1.66 1.2
Separate Customs
Territory of Taiwan,
Penghu, Kinmen and
Matsu ( Chinese Taipei ) 1.56 2.39 1.77 1.39 1.59 1.1
Samoa 7.63 8.08 1.23 1.55 1.19 0.9
United Kingdom 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.48 0.86 0.6
France 1.22 0.87 0.79 1.01 0.79 0.6
Switzerland 0.22 0.55 0.46 0.60 0.64 0.5
Bermuda 0.71 0.46 1.34 2.17 0.48 0.4
Other 0.60 0.96 5.06 4.47 4.03 2.9
Note: Figures refer to foreign capital actually used.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations based on data from the National Bureau of Statistics. Viewed at:
https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=C01 .
050100150200250
05001,0001,5002,0002,500
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
FDI inward stock FDI outward stock FDI inflow FDI outflowChart 1. Foreign direct investment, USD billion
Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2020. Viewed at:
https://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/World%20Investment%20Report/Annex -Tables.aspx .Left-hand scale: Right -hand scale:WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Table 1.6 Inward foreign dir ect investment by main sectors, 2015 -19
(USD billion)
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
% of total FDI
Total 126.27 126.00 131.04 134.97 138.14 100.0
Agriculture, forestry and fishery 1.53 1.90 1.07 0.80 0.56 0.4
Mining 0.24 0.10 1.30 1.23 2.19 1.6
Manufacturing 39.54 35.49 33.51 41.17 35.37 25.6
Electricity, gas and water 2.25 2.15 3.52 4.42 3.52 2.6
Construction 1.56 2.48 2.62 1.49 1.22 0.9
Wholesale and retail trade 12.02 15.87 11.48 9.77 9.05 6.6
Transport, storage and post 4.19 5.09 5.59 4.73 4.53 3.3
Hotels and catering service 0.43 0.37 0.42 0.90 0.97 0.7
Information transmission, computer
and software 3.84 8.44 20.92 11.66 14.68 10.6
Financial intermediation 14.97 10.29 7.92 8.70 7.13 5.2
Real estate 28.99 19.66 16.86 22.47 23.47 17.0
Leasing and business services 10.05 16.13 16.74 18.87 22.07 16.0
Scientific research, technical services
and geological prospecting 4.53 6.52 6.84 6.81 11.17 8.1
Water conservancy, environment and
public facilities 0.43 0.42 0.57 0.47 0.52 0.4
Other 1.68 1.11 1.68 1.46 1.67 1.2
Note: Figures refer to foreign capital actually used.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations based on data from the National Bureau of Statistics. Viewed at:
https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=C01 .
1.48. China continues to be a significant investor abroad, although annual outward flows have
dropped considerab ly since 2017. The most important destinations are Hong Kong, China; the British
Virgin Islands; Singapore; the United States; and Indonesia (Table 1.7). Projects under the BRI play
an important role for outward investment. The most important sectors for C hina's FDI abroad are
leasing and business services, manufacturing, financial intermediation, and wholesale and retail
trade (Table 1.8).
1.49. According to the authorities, investment under the BRI accounts for some 13% of China's
recent outward FDI. It account s for a wide geographical dispersion of the FDI stock. Investments
are mostly concentrated in Central and South East Asia, mainly with a focus on infrastructure
projects.
Table 1.7 Outward FDI by main destinat ion, 2015 -19
(USD billion)
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
% of total FDI
Total 145.67 196.15 158.29 143.04 136.91 100.0
Hong Kong, China 89.79 114.23 91.15 86.87 90.55 66.1
British Virgin Islands 1.85 12.29 19.30 7.15 8.68 6.3
Singapore 10.45 3.17 6.32 6.41 4.83 3.5
United States 8.03 16.98 6.43 7.48 3.81 2.8
Indonesia 1.45 1.46 1.68 1.86 2.22 1.6
Australia 3.40 4.19 4.24 1.99 2.09 1.5
Viet Nam 0.56 1.28 0.76 1.15 1.65 1.2
Germany 0.41 2.38 2.72 1.47 1.46 1.1
Thailand 0.41 1.12 1.06 0.74 1.37 1.0
United Kingdom 1.85 1.48 2.07 1.03 1.10 0.8
Japan 0.24 0.34 0.44 0.47 0.67 0.5
Macao, China 1.08 0.82 -1.02 0.81 0.59 0.4
Korea, Republic of 1.32 1.15 0.66 1.03 0.56 0.4
Cayman Islands 10.21 13.52 -6.61 5.47 -4.36 -3.2
Other 14.61 21.73 29.09 19.11 21.68 15.8
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations based on data from the National Bureau of Statistics. Viewed at:
https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=C01 . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Table 1.8 Outward FDI by main sectors, 2015 -19
(USD billion)
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
% of total FDI
Total 145.67 196.15 158.29 143.04 136.91 100.0
Agriculture, forestry and fishery 2.57 3.29 2.51 2.56 2.44 1.8
Mining 11.25 1.93 -3.70 4.63 5.13 3.7
Manufacturing 19.99 29.05 29.51 19.11 20.24 14.8
Electricity, gas and water 2.14 3.54 2.34 4.70 3.87 2.8
Construction 3.74 4.39 6.53 3.62 3.78 2.8
Wholesale and retail trade 19.22 20.89 26.31 12.24 19.47 14.2
Transport, storage and post 2.73 1.68 5.47 5.16 3.88 2.8
Hotels and catering service 0.72 1.63 -0.19 1.35 0.60 0.4
Information transmission, computer
and software 6.82 18.66 4.43 5.63 5.48 4.0
Financial intermediation 24.25 14.92 18.79 21.72 19.95 14.6
Real estate 7.79 15.25 6.80 3.07 3.42 2.5
Leasing and business services 36.26 65.78 54.27 50.78 41.88 30.6
Scientific research, technical services
and geological prospecting 3.35 4.24 2.39 3.80 3.43 2.5
Water conservancy, environment and
public facilities 1.37 0.85 0.22 0.18 0.27 0.2
Other 3.49 10.06 2.62 4.49 3.07 2.2
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations based on data from the National Bureau of Statistics. Viewed at:
https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=C01 .
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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2 TRADE AND INVESTMENT REGIMES
2.1 General Framework
2.1. China's general legal and institutional framework has remained largely unchanged since the
previous Review.1 China's legislature comprises the National People's Congress (NPC) and its
Standing Committee.2 The State Council (the Central Government) is the executive body and the
highest organ of state administration.3 China's judicial system consists of the Supreme People's
Court, local People's Courts at different levels, and special courts dealing with, inter alia , intellectual
property4, military, financial, and maritime issues.
2.2. During the review period, China proceeded with the reform of its judicial system, which was
initiated in 1999 through a Five -Year Reform Program for People's Courts. The fifth cy cle of such
reforms was launched in May 2019 to cover the period 2019 -23. The main objectives include the
enforcement of judicial accountability. In this regard, in December 2018, the Supreme People's Court
promulgated the Opinions on the Further and Full Implementation of the Judicial Accountability
System; in addition, the Opinions on Deepening the Comprehensive Supportive Reforms of the
Judicial Accountability System were issued in July 2020. They aim to enhance the mechanisms of
trial supervision and ma nagement and the uniform application of law, as well as improving the
supportive mechanism for judicial personnel .
2.3. Steps were also taken in recent years to further modernize the judicial specialization for issues
related to e -commerce. In addition to the H angzhou Internet Court, which was established on
18 August 2017, the Beijing Internet Court and the Guangzhou Internet Court were established on
9 September 2018 and 28 September 2018, respectively. They aim to handle 11 types of Internet -
related cases, in cluding contracts for financial loans, the purchase of goods, services, online disputes
about torts, and copyright infringements. The authorities state that the three Internet Courts had
dealt with 248,258 Internet -related cases by end -December 2020.
2.4. In the hierarchy of China's domestic legislation, the Constitution prevails over any other law or
statute, followed by laws and administrative regulations (issued by the State Council); local,
autonomous, and separate regulations; departmental rules (enacted by ministries at the Central
Government level or bodies directly under the State Council exercising regulatory functions); and
local rules (enacted by the People's Government at the provincial, autonomous region, or municipal
level directly under the State C ouncil and the People's Government of cities with districts or
autonomous prefectures).
2.5. In order to regulate actions taken by various public bodies, including local governments, and
prevent the introduction of policy measures that eliminate or restrict com petition, on 1 June 2016,
the State Council published the Opinions on Establishing a Fair Competition Review System in the
Development of the Market System in an effort to restrain regional authorities from adopting policies
and practices that may impede c ompetition. According to the authorities, since the establishment of
the system, all regions and departments have reviewed new policy measures concerning the
economic activities of market entities in accordance with the requirements .
2.6. In principle, all trad e-related rules formulated by the authorities at all levels must comply with
international trade agreements to which China is a party, including the Marrakesh Agreement
1 WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018.
2 The NPC meets in session once a year. The deputies elect the members of its Standing Committee,
which has the power to interpret the Constitution and other laws, a nd enact and amend laws, except for those
enacted by the NPC. When the NPC is not in session, the Standing Committee may also exercise the following
functions: amend laws enacted by the NPC; review and approve adjustments to the national economic and
social development plans or to the state budget; and appoint Ministers. The NPC elects the President and the
Vice President of China. The President promulgates the legislation adopted by the NPC or its Standing
Committee. In accordance with the Constitution, th e President, in pursuance of the decisions of the Standing
Committee of the NPC, ratifies or abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign States.
The President appoints the Premier and other members of the State Council, i.e. Vice Pre miers, State
Councillors, Ministers, the Auditor -General, and the Secretary -General, in line with the decisions of the NPC
and its Standing Committee .
3 Led by the Premier, the State Council is composed of Vice Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in
charge of ministries and Ministers in charge of commissions, the Auditor -General, and the Secretary -General.
4 Intellectual property courts are established in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Haikou . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 32 -
Establishing the World Trade Organization and its follow -up agreements, China's accessi on protocol,
and China's Working Party Report.5 Draft laws and regulations at the ministerial and departmental
levels are published online in Chinese for not less than a 30 -day period for public comments6, except
when, as per a decision of the State Coun cil, laws and regulations need to be kept confidential.
Public comments can be submitted through the Ministry of Justice website.7 The China Foreign Trade
and Cooperation Economic Gazette, issued by the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM), publishes
China's tra de-related laws, regulations , and rules.8
2.7. Administrative decisions may be appealed within a statutory time -limit. Appeals can be made
to a department at higher level than the one that made the decision. Several independent
administrative reconsideration commissions are currently established on a pilot basis.
2.8. Pursuant to the Regulations on the Implementation of the Foreign Investment Law (FIL),
MOFCOM established a Complaint Coordination Mechanism for Foreign -invested Enterprises (FIEs)
within relevant ministries or departments of the State Council. It coordinates and facilitates the work
related to complaints of FIEs at the Central Government level, and it guides and supervises local
authorities in their handling of complaints. The Measures for Complaints by Foreign -invested
Enterprises further provide that MOFCOM shall be responsible for handling issues in three categories:
(i) complaints related to the administrative actions of relevant departments of the State Council,
provincial People's Governments, and their staff; (ii) proposals to improve relevant policies and
measures by the departments of the State Council and provincial People's Governments; and
(iii) complaints with a significant national or international bearing, for which MOFCOM established
the National Complaint Centre for FIEs (temporarily administered by the Investment Promotion
Agency).
2.2 Trade Policy Framework and Objectives
2.2.1 Institutional framework
2.9. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) oversees China's macroeco nomic
planning. It is responsible for formulating and implementing strategies for national economic and
social development and coordinating major economic operations.9 The NDRC is also responsible for
conducting research and setting objectives and policie s on economic reforms, such as those included
in the Five -Year Plans for Economic and Social Development . Each year, it submits a plan for national
economic and social development to the NPC on behalf of the State Council.
2.10. MOFCOM is mainly responsible for the coordination and implementation of trade -related
investment and economic cooperation policies. In particular, regarding domestic and international
trade, foreign investment, and international economic cooperation, its responsibilities include:
(i) formulating strategies, guidelines, and policies; and (ii) drafting laws, regulations, and
departmental rules .10 Other Ministries involved in trade policy formulation and implementation
include those in charge of: agriculture, ecology and environment, finance, industry and information
technology, and transportation.
2.11. On 7 March 2018, the NPC approved the Plan to Deepen Reforms of Party and State
Institutions. The Plan sought to reorganize existing ministries and agencies that comprise the State
Council. In the c ontext of the restructuring, some functions of MOFCOM were transferred to other
agencies. For example, the newly established State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR)
assumes responsibility for anti -monopoly law enforcement from the NDRC, MOFCOM, a nd the former
State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC). The SAMR also took over the functions of
the Office of the Anti -Monopoly Commission of the State Council and the National Leading Group on
5 State Council, Guo Ban Fa No. 29, 2014, Notice of the Ge neral Office of the State Council on Further
Enhancing the Compliance of Trade Policies.
6 In accordance with Regulations on Procedures of the Rules Formulating, and on the Procedures for the
Formulation of Administrative Regulations (amended in December 2 017).
7 Ministry of Justice. Viewed at: http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn .
8 China Foreign Trade and Cooperation Economic Gazette , No. 46, 2015. Viewed at:
http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policyrelease/gazette/201509/20150901125925.shtml .
9 NDRC, Main Functions of the NDRC , 17 December 2008. Viewed at:
https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/mfndrc_8237/200812/t20081217_1193980.html .
10 MOFCOM, Mission , 7 December 2010. Viewed at:
http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/column/mission2010.shtml . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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the Fight against IPR Infringement and Counterfe iting, as well as MOFCOM's law enforcement
functions concerning the Anti -Monopoly Law. MOFCOM's responsibilities with respect to foreign aid
were assigned to the China International Development Cooperation Agency, and its function of
administering sugar re serves is now assigned to the National Food and Strategic Reserves
Administration. The CBIRC also took over MOFCOM's previous functions of formulating business
operation and regulatory rules for pawn shops, financial leasing companies, and commercial
factoring enterprises. The supervisory structure of financial services also underwent a significant
change during the review period (Section 4.4.1).
2.2.2 Trade policy formulation and objectives
2.12. China's trade policy objectives have remained largely unchanged since th e previous Review;
China seeks to further liberalize its trade and investment regime to reshape its economy. The
13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development (2016 -20), which was issued in
December 2016, lays out objectives to expand trade and increase outbound and inbound
investment.11 Reflecting China's broader industrial and economic goals, the Plan aims to widen
market access for foreign investment by, inter alia, loosening foreign investment restrictions in
various sectors such as manuf acturing and finance, as recently reflected in the negative lists for
foreign investments (Section 2.4). The 14th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development
(2021 -25) was adopted by the National People's Congress on 11 March 2021.
2.13. Trade policy obje ctives are also outlined in sectoral and provincial Five -Year Plans and various
Administrative Measures (such as negative lists and catalogues) that provide guidance to the
implementation of the overall policies, such as on products that are subject to lic ences or export
duties; industries that can benefit from preferential treatment; and sectors in which investment is
encouraged, permitted, or restricted.
2.14. The Government continues to promote its vision to expand international trade, and outward
direct inves tment is considered one way to promote trade. Consequently, the Government continues
to proceed with the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which aims to, inter alia , promote
intergovernmental cooperation; improve roads, energy, and information infrastructure ; remove
trade and investment barriers; deepen financial cooperation; and promote cultural and educational
exchanges.
2.15. In November 2019, the State Council issued the Guiding Opinions on Promoting High -quality
Trade Development, which reiterate the authoriti es' intention to promote high -quality trade
development through, inter alia , innovation in science and technology, improved trade structure,
and two -way investments.
2.16. The Pilot Free Trade Zones (PFTZs) programme was adopted as a testing ground for
nationwid e investment liberalization and streamlined regulations; the authorities consider that the
PFTZs play an important role in optimizing China's business environment, and serve to stimulate
open development and cooperation of trade and investment. The PFTZs o ffer preferential policies for
the import, handling, manufacturing, and exporting of goods, via, inter alia , tax incentives, free flow
and exchange of capital, and fast -tracked procedures for investment.
2.17. Since 2013, China has established an increasing numb er of PFTZs. In 2020, three PFTZs were
established in Beijing, Anhui, and Hunan, while the area of the Zhejiang PFTZs was expanded. This
brought the total to 21, including the existing 18 PFTZs (in Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,
Hainan, Hebei, Heil ongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai,
Sichuan, Tianjin, Yunnan and Zhejiang).
2.18. In pursuing its trade policy objectives, China recognizes the leading role of the multilateral
trading system (MTS), trade and investment libera lization and facilitation, and the expansion of its
regional trade agreements (RTAs), which the authorities view as a complement to the MTS.12
11 NDRC, The 13th Five -Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of
China (2016 -2020) . Viewed at:
https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/policyrelease_8233/201612/P020191101482242850325.pdf .
12 WTO document WT/TPR/G/375, 13 July 2018. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 34 -
2.19. During the review period, as reflected in several measures, China attached great importance
to addressing climate change issues. The authorities indicate that the country implements an active
national strategy on climate change and has achieved positive results through a series of measures,
such as industrial restructuring, energy structure optimization, energy conse rvation and efficiency
improvement, the establishment of a carbon emissions trading market, and expanding the forest
carbon sink. They also expect that China will reach a peak in carbon dioxide emissions before 2030
and carbon neutrality before 2060.
2.3 Trade Agreements and Arrangements
2.3.1 WTO
2.20. China has been a WTO Member since 11 December 2001. At the Trade Policy Review Body,
its trade policies have been reviewed seven times; the previous Review took place in July 2018.
China is an observer to the Committee on G overnment Procurement and has been negotiating its
accession to the Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) since 20 07. On
21 October 2019, China introduced to the parties to the Agreement its sixth revised market access
offer in the context of its negotiations to join the GPA (Section 3.3.6). China is an observer to the
Plurilateral Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft. China is also a participant in the Information
Technology Agreement .
2.21. The authorities state that China attaches great import ance to and supports the work related
to e-commerce within the WTO framework; it joined the Friends of E-Commerce for Development
(FED) in September 2017. China also participates in the Joint Statement Initiatives on electronic
commerce; investment facilit ation for development; micro, small, and medium -sized enterprises;
and domestic regulation in services.
2.22. During the review period, China submitted various notifications to the WTO (Table A2.1).
Nevertheless, some notifications, including those on state trad ing enterprises and domestic support,
remain outstanding. According to the authorities, China is preparing new notifications.
2.23. Under the WTO dispute settlement system, between 2018 and 13 April 2021, China was
involved in 10 disputes as a complainant and 11 as a respondent (Table A2.2). China was involved
as a third party in 38 disputes brought to the Dispute Settlement Body during the same period.
2.3.2 Regional and preferential agreements
2.24. The authorities state that China is committed to creating a global network of RTAs to further
consolidate economic and trade ties between the country and its trading partners and reinforce
two-way trade and investment; such efforts have accelerated the pace to open relevant industries
and enhanced the co mpetitiveness of their respective enterprises. China considers its network of
RTAs as means to complement the MTS and further promote free trade rules.
2.25. By the end of February 2021, China had signed 19 RTAs with 26 countries and territories.13
On 12 Novembe r 2018, the Protocol to Update the Free Trade Agreement between China and
Singapore was signed; it entered into force on 16 October 2019. The Protocol revised the original
agreement in six areas (i.e. the rules of origin, customs procedures and trade facil itation, trade
remedies, trade in services, investment, and economic cooperation); furthermore, it added
e-commerce, competition policy, and environment to the Agreement.
2.26. On 28 April 2019, the Protocol to Update the Free Trade Agreement between China and
Pakistan was signed; it entered into force on 1 December 2019. It made revisions to the original
agreement in terms of, inter alia, market access and the schedule of tariff concessions of trade in
goods, rules of origin, trade remedy, and investment; it als o added a chapter on customs
cooperation. The tariff reduction arrangement was implemented on 1 January 2020. It is set to
increase the proportion of bilateral duty -free lines to 75% (from the original 35%). Both sides
immediately eliminated tariffs on 45% of the tariff lines, and China committed to gradually eliminate
13 MOFCOM, China FTA Ne twork . Viewed at:
http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/list/rcepen/enrcepnews/1/encateinfo.html . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 35 -
tariffs on 15% of the tariff lines in 5 years and another 15% in 10 years. In addition, tariff rates
were cut by 20% on other products that account for 5% of China's tariff lines.
2.27. The China -Mauritius Free Trade Agreement was signed on 17 October 2019; it entered into
force on 1 January 2021. It covers topics such as trade in goods, trade in services, investment, and
economic cooperation. China and Mauritius pledged to eventually reach zero tar iffs on 96.3% and
94.2% of traded items, respectively. As for China, the duties applicable on 87.6% of these tariff
lines will be eliminated with immediate effect upon the entry into force, while the remaining tariffs
will be eliminated over a seven -year p eriod. The Agreement also covers more than 40 services
sectors, including financial, telecommunications, ICT, professional, construction, and health. The
two sides are committed to liberalize more than 100 subsectors.14
2.28. The China -Cambodia Free Trade Agreem ent was signed on 12 October 2020. It has not yet
entered into force. The Agreement includes provisions on trade in goods, rules of origin, customs
procedures and trade facilitation, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, trade in services, investment
cooper ation, cooperation under the BRI, e -commerce, economic and technical cooperation,
transparency, administrative and institutional provisions, and dispute settlement. It has annexes on
Schedules of Specific Commitments on trade in services, in which the two sides are committed to
liberalize some of their services sectors. China and Cambodia pledged to eventually eliminate tariffs
on 97.53% and 90% of the tariff lines, respectively. In particular, the duties applicable on 97.44% of
tariff lines from China, and 87.5% of tariff lines from Cambodia, will be eliminated upon the entry
into force of the Agreement, while the remaining tariffs on 0.09% and 2.5% of the tariff lines will be
eliminated over 5 to 20 years.
2.29. On 15 November 2020, China and 14 other countries signed the Regional Comprehensive
Economic Partnership (RCEP) Agreement.15 The Agreement has provisions on trade in goods; rules
of origin; customs procedures and trade facilitation; sanitary and phytosanitary measures;
standards, technical regulations, an d conformity assessment procedures; trade remedies; trade in
services; temporary movement of natural persons; investment; intellectual property; e -commerce;
competition; small and medium -sized enterprises (SMEs); economic and technical cooperation;
governm ent procurement; institutional provisions; and dispute settlement. It has four market access
annexes (schedules of tariff commitments, schedules of specific commitments for services,
schedules of reservations and non -conforming measures for services and in vestment, and schedules
of specific commitments on temporary movement of natural persons).16 In general, tariffs on 90%
of tariff lines will be eliminated; regarding trade in services, some participating signatories made
commitments in over 100 sectors/sub sectors. In addition, participating countries adopt a negative
list approach to make commitments on investment in non -services sectors. The RCEP Agreement
will take effect 60 days after its ratification by at least six Association of Southeast Asian Nation s
(ASEAN) and three non -ASEAN signatories.
2.30. On 26 January 2021, the Protocol to Upgrade the Free Trade Agreement between China and
New Zealand was signed; it has not yet entered into force. The Upgrade Protocol revised the original
agreement in five areas ( rules of origin, customs procedures and trade facilitation, technical barriers
to trade, trade in services, and cooperation); furthermore, it added e -commerce, government
procurement, competition policy, and environment and trade chapters to the Agreement.
2.31. During the review period, China was negotiating the following agreements: the China -Japan -
Republic of Korea FTA, the China -Gulf Co -operation Council FTA, the China -Sri Lanka FTA, the China -
Israel FTA, the China -Norway FTA, the China -Republic of Moldova FT A, the China -Panama FTA, the
China -Palestine FTA, and the Agreement on Trade in Services and Investments between China and
Belarus. In addition, the country is involved in subsequent or upgrading negotiations with the
Republic of Korea, Peru, and Singapore .
14 MOFCOM, China FTA Network: China and Mauritius Sign Free Trade Agreement , 18 October 2019.
Viewed at: http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/enarticle/chinamauritiusen/enmauritius/201910/41658_1.html .
15 MOFCOM, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (R CEP). Viewed at:
http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/topic/enperu_recp.shtml .
16 MOFCOM, "The Leading Official of the Department of International Trade and Economic Affairs of
MOFCOM Expounded on the Reg ional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Agreement (I)", press
release, 16 November 2020. Viewed at:
http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ne wsrelease/policyreleasing/202011/20201103017259.shtml . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 36 -
2.32. The authorities indicate that on 11 December 2018, a Memorandum of Understanding
between MOFCOM and the Ministry of the Economic Development of the Russian Federation was
signed on a cooperation and development plan for the Russian Federation's Far East Region17, a
policy document that aims to guide cooperation between the two sides and serve as a guiding
document for Chinese enterprises to invest in the region.
2.33. On 15 January 2020, China and the United States signed the China -United States Phase 1
Economi c and Trade Agreement.18 It contains provisions related to, inter alia , intellectual property,
technology transfer, trade in food and agricultural products, and financial services.
2.3.3 Other agreements and arrangements
2.34. China continues to grant unilateral prefe rences to least developed countries (LDCs). According
to the authorities, since 2015, it has implemented zero tariffs on 97% of taxable items for LDCs that
have established diplomatic relations with China and completed the exchange of diplomatic notes.
As at end -August 2020, 39 LDCs had been given unilateral preferences. Bangladesh, Burkina Faso,
and Kiribati were added to the list of beneficiaries on 1 July 2020, 1 September 2018, and
1 August 2020, respectively. Since 1 January 2020, Equatorial Guinea has been excluded from the
list, as it "graduated" from the LDC category in June 2017.
2.4 Investment Regime
2.4.1 Regulatory framework and market access
2.35. On 15 March 2019, China adopted the FIL, which aims to improve the business environment
for foreign investors and e nsure that FIEs participate in market competition on an equal basis with
their domestic counterparts, in accordance with the law. On 31 December 2019, the State Council
promulgated the Implementing Regulations of the FIL. Both the FIL and its Implementing
Regulations entered into force on 1 January 2020. Subsequently, the previous laws and
implementing regulations for foreign investors and FIEs, i.e. the Law on Sino -Foreign Equity Joint
Ventures, the Law on Sino -Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures, and the L aw on Foreign -Invested
Enterprises, as well as their administrative regulations and rules, were repealed.
2.36. The FIL grants national treatment to foreign investments in industries outside the Special
Administrative Measures on Access to Foreign Investment (Na tional Negative List) through the
"pre-establishment national treatment and negative list management system", under which foreign
investors and their investments are to be granted treatment no less favourable than that granted to
domestic investors and the ir investments at the establishment stage (FIL, Article 4). Article 28 of
the FIL stipulates that "for industries outside of the National Negative List, the investment
administration shall be conducted under the principle of equal treatment to domestic and foreign
investment". Furthermore, the FIL's Implementing Regulations require that FIEs and wholly Chinese -
invested enterprises be equally treated in such aspects as government funding arrangements, land
supply, tax and fee reduction and exemption, qualifi cation licensing, development of standards,
project applications, and human resource policies.
2.37. The authorities state that the system was developed after being implemented in PFTZs and
was expanded nationwide in 2016, followed by the adoption of the Nationa l Negative List in 2017.
2.38. The FIL and its Implementing Regulations also accord domestic companies and FIEs equal
treatment regarding access to government funding arrangements, land supply, tax abatement or
exemption, qualification licensing, standard settin g, project application, or human resource policies.
In addition, FIEs are accorded equal treatment under the FIL in, inter alia , participation in
government procurement, protection of intellectual property, and licensing formalities. Article 10 of
the FIL provides that foreign companies may comment on new legislation and administrative rules
concerning foreign investment.
2.39. Various investment protection measures exist under the FIL. In a case where the State needs
to expropriate a foreign investor to protect the public interest, such expropriation shall be made
17 Sino-Russian Cooperation and Development Plan in Russia's Far East Region (2018 -2024).
18 MOFCOM. Viewed at: http://w ww.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ai/202001/20200102930845.shtml . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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pursuant to statutory procedures and in a non -discriminatory manner, with compensation made
based on the market value of the expropriated investment. Local governments must comply with
policy commitment s19 made to, and perform various contracts concluded with, foreign investors in
accordance with the law. If it becomes necessary to adjust those commitments or agreements due
to the public interest, foreign investors shall be compensated for losses incurre d.
2.40. With respect to cross -border remittances, in accordance with the FIL, a foreign investor may
freely transfer inward and outward, in CNY or foreign currencies, inter alia , its capital contributions,
profit, capital gains, proceeds from disposition of assets , royalties from IPRs, lawfully obtained
compensation or indemnity amounts, and proceeds from liquidation. Under the FIL, no entity or
individual shall illegally restrict, inter alia , the type of currencies, amount, or frequency of such
remittances.
2.41. Under the FIL, legal liability shall be pursued in case of any IPR infringement. In addition, the
FIL prohibits government officials from forcing foreign investors to transfer their technology by
administrative means; it also requires the authorities to keep con fidential any trade secret of foreign
investors that they may become aware of during the performance of their duties.20
2.42. Under the FIL, FDI in China is also guided by the National Negative List and the Catalogue of
Encouraged Industries for Foreign Investment (Encouraged FDI Catalogue), which lists industries
where FDI is encouraged. Industries that are listed in the Encouraged FDI Catalogue are eligible for
preferential measures, such as discou nted land prices and tax incentives.
2.43. For restricted industries, foreign investors must meet the specific conditions, such as
shareholding limits, stipulated by the National Negative List. Foreign investors might need prior
approval from the Government to i nvest in restricted markets. For industries not on the National
Negative List, foreign investors shall receive treatment equal to their domestic counterparts when
investing.
2.44. In June 2018, the National Negative List was issued and the 2017 version of the Ca talogue of
Industries for Guiding Foreign Investment was repealed. Since then, the National Negative List has
been revised every year. Compared with the 2017 version, the 2020 National Negative List
introduced new opening -up measures in such industries as seeds, oil and gas, mineral resources,
ship and aircraft manufacturing, infrastructure, finance, value -added telecommunications, and
culture.
2.45. On 23 June 2020, the current version of the National Negative List was issued by the NDRC
and MOFCOM to replace th e 2019 version.21 It further reduced the number of restrictive measures,
which continues to decrease (from 63 in 2017 to 33 in 2020) (Chart 2.1). The sectors liberalized
concern services, manufacturing, and agriculture. For example, in the financial sector , the caps on
foreign ownership of securities companies, securities investment fund management companies,
futures companies, and life insurance companies were lifted; in manufacturing, the restrictions on
foreign investment in the smelting and processing o f radioactive minerals, as well as on the
production of nuclear fuel, were eliminated. In agriculture, the selection and breeding of new wheat
varieties and the production of seeds are no longer required to be controlled by the domestic party.
The main dif ferences between the 2018, 2019, and 2020 National Negative Lists are highlighted in
Box 2.1 and Box 2.2. Table A2.3 and Table A2.4 provide the lists of restricted and prohibited
measures, respectively, in 2019 and/or 2020.
19 Article 27 of the Implementing Regulations now defines "policy commitments" as any written
commitment made by a local People's Government at any level or its relevant departments to foreign inve stors
and FIEs with respect to supporting policies, preferential measures, and other means of facilitating foreign
investment.
20 The authorities state that the Government has never made, through existing laws, regulations, or
policies, technology transfer a precondition for inward FDI, or issued any laws, regulations, or policies
obligating investors to transfer their technologies.
21 NDRC. Viewed at:
https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/fzggwl/202006/P020200624549035288187.pdf . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 38 -
Chart 2.1 Number of restrictive measures in China's Special Administrative Measures
determining access to foreign investment, 2017 -20
Source: Special Administrative Measures on Access to Foreign Investment and the Free Trade Zone Special
Administrative Measures on Access to Foreign Investment (2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 editions).
Box 2.1 Main changes in the 2019 National Negative List for foreign investments and
the 2019 Encouraged Catalogue
Encouraged category
Activities added
Manufacturing
1. Electronic equipment such as 5G equipment (mobile phones, cars, drones, etc.) and their core
components, etchers for integrated circuits, chip packing equipment, cloud computing equipment, etc.
2. Equipme nt such as industrial robots, key components of new energy vehicles (NEVs), smart vehicles, etc.
3. New raw materials for vaccines, cell therapy medicine, large -scale cell culture products, etc.
4. New materials for aerospace, monocrystalline silicon, an d large wafers, etc.
Services
1. Development of cold -chain logistics, e -commerce, construction and operation of special railway lines, etc.
2. Artificial intelligence technology, clean production, carbon capture, and circular economy
3. Construction and management of ecological protection projects
4. Medical institution services
5. Tourism infrastructure construction, and tourism information services
Encouraged areas of investment
1. Yunnan, Hunan, and Inner Mongolia: Agriculture produc ts processing, textile and clothing, furniture
manufacturing, etc.
2. Anhui, Sichuan, and Shanxi: Integrated circuits, tablet computers, communication terminals, etc.
3. Henan and Hunan: Logistics storage facilities, car filling stations, etc.
Restricted category
Activities removed
Mining
1. Exploration and development of oil and natural gas (excluding coal -bed methane, oil sands, shale gas,
etc.) – limited to joint venture and cooperation
Energy and water supply
1. Construction and operation of gas and heat in cities with a population of more than 500,000 – requirement
that the Chinese party shall hold the controlling majority of shares
Telecommunications
1. Multi-party communication, store -and-forward, and call centre businesses – requireme nt that foreign
investment should not exceed 50%
Transportation
1. Domestic shipping agent business – requirement that the Chinese party shall hold the controlling majority
of shares
Culture, sports, and entertainment
1. Performance brokerage institutions – requirement that the Chinese party shall hold the controlling
majority of shares
2. Construction and operation of movie theatres – requirement that the Chinese party shall hold the
controlling majority of shares
63
48
40
3395
45
37
30
020406080100
2017 2018 2019 2020Chart 2.[CHN] Number of restrictive measures in China's Special Administrative Measures determining access to foreign investment, 2017 -
2020
Source: Special Administrative Measures on Access to Foreign Investment and the Free Trade Zone Special Administrative Measures on
Access to Foreign Investment (2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 editions) .National negative list
PFTZ negative listWT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 39 -
Prohibited category
Activities removed
Mining
1. Exploration and mining of molybdenum, tin, antimony, and fluorite
Manufacturing
1. Production of Xuan paper and ink ingot
Environment
1. Exploitation of wildlife resources originally produced in China and protected by the count ry
Activities added
Mining
1. Exploration, mining and mineral processing of rare earth s, radioactive minerals , and tungsten
Source: National Negative List (2019) and the Encouraged Catalogue (2019).
Box 2.2 Main changes in the 2020 National Negative List for foreign investments and the
2020 Encouraged Catalogue
Encouraged category
Activities added (National Catalogue )
Advanced manufacturing
1. High-end manufacturing – Integrated circuit packaging and test equipment manufacturing, laser
projection equipment, ultra -high-definition TV (UHD TV), ventilator, extracorporeal membrane
oxygenation, artificial intelligence auxiliar medical equipment, hard ware manufacturing related to
L3/L4/L5 autopilot, etc.
2. New materials – High-purity electron -grade hydrofluoric acid, hydrogen fluoride, special glass fibre,
polarizing film, diffusion film, photomask, polyvinyl polyamine, high -performance fibre, environme ntal
biofilm, new pesticides, and other items
3. Key components – High-pressure vacuum element, special valve, special bearing, special glass, wheel
speed sensor, etc.
4. Environmental protection – Construction and equipment manufacturing of receiving and disposing facilities
for marine pollutants at ports, construction and equipment manufacturing of emergency facilities for
hazardous chemicals and oil products at ports, etc.
5. Pharmaceutical – Production of vaccines against AIDS, hepatitis C, cervical cancer , malaria,
hand-foot-and-mouth disease, etc.
Production -oriented services
1. Research and development (R&D) and design – R&D of 5G mobile communication technology, block chain
technology, sewage treatment facilities design, etc.
2. Commercial services – High-end equipment maintenance, transformation, and integration of digital
production line, industrial service network platform, etc.
3. Modern logistics – Bulk commodity import and export distribution centre, community logistics and
distribution system, etc.
4. Inform ation services – Online education, online healthcare, online office, etc.
Activities added (Regional Catalogue )
1. Heilongjiang and Yunnan: Agricultural product processing, tourism development, etc.
2. Henan, Shaanxi, and Guangxi: Medical equipment, epidemic pr evention and protection articles, active
pharmaceutical ingredient (API) production, etc.
3. Hubei, Sichuan, and Chongqing: Semiconductor materials, graphene, industrial ceramics, etc.
4. Anhui and Shanxi: vocational school, etc.
5. Hainan: Yacht design and manufac turing, financial leasing services, R&D, design, and parts manufacturing
of NEVs, etc.
Restricted category
Activities removed
Agriculture
1. Selection and breeding of new wheat varieties and production of seeds – requirement that the Chinese
party shall hold the controlling majority of shares (a share ratio of not less than 34%)
Manufacturing
1. Manufacturing of commercial vehicles – requirement that foreign investment should not exceed 50%
Energy and water supply
1. Construction and operation of city wat er drainage network for a city with a population of more than
500,000 – requirement that the Chinese party shall hold the controlling majority of shares WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 40 -
Financial services
1. Foreign investment in life insurance, futures, and securities companies – requiremen t that foreign
investment should not exceed 51%
Leasing and business services
1. Market research projects – limited to cooperative joint ventures
Health and social work
1. Investment in medical institutions – limited to cooperative joint ventures
Prohibited category
Activities removed
Scientific research and technical services
1. Investment in geodetic measurement, marine mapping, aerial photography mapping, ground movement
measurement, administrative boundary mapping, topographic maps, maps of world 's state regions, maps
of national administrative regions, maps of provinces below administrative regions, national maps for
educational purposes, local maps for educational purposes, true three -dimensional maps and electronic
navigation maps, regional geo logical mapping, mineral geology, geophysics, geochemistry, hydrogeology,
environmental geology, geological disasters, remote sensing geology and other mapping and
measurements – prohibition lifted for mining right owners in carrying out their work within the scope of
their mining rights
Transportation, warehousing, and mail services
1. Investment in air traffic control
Manufacturing
1. Investment in smelting and processing of radioactive minerals, as well as in production of nuclear fuel
Activities added
Transportation, warehousing, and mail services
1. Construction and operation of airport towers
Source: National Negative List (2020) and the Encouraged Catalogue (2020).
2.46. In 2018, the NDRC and MOFCOM jointly issued the Market Access Negative List, which was
implemented nationwide. It listed industries that are prohibited or subject to licensing for investment
and operation within China. According to the authorities, for industries not on the List, market
participants of any kind may enter in a lawful and equal manner. It is a common negative list that
applies equally to market participants of any kind, including state -owned and private enterprises,
domestic -invested enterprises, and FIEs, as well as large enterprises and SMEs. It aims to furth er
open up the economy and provide a level playing field for market participants.22 The most recent
version was issued in 2020; it contains 123 items (down from 151 in the 2018 version and 131 in
the 2019 version) that are banned to non -state companies (both domestic and foreign -owned) or
require government approval for entry. While the National Negative List applies only to foreign
investors, the Market Access Negative List applies to both domestic and foreign investors. When
investing in China, a foreign investor must first meet the requirements of the Negative List for the
Access of Fo reign Investments, and then those of the Market Access Negative List.
2.47. The 2020 edition of the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries for Foreign Investment, which
replaced the 2019 edition, contains two sections: one national and one regional for 22 provinces and
municipalities located in Central and Western China.23 The national section of the 2020 Encouraged
Catalogue contains 480 industries. Compared with the 2019 Catalogue, 65 items were added, and
50 were revised. The main changes in the 2019 and 2020 Enco uraged Catalogues' national section
are summarized in Box 2.1 and Box 2.2. The regional section of the 2020 Encouraged Catalogue
contains 755 items, with 62 items added and 38 revised, compared with the 2019 edition.
2.48. FDI in the PFTZs is guided by a differe nt negative list. The current one is the Special
Administrative Measures for Foreign Investment Access to Pilot Free Trade Zones (2020 PFTZ
Negative List). The 2020 PFTZ Negative List provides an outline of sectors in which foreign
investment is restricted or prohibited in PFTZs. For all industries not listed in this document, foreign
22 China started its Market Access Negative List Scheme, on a pilot basis, in March 2016 via the Market
Access Negative List (Trial Edition). The pilot programme listed 328 items an d covered the provinces of
Shanghai, Guangdong, Tianjin, and Fujian. The trial was subsequently expanded in 2017 to cover 15 provinces.
23 The regional section covers Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Hainan,
Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Inne r Mongolia, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan,
Tibet, Xinjiang, and Yunnan. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 41 -
investors will receive the same treatment as that for domestic companies with regard to the
establishment and approval requirements and process.
2.49. The 2020 PFTZ Negative List, issued on 23 June 2020 and entered into force on 23 July 2020,
reduced the number of restrictive measures from 95 in 2017 to 30 in 2020 (Chart 2.1).24
2.50. According to the authorities, some administrative regulations in the PFTZs were temporari ly
adjusted during the review period.25 On 26 October 2019, the Standing Committee of the NPC
authorized the State Council to temporarily adjust the application of relevant regulations of the
Foreign Trade Law, the Road Traffic Safety Law, the Fire Prevent ion Law, the Food Safety Law, the
Customs Law, and the Seed Law in PFTZs for three years. On 15 January 2020, the State Council
decided to temporarily adjust and implement the relevant provisions of the Regulations on the
Administration of Commercial Perfo rmances, the Regulations on the Administration of
Foreign -Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, and the Regulations on the Administration of the
Printing Industry in PFTZs (Guo Han No. 8, 2020). On 29 April 2020, the Standing Committee of the
NPC author ized the State Council to temporarily adjust the application of the relevant provisions of
the Land Administration Law, the Seed Law, and the Maritime Law in the China (Hainan) PFTZ until
31 December 2024. On 18 June 2020, the State Council decided to temp orarily adjust and implement
the Regulations on Customs Affairs Guarantees, the Regulations on Import and Export Tariffs, the
Regulations on International Maritime Transport ation, the Regulations on the Inspection of Ships
and Offshore Facilities, and the Regulations on the Administration of Domestic Water Transport, until
31 December 2024.
2.51. Some of China's policies also reflect the country's efforts to phase out industries consider ed
to be heavily polluting. These efforts are documented in the Catalogue for Guiding Industry
Restructuring, which was last updated in October 2019, entered into force on 1 January 2020, and
superseded the 2011 version.26 The Catalogue consists of three categories – "encouraged",
"restricted", and "obsolete" industries (industries that conform to the relevant laws, regulations, and
policies of the State are "permitted", but are not listed in the Catalogue). It lists 821 encouraged
items, 215 restricted items, and 441 items that will be phased out. Encouraged items shall be
examined , approved, or filed in accordance with relevant regulations. Restricted items shall not be
newly built, and the existing production capacity is allowed to be upgraded within a certain period
of time. Items to be phased out shall be prohibited from investm ent and shall be phased out within
the prescribed time -limit. In principle, this provision applies to all types of enterprises in China.
2.4.2 Examination and approval procedures
2.52. Foreign investments are not allowed in prohibited industries included in either the PFTZ or the
National Negative List. Regarding foreign investment in a restricted industry included in either
the PFTZ or the National Negative List, investors must comply with the required administrative
measures, such as those for equity shareholding and qualifications for senior management officers.
Under the regime, the market regulation authority shall conduct a formal examination of relevant
application materials. Where a foreign investor or FIE invests in any sector not specified in either
the PFTZ o r the National Negative List, registration (record -filing) shall be conducted under the
principle of equal treatment for domestic and foreign investments. For investments in a sector that
is included in a negative list and subject to restrictions on the pr oportion of contribution and the
nationality of the legal representative (primary person in charge), the registration shall be conducted
in accordance with the law.
2.53. Until 2019, under the examination and approval system, foreign investors who invest in
restricted areas could have their companies registered at the relevant market regulatory authority,
only after being approved by MOFCOM or relevant industrial administrative departments. On
1 January 2020, the FIL and its Implementing Regulations removed the r equirement of approval by
the commercial and industrial authorities. Instead, new FIEs must be registered directly with the
State Council's administration of market regulation, or the administrations for market regulation of
24 The number of prohibited or restricted items in the PFTZ Negative List was 190 in 2013.
25 Temporarily adjusted administrative regulations will be re-adjusted as appropriate based on the
results of related reforms.
26 State Council, The National Development and Reform Commission Revised and Issued the "Industrial
Structure Adjustment Guidance Catalogue (2019) ". Viewed at: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2 019-11/06/content
_5449193.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 42 -
the local People's Government a uthorized by the State Council in accordance with the FIL.
Investment in industries and fields that require a licence in accordance with the law shall go through
the relevant licensing procedures.
2.54. A foreign investor or FIE shall submit investment informati on to the commerce authority
through the enterprise registration system. Investment information accessible via the
interdepartmental information -sharing system shall not be required to be submitted separately to a
different authority. The authorities state that the contents and scope of foreign investment
information reporting shall be determined by the principle of real necessity .27 For the submission of
annual reports, instead of preparing three different reports, foreign investors or FIEs shall combine
specific information required by MOFCOM and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE)
into a single report prepared for the SAMR.28 The reporting system applies to FIEs and
foreign -invested partnerships. The reporting requirements cover informatio n with respect to the
establishment of and changes to FIEs and their subsidiaries, as well as annual reporting. For the
sectors not specified in the National Negative List, the registration requirements are the same as
those for domestic enterprises. The b usiness forms, structures, and rules of activities of companies
shall be governed by the Company Law, the Partnership Law, and other laws. The FIL and the
Implementing Regulations provide for an interim period of five years (until 31 December 2024) for
FIEs to adapt to the new legal requirements and to implement relevant corporate changes.
2.55. Foreign -invested projects (FIPs) involving fixed assets investment are subject to the general
filing system and limited approval system.29 The authorities note that in Fe bruary 2021, about 99%
of FIPs were subject to the informative filing system. The system did not undergo a substantial
change during the review period. Projects subject to verification (approval) are those listed in the
Catalogue of Investment Projects Sub ject to Government Approval (2016), while those not included
in it are subject to record -filing. The approval standards are based on several core criteria, including
laws and regulations; the development plan; market access conditions; and industrial, land , and
environmental policies. The authorities indicated that FIP applications are generally approved as long
as they have no negative impact on national security, the environment, or public interest, and they
comply with the relevant laws , regulations, and Catalogues, and the national development plans and
industrial policies.
2.56. The Catalogue of Investment Projects Subject to Government Approval (2016) indicates in
which instances FIPs are subject to approval and the authorities in charge of undertaking the
procedure. Depending on the amount invested, approval is granted by various agencies listed in the
Catalogue. Investment projects valued at USD 300 million or more in the restricted industries require
approval from the NDRC, and they are submitted to the State Council for record -filing, provided that
the total investment amounts to at least USD 2 billion. Provincial governments may approve
restricted projects funded by foreign investment of up to USD 300 million.
2.57. The Catalogue also lists specific projects that require the approval of the Government for both
domestic and foreign enterprises in such areas as agriculture, energy, transportation, information
technology, raw materials, manufacturing of machinery, light manufacturing, high and new
technology, and construction in urban areas.
2.58. In the case of projects involving "serious" overcapacity, the approval process is outlined in
the Guiding Opinions on Resolving Serious Production Overcapacity Conflicts, Guo Fa No. 41, 2013.
In accordance with requirements of existing policies, projects designed to expand capacity in any of
these sectors are strictly prohibited.
2.59. Pursuant to the Circular on the Establishment of a System for Security Review of Acquisition
of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, foreign inv estments in Chinese domestic enterprises
might be subject to national security review if the FDI is deemed to have an influence on national
security. It applies only to certain types of foreign M&A transactions. The Circular provides for the
27 On 31 December 2019, MOFCOM and the SAMR issued the Measures for Reporting of Information on
Foreign Investment, followed by the Notice on Matters Concerning the Reporting of Information on Foreign
Investment, a supporting document released by MOFCOM. Both regulations took effect on 1 January 2020.
28 On 16 December 2019, MOFCOM, the SAMR, and SAFE jointly issued the Notice on Completing Annual
Reporting "Multiple Reports in One" Reform Related Work.
29 As regulated by the Ad ministrative Measures for the Approval and Record -Filing of Foreign -Invested
Projects (FIPs), NDRC Order No. 12, 2014. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 43 -
scope, content , working mechanism, and procedures for the M&A security review, and it creates a
unified and standardized security review system for M&A activities conducted by foreign investors.
The FIL and its Implementing Regulations contain provisions on national sec urity review. In
April 2019, the NDRC issued Announcement No. 4, 2019, clarifying that the application materials for
the security review of foreign investment shall be received by the NDRC Government Affairs Service
Hall. On 19 December 2020, the NDRC and MOFCOM issued the Measures for the Security Review
of Foreign Investment, further clarifying the review authorities, scope, and procedures, which aimed
at improving the standardization, accuracy, and transparency of security review. The Measures came
into force on 18 January 2021.
2.60. The document containing Trial Measures for the National Security Review of Foreign
Investment in Pilot Free Trade Zones (Guo Ban Fa No. 24, 2015) was published in 2015 to explore
and improve the system for national security review of foreign investments.30 It continues to govern
the security review of foreign investment in PFTZs, and its scope of application is wider than the
above -mentioned review system. Under the Measures, investments by foreign companies are
reviewed if they in volve businesses related to the military fields, key agricultural products, energy,
infrastructure, transportation, culture, information technology, and equipment manufacturing that
relate to national security. The review evaluates the influence of foreign investment on national
security, economic stability, social order, morality, Internet safety, and the development of key
technology concerning state security. A joint committee with representatives from the NDRC,
MOFCOM, and other agencies is in charge of conducting the review.
2.61. The authorities state that the SAMR has been working with relevant ministries and agencies
to shorten the time for the enterprise registration process and streamline the procedures. The SAMR
has provided guidance for relevant local governmental departments in the construction of a unified
online service platform for enterprise establishment. Enterprise registration, official seal making,
invoice application, and purchase of tax control equipment can be completed online by filling out one
single form. The authorities indicate that it takes less than five working days to establish an
enterprise in China.
2.4.3 Incentives to foreign direct investments
2.62. China offers various tax incentives to FIEs to promote sectors deemed beneficial to the
devel opment of its economy. Most equipment imported to be used in projects in sectors listed in the
Catalogue of Encouraged Industries may benefit from customs duty exemptions. Goods listed in the
Catalogue of Products Imported for Foreign Investment Projects a nd Not Eligible for Tax Exemption
and in the Catalogue of Imported Major Technical Equipment and Products Not Eligible for Tax
Exemption (last revised in 2019 and entered into force on 1 January 2020) are excluded from this
treatment.
2.63. In September 2018, th e Ministry of Finance, the State Taxation Administration, the NDRC,
and MOFCOM jointly issued the Notice on Widening the Scope of Application of Temporary Waiver
for Withholding Income Tax for Overseas Investors Using Distributed Profits for Direct Investm ents
(Cai Shui No. 102, 2018). According to the Notice, the scope of application of the favourable tax
policy put in place in 2017 (Cai Shui No. 88, 2017) was expanded from encouraged FIPs to all
non-prohibited FIPs and areas. Under the Notice, profits der ived by foreign investors from resident
companies in China are entitled to a tax deferral incentive and will not trigger withholding tax if the
investors reinvest the profits in any non -prohibited FIPs.
2.64. Until 2019, projects in sectors listed in the Catalog ue of Priority Industries for Foreign
Investment in the Central -Western Regions of China (Central -Western Regions Catalogue) could
benefit from customs duty exemptions on the importation of equipment within the scope stipulated
by relevant policies. On 30 June 2019, the Government combined the encouraged category of the
Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries with the Central -Western Regions
Catalogue, and accordingly issued a unified Catalogue of Encouraged Industries for Foreign
Invest ment.
30 State Council, Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Issuing the Trial Measures for the
National Security Review of Fore ign Investment in Pilot Free Trade Zones . Viewed at:
http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015 -04/20/content_9629.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 44 -
2.65. Enterprises may enjoy a reduced enterprise income tax rate of 15%, provided that they meet
certain conditions and engage in encouraged industries in certain areas.
2.66. Foreign investment is encouraged in high -tech enterprises and R&D. When importing R&D
equipment or procuring it domestically, "qualified" domestic and foreign R&D centres can apply for
import duty, VAT, and consumption tax exemption, and a VAT refund for domestic equipment.31
2.67. The following region -specific preferential tax regimes (establishing reduced rates for the
beneficiaries) were extended or initiated during the review period: the preferential policies for
corporate income tax in the Large -scale Development in the Western Region32; the preferential
income tax policy of Hainan Free Trade Port33; individual income tax incentives in the
Guangdong -Hong Kong, China -Macao, China Greater Bay Area.34 Furthermore, some tourism
industry projects were added to the catalogue of prefere ntial corporate income tax in Hengqin New
Area.35
2.68. As a response to the COVID ‑19 pandemic, several relief measures were taken or announced
for foreign investors. For example, all export tax rebates must be made in full without delay except
for energy -intens ive and polluting products. In addition, the measures provide that China will work
to shorten the negative list on foreign investment and expand the catalogue of industries where
foreign investment is encouraged, encourage financial institutions to increas e foreign trade loans to
cope with the impact of the pandemic, and encourage commercial insurance companies to offer
short-term export credit insurance and lower premium rates. Under the measures, recent tax and
fee relief policies designed to help compani es in difficulty should equally apply to both domestic
enterprises and FIEs.
2.69. On 9 March 2020, the NDRC issued the Circular on Further Deepening the Reform regarding
Foreign Investment Projects Responding to the COVID ‑19 Pandemic (NDRC Foreign Investment
Announcement No. 343, 2020). The Circular includes a number of measures, such as simplifying the
approval procedures for foreign investment projects.36
2.4.4 Bilateral investment and tax agreements
2.70. As at end -June 2020, China had signed 107 agreements on avoidance of double taxation, 101
of which have come into effect.37 In addition, China has tax arrangements with the Hong Kong
Special Administrative Region (SAR) and the Macao SAR. Since January 2018, China has entered
into agreements on avoidance of doub le taxation with Angola, Argentina, the Republic of the Congo,
and Gabon, and has fully revised and signed new double taxation avoidance agreements with
New Zealand, Italy, and Spain. On 30 December 2020, China and the European Union concluded, in
principl e, a Comprehensive Agreement on Investment; the text of the Agreement is yet to be
finalized by both sides.
31 Notice of the Ministry of Finance, the General Administratio n of Customs and State Taxation
Administration on Import Tax Policies that Support Sci -Tech Innovation during the 13th Five-Year Plan Period
(Cai Guan Shui No. 70, 2016) and Announcement of the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Commerce and
State Taxati on Administration on Continuing to Implement the VAT Policy on Equipment Purchased by R&D
Institutions.
32 Announcement on Continuing Corporate Income Tax Policies for Large -scale Development in the
Western Region ( MOF Announcement No. 23, 2020).
33 Notice o n Preferential Corporate Income Tax Policies for the Hainan Free Trade Port (Cai Shui [2020]
No. 31) and Notice on Individual Income Tax Policies for High -end Talents in Short Supply in Hainan Free Trade
Port (Cai Shui No. 32, 2020).
34 Notice on Individual Income Tax Incentives for Guangdong -Hong Kong, China -Macao, China Greater
Bay Area (Cai Shui No. 31, 2019).
35 Notice on Adding Projects in the Tourism Industry to the Catalogue of Corporate Income Tax
Preferences for Hengqin New Area (Cai Shui N o. 63, 2019).
36 State Council, Notice of the National Development and Reform Commission on Responding to the
Epidemic . Viewed at: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020 -03/11/content_5490062.htm .
37 State Taxation Administration, Tax Policy and Tax Treaties . Viewed at:
http://www.chinatax.gov.cn/chinatax/n810341/n810770/index.html . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 45 -
3 TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE
3.1 Measures Directly Affecting Imports
3.1.1 Customs procedures, valuation, and requirements
3.1. The General Administration of Customs (GACC) remains responsible for customs matters.
In 2018, the GACC took on responsibilities relating to exit -entry inspection and quarantine previously
held by the General Administration of Q uality Inspection and Supervision (Section 3.3.3). China has
45 customs institutions directly under the GACC (including 42 customs areas, 678 subordinated
customs institutions, and 132 subordinated customs offices).
3.2. Customs procedures are regulated by seve ral pieces of legislation (Table 3.1). Recent changes
to the Customs Law and the Regulations on Import and Export Duties removed the administrative
licensing requirements for temporary imports and export.1 Changes to various other customs -related
regulati ons, including the Provisions on the Customs Administration of Declarations for the Import
and Export of Goods and the Customs Rules on Administration of the Levying of Duties on Imports
and Exports, were aimed at optimizing the business environment, reduc ing institutional transaction
costs, simplifying customs procedures, and shortening the time for customs clearance.2
Table 3.1 China's legislation related to customs procedures
Legislation Date of issuance/amendment
Customs Law Decree No. 50 issued in 1987, and amended in 2000, 2013,
2016, and 2017
Regulations on Import and Export Duties State Council Decree No. 392, adopted in 2003, and amended
in 2011, 2013, 2016, and 2017
Provisions on the Customs Administration
of Declarations for the Import and Export
of Goods GACC Decree No. 103, adopted in September 2003, and
amended in 2014, 2017, and 2018
Customs Rules on Administration of the
Levying of Duties on Imports and Exports GACC Decree No. 124, adopted in 2005, and amended in
2010, 2014, 2017, and 2018
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
3.3. As at the time of China's previous Review, importers must register as foreign trade operators
with the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) or its authorized bodies before filing customs declarations.
Foreign -invested enterprises (FIEs) may register as foreign tr ade operators; FIEs require a copy of
the certificate of "approval of foreign -invested enterprises" to register. According to the authorities,
the GACC has taken measures to simplify and facilitate registration procedures3, has cancelled the
validity period for the registration of customs declaration enterprises and their branches so that
registration is of long -term effect4, and will no longer check the approval certificate of FIEs under
certain circumstances .5
1 Customs Law ( as amended in 2017). Viewed at: http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/
302266/302267/1880958/index.html ; and Regulations on Import and Export Duties (as amended in 2016).
Viewed at: http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/2558681/index.ht ml.
2 Amendments to the Customs Administration of Declarations for the Import and Export of Goods and
the Customs Rules on Administration of the Levying of Duties on Imports and Exports (through GACC
Order No. 235 on Decree on the Publication of the General Administration of Customs Decision on the
Amendment of Some Regulations. Viewed at:
http://www.customs.g ov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/1413710/index.html .
3 The relevant GACC announcements are: No. 28, 2018, on Issues Concerning the Integration of
Enterprises' Qualifications for Customs Declaration and Inspection. Viewed at: http://www.customs.gov.cn/
customs/302249/302266/302267/1662054/index.html ; No. 143, 2018, on Relevant Matters concerning the
Promotion of Integrated Customs Declaration and Inspection to Optimize the Registration of Customs
Declaration Entities. Viewed at: http://www.customs.gov.cn/x ining_customs/533860/533861/2060885/index.
html; and No. 191, 2018, on Matters concerning Further Optimizing the Administration of the Registration of
Customs Declaration Entities. Viewed at:
http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/2136553/index.html .
4 GACC Announcement No. 213, 2019, on Cancelling the Validity Period of the Registration of Customs
Declaration Enterprises and Their Branches.
5 GACC Announcement No. 226, 2019, on No Longer Verifying the Approval Certificate for a Foreign -
Funded Enterprise. The circumstances when verification of approval certificates is not required include when:
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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3.4. Import declarations may be su bmitted on paper or in electronic format through the single
window system (see below). The use of a customs broker is mandatory. Documents to be provided
with import declarations are listed in the Provisions on the Customs Administration of Declarations
for the Import and Export of Goods. They include contracts, invoices, a packing list, a list of freight
(manifest of cargo), bills of ladings (transport bills), acting customs clearance authorization
entrustment agreement, import licences, and any other impo rt documents as prescribed by the
GACC.6 The authorities indicate that since 2020 some documents, including contracts and packing
lists, no longer need to be submitted to customs in the import declaration process7, and other
required documents have been simplified or optimized for the application and printing processes.
The GACC does not charge fees for making customs declarations or for the use of the National Single
Window (see below). With the consent of the GACC, import declarations may be filed, and customs
clearance may take place, in advance of the goods' arrival in China8; according to the authorities,
this is encouraged.
3.5. In 2019, the GACC launched a reform of the "two -step declaration" for imports, which means
that enterprises do not need to subm it all declarations and documents at one time. The first step
involves making the summary declaration with the bill of lading to pick up the goods. The second step
involves completing the whole declaration process within a specified time. According to the
authorities, the reform, which was first piloted in some customs offices, made enterprise declaration
more efficient and convenient, accelerated cargo release, and further improved the efficiency of
customs clearance. It has been applied across the country since 1 January 2020.
3.6. China maintains a standardized National Single Window (NSW) for international trade
(www.singlewindow.cn), initiated in 2016 and based on the China E -Port.9 The NSW connects the
systems of the relevant port management and internatio nal trade departments, providing a one -stop
service for customs formalities and procedures. It is interconnected with provincial single windows,
which are nationally standardized but also embedded with locally distinct services.10 The NSW was
also enhanced to provide a one -stop platform for trade services and for inter -connection with trading
partners. Since China's previous Review, the number of connected ministries and commissions
increased (from 11 in January 2018 to 25 at end -2020), and the number of ba sic service functions
(e.g. port law enforcement services) increased from 9 to 16 over the same period. The NSW is now
fully operational. The NSW is the main online entry point for traders to submit their customs
declarations and associated documents. In 2 018, over 70% of imports were declared through the
single window. By end -2019, the percentage had risen to 100%. Use of the NSW remains voluntary.
According to the authorities, the online application rates for other major declaration services, such
as carg o, manifest, and ship declarations, has reached 100%. China shared its experience of the
NSW with the WTO Committee on Trade Facilitation in 2019.11
3.7. The GACC operates an "Internet + Customs" platform, which provides online access to
government customs serv ices, such as pre -declaration information input, export rebates,
administrative approval, and intellectual property rights (IPR) registration. The system allows
enterprises to submit information in one place rather than to different port management
authori ties.12 It is separate from the NSW (see above), which provides a single platform for the
submission of standardized information and documentation to the relevant authorities.
3.8. Importers are required to comply with the inspection and quarantine requirements of Customs,
as stipulated by law, regulations, and the Catalogue of Import and Export Commodities Subject to
Compulsory Inspection. The Catalogue lists commodities as required to protect human, animal or
(i) foreign -invested international freight agent enterprises apply for customs declara tion agency of inbound and
outbound express; and (ii) consignees and consigners of foreign -invested import and export goods go through
the cancellation procedures with customs.
6 Provisions on the Customs Administration of Declarations for the Import and E xport of Goods,
Article 27. Viewed at: http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/2539748/index.html .
7 GCC Notice on Issuing the List of Measures to Coordinate Port Epidemic Prevention and Control and
Facilitate Customs Clearance (Shu Zong Fa No. 57, 2020).
8 Provisions on the Customs Administration of Declarations for the Import and Export of Goods,
Chapter III.
9 China E-Port is a large information -sharing platform for customs clearance that was jointly established
several years ago by the GACC and other relevant departments under the State Council.
10 WTO document WT/TPR/M/375/Add.1, 1 February 2019.
11 WTO TFA Database. Viewed at: https://tfadatabase.org/members/china .
12 GACC . Viewed at: http://english.c ustoms.gov.cn/ . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 47 -
plant health, and the environment, and to prevent f raud and safeguard national security. The list
was amended twice (in 2019 and 2020) to remove import supervision inspection requirements on
390 tariff lines (at the 10 -digit HS level), including cloth and adult clothing, textiles, machinery, and
cold-rolled steel plates.13 During the review period, the GACC issued various administrative
measures for the inspection and/or quarantine of specific goods.
3.9. Enterprises are classified into different groups based on risk analysis, which is based on their
credit rati ng and the characteristics of the commodities they import. Additionally, transport modes
have different risk indices, for example, relating to sensitive routes and the country of departure.14
The authorities indicate that data on the share of imports subje ct to physical inspection are not
available.
3.10. In October 2018, the GACC adopted the inspection and supervision method of "inspection and
release before testing" for imported low -risk minerals such as iron ore, manganese ore, chromium
ore, lead ore and its c oncentrate, and zinc ore and its concentrate. According to the authorities, the
average inspection and release time of imported iron ore has been significantly reduced from
18.89 days to 2.21 days.
3.11. The authorities indicate that, in October 2020, the overal l clearance time for imports
nationwide was 43.48 hours, reduced by 55.35% compared with 2017.15
3.12. China's Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) scheme remains in place; the authorities
indicate that, over the past decade, it underwent several revisions and imp rovements and developed
from the initial single system to a customs credit management system that combines the
requirements of the national credit system with the AEO system of the World Customs Organization.
By end -2020, there were 3,523 AEOs in China, ac counting for 0.65% of all import and export
enterprises but covering around 30% of the total value of imports and exports. By
end-February 2021, China had signed mutual recognition agreements of AEO systems with
43 trading partners. China shared its AEO pr ogramme experience with the WTO Trade Facilitation
Committee in 2018.16
3.13. Some 163 "special customs supervision areas", governed by their own respective regulations,
continue to exist; 39.3% are located in the Pilot Free Trade Zones (PFTZs). The objectives o f such
areas include carrying out bonded processing, logistics, and services. China's special customs
supervision areas are approved by the State Council and supervised by Customs. There are six types
of these areas: bonded zones, export processing zones, bonded logistics parks, bonded ports,
comprehensive bonded zones, and cross -border industrial zones. There have been no major changes
in their rules and regulations. China also applies different customs procedures to specific areas, in
some instances on a trial basis, to assess their functionality.17 Special customs procedures remain
in place to facilitate customs formalities for importers (and exporters) of multiple batches of
time-limited, fresh, perishable, difficult -to-store, and dangerous goods, as wel l as bonded goods
13 GACC Announcements No. 220, 2019, and No. 9, 2020. Viewed at:
http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/2811876/index.html ; and
http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/2858709/index.html .
14 WTO documents WT/TPR /S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018 and WT/TPR/M/375/Add.1,
1 February 2019. An enterprise's credit rating is based on import and export records and whether it is
law-abiding. Enterprises are categorized according to their credit rating into authorized enterpr ises, enterprises
of general integrity, and dishonest enterprises.
15 The authorities indicate that figures on import clearance times cited in the previous Secretariat Report
(WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018) referred to handling procedur es for customs
clearance (the time from Customs' acceptance of the declaration of goods to the issuing of the release order).
The figures provided in this Review consider overall clearance time for goods at the port (the time from the
arrival of goods at t he port to their pick -up, including arrival at the port, unloading and tally, clearance
preparation, customs clearance, and customs release).
16 WTO TFA Database. Viewed at: https://tfadatabase.org/membe rs/china .
17 GACC Decree No. 209, 27 June 2013, Customs Supervision Measures for Hengqin New Area. Viewed
at: http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/b/g/201309/20130900326388.shtml ; and GACC Decree
No. 208, 27 June 2013, China Customs Regulatory Approach to Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Zone
(Trial). Viewed at: http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/b/g/201309/20130900326405.shtml . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 48 -
exported from or imported into China via road ports.18 Specific customs clearance supervision modes
to support China's cross -border e -commerce pilot projects have been continued.19
3.14. Citizens, legal persons, or other organizations believing that a specific administrative act of
Customs infringes upon their legitimate rights and interests may file an application for administrative
reconsideration within 60 days of the knowledge of such an act, or file a lawsuit in a People's Court
within six months of such knowledge. For tax payment disputes, a party can file an application for
administrative reconsideration with Customs in accordance with the Customs Law. If the party is
dissatisfied, t he next step is to file an administrative proceeding with a People's Court. Between
January 2018 and July 2020, the GACC accepted 104 administrative review cases, including
43 government information publicity cases, 6 inspection and quarantine treatment ca ses,
12 administrative penalty cases, 8 taxpaying disputes, 1 complaint report reply, 2 administrative
licensing cases, and 2 enterprise management cases. Over the same period, the GACC handled
46 lawsuits, including 16 complaints and reports, 1 taxpaying dispute, 3 administrative penalty
cases, 20 government information publicity cases, 5 unaccepted reconsideration cases,
1 administrative compensation case, and 1 administrative licensing case.
3.1.1.1 Preshipment inspection
3.15. In 2019, China notified to the WTO its l aws and regulations putting the Agreement on
Preshipment Inspection into force.20 These are the Law on Import and Export Commodity Inspection
(amended in 2018)21; Regulations on the Implementation of the Law on Import and Export
Commodity Inspection (revis ed in 2019)22; Measures for the Inspection, Supervision and
Administration of Imported Old Mechanical and Electrical Products23; and the Measures for the
Supervision and Administration of Inspection and Quarantine of Imported Solid Waste Which Can Be
Used as Raw Materials.24 The authorities indicate that mandatory preshipment inspection (PSI)
requirements are applied to a specified range of imported old mechanical and electrical products;
PSI requirements also used to be required for imports of solid waste before such imports were
prohibited on 1 January 2021 (Section 3.1.5).
3.1.1.2 Customs valuation
3.16. There have been no changes in China's customs valuation rules and procedures since its
previous Review. These are contained in GACC Decree No. 2013 and were notified t o the WTO
in 2018.25 Customs value is determined on the basis of the transaction value and, when it cannot be
used, the other valuations methods are used in sequential order, as stipulated in the WTO Customs
Valuation Agreement.
3.1.1.3 Trade facilitation
3.17. China de posited its instrument of acceptance of the Protocol of Amendment inserting the
Agreement on Trade Facilitation (TFA) into Annex 1A to the WTO Agreement on 4 September 2015.
18 Administrative Measures for Centralized Declaration of Imported and Exported Goods .
19 At the time of China's previous Review, four new customs clearance supervision modes had been
proposed to support cross -border e -commerce pilot projects (general export, export to special areas, direct
purchase import, and e -commerce bonded import), th ree new supervision modes for cross -border e -commerce
had been set up; and a cross -border e -commerce retail import and export informational customs clearance
management system had been established (WTO document WT/TPR/M/375/Add.1, 1 February 2019). As
indicated by the authorities in the context of this Review, in 2020 Customs carried out the pilot programme of
business -to-business export in cross -border e -commerce in 22 customs offices.
20 WTO document G/PSI/N/1/Rev.4/Add.1, 23 October 2019.
21 Law on Import and Export Commodity Inspection. Viewed at:
http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/2369445/index.html .
22 Regulations on the Implementation of the Law on Import and Export Commodity Inspection. Viewed
at: http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/30 2249/302266/302267/2369666/index.html .
23 Measures for the Inspection, Supervision and Administration of Imported Old Mechanical and
Electrical Products. Viewed at:
http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/2371611/index.html .
24 Measures for th e Supervision and Administration of Inspection and Quarantine of Imported Solid
Waste Which Can Be Used as Raw Materials. Viewed at:
http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/2371598/index.html .
25 WTO document G/VAL/N/1/CHN/6, 12 April 2018. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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China notified its Category A commitments, which cover the majority of measures, i n June 201426,
and its Category B commitments in June 2017.27 China does not have any Category C commitments.
The authorities indicate that implementation of Category B clauses was accelerated and, in some
cases, achieved ahead of schedule. Notably, the "S ingle Window" clause was implemented in
July 2019, and the "establishment and publication of average release times" was implemented in
January 2020. According to the WTO TFA database, China fully implemented the Agreement ahead
of the original date of 22 February 2020.28 China updated official publication locations and contact
points with relevant information and participated in exchanges of experience within the Committee
on Trade Facilitation (it shared its AEO programme experience with the Committee in October 2018
and its single window experience in October 2019).29
3.18. In February 2020, the GACC issued 10 Measures to Cope with the Impact of the Epidemic and
Promote the Steady Growth of Foreign Trade in order to reduce the impact of COVID ‑19 on the
Chine se economy and promote the steady growth of foreign trade when preventing and controlling
the epidemic (Box 3.1). Additionally, in March 2020, the GACC issued a List of Measures for
Coordinating Work to Prevent and Control the Epidemic at Ports and Facilit ating Customs Clearance.
Reportedly, this list contains 50 measures to implement the decisions and arrangements on epidemic
prevention and control and the facilitation of customs clearance at ports, focusing on four aspects:
(i) preventing imported cases o f COVID ‑19; (ii) facilitating customs clearance; (iii) reducing import
and export costs; and (iv) ensuring the unimpeded operation of industrial chains and foreign trade
supply chains.30
Box 3.1 GACC trade facil itation measures
1. Simplification of business registration and help with clearance formalities. Applications for changes
to a business's registration information (except name changes) may be postponed until after the outbreak
ends. The GACC will provide m ore timely assistance to businesses (especially micro, small, and medium -sized
enterprises (MSMEs)) with import/export problems.
2. Expedited clearance of imported electromechanical equipment and raw materials urgently
needed for domestic production , including through increased use of inspection machines and minimized
used of laboratory testing of goods on strength of third -party certificates, test reports, or enterprise quality
and safety self -declarations.
3. Import facilitation of food and agricultural product imports. Expedited process to grant market
access to more categories of agri -food products from more countries and to register more establishments.
Shortening of quarantine approval process. Green lanes to be established at key por ts to provide around -the-
clock clearance for foreign agri -food products on a reservation basis. Priority inspection of imported food and
agricultural products over other goods and priority testing of products suspected to contain pests or disease.
4. Supp ort businesses in export expansion. The GACC optimizes of pre -export control and certification
services. Expedited administrative approval for registered exporters and training in dealing with technical
trade barriers.
5. Simplified sanitary approval for imported special medical supplies. Direct release by customs of
imported special medical supplies used for curing, preventing, and diagnosing COVID ‑19 on the strength of
certificates issued by relevant competent authorities, provided the sanitary risk is c ontrollable.
6. Simplified extension formalities for processing trade enterprises , in case of delayed resumption of
production.
7. Simplified write -off formalities and reduced on -site audits. The GACC handles write -off formalities
based on the inventory data provided by enterprises, without checking at the factory. If feasible, the GACC
conducts off -site audits by video or electronic data transmission to minimize interruption to enterprises'
production and operation.
8. Simplified and expedited administr ative penalty procedures. The GACC handles law -breaking cases
involving anti -epidemic supplies in a fast and simple way, and should not detain the involved goods, items,
transportation conveyances or account documents under usual circumstances. The involve d party's written
confession, if proven by key evidence such as inspection records can be used as evidence by the GACC.
26 WTO documents WT/PCTF/CHN/1, 1 June 2014; and G/TFA/N/CHN/1/Add.1, 24 November 2017.
27 WTO documents G/TFA/N/CHN/1, 6 June 2017; and G/TFA/N/CHN/1/Add.2, 14 February 2018.
28 WTO TFA Database. Viewed at: https://tfadatabase.org/members/china .
29 All TFA notifications may be viewed at: https://tfadatabase.org/members/china .
30 GACC. Viewed at: http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/xwfb34/302425/2892073/index.html . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 50 -
9. Enhanced international coordination and steps to cope with external trade restrictions.
Monitoring, analysis, and publication of ext ernal trade restrictions by the GACC and provision of consultation
services.
10. Efficiency with support of "Internet + Customs". When a paper document is required for verification,
its electronic copy can be accepted by the GACC upon approval before the submission of the paper document.
Customs, through a new service hotline and media platforms, answers queries from enterprises and publishes
customs policies and measures.
Source: GACC. Viewed at: http://www.customs.gov.cn/custom s/ztzl86/302414/302415/gmzyx/zcwj5/3358
972/index.html ; and GACC, GACC Launches Facilitative Measures as Foreign -Trade Businesses Begin
to Resume Operations , 19 February 2020. Viewed at:
http://english.customs.gov.cn/Statics/8f0f8824 -eef2-492b-ace6-77d84bf12f1f.html .
3.19. The authorities confirm that China's COVID ‑19-related measures affecting goods , in the area
of trade facilitation, include: (i) a MOFCOM notice acti vely guiding and encouraging enterprises to
apply for import and export licences through a paperless process, further simplifying the materials
required for the paperless application for import and export licences, optimizing the application and
updating p rocesses of electronic keys, and encouraging enterprises to apply for and update electronic
keys online; (ii) a Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) circular implementing
nine facilitation measures regarding three categories of agricultural adm inistrative approval (licence
renewal, simplification of approval procedure, and optimization of approval process); and (iii) trade
facilitation measures through the holding of the 127th Canton International Fair online.31
3.1.2 Rules of origin
3.20. China continues to apply preferential and non -preferential rules of origin.
3.21. Non-preferential rules of origin are used to apply the most -favoured nation (MFN) tariff rate;
ensure the origin of goods subject to anti -dumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures; ensure
that import quotas and tariff quota limits are imposed on specific countries; and determine the origin
of imported goods purchased by the Government. During the review period, the GACC simplified the
application process for certificates of non -preferential origin.32
3.22. Preferential rules of origin apply in accordance with the specifications of the various
preferential agreements signed by China. They are also used to grant preferential treatment to
imports from least developed countries (LDCs). In gene ral, the criteria used to determine origin
include change in tariff classification, whether the good is wholly obtained in one party, regional
value content, processing operation, or other requirements. Most free trade agreements (FTAs)
provide for the pos sibility of bilateral cumulation. Since China's previous Review, rules of origin of
FTAs with Chile; Macao, China; and Georgia were notified to the WTO.33 The main features of all of
China's preferential rules of origin in force are described in the Secret ariat report for China's previous
Review.34 To facilitate customs regulation -compliant clearance, China extended its electronic
networking systems of origin, which enable the transmission of electronic data regarding certificates
of origin in real time; the systems now cover 16 countries and region s under 13 RTAs.35
31 WTO, COVID‑19: Measures Affecting Trade in Goods . Viewed at:
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/covid19_e/trade_related_goods_measure_e.htm .
32 This change was introduced through GACC Administrative Measures for the Issuance of Certificates of
Non-Preferential Origin, implemented through GACC Order No. 240, which a mends various regulations. Viewed
at: www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/1880777/index.html . Filing procedures were
changed to simplify material submission requirements; applicants are no longer required to submit copies of
documents, includin g the business licence, registration form for foreign trade operators, and organization code
certificates, and they do not need to submit the original copies to be checked.
33 WTO documents G/RO/N/191, 20 January 2020; G/RO/N/187, 20 September 2019; and G/R O/N/171,
24 May 2018.
34 WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018. Table A3.1 describes the main features of
the rules of origin under the Asia Pacific Trade Agreement and the Association of South East Asian Nations Free
Trade Agreement, as well a s China's RTAs with Australia; Hong Kong, China; Macao, China; Chile; the Republic
of Korea; New Zealand; Pakistan; Singapore; Peru; Switzerland; Iceland; Georgia; and Costa Rica.
35 New systems that became operational during the review period were under Ch ina's RTAs with
Pakistan (online date of 30/04/2018); Chile (01/01/2019); Singapore (01/01/2019); ASEAN (Singapore,
01/11/2019; and Indonesia, 15/10/2020); Georgia (01/01/2020), and five LDCs (Bangladesh, Niger, Ethiopia,
Mozambique, and Timor -Leste on 18/ 08/2020). WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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3.1.3 Tariffs
3.1.3.1 Applied MFN tariffs
3.23. China's tariff structure is composed of MFN tariff rates, "agreement tariff rates", special
preferential tariff rates, general tariff rates, and tariff quota rates. In addition, interim tariff rates,
which are usually lower than MFN rates, are applied for a specific period of time (usually one year).36
3.24. China's applied MFN tariff in 2021 consists of 8,580 lines at the 8 -digit level in the 2017
Harmonized System. Most tariff lines (87.4%) carry ad valorem tariffs .
One thousand eighty -one tariff lines (12.6% of all lines) were duty -free. Thirty -four tariff lines
(0.4 % of all lines) carry specific rates.
3.25. The simple average applied MFN rate in 2021 was 7.1%, compared with 9.3% in 2017, with
tariff-rate reductions in nearly all product categories. The tariff was higher for agricultural products
(WTO definition), at 12.7%, showing a notable decrease compared with 2017 and 2015 (Table 3.2).
The average applied tariff on non -agricultural products fell to 6.2% (from 8.5% in 2017 and 8.6%
in 2015). The percentage of tariffs that exceeded 15% (international tariff peaks) was 4.5%
(significantly lower than the 13.9% in 2017). The percentage of tariffs subject to domestic tariff
peaks was 1.9% (compared with 1.8% in 2017).
3.26. With respect to agriculture, the main decreases in tariff rates can be found under food
preparations. The tariff average under HS Chapter 16 (preparations of meat and fish) dropped from
10.4% in 2017 to 5.5% in 2021, and the maximum tariff rate dropped from 2 3% to 12%. The tariff
average under HS Chapter 19 (preparations of cereals, flour, starc h, or milk) dropped from 17.5%
in 2017 to 9.0% in 2021, and the maximum tariff rate dropped from 30% to 10%. Under
HS Chapter 20 (preparations of vegetables, fruit, or nuts), the tariff average dropped from 20.1%
in 2017 to 6% in 2021.
3.27. Among the main products/product groups affected by decreases in tariff peaks were food
preparations, clothing and footwear (HS Chapters 62 -64), articles of stone and cement
(HS Chapter 68), articles of precious metals (HS 7113 to HS 7117), motor vehicles (HS 8703), and
monitors and projectors (HS 8528).
Table 3.2 Tariff structure, 2015, 2017, and 2021
MFN applied Current
bounda,c Final
boundc 2015 2017a 2017b 2021a
Bound tariff lines (% of all tariff lines) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Simple average rate 9.5 9.5 9.3 7.1 9.6 9.6
WTO agricultural products 14.8 14.8 14.6 12.7 15.1 15.1
WTO non -agricultural products 8.6 8.6 8.5 6.2 8.8 8.7
Duty-free tariff lines (% of all tariff lines) 9.7 9.8 9.8 12.6 9.6 10.3
Simple average rate of dutiable lines only 10.5 10.5 10.3 8.1 10.7 10.7
Tariff quotas (% of all tariff lines) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5
Non-ad valorem tariffs (% of all tariff lines) 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0
Domestic tariff "peaks" (% of all tariff lines)d 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.1
International tariff "peaks" (% of all tariff lines)e 14.4 14.6 13.9 4.5 15.5 15.3
Overall standard deviation of tariff rates 7.5 7.5 7.4 6.1 7.7 7.6
Coefficient of variation of tariff rates 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8
Nuisance applied rates (% of all tariff lines)f 2.9 2.9 3.2 4.3 2.8 2.5
36 Agreement rates apply to imports from countries and customs territories with which China has
preferential trade agreements (Section 2). Special preference duty rates are unilateral preferences applied to
imports originating in LDCs with which C hina has a trade agreement. General rates apply to: products whose
origin cannot be determined; products from countries that do not have a reciprocal trade agreement with
China; non -WTO Members; and some territories of EU member States. If a country appear s in several lists, the
most favourable duty rate applies, taking into account the rules of origin. Interim duties are fixed annually by
the Customs Tariff Commission, and usually apply from 1 January to 31 December of each year. Interim duties
are applied on an MFN basis and replace the MFN duties for the lines that are affected. Interim duty rates are
lower than the MFN rates, and in certain instances the interim duty rate applies to just part of a tariff line. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 52 -
MFN applied Current
bounda,c Final
boundc 2015 2017a 2017b 2021a
Number of lines 8,285 8,547 8,547 8,580 8,580 8,580
Ad valorem rates (> 0%) 7,437 7,671 7,669 7,499 7,753 7,696
Duty-free rates 806 838 840 1,081 827 884
Specific rates 34 34 34 34 0 0
Alternate rates 3 3 3 3 0 0
Otherg 5 1 1 0 0 0
a As at 1 July. Tariff cuts implemented by the expansion of the Information Technology Agreement are
included.
b As at 1 December 2017. Tariff cuts fully applied at the 8 -digit level (179 tariff lines) are included.
c Bound rates are based on the 2021 tariff schedule. Final bound rates are fully implemented by 2023.
d Domestic tariff peaks are defined as those exceeding three times the overall average applied rate.
e International tariff peaks are defined as those exceeding 15%.
f Nuisance rates are those gre ater than zero, but less than or equal to 2%.
g Rates involving either an ad valorem rate, if the price is below or equal to a certain amount, or a
compound rate, if the price is higher.
Note: Calculations are based on national tariff line level (8 -digit), excluding in -quota rates and including
ad valorem equivalents (AVEs) for non -ad valorem rates provided by the authorities.
Interim duty rates are used for the calculations when fully applied at the 8 -digit level.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, bas ed on data provided by the authorities.
3.28. In 2021, China's applied MFN tariff contained 50 different ad valorem tariff rates (compared
with 78 in 2017). These ranged from 0 -65%, with a standard deviation of 6.1 (Table A3.1).
3.29. Over 87% of all tariffs ranged fr om duty -free to 10%, higher than the 71% reported in 2017,
and in tandem the share of lines with rates higher than 10% decreased significantly. In 2021, 1.9%
of tariff lines had rates of over 20% (Chart 3.1). China's highest tariffs of 65% apply to 20 tari ff
lines (wheat and meslin; maize, other than seed; rice; wheat and meslin flour; cereal groats, meal
and pellets; certain worked cereal grains (of maize and of barley); and vermouth and other wine
flavoured with plants (in containers holding more than 2 l itres)). Rates of 57% apply to four tariff
lines (other manufactured tobacco (HS 2403)). Rates of 50% apply to 10 tariff lines (7 to cane or
beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose in solid form (HS 1701) and 3 to mineral or chemical
fertilizers (HS 3105)).
Chart 3.1 Distribution of MFN applied tariff rates, 2015, 2017, and 2021
Note: Figures above the bars denote the share of total lines. 2015 tariff schedule is based on
HS12 nomenclature, and 2017 and 2021 o n HS17.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, based on data provided by the authorities.
9.717.543.1
15.2
8.4
3.82.2 9.818.442.8
15.1
7.8
4.2
1.912.623.151.9
7.9
2.5
0.81.1
05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,5005,000
Duty free >0-5 >5-10 >10-15 >15-20 >20-25 >25
Note: Figures above the bars denote the share of total lines. 2015 tariff schedule is based on HS12 nomenclature, and
2017 and 2021 on HS17.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, based on data provided by the authorities.Number of tariff linesChart 3.1 Distribution of MFN applied tariff rates, 2015, 2017, and 2021
Tariff rates (%)MFN 2015 (8,285 tariff lines)
MFN 2021 (8,580 tariff lines)
(as at 1 July)MFN 2017 (8,547 tariff lines)
(as at 1 December)WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 53 -
3.30. Between 2017 and 2021, average tariff rates decreased across all HS sections except for
03 (fats and oils) and 19 (arms and ammunition). The most significant drops wer e seen in
HS Sections 04 (prepared food, beverages); 11 (textiles and articles); 12 (footwear and headgear);
14 (precious stones , etc.); 17 (transport equipment); 20 (miscellaneous manufacturing); and
21 (works of art , etc.) (Chart 3.2).
Chart 3.2 Average applied tariff rates, by HS section, 2017 and 2021
Note: Excluding in -quota rates and including AVEs for non -ad valorem rates. Interim duty rates are used
for the calculations when fully applied at the 8 -digit level.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, based on data provided by the authorities.
3.1.3.2 Tariff rate quotas (TRQs)
3.31. Wheat (7 tariff lines), corn (5 lines), rice (14 li nes), sugar (7 lines), wool and wool top
(9 lines), cotton (2 lines), and chemical fertilizer (3 lines) are subject to TRQs (Section 4.1.2).
3.1.3.3 Bound tariffs
3.32. Upon its entry into the WTO, China bound 100% of its tariffs at ad valorem rates ranging from
0-65% f or agriculture (WTO definition) and from 0 -50% for non -agricultural products. The simple
average current bound rate is 9.6% (15.1% for agriculture and 8.8% for non -agricultural goods);
final bound rates must be implemented by 2023. While all tariffs were b ound at ad valorem rates,
applied MFN tariffs on 37 tariff lines are non -ad valorem . At the time of China's previous Review,
the authorities indicated that ad valorem equivalents do not exceed the bound tariff rate in practice,
as the lower rate is applied .
3.1.3.4 Preferential rates
3.33. China applies preferential tariffs under its preferential (PTAs) and regional trade agreements
(RTAs) (Section 2.3.2). Hong Kong, China and Macao, China face the lowest average tariff duties,
followed by Chile and New Zealand (Table 3. 3). The share of duty -free tariff lines in China's RTAs
ranges between 0.04% (RTAs with Hong Kong, China and Macao, China) and 6.6% ( Separate
Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei) ). Data on utilization of
preferential tarif fs under RTAs and PTAs were not available.
3.34. China also grants preferential tariff treatment to imports from LDCs that have established
diplomatic relations with China, and completed the exchange of diplomatic notes. By February 2021,
0%2%4%6%8%10%12%14%16%18%20%
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21TotalChart 3.[CHN] Average applied tariff rates, by HS section, 2017 and 2021
01 Live animals & products
02 Vegetable products
03 Fats & oils
04 Prepared food, beverages
05 Mineral products
06 Chemicals & products07 Plastic & rubber
08 Hides & skins
09 Wood & articles
10 Pulp, paper, etc.
11 Textiles & articles
12 Footwear, headgear13 Articles of stones
14 Precious stones, etc.
15 Base metals & products
16 Machinery
17 Transport equipment
18 Precision instruments19 Arms & ammunition
20 Miscellaneous manufacturing
21 Works of art, etc.MFN 2021 (as at 1 July)
Note: Excluding in -quota rates and including AVEs for non -ad valorem rates. Interim duty rates are used for the
calculations when fully applied at the 8 -digit level.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, based on data provided by the authorities.MFN 2017 (as at 1 December)WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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China had implemented z ero tariffs on 97% of tariff lines for these 41 LDCs. Submissions have been
made by LDCs and China to the WTO Committee on Rules of Origin regarding utilization rates of
LDC exports under China's LDC preferential trade arrangement.37
Table 3.3 Summary analysis of the Chinese preferential tariff, 2020
Total WTO agriculture WTO non -agriculture
Average
(%) Duty -free
ratesa (%) Average
(%) Duty -free
ratesa (%) Average
(%) Duty -free
ratesa (%)
MFN 7.1 12.6 12.7 8.9 6.2 13.2
Agreement tariff rates
APTAb 6.5 12.8 11.8 9.8 5.7 13.3
ASEANc 0.6 94.0 1.6 92.5 0.4 94.3
Hong Kong, China CEPAd 0.04 99.2 0.0 100.0 0.05 99.1
Macao, China CEPAd 0.04 99.2 0.0 100.0 0.05 99.1
Chinese Taipei ECFAe 6.6 19.9 12.5 10.3 5.7 21.4
Pakistan FTA 3.8 46.3 8.9 27.8 3.0 49.2
Chile FTA 0.4 97.6 1.9 94.9 0.1 98.0
New Zealand FTA 0.4 97.9 1.9 94.8 0.1 98.4
Singapore FTA 4.1 45.8 8.4 43.1 3.4 46.2
Peru FTA 0.9 93.4 2.5 89.2 0.6 94.0
Costa Rica FTA 0.5 95.9 2.5 86.6 0.2 97.4
Iceland FTA 0.5 96.0 2.6 90.9 0.2 96.8
Switzerland FTA 2.0 62.2 5.0 39.6 1.6 65.8
Australia FTA 0.5 94.6 2.5 87.2 0.2 95.8
Korea, Rep. of FTA 3.5 42.1 7.1 24.9 2.9 44.8
Georgia FTA 0.8 90.8 3.3 80.6 0.4 92.4
Mauritius FTA 1.6 87.9 4.6 78.0 1.1 89.5
Least developed preferential rates
Special preferential tariff agreement for:
Bangladesh and Lao PDR
under APTA 7.0 13.9 12.6 9.1 6.1 14.7
Cambodia 6.5 18.7 10.1 30.0 6.0 16.9
Lao PDR 6.8 16.4 10.9 23.8 6.1 15.2
Myanmar 6.8 16.5 11.9 14.7 6.0 16.8
LDC1 (40 countries) 0.6 96.6 2.3 93.5 0.3 97.0
LDC2 (Benin, Timor -
Leste, Myanmar) 0.8 94.4 2.4 92.3 0.5 94.8
Memorandum item:
Bangladeshf 0.5 96.6 2.3 93.5 0.3 97.0
Cambodiag 0.4 97.1 1.4 94.6 0.2 97.5
Lao PDRh 0.4 97.1 1.4 94.7 0.2 97.5
Myanmari 0.5 95.7 1.4 94.6 0.3 95.8
Singaporej 0.6 94.1 1.5 92.6 0.4 94.3
Korea, Rep. ofk 3.4 42.1 7.1 24.9 2.8 44.8
a Duty-free lines as a percentage of total tariff lines.
b Preferential rates under the Asia Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) are applicable to the Republic of
Korea, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, and Lao People's Democratic Republic ( PDR).
c Preferential rates under the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Agreement are
applicable to Bru nei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam.
d Closer Economic Partnership A rrangement (CEPA).
e Cross -straits Economic Co -operation Framework Agreement.
f Based on lowest rates taken among APTA, Bangladesh and Lao PDR under APTA, and LDC1.
g Based on lowest rates taken among ASEAN, special preferential for Cambodia under APTA,
and LDC1.
h Based on lowest rates taken among APTA, ASEAN, Bangladesh and Lao PDR under APTA, special
preferential for Lao PDR, and LDC1.
i Based on lowest rates taken among ASEAN, special preferential for Myanmar, and LDC2.
j Based on lowest rates taken among ASEAN, and Singapore FTA.
k Based on lowest rates taken among APTA, and the Republic of Korea FTA.
Note: Calculations are based on national tariff line level (8 -digit), excluding in -quota rates and including
AVEs for non -ad valorem rates provided by the authorities. Interim duty rate s are used for the
calculations when fully applied at the 8 -digit level.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, based on data provided by the authorities.
37 WTO document G/RO/W/192, 9 October 2019; a nd G/RO/W/197, 20 July 2020. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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3.1.3.5 Tariff exemptions or concessions
3.35. Tariff exemptions apply to the following imports: (i) goods in a sing le consignment on which
the duties are estimated to be less than CNY 50; (ii) advertising material and samples of no
commercial value; (iii) goods donated by international organizations or foreign governments;
(iv) goods damaged prior to customs clearance; (v) fuels and provisions to be used by vessels that
are in transit in China; and (vi) goods imported for daily use and valued at less than CNY 8,000 per
person per day. Tariff concessions can apply to goods that are processed and exported within a
specifi c period of time.
3.36. In addition, duty exemptions and reductions may apply in accordance with the relevant
regulations by the State Council, and on goods imported into designated areas, for specific
enterprises for a specific use.38 For instance, imported com modities are exempt from import duties
and other taxes when entering special customs supervision areas. Various customs duty exemptions
in place for the period 2017 -18 were notified to the WTO Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing
Measures.39 Informati on was not available on any customs duty exemptions or reductions introduced
since 2019; the authorities indicate that there were no available data on revenue forgone from tariff
concessions or exemptions over the same period.
3.1.4 Other charges affecting impor ts
3.37. As noted in previous Reviews, other charges affecting imports are the value added tax (VAT),
the consumption tax, the Automobile Purchase Tax, and (until March 2020) port construction fees.
To support COVID ‑19 prevention and control, companies and indiv idual businesses are exempt from
VAT and consumption tax (and various other charges that do not affect imports40) for goods
self-produced, processed through commissioning, purchased, or donated for the purposes of curbing
the spread of COVID ‑19, through pu blic welfare social organizations, People's Governments and their
departments at or above the country level and other state entities, or directly to hospitals
undertaking the task of COVID ‑19 prevention and control. This exemption was effective from
1 January 2020.41
3.1.4.1 Value added tax (VAT)
3.38. In 2019, VAT accounted for 39.5% of total tax revenue (up from 39.1% in 2017). In
May 2018, VAT tiers were reduced to 16%, 10%, and 6% (from 17%, 11%, and 6% in 2017).42
Effective from April 2019, VAT was further reduced to 13%, 9%, and 6% (Table 3.4).43
3.39. As notified to the WTO, preferential VAT policies were in place during the period 2017 -18 for:
(i) incubators of science and technology enterprises; (ii) science and technology parks of national
universities; (iii) integrated utilization of resources; (iv) new-type wall materials;
(v) photovoltaic -generated electricity; (vi) hydropower electricity; (vii) small enterprises making
little profit; (viii) enterprises that employ disabled people; (ix) imported products exclu sively used
by disabled people; (x) products for disabled people; (xi) anti-HIV-AIDS medicine; (xii) tea sold in
the border areas; (xiii) imported products for the purpose of replacing the planting of poppies;
(xiv) imports of seeds (seedlings); (xv) the integrated circuit industry; (xvi) large passenger
aircraft; and ( xvii) anti-cancer drugs.44 Pending China's submission of its new notification to the
WTO Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, information was not provided by the
authorities re garding which preferential VAT policies remain in place. From 1 January 2020 to
31 December 2020, taxpayers were exempt from VAT on income obtained by providing film
38 Customs Law, Article 57.
39 WTO document G/SCM/N/343/CHN, 19 July 2019.
40 These taxes/charges are the urban maintenance and construction tax, the educational surtax, and
local education surcharges.
41 MOFCOM and State Taxation Administration, Announcement No. 9, 2020, on the Relevant Donation
Tax Policies Supporting the Prevention and Control of the COVID ‑19 Outbreak.
42 State Taxation Administration. Viewed at:
http://www.chinatax.gov.cn/eng/c101270/c101271/c5094511/content.html .
43 KPMG, China's VAT System Takes Significant Steps Forward in Applying International Best Practice
VAT Policies , 25 March 2019. Viewed at: https://home.kpmg/cn/en/home/ insights/2019/03/china -tax-alert-
12.html .
44 WTO document G/SCM/N/343/CHN, 19 July 2019. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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projection services.45 From 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2022, taxpayers are exempt from VAT
on goods donated for poverty alleviation, under certain conditions.46
Table 3.4 VAT rates, December 2020
Rate Products and services
13% (1) Rate applied for taxpayers selling goods, labour services, or tangible movable property
leasing services or imported goods, except as otherwise specified in items (2), (4), and (5).
9% (2) Rate applied to taxpayers selling transportation, postal, basic telecommunications,
construction, or immovable leas ing services, selling immovables, transferring the right to use
the land, or selling or importing: (i) grain and other agricultural products, edible vegetable oil,
and edible salt; (ii) tap water, heating, cooling, hot water, coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas,
natural gas, dimethyl ether, methane gas, and coal products for residential use; (iii) books,
newspapers, magazines, audio -visual recordings, and electronic publications; (iv) feed,
fertilizer, pesticide, agricultural machinery, and agricultural films ; and (v) other goods
specified by the State Council.
6% (3) Rate applied to taxpayers selling services or intangible assets, except as otherwise
specified in items (1), (2), and (5).
Zero-rated (4) Rate applied to taxpayers exporting goods, except as sp ecified by the State Council, and
to domestic entities and individuals selling services or intangible assets across national borders
within the scope prescribed by the State Council.
Exempt (5) VAT exemptions apply to: self -produced agricultural products sold by agricultural
producers; contraceptive medicines and devices; antique books; apparatus and equipment
imported and directly used for scientific research, experiments, and teaching; imported
materials and equipment from foreign g overnments and international organizations as
gratuitous aid; articles exclusively for persons with disabilities that are directly imported by
organizations of persons with disabilities; and self -used articles sold by the seller.
Source: Interim Regulation on Value Added Tax ( State Council Order No. 691), Articles 2 and 15; Notice of
the Ministry of Finance and State Taxation Administration on the Relevant Policies on the
Streamlining and Combination of Value -added Tax Rates (Cai Shui No. 37, 2017 ); and
Announcement of the Ministry of Finance, the State Taxation Administration, and the GACC on
Relevant Policies for Deepening the Value -added Tax Reform (Announcement No. 39, 2019).
3.1.4.2 Consumption (excise) tax
3.40. In 2019, the consumption (excise) tax (CT) a ccounted for 8% of total tax revenue (up from
7.1% in 2017). The CT continues to be levied on products that are considered to be harmful to
human health, social order, and the environment; luxury goods; high -energy consumption and
high-end products; and no n-renewable and non -replaceable petroleum products. Tax rates vary
depending on the product; they can be ad valorem , specific, or compound. There have been no
changes to excise tax rates since China's previous Review (Table 3.5). As notified to the WTO,
preferential CT rates were available for petroleum products produced with comprehensive utilization
of resources, imported products exclusively used by disabled people, and refined oil.47 Pending
China's submission of its new notification to the WTO's Commit tee on Subsidies and Countervailing
Measures, information was not provided by the authorities regarding new preferential CT rates or
exemptions recently introduced.
Table 3.5 Consumption tax, March 2021
Produc t Tax rate
Cigars 36%
Cigarettes
Production procedure
Price higher than CNY 70 per carton 56% plus CNY 0.003/cigarette
Price lower than CNY 70 per carton 36% plus CNY 0.003/cigarette
Wholesale 11% plus CNY 0.005/cigarette
Cut tobacco 30%
45 Announcement of the Ministry of Finance and State Taxation Administration on the Tax and Fee
Support Policies for the Film Industry and Other Industries (Announcement No. 25, 2020).
46 Announcement of the Ministry of Finance, the State Taxation Administration, and the State Council
Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development on the Policy of Exemption of Value -Added Tax on
Goods Donated for Poverty Allev iation (Announcement No. 55, 2019).
47 WTO document G/SCM/N/343/CHN, 19 July 2019. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 57 -
Produc t Tax rate
Alcoholic drinks and liquor
White spirit distilled from grain, potatoes or grapes 20% plus CNY 0.5/500 g (or per 500 ml)
Yellow rice wine CNY 240/tonne
Beer made from malt, whose factory price of a value over
or equal to CNY 3,000 (VAT excluded) per tonne CNY 250/tonne
Beer made from malt, whose factory price of a value of less
than CNY 3,000 (VAT excluded) per tonne CNY 220/tonne
Other fermented alcoholic beverages 10%
Luxury cosmetics 15%
Precious jewellery, pearls, jade, and precious stone
Gold, silver platinum jewellery, and diamonds 5%
Pearls, jade, and precious stones 10%
Firecrackers and fireworks 15%
Gasoline
Motor gasoline and aviation gasoline (containing > 0.013 g
of lead per litre) CNY 1.52/litre
Motor gasoline and aviation gasoline (containing < 0.013 g
of lead per litre) CNY 1.52/litre
Diesel oil CNY 1.2/litre
Aviation kerosene CNY 1.2/litre
Naphtha CNY 1.52/litre
Solvent CNY 1.52/litre
Lubricants CNY 1.52/litre
Fuel oil CNY 1.2/litre
Motor vehicles
Passenger vehicles with less than 9 seats with a cylinder
capacity of:
- less than 1,000 ml 1%
> 1,000 ml, but < 1,500 ml 3%
> 1,500 ml, but < 2,000 ml 5%
> 2,000 ml, but < 2,500 ml 9%
> 2,500 ml, but < 3000 ml 12%
> 3,000 ml, but < 4,000 ml 25%
- 4,000 ml or more 40%
Middle -size or light passenger vehicles for commercial
purposes 5%
"Ultra -luxurious" vehicles In addition to the CT for the production
(import) based on the above rate, the CT for
retail is levied at 10%
Motorcycles
Those with a cylinder capacity of not more than 250 ml 3%
Those with a cylinder capacity of more than 250 ml 10%
Yachts 10%
Luxury watches, with a unit price higher than CNY 10,000 20%
Golf equipment 10%
Solid wood flooring 5%
Disposable chopsticks 5%
Batteries 4%
Paint 4%
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
3.1.4.3 Automobile Purchase Tax
3.41. Under the 2019 Automobile Purchase Tax Law, China levies a 10% tax on domestically
produced and imported vehicles.48 The 2019 Law replaces the 2000 Provisional Regulations Vehicle
Purchase Tax. For domestic production, the tax is applied to the full price paid by the taxpayer to
the seller, excluding VAT. For imported vehicles, the taxable price is the duty -paid price p lus customs
48 Automobile Purchase Tax Law. Viewed at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/c23934/202009/
f0e542fd054f412c9af8ceef9298c573.shtml . Changes introduced by the 2019 Law: (i) adjusted the scope of
taxation (from automobiles, motorcycles, trams, trailers, and agricultural transport vehicles to automobiles,
trams, automobile trailers, and motorcycles with an engine displacement of more than 150 ml; and adjusted
the types of taxable v ehicles; (ii) abolished the maximum taxable price requirement; (iii) added the statutory
exemption items; (iv) cancelled the paper tax clearance certificate of vehicle purchase tax; (v) revised the
definition of non -transportation vehicles with fixed items ; (vi) upgraded the legal level of tax refund provisions;
and (vii) added provisions related to the coordination mechanism. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 58 -
duty and CT. It is applied to the cost of the vehicle including the import tax and CT.49 The tax does
not apply to urban rail vehicles (e.g. subways and light railways), special wheeled machinery vehicles
(e.g. loaders, graders, excavators, and bulldozers), cranes, forklifts, and electric motorcycles. Since
2014, the tax has been exempted for certain new energy vehicles (NEVs); this exemption will remain
in place until end -2022. NEVs exempt from the tax/levy are administered by the Ministry of I ndustry
and Information Technology (MIIT) and the State Taxation Administration through the regularly
updated Catalogue of Models of New Energy Vehicles Exempted from Automobile Purchase Tax. Both
domestically produced and imported NEVs that meet all the s pecific requirements (which relate to,
inter alia, technical requirements and testing and services standards) can apply to be listed in the
Catalogue, and all the Catalogue -listed models can enjoy tax exemptions.50 As notified to the WTO,
other preferential tax rates applied in 2017 and 2018 to urban public transportation enterprises that
purchase public buses and trolleybuses, low emission cars, and trailers.51 Pending China's
submission of its new notification to the WTO Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures,
information was not available on whether these preferential tax policies remain in place or if any
new preferential tax rates/exemptions have been recently introduced.
3.1.4.4 Port construction fees
3.42. Until 1 March 2020, China levied port construction fees on imported and exported goods.52
For domestic export containers and inland containers, the fees were CNY 32 per 20 -foot container
and CNY 48 per 40 -foot container. For foreign import and export containers , the fees were
CNY 64 per 20 -foot container and CNY 96 per 40 -foot container. The fee for other non -standard
containers, except 20 -foot and 40 -foot containers, was levied according to that of similar types of
containers (for non -standard containers less t han 30 feet, the fee was levied according to that of
20-foot containers; for non -standard containers of 30 feet and above, the fee was levied according
to that of 40 -foot containers). The authorities indicate that a temporary decision was taken not to
collect these fees from 1 March to 31 December 2020, followed by a permanent decision to abolish
fees from 1 January 2021.
3.1.5 Import prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing
3.43. China continues to classify imports into three categories: not restricted, restricted, a nd
prohibited. The import of restricted goods is administered through licences or import quotas,
although the latter were not applied during the review period. The licensing system does not
differentiate between the origins of products unless otherwise pro vided for in RTAs entered into
by China.53
3.1.5.1 Import prohibitions
3.44. According to the Foreign Trade Law (last amended in 2016), China may maintain import
prohibitions on the grounds of protection of human health or safety, protection of the lives or health
of animals and plants, protection of the environment, and implementation of measures related to
the import or export of gold or silver.
3.45. China notified to the WTO its import prohibitions in place for the period 2018 -20 (Table 3.6).
These prohibitions applied to certain toxic substances and wild animal products; certain
old/second -hand mechanical and electrical equipment; certain hazardous chemicals, pesticides, and
persistent organic pollutants; mercury -added products; certain solid wastes; ractopamine; certain
types of filament lamp; and charcoal imported from Somalia. This list of prohibited products is also
49 For full details, see Automobile Purchase Tax Law, Article 6.
50 The exemption criteria for the period 2017 -20 are contained in the Announcement of the Ministry of
Finance, the State Taxation Administration, the MIIT, and the Ministry of Science and Technology on the
Exemption of Automobile Purchase Tax for New Energy Vehicles (Announcement No. 172, 2017). Seemingly,
the exemption was extended until end -2022. Global Times , "China Scraps Vehicle Purchase Tax for all NEVs",
22 April 2020. Viewed at: https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1186457.shtml#:~:text=China%20has%20al
ready%20scrapped%20the,to%20all%20NEVs%20this%20time .
51 WTO document G/SCM/N/343/CHN, 19 July 2019.
52 Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Transport Administrative Measures for the Collection and Use of
Port Construction Fees (Cai Zong No. 2011, 2019).
53 WTO document G/LIC/N/3/CHN/18, 30 January 2020. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 59 -
contained in MOFCOM's Catalogue of Commodities Subject to Import Prohibition.54 In 2018, MOFCOM
and the GACC adjusted the list of used mechanical and electr ical products prohibited from import,
by removing from the Catalogue used mechanical and electrical products such as aircraft engines,
ship engines, non -medical X -ray equipment, and computer gamespot.55
Table 3.6 Import prohibitions notified to the WTO for period 2018 -20
Product Tariff line code(s) affected, based on
HS17 WTO
justification
and grounds
for restriction National legal basis and
entry into force
Certain toxic
substances and
wild animal
products ex0506, ex0507, ex1302, ex2903 Article XX of
GATT 1994 Former Ministry of Foreign
Trade and Economic
Cooperation (MOFTEC)
Announcement No. 19,
2001
Certain
old/second -hand
mechanical and
electrical
equipment ex7311, ex7321, ex7613, ex8402, ex8403,
ex8404, ex8416, ex8417, ex8519, ex8520,
ex8521, ex9018, ex9022, ex9504, ex8407,
84078408, 87 Article XX of
GATT 1994 MOFTEC, GACC, and AQSIQ
Joint Announcement
No. 37, 2001
Certain hazardous
chemicals,
pesticides,
persistent organic
pollutants, and
mercury -added
products ex2524, ex2903, ex2908, ex2910, ex2915,
ex2918, ex2919, ex2921, ex2924, ex2925,
ex2932, ex2914, ex2909, ex2920, ex3808,
ex3824, ex8506, ex8535, ex8536, ex8539,
ex3304, ex3401, ex3808, ex 9025, ex9026,
ex9018 Article XX of
GATT 1994, the
Rotterdam
Convention, the
Stockholm
Convention,
and the
Minamata
Convention MOFCOM, GACC, and
former State Environmental
Protection Administration
(SEPA) Joint Announcement
No. 116, 2005; MOFCOM,
GACC, an d Ministry of
Ecology and Environment
(MEE) Joint Announcement
No. 73, 2020
Certain solid
wastes (also
including other
solid waste of
which tariff lines
unspecified) ex0501, ex0502, ex0505, ex0506, ex0507,
ex0511, ex1522, ex1703, ex2517, ex2525,
ex2530, e x2618, ex2619, ex2620, ex2621,
ex2710, ex2713, ex2804, ex3006, ex3804,
ex3825, ex4004, ex4017, ex4115, ex4707,
ex6309, ex6310, ex7001, ex7112, ex7401,
ex7802, ex8102, ex8105, ex8107, ex8110,
ex8111, ex8112, ex8548, ex2520, ex2524,
ex6806, ex8415, ex8418, e x8450, ex8469
to ex8473, ex8508 -ex8510, ex8516,
ex8517, ex8518, ex8539, ex9504, ex8519
to ex8531, ex8532 to ex8534, ex8540 to
ex8542, ex9018 -ex9022, ex84, ex85, ex90,
and other solid waste unspecified ex3915,
ex5103, ex5104, ex5202, ex5505 Article XX of
GATT 1994, the
Basel
Convention Ministry of Environmental
Protection (MEP), MOFCOM,
National Development and
Reform Commission
(NDRC), GACC, and AQSIQ
Joint Announcement
No. 39, 2017
Certain solid
wastes ex2618, ex2619, ex3915, ex7204, ex7404,
ex7602, ex 8908 Article XX of
GATT 1994, the
Basel
Convention MEE, MOFCOM, NDRC, and
GACC Joint Announcement,
No. 6, 2018
Certain solid
wastes ex4401, ex4501, ex7204, ex8101, ex8104,
ex8106, ex8108, ex8109, ex8112, ex8113 Article XX of
GATT 1994, the
Basel
Conven tion MEE, MOFCOM, NDRC, and
GACC Joint Announcement,
No. 6, 2018
54 Catalog ue of Goods Prohibited from Import (1st Batch), MOFCOM Announcement No. 19, 2001.
Viewed at: http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/b/e/200207/20020700031637.shtml ; 3rd Batch, MOFCO M,
GACC, and State Administration of Environmental Protection Announcement No. 36, 2001. Viewed at:
http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/b/c/200404/20040400209990.shtml ; 4th Batch and 5th Batch, MOFCOM,
GACC, and State Administration of Environmental Protection Announcement No. 25, 2002. Viewed at:
http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/b/c/200404/2004040020 5769.shtml ; 6th Batch, MOFCOM, GACC, and State
Administration of Environmental Protection Announcement No. 116, 2005. Viewed at: http://www.mofcom.
gov.cn/article/b/c/200602/20060201575919.shtml ; and Adjustment of Catalogue of Goods Prohibited from
Import (3rd Batch), MOFCOM, GACC, and State Administration of Environmental Protection Announcement
No. 73, 2004. Viewed at: http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/b/c/200412/2004120031388 7.shtml .
55 MOFCOM and GACC Announcement on Matters Concerning Adjustments to the Catalogue of Used
Machinery Items Prohibited from Import No. 106, 2018. Viewed at:
http://www. mofcom.gov.cn/article/b/c/201812/20181202821859.shtml . The Catalogue of Goods Prohibited
from Import (2nd Batch) issued by MOFCOM, the GACC, and the General Administration of Quality Supervision,
Inspection and Quarantine of 27 December 2001 was concurrent ly repealed. "Gamespot" refers to video games
on a TV receiver, video games or other game consoles operated by coins, and other video games. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 60 -
Product Tariff line code(s) affected, based on
HS17 WTO
justification
and grounds
for restriction National legal basis and
entry into force
Ractopamine 29225020 Article XX of
GATT 1994 MOFCOM and GACC Joint
Announcement No. 110,
2009
Certain type of
filament lamp ex8539 Article XX of
GATT 1994 NDRC, MOFCOM, GACC,
State Administration for
Industry and Commerce
(SAIC), and AQSIQ Joint
Announcement No. 28,
2011
Charcoal imported
from Somalia 4402 Article XXI of
GATT 1994,
United Nations
S/RES/2036
(2012) MOFCOM Announcement
No. 27, 2012
Source: WTO document G/MA/QR/N/CHN/5/Rev.1, 15 February 2019; and information provided by the
authorities.
3.46. Since 1 January 2021, imports of all solid waste products have been prohibited, and the
previous regime for allowing imports of certain wastes under licensing co nditions has been
terminated.56 These wastes were contained in the Catalogue of Restrictive Solid Waste (that can be
used as raw materials) and the Catalogue of Non -restrictive Solid Waste. During the review period,
questions and concerns about China's cha nges to measures restricting and prohibiting imports of
solid waste were raised in the WTO Committee on Import Licensing by the European Union, the
United States, Canada, the Republic of Korea, Australia, and Japan. Concerns related to, inter alia,
the imp act of these measures on global recycling processing capacity, and the apparent
non-application of the same bans and restrictive contaminant standards to domestically sourced
solid wastes. China was urged to ensure transparency by notifying measures, both introduced and
planned, and to consider less trade -restrictive measures. In response, China has drawn attention
to, inter alia, pollution in China and the imperative of limiting the negative effects of solid waste.57
Certain recycling materials for brass, iron -steel materials, copper, and cast aluminium alloys may
be imported if they meet the required standards.58
3.1.5.2 Import licensing requirements
3.47. China's import licensing system includes automatic and non -automatic import licences. In
addition, licences are used to allocate TRQs (Section 4.1 .2). Furthermore, China applies import
licences to specific dual -use substances for the purposes of safeguarding national security and public
interest and under relevant international a greements.59 Most import licensing requirements are in
HS Sections 17 (transport equipment) and 3 (animal/vegetable fats and oils) (Chart 3.3).
56 Ministry of Ecology and Environment, MOFCOM, NDRC, and GACC Announcement on Relevant Issues
Regarding Complete Pr ohibition on Imported Solid Waste (Announcement No. 53, 2020). Viewed at:
https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202011/t20201125_809835.html .
57 WTO documents G/LIC/M/50, 15 January 2020; G/LIC/M/49, 21 August 2019; G/LIC/M/48,
14 March 2019; and G/LI C/M/47, 25 September 2018.
58 MEE, Announcement on Issues Related to Standardizing the Management on the Imports of Recycling
Materials for Brass, Recycling Materials for Copper and Recycling Materials for Cast Aluminium Alloys . Viewed
at: https:// www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202010/t20201 019_803869.html . The texts of the
relevant national standards may be viewed at: http://openstd.samr.gov.cn .
59 WTO document G/LIC/N/3/CHN/18, 30 January 2020; and GACC Announcement No. 68, 2019, on the
Issuance of the Catalogue of Dual -Use Items and Technologies Subject to Import and Export Licensing. Viewed
at: http://cys.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zcgz/201912/20191202927099.shtml . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 61 -
Chart 3.3 Import licensing by HS section, 2020
Note: Calculati ons are based on the 2020 tariff schedule at 8 -digit level.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, based on data provided by the authorities.
3.1.5.2.1 Automatic import licensing requirements
3.48. A Catalogue of Goods Subject to Automatic Import Licensing is issued annua lly.60 All
commodities listed in the Catalogue can be imported freely; automatic import licences are
maintained only for monitoring purposes. In 2020, 24 categories of goods were subject to automatic
import licensing requirements implemented by MOFCOM (com prising 356 tariff lines at the
HS 10-digit level)61, and a further 18 categories of goods (comprising 206 tariff lines at the
HS 10-digit level)62 were subject to automatic import licensing requirements, implemented by
provincial -level local competent com mercial departments or local and departmental
electromechanical offices, entrusted by MOFCOM . Changes to the Catalogue during the review period
involved the removal of licensing requirements for 15 product types totalling 118 HS codes, including
steam turb ines and automobile products63, and the cancellation of automatic licensing measures for
bauxite and aluminium oxide (two HS codes) in January 2020.
3.49. There have been no major changes in the application procedures and terms of automatic
import licences since the previous Review.64 The validity of an automatic import licence is
six months ; it can be extended in certain cases. Applications can be filed with MOFCOM or its
entrusted institutions. Licence applications shall be immediately approved by the issuing a uthority
(or within a maximum of 10 working days under special circumstances). Automatic import licences
60 Catalogue of Goods Subject to Automatic Import Licensing (2020), MOFCOM and GACC Joint
Announcement No. 63, 2019. Viewed at:
http://images.mofcom.gov.cn/wms/202001/20200108224418706.pdf .
61 These categories are beef; pork; lamb; fresh mi lk; milk powder; cassava; barley; sorghum;
soybeans; rapeseed; sugar (out -of-quota); corn distillers grains; soybean meal; tobacco; crude; refined oil;
fertilizer; diacetic acid; fibre tow; tobacco machinery; mobile communication products; satellite, radio , and TV
equipment; car products; aircraft; and ships.
62 These categories are broiler products, vegetable oil, iron ore, copper concentrate, coal, refined oil,
fertilizer, steel, construction machinery, printing machines, textile machinery, metal smelting and processing
equipment, metal processing machine tools, electrical equipment, car products, aircraft, ships, and medical
equipment.
63 Products for which licensing requirements were removed included some mobile communication
products, some ships, game con soles, steam turbines, non -vehicle engines and key parts, hydraulic turbines
and other power plants, chemical plants, food machinery, paper machinery, some textile machinery, some
metal smelting and processing equipment, electrical equipment, railway locom otives, some automotive
products, and some medical equipment.
64 For details regarding the procedure to obtain automatic import licences, see China's last notification
under Article 7.3 of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures (WTO document G/LIC/N/3 /CHN/18,
30 January 2020).
0510152025303540
01 02 03 04 05 06 10 11 15 16 17 18Chart 3.[M licensing] Import licensing by HS section, 2020
% of HS section
Note: Calculations are based on the 2020 tariff schedule at 8 -digit level.
Source: WTO calculations, based on data provided by the authorities.Automatic import licensing
Non-automatic import licensingHS section
01 Live animals and products
02 Vegetable products
03 Animal/vegetable fats and oils
04Prepared food products
05 Mineral products
06 Chemicals and products thereof
10 Pulp, paper and paperboard
11 Textiles and clothing
15 Base metals
16 Machinery and electrical equipment
17 Transport equipment
18 Precision materialWT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 62 -
are not transferable. Enterprises are allowed, and encouraged, to apply for and receive import
licences online.65
3.1.5.2.2 Non-automatic import licensing requirements
3.50. Products subjected to non -automatic licences are listed in the Catalogue of Import Goods
Subject to Licensing.
3.51. In 2020, the Catalogue of Import Goods Subject to Licensing listed 118 tariff lines at the
HS 10-digit level that were sub ject to non -automatic import licensing (compared with 139 tariff lines
at the HS 10 -digit level in 2017).66 During the review period, some used mechanical and electrical
products, such as engineering machinery, electric power and electrical equipment, and textile
machinery, were deleted from the Catalogue. As noted in previous Reviews, imports subject to
non-automatic licences mainly include used mechanical and electronic equipment, and substances
that deplete the ozone layer. The purpose of non -automatic i mport licensing for ozone -depleting
substances is to fulfil China's obligations under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer, and the licensing requirements with respect to used machinery are to serve social
interests and to prote ct the environment and consumer health and security.67 The procedures to
obtain a non -automatic import licence have remained unchanged since the previous Review .
3.1.6 Anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures
3.1.6.1 Anti-dumping measures
3.52. As noted in previous Reviews, MOFCOM is the agency responsible for initiating and conducting
anti-dumping investigations and determining the existence of dumping and of injury, and their causal
link. MOFCOM's Trade Remedy and Investigation Bureau (TRB) is responsible for anti -dumping,
countervailing duty, and safeguards investigations and determinations (with the exception of
anti-dumping investigations involving agricultural products, where the injury investigation is
conducted jointly by MOFCOM and the Mi nistry of Agriculture).
3.53. The legal framework for the conduct of anti -dumping investigations and the application of
anti-dumping measures remains the Foreign Trade Law68, the Regulations on Anti -Dumping69, and
a number of published Rules, some of them provis ional.70 During the review period, three of these
Rules were amended (see below); there have been no other changes to the anti -dumping procedures
that are covered in detail in China's previous Reviews.71 The authorities indicate that China is
preparing not ification to the WTO regarding these amended rules. In 2018, China notified to the
WTO its Interim Rules on Implementation of the World Trade Organization Ruling in Disputes
Concerning Trade Remedy Measures, which entered into force on 29 July 2013.72
3.54. On 4 April 2018, MOFCOM promulgated the Rules on Interim Review of Dumping and Dumping
Margins (Interim Review Rules), which replace the Interim Rules for the Mid -Term Review of
Dumping and Dumping Margins that have been in place since 2002. They introduced va rious
changes. First, they refined and clarified provisions relating to the rights and obligations of the
investigating agency and interested parties, including in relation to: (i) clarifying the timing for filing
a periodical review application to provide an opportunity for a periodical review application under
special circumstances; (ii) clarifying that exporters and manufacturers must submit evidence that
proves the necessity of a review; (iii) clarifying the period for domestic industry to request evide nce
65 MOFCOM and GACC Announcement No. 82, 2018, on Paperless Application and Receiving of Import
Licences and Paperless Customs Clearance for Goods. Viewed at:
http:/www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/b/e/201810/20181002794907.shtml .
66 Catalogue of Import Goods Subject to Licensing (2020), MOFCOM and GACC Announcement No. 65,
2019. Viewed at: http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/b/e/201912/20191202927133.shtml .
67 WTO document G/LIC/N/3/CHN/18, 30 January 2020.
68 WTO document G/ADP/N/1/CHN/2/Suppl.4, 1 December 2004.
69 WTO document G/ADP/N/1/CHN/2/Suppl.3, 20 October 2004.
70 WTO documents G/ADP/N/1/CHN/2/Suppl.1, 18 February 2003; G/ADP/N/1/CHN/2/Suppl.2,
14 April 2003; G/ADP/N/1/CHN/2/Suppl.4, 1 December 2004; G/ADP/N/1/CHN/2/Suppl.5, 11 January 2007;
and G/ADP/N/1/CHN/2/Suppl.6, 19 October 2007.
71 WTO document s WT/TPR/S/375 /Rev.1, 14 September 2018; and WT/TPR/S/342/Rev.1,
12 October 2016.
72 WTO document G/ADP/N/1/CHN/2/Suppl.7, 3 October 2018. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 63 -
materials to be submitted during the review; (iv) clarifying that the exporter/producer can submit
an application for an interim review; and (v) cancelling the provision that the periodical review is
not completed as an automatic end -of-term review. Se cond, they adopted clearer and stricter
periodical review procedures and time requirements to ensure investigation efficiency. Third, they
incorporated provisions to be consistent with WTO rules (e.g. improving the description of the
sampling survey and th e disclosure before final ruling).73
3.55. The Rules on Questionnaires in Anti -Dumping Investigations, which came into force on
4 May 2018, are the basis for conducting questionnaire investigations in anti -dumping investigations
and replaced rules in place since 2002. Changes introduced related to: (i) extending the application
of questionnaire surveys beyond determining dumping and dumping margins to include determining
damage issues; (ii) clarifying the rights and obligations of the investigating agency and int erested
parties74; (iii) deleting the content that should be stated in the specific questionnaire descriptions
and requirements; (iv) setting questionnaire survey procedures and time requirements; and
(v) incorporating WTO -consistent provisions into the ru les relating to handling of information that
requires confidentiality, providing interested parties with an opportunity to comment, and setting
out the conditions for applying facts available.75
3.56. The 2018 Rules for Hearing of Anti -dumping and Anti -Subsidy I nvestigations also came into
force on 4 May 2018.76 The Rules replaced three rules governing such hearings in place since 2002.77
Changes introduced related to: (i) the creation of a unified hearing procedures (there is no longer a
distinction between diff erent types of investigations (anti -dumping, countervailing, and damage));
(ii) the refining of procedural provisions and clarification of rights and obligations of the investigating
agency and interested parties (including with respect to the investigatin g agency's consideration for
the need for confidentiality, its notification of the holding of hearings through an online
announcement, its explanation of reasons for not holding a hearing, and the provision of
opportunities for interested parties to expres s their opinions); (iii) introduction of clearer and stricter
hearing procedures and time requirements; and (iv) introduction of WTO -consistent provisions
relating to interested parties' rights to express their opinions/reasons to the investigating agency
through other means if they are not physically present at the hearing.78
3.57. China initiated 34 anti -dumping investigations from January 2018 to end -December 2020
(Table 3.7). These investigations related to the following products/trading partners: polyphenyle ne
ether (United States, August 2020); wines in containers holding 2 litres or less (Australia,
August 2020); certain monoalkyl ethers of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol (United States,
August 2020); polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (United States, August 202 0);
ethylene -propylene -non-conjugated diene rubber or ethylene propylene diene monomer
(European Union, Republic of Korea, and United States, June 2019); polyphenylene sulphide (Japan,
Republic of Korea, Malaysia, and United States, May 2019); methionine ( Japan, Malaysia, and
Singapore, April 2019); m -Cresol (European Union, Japan, and United States, July 2019);
n-Propanol (United States, July 2019); ortho -dichlorobenzene (India and Japan, January 2018);
phenol (European Union, Japan, Republic of Korea, Tha iland, and United States, March 2018); barley
(Australia, November 2018); stainless steel billet and hot -rolled stainless steel plate (coil)
(European Union, Indonesia, Japan, and Republic of Korea, July 2018);
7-phenylacetamido -3-chloromethyl -3-cephem -4-carboxylic acid p -methoxybenzyl ester (India,
73 MOFCOM. Viewed at: http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policyrelease/announcement/201804/
20180402734712.shtml . The Interim Review Rules stipulate the meaning of the periodical review, the
conditions and procedures for filing a case, the procedures and standards for deciding to file a case, the scope
of investigation for the review period, calculation of dumping margin and price commitments in review, time -
limit, and announcement of review and effectiveness of measures.
74 Investigating agencies under the amended rules are required to notify and explain to interested
parties the reasons for not accepting submitted inform ation and give them the opportunity to explain further.
The number of response sheets submitted by interested parties was reduced to lift the burden on enterprises.
Interested parties are now allowed to submit their own answer sheets.
75 MOFCOM. Viewed at: http://gpj.mofcom.gov.cn/article/bi/bj/gzjd/201804/20180402729842.shtml .
76 These rules stipulate hearing procedures, including the holding method, application time -limit and
method, decision and notification, registration and participation, and submission of written materials .
77 The three rules were the Interim Rules for Anti -dumping Investigation Hearings, Interim Rules for
Countervailing Investigation Hearings, and Ind ustrial Damage Hearing Rules.
78 MOFCOM. Viewed at: http://gpj.mofcom.gov.cn/article/bi/bj/gzjd/201804/20180402729839.shtml . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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November 2018); vertical machining centres (Japan and Chinese Taipei, October 2018); and grain
sorghum (United States, February 2018).
Table 3.7 Anti-dumping investigations and measures, January 2018 -December 2020
2018 2019 2020
Investigation initiations 16 14 4
Provisional measures 22 9 5
Definitive measures 23 13 2
Expired/terminated measures 4 11 6
Source: WTO documents G/ADP/N/350/CHN, 9 March 2021; G/ADP/N/342/CHN, 16 October 2020;
G/ADP/N/335/CHN, 21 April 2020; G/ADP/N/328/CHN, 23 October 2019; G/ADP/N/322/CHN,
12 April 2019; and G/ADP/N/314/CHN, 22 October 2018.
3.58. China's anti -dumping measures on the following products were terminated during the review
period: methyl methacrylate (MMA) (Singapore, Thailand, and Japan, December 2020); adipic acid
(United States, European Union, and Republic of Korea, October 2020); pyridine (India and Japan,
Novembe r 2019); methyl ethyl ketone (Japan and Chinese Taipei, November 2019); polyvinyl
chloride (Japan, Republic of Korea, Chinese Taipei, and United States, October 2019); cellulose pulp
(Brazil, Canada, and United States, April 2019); solar -grade polysilicon (European Union,
November 2018); toluene diisocyanate (European Union, March 2018); sulfamethoxazole (India,
June 2018); and broiler products (United States, February 2018).79
3.59. As at end -December 2020, China was enforcing 11 3 anti-dumping definitive measures.
Imports from 16 countries or territories (counting the European Union as one when measures are
applied to all EU member States) were affected. Among all affected trading partners, imports from
the United States were subje ct to the largest number of anti -dumping measures, followed by Japan,
the European Union, and the Republic of Korea, reflecting the same trend as in previous years
(Table 3.8).
Table 3.8 Anti-dumping measures in force, by trading partner/region, January 2018 -
December 2020
Trading partner/region 2018 2019 2020
United States 23 22 24
Japan 20 20 21
European Union 15 17 17
Korea, Republic of 13 15 16
Chinese Taipei 10 8 7
India 6 6 6
Singapore 4 4 4
Thailand 5 6 6
Turkey 1 1 1
Australia 0 0 1
Brazil 2 2 2
Canada 1 0 0
France 1 1 0
Indonesia 0 1 1
Italy 1 1 0
Malaysia 3 3 4
Russian Federation 1 1 1
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 1 1 1
South Africa 1 1 1
Total 108 110 113
Note: Figures for 2018-20 reflect anti -dumping measures in force on 31 December of each year.
Undertakings and duties are considered as separate measures.
Source: WTO documents G/ADP/N/350/CHN, 9 March 2021; G/ADP/N/335/CHN, 21 April 2020; and
G/ADP/N/322/CHN, 12 April 2019.
3.60. China's longest -standing anti -dumping measures in force relate to chloroprene rubber from
the European Union, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and the United States; dispersion unshifted
single -model optical fibre from Japan and the Republic of Korea; potat o starch from the
79 WTO documents G/ADP/N/335/CHN, 21 April 20 19; G/ADP/N/328/CHN, 23 October 2019;
G/ADP/N/322/CHN, 12 April 2019; and G/ADP/N/314/CHN, 23 October 2018. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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European Union; nonyl phenol from India and Chinese Taipei; paper for electrolytic capacitors from
Japan; and bisphenol -A from Japan, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Chinese Taipei.
3.61. Chemical products continue to account for most mea sures in force at end -December 2020,
followed by products made of resin, plastic, and rubber (Chart 3.4).
Chart 3.4 Anti-dumping measures in force, by product, 31 December 2020
Note: Other includes live anim als and products (two measures); vegetable products (two measures);
prepared foodstuff (one measure); and glassware (two measures).
Source: WTO notifications.
3.1.6.2 Countervailing measures
3.62. The legal framework governing countervailing measures remains the Foreign Trade Law (last
amended in 2016), the Regulations on Countervailing Measures (last amended in 2004), and a
number of published rules. There have been no changes to existing rules, no r have new ones been
introduced, since January 2018. In 2018, China notified to the WTO its Interim Rules on
Implementation of the World Trade Organization Ruling in Disputes Concerning Trade Remedy
Measures, which entered into force on 29 July 2013.80
3.63. There have been no changes to the procedures for countervailing investigations. These
procedures are similar to those applied for anti -dumping investigations; the main differences are
described in China's Trade Policy Review Report for its previous Review.81
3.64. The number of China's countervailing investigations initiated and measures in force have
remained relatively constant over the past five years (Table 3.9). Eight countervailing investigations
were initiated during the review period (since 2018) , one of which then terminated due to public
interest considerations and one of which was terminated due to withdrawal by the applicant
(Table 3.10). In January 2019, China undertook a sunset review of countervailing measures on
solar-grade polysilicon from the United States, resulting in continuation of the definitive duties
imposed in January 2020. In April 2019, China undertook a rebus sic stantibus review of
countervailing measures on distiller dried grains with solubles from the United States, resulting in
maintaining the original measures.
3.65. Details of China's RTA provisions on CV measures are contained in the Trade Policy Review
Report for its previous Review.82
80 WTO document WT/SCM/N/1/CHN/1/Suppl.5, 3 October 2018.
81 WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018.
82 WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018.
Chart 3.4 Anti -dumping measures in force, by product groups, as of 31 December 2020
Total: 113
Source: WTO notifications.Chemical products
57Paper; paperboard & articles
4Textiles & textile articles
3 Resins, plastic & rubber
24
Note: Other includes live animals and products (2 measure); vegetable products (2 measures);
prepared foodstuff (1 measure); and glassware (2 measures) .Base metals & articles thereof
13
Precision instruments
5
Other
7WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 66 -
Table 3.9 Countervailing investigations and mea sures, 2016 -20
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Investigation initiations 1 1 3 1 4
Provisional measures 1 0 1 0 2
Definitive measures 0 1 1 0 2
Expired/terminated measures 0 0 2 0 0
Measures in force (end -period) 4 5 4 4 6
Source: WTO documents G/SCM /N/371/CHN, 26 February 2021; G/SCM/N/363/CHN, 16 October 2020;
G/SCM/N/356/CHN, 13 March 2020; G/SCM/N/349/CHN, 23 October; G/SCM/N/342/CHN,
9 April 2019; G/SCM/N/334/CHN, 22 October 2018; G/SCM/N/328/CHN, 6 April 2018;
G/SCM/N/313/CHN, 1 March 2017; and WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018.
Table 3.10 Countervailing investigations initiated during the review period, as at
31 December 2020
Partners Product Initiation Provisional
measures Final
measures Import volume
Australia Barley 21/12/2018 - 19/05/2020
6.9%
All others
6.9% 61.57% of apparent
domestic consumption
Wines in containers
holding 2 litres or less 31/08/2020 11/12/2020
6.3% -6.4%
All others
6.4% - 13.36% of apparent
domestic consumption
India 7-phenylacetamido -
3-chloromethyl -
3-cephem -
4-carboxylic -acid
p-methoxybenzyl ester 26/11/2018 - None
(application
withdrawn on
25/05/2020) 100% of total imports
United States polyvinyl chloride
(PVA) 14/10/2020 - - 1.54% of apparent
domestic consumption
Certain monoalkyl
ethers of ethylene
glycol and propylene
glycol 14/09/2020 - - 18.29% of apparent
domestic consumption
Polyphenylene ether 14/08/2020 - - 15.18% of apparent
domestic consumption
n-Propanol (NPA) 29/07/2019 09/09/2020
34.2% -
37.7%
All others
37% 18/11/2020
34.2% -37.7%
All others 37% 67.43% of total
imports
Grain sorghum 04/02/2018 - None
(Terminated –
Public
Interest)
18/05/2018 -
- None.
Source: WTO documents G/SCM/371/CHN, 26 February 2021; G/SCM/N/363/CHN, 16 October 2020;
G/SCM /N/356/CHN, 13 March 2020; G/SCM/N/349/CHN, 23 October 2019; G/SCM/N/342/CHN,
9 April 2019; and G/SCM/N/334/CHN, 22 October 2018.
3.1.6.3 Safeguard measures
3.66. During the review period, China did not initiate any new safeguard investigations. As indicated
in the previous Review, China imposed a safeguard measure on sugar on 22 May 2017.83 China
notified to the WTO that the measure would remain in force for three years (i.e. until May 2020).
China did not notify an extension of the safeguard mea sure. On 16 October 2018, Brazil requested
83 The investigation was initiated in September 2016 and definitive safeguard measures in the form of
an additional ad valorem duty of 45% were imposed on 22 May 2017. The duty applied to imports outside the
existing quota and were to be re duced to 35% within three years (WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1,
14 September 2018; see also WTO documents G/SG/N/8/CHN/2/Suppl.1, G/SG/N/10/CHN/2, and
G/SG/N/11/CHN/2, 23 May 2017). China subsequently notified the WTO that exemptions from this measure
applicable to certain developing countries had been revoked, and that the safeguard measure would apply to
imports of sugar from all developing countries (regions) from 1 August 2018 (WTO documents
G/SG/N/8/CHN/2/Suppl.2, G/SG/N/10/CHN/2/Suppl.1, and G/SG/N/ 11/CHN/2/Suppl.1, 18 July 2018). WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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consultations with China pursuant to the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the
Settlement of Disputes (DSU) on certain Chinese measures concerning imports of sugar.84 This
request covers: (i) China's 22 May 2017 safeguard measure on imported sugar; (ii) China's
administration of its TRQ for sugar; and (iii) China's so -called "automatic import licensing" system
for out -of-quota sugar. The European Union, Thailand, and Guatemala requested to join the
consultations.85 A panel has not been established as of the writing of this report.
3.67. In 2018, China notified to the WTO its Interim Rules on Implementation of the World Trade
Organization Ruling in Disputes Concerning Trade Remedy Measures, which entered into force on
29 July 2013.86 Other than this new information, the laws and regulations governing safeguard
measures in China did not change during the review period. The Foreign Trade Law (last amended
in 2016), the Regulations on Safeguards (last amended in 2004), and other published rules provide
the regulations on safeguard investigations and the application of measures.
3.68. As noted in previous Reviews, MOFCOM, specifically the TRB , is in charge of investigating and
determining if there has been an increase in imports and if injury has been caused. If an investigation
involves agricultural goods, the investigation and determination must be done jointly with the
Ministry of Agricultu re. Investigation procedures have not changed since, and are detailed in, China's
Trade Policy Review Report for its previous Review, as are details on safeguard provisions in the
RTAs to which China is signatory.87
3.2 Measures Directly Affecting Exports
3.2.1 Customs procedures and requirements
3.69. The general framework of export procedures, including registration and documentation,
remained largely unchanged during the review period. Registration formalities for exports of goods
for commercial purposes are similar to those for imports and governed by the same regulations
(Section 3.1.1).
3.70. An exporter must register as a foreign trade operator with MOFCOM or its authorized bodies,
before filing customs declarations. Export declarations must be made on paper or in electron ic
format . As at the time of the previous Review, declarations can be made either by the consignor, or
by a customs declaration enterprise entrusted by the consignor. On 1 January 2020, the authorities
established a paperless application system for export licences and customs clearance operations for
goods subject to exports control.88 Exporters of the specified goods may choose to adopt paper or
paperless operations. On 9 September 2019, the same system was established for export licence
application of use d cars.89
3.71. As stipulated by the Law on Inspection of Import and Export Commodities, exporters must
comply with the requirements of the Catalogue of Import and Export Commodities Subject to
Compulsory Inspection, which is regularly amended to add or subtract commodities. The inspection
of import and export commodities aims to protect the health and safety of human beings, protect
the life and health of animals or plants, protect the environment, prevent fraud, and safeguard
national security. The import and e xport commodities that are included in the Catalogue shall be
inspected by Customs. For cabins and containers used for the exports of perishable food, the carrier
or the packing unit must apply for inspection before loading.90
3.72. Some items, such as dangerous chemicals, fireworks, lighters, food products, and rare earths,
are subject to export inspection. These goods must be inspected where they are produced. The
packaging of the exports of dangerous chemicals or goods must also undergo inspection and tests.
84 WTO document WT/DS568/1, 22 October 2018.
85 WTO documents WT/DS568/2, 2 November 2018; and WT/DS568/3 -4, 5 November 2018.
86 WTO document G/SG/N/1/CHN/2/Suppl.5, 3 October 2018.
87 WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018.
88 MOFCOM, MOFCOM and GACC Notice No. 64, 2019. Viewed at:
http://ww w.mofcom.gov.cn/article/b/e/201912/20191202927111.shtml .
89 Shang Ban Mao Han No. 297, 2019.
90 FAO, Law of the People's Republic of China on Import and Export Commodity Inspection . Viewed at :
http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX -FAOC152646/ . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 68 -
3.73. Under China's risk management system, enterprises are classified into different groups based
on risk analysis. As with import procedures, customs inspection and supervision depend upon the
enterprise's rating (Section 3.1.1). Goods exported by high -risk ent erprises and other high -risk
goods (based on risk analysis) are inspected, while other exports are released through fast -track
clearance or a "low -risk examination".
3.74. Following the global outbreak of the COVID ‑19 pandemic, China launched a series of trade
facilitation and compliance measures with a view to, inter alia , containing COVID ‑19, maintaining
trade flows of medical supplies, and minimizing the disruption caused by COVID ‑19. An emergency
plan was adopted to further streamline customs procedures, incl uding inspections and quarantine,
and reduce port charges.91 In February 2020, the GACC rolled out 10 measures to support new
importers and exporters to overcome challenges relating to the pandemic, including the
simplification of business registration and clearance formalities, optimization of pre -export control
and certification services, and the supply of up -to-date market information.92
3.75. The authorities also implemented more stringent control measures on enterprises involved in
the export of COVID ‑19-related test kits and other medical devices. On 31 March 2020, MOFCOM,
the GACC, and the National Medical Products Administration issued Announcement No. 5, 2020, on
Ensuring the Orderly Export of Medical Supplies93; subsequently, on 25 April 2020, MOFCOM, th e
GACC, and the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) issued Announcement No. 12,
2020, on Reinforcing Quality Regulation on Exported Supplies for COVID ‑19 Response.94 The
Announcements introduced a new quality verification procedure for the export of medical products,
including a requirement to provide a valid medical device product registration certificate in China.
In addition, exporters must provide proof that the p roducts meet the quality standards of the
importing country.95
3.2.2 Taxes, charges, and levies
3.76. China applies export duties in accordance with the Regulations on Import and Export Tariffs.
They are applied with a view to protecting the domestic environment and s upporting the effective
utilization and sustainable development of energy and scarce resources. Interim tariff rates may be
applied to export goods within a certain period. The State Council shall establish the Customs Tariff
Commission to decide on the go ods subject to interim tariff, the tariff rates, and the time -limit. The
authorities state that interim export tariff rates are adjusted as appropriate based on national
economic development considerations.
3.77. Export duties are calculated based on the transac tion value of exports, plus transport -related
fees, and insurance cost. In 2020, all export duties were ad valorem . Certain items are subject to
the interim export tariff levied at a rate of zero.
3.78. As at January 2021, 102 tariff lines (at the 8 -digit level) were subject to statutory export
duties, unchanged since 2015, while 75 tariff lines carried interim duties, down from 180 in 2017
(Table 3.11). The highest tax rate (50%) applies to tin ores and concentrates (HS 2609).
91 UNCTAD, Case Study: China's Trade Facilitation Responses to the COVID ‑19 Pandemic , 22 May 2020.
Viewed at : https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2328 .
92 GACC, GACC Launches Facilitative Measures as Foreign -Trade Businesses Begin to Resume
Operations , 19 February 2020 . Viewed at: http://english.customs.gov.cn/Statics/8f0f8824 -eef2-492b-ace6-
77d84bf12f1f.html .
93 MOFCOM. Viewed at: http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/b/e/202003/20200302950371.shtml .
94 MOFCOM. Viewed at: http://en glish.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policyrelease/announcement/ .
95 National Medical Products Administration. Viewed at: https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/ . The updated lists of
products covered by the Announcements are available on t he website of the China Chamber of Commerce for
Import and Export of Medicines and Health Products . Viewed at: www.cccmhpie.org.cn . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 69 -
Table 3.11 Export duties by type and HS chapter, 2020
HS chapter Statutory duties Interim duties
No. of lines Range % No. of lines Range %
Total 102 20-50 75 0-35
03 Fish and crustaceans 1 20 0 n.a.
05 Products of animal origin, n.e.s. 4 40 1 0
26 Ores, slag and ash 7 20-50 2 0-20
28 Inorganic chemicals 3 20-30 1 10
29 Organic chemicals 1 40 1 0
41 Raw hides and skins 2 20 0 n.a.
72 Iron and steel 17 20-40 5 10-20
74 Copper and articles thereof 32 30 32 0-15
75 Nickel and articles thereof 4 40 4 5-15
76 Aluminium and articles thereof 24 20-30 24 0-15
79 Zinc and articles thereof 4 20 4 0-15
81 Other base metals 3 20 1 5
n.a. Not applicable.
Note: Tariff lines where export duties are only partially applied are included.
Source: Customs Tariff of Import and Export of the People's Republic of China, 2020.
3.2.3 Export prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing
3.79. Export restrictions and prohibitions are aimed to, inter alia, maintain national security, social
public interests, or public morality; protect human health or safety, or the lives or health of animals
and plants; protect the environment; protect exhaustib le natural resources that are in short domestic
supply or may require effective protection; and take effect in case of serious disturbance of the order
of export business operations.
3.80. Export restrictions, including prohibitions and licensing requirements ar e in place on a variety
of items, as highlighted in China's WTO notification in 2019 on its quantitative restrictions.96 The list
of items that are subject to prohibitions and restrictions is generally announced by MOFCOM, in
collaboration with other relev ant departments. Export prohibitions apply to products such as certain
forest litter and turf, ractopamine, certain hazardous chemicals, natural sand (except metallic sand),
pesticides and persistent organic pollutants, charcoal, certain toxic substances, and wild animal
products. The legal basis for export prohibitions are mainly provided by: (i) former Ministry of
Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (MOFTEC) Announcement No. 19, 2001; (ii) MOFCOM,
GACC, and SFA Joint Announcement No. 40, 2004; (iii) MOFCOM, GACC and former State
Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) Joint Announcement No. 116, 2005; (iv) MOFCOM,
GACC Joint Announcement No. 87, 2006; (v) MOFCOM, GACC Joint Announcement No. 96, 2008;
and (vi) MOFCOM and GACC Joint Announcement No . 110, 2009.
3.81. China applies export licences to specific dual -use substances for the purposes of safeguarding
national security and public interest and performing the obligations under relevant international
agreements. The control is executed by the State A dministration of Science, Technology and
Industry for National Defence and MOFCOM, in coordination with other relevant agencies.
3.82. Restricted exports may be subject to quotas and licences. China imposes global and
destination -specific export quotas. The list of products subject to quotas (Table 3.12) and the quota
volumes for the following year is published on 31 October of each year. MOFCOM announces the
total export quota of goods before 31 October each year. The authorities state that the latest total
quota was provided through the Announcement on the Total Export Quotas for Goods (MOFCOM
Announcement No. 49, 2020).
3.83. Regarding licensing requirements, MOFCOM issues on a yearly basis the Catalogue of Goods
Subject to the Administration of Export Licences.97 The Catalogue lists goods that are subject to
export licensing (Table 3.12). The 2019 announcement, set to be implemented in 2020, lifted the
licensing requirements for export of vitamin C and penicillin products. The Catalogue also lists goods
96 WTO document G/MA/QR/N/CHN/5/Rev.1, 15 February 2019.
97 MOFCOM Announcement No. 47, 2019; and MOFCOM and GACC Announcement No. 66, 2019. Viewed
at: http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/b/e/201912/20191202927141.shtml . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 70 -
that are subj ect to export quota (Table 3.12). For exports subject to a quota, the exporter must
obtain the quota prior to applying for a licence.
Table 3.12 Products subject to export quotas and licensing, 2020
Products Type of
management Comment
Products subject to quotas and licensing
Wheat, maize, rice, cotton, and coal Export quota
(licence) The export quota is
allocated by the NDRC
and the licence issued
by MOFCOM.
Wheat, maize, and rice flour; ephedra herbs for medicinal use
(cultivated); sawn timber; live chicken (for export to Hong
Kong, China); live swine and cattle (for export to Hong Kong,
China and Macao, China); crude oil; and refined oil (excluding
lubricating oil, grease, and lubricating base oil) Export quota
(licence) The export quota is
allocated by MOFCOM.
Rush and rush products; liquorice and liquorice products Export qu ota
bidding
(licence) The export quota is
allocated by MOFCOM.
Products subject to licensing
Live cattle and swine (for export to markets other than Hong
Kong, China and Macao, China); live chicken (for export to
markets other than Hong Kong, China); beef, pork, and
chicken; natural sand (including standard sand); bauxite;
phosphate rock; magnesia; talc block (powder); fluorite
(fluorspar); rare earths; tin and tin products; tungsten and
tungsten products; molybdenum and molybdenum products;
antimony and antimony products; coke; refined oil (lubricating
oil, grease, lubricating oil base oil); paraffin; semimetals and
semimetal products; disodium sulphate; silicon carbide; citric
acid; silver; platinum (exported under processing trade);
indium an d indium products; motorcycles (including all -terrain
vehicles) and motorcycle engines and frames; and automobiles
(including complete sets of parts) and automobile chassis. Export licence Export traders apply
for export licences
with relevant export
contracts.
Substances that deplete the ozone layer Export licence Export of such product
must be allowed
before applying for an
export licence.
Source: MOFCOM Announcement No. 47, 2019; and MOFCOM and GACC Announcement No. 66, 2019.
3.84. According to the authorities, the value of exports of goods subject to export licensing stood
at USD 63.86 billion in 2020, up from USD 39.50 billion in 2017.
3.85. In addition, to "maintain foreign trade order", export declarations of certain products subject
to export licensin g (liquorice, liquorice products, and natural sand), when exported to
Chinese Taipei; Hong Kong, China; and Macao, China, may be cleared only through designated ports.
The export clearance ports of liquorice are Tianjin Customs, Shanghai Customs, and Dalia n Customs;
the export clearance ports of liquorice products are Tianjin Customs and Shanghai Customs; the
export clearance ports of natural sand (to Chinese Taipei; Hong Kong, China; and Macao, China) are
limited to the province (autonomous region, municip alities) customs. The authorities state that the
measures of administration at designated ports for the export of liquorice and liquorice products,
and natural sand shall be cancelled in 2021.
3.86. The Catalogue of Technologies Restricted or Forbidden for Expor t was published in
August 2020 by MOFCOM and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST).98 The first version of
the Catalogue was released in 1998 and was amended twice (in 2001 and in 2008). The amendments
to the 2020 Catalogue were based on the draft proposed revisions released by MOFCOM and the
corresponding public comments collected in 2018.
3.87. The Amendment added 23 new items to the list subject to export restrictions, including
technologies related to drones, production of space materials, design and construction of large -scale
high-speed wind tunnels, and aerospace bearings and lasers. It also provides description of new
98 MOFCOM, 2020 Catalogue, Notification N o. 38/2020, 28 August 2020. Viewed at:
http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/b/c/202008/20200802996641.shtml . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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elements and technical specifications subject to export control. For example, it adds "personalised
information recommendation servi ce technology based on data analysis" and "artificial intelligence
interactive interfaces", one type of which uses voice recognition.
3.88. The Amendment removed four items that were subject to export prohibition in the
2008 Catalogue, which involve technologies related to microbial fertilizers, as well as the production
of synthetic and semisynthetic caffeine and vitamin B2 production, and it removed five items that
were subject to export restriction in the 2008 Catalogue, which involve technologies related to t he
Newcastle disease vaccine (for chickens), production of natural medicines, preparation and
processing of functional polymer materials with biological activity, production of certain synthetic
and semisynthetic chemicals, and information security firewal l software.
3.89. Exports of a technology, either by means of transfer or licensing, would be prohibited if such
technology is classified as a prohibited technology in the Catalogue. With regard to transfer of any
technology subject to export restrictions in the Catalogue, approval from a competent commerce
authority at the provincial level is required before entering into any substantial transfer negotiation
with foreign counterparties, and an export licence issued by the same authority would be also
required wh en completing the technology transfer agreement.
3.90. On 17 October 2020, the Standing Committee of the NPC passed the Export Control Law,
which entered into force on 1 December 2020. Under Article 2 of the Law, export control refers to
"prohibitions or restric tions on transfer of controlled items from the territory of the People's Republic
of China to overseas and the provision of controlled items by any citizen or incorporated or
non-incorporated organization of the People's Republic of China to any foreign or ganization or
individual".
3.91. The Law defines "controlled items" to include dual -use items (with both civilian and military
applications), military products, and nuclear products. In addition, "controlled items" include "other
goods, technologies, services th at are related to the maintenance of national security and interests
and the implementation of international obligations such as non -proliferation". It also requires
exporters to provide documentation establishing the intended end -use and end -user for the
controlled items to be issued by the end -user or the Government at the end -user's location.
End-users are required to commit not to change the end -use or transfer the item to any third party
without authorization from the Chinese export control authorities . Exporters and importers are
further obliged to report any potential change in the end -use or end -user.
3.92. While the previous export control framework still remains in place on a number of fragmented
lists of items, the new Export Control Law provides for th e establishment of a single framework for
restricting exports of controlled items through published control lists. According to the authorities,
China has formulated six administrative laws and regulations on export control, including the
Administrative Ru les on Monitored Chemicals, the Regulations on the Control of Nuclear Exports, the
Administrative Regulations on the Export of Military Products, the Regulations on the Export Control
of Dual -use Nuclear Items and Related Technologies, the Regulations on t he Export Control of
Missiles and Missile -related Items and Technologies, and the Regulations on the Export Control of
Dual-use Biological Items and Related Equipment and Technologies. Specific export control lists were
also released. In addition to the es tablished control lists, the new legislation authorizes export control
authorities to list items for "temporary controls" for a provisional period of up to two years before
determining whether to list the items on a control list. The authorities indicate t hat China is in the
process of formulating supporting regulations and shall release further regulations at a later stage.
3.93. Besides the item -based control lists, the Law provides for the establishment of control lists of
foreign business entities that fall under one of the following cases: (i) violate end -user or end -use
restrictions; (ii) "possibly endanger national security and interests "; or (iii) use controlled items for
terrorist purposes. Chinese exporters will be barred from dealing with foreign business entities on
the controlled list. However, they will be able to request exemptions under certain conditions,
according to the Law.
3.94. Exporters must apply for an export licence from the relevant export control authority in order
to export any item lis ted on a control list or subject to temporary controls. Article 13 of the Law
provides that approval or disapproval of exports will be based on eight criteria: national security and
interests, international obligations and external commitments, the type of exports, the sensitivity of WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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controlled items, the countries or regions they are bound for, the end -users and end -uses, relevant
credit records of exporting companies, and "other factors stipulated by laws and administrative
regulations ". For goods, techno logies, and services other than those listed on the export control list
and temporarily controlled items, an exporter must apply to the national export control authorities
for an export licence, if the exporter knows or should know, or has been notified by the national
export control authorities, that the relevant goods, technologies, and services may endanger national
security and interests, or may be used for the design, development, production, or use of weapons
of mass destruction and their means of del ivery, or may be used for terrorism.
3.95. Under the Law, China may take measures reciprocally, according to the actual circumstances,
if any country or region "abuses" its export control measures in ways that endanger China's national
security and interest.
3.2.4 Export support and promotion
3.96. China's most recent notification to the WTO regarding export subsidies was submitted in 2020.
China indicated that export subsidies were not granted to agricultural products in 2019.99
3.97. Exporters are entitled to VAT rebates.
3.98. After the issuance by the Ministry of Finance (MOF) and the State Taxation Administration of
the Announcement on Increasing the Export Tax Refund Rate of Some Products in 2020100, the VAT
rebate rate of all products, except for the high -pollution, high -energy con suming, and
resource -based products, became equal to the applied rate. The MOF and the State Taxation
Administration administer the VAT rebate regime.
3.99. Since 2018, VAT rebate rates on exports have been successively adjusted through the
following measures: N otice of the MOF and the State Taxation Administration on Adjusting the VAT
Rates (Cai Shui No. 32, 2018); Notice on Increasing the Export Rebate Rates for Mechanical and
Electrical Products, Cultural Products and Other Products (Cai Shui No. 93, 2018); No tice on
Adjusting the Export Tax Rebate Rates for Certain Products (Cai Shui No. 123, 2018); MOF, State
Taxation Administration, and GACC Announcement on Policies for Deepening the VAT Reform
(Announcement No. 39, 2019); and MOF and State Taxation Administ ration Announcement on
Increasing the Export Tax Refund Rates for Certain Products (Announcement No. 15, 2020).
3.100. The latest adjustment to VAT rebate rates (Announcement No. 15, 2020) increased VAT
refund rates for 1,464 goods as from 20 March 2020.101 The an nouncement includes 380 agricultural
and agricultural -related items and increases the rebate rate from 6% to 9%. The rate for the
remaining 1,084 tariff lines in the Announcement increased from 9% to 13%.
3.101. Following the most recent round of adjustments of V AT rebate on exports, four refund rates
are in force: 13%, 9%, 6%, and 0%, with the proportion of tariff lines subject to each rebate rate
being 61.2%, 18.9%, 0.1%, and 19.6%, respectively. Products not subject to VAT rebate include
high-energy -consuming p roducts, high -polluting products, and endangered species of fauna and
flora.
3.102. Exports promotion may also take the form of import duty exemptions for certain products
(Section 3.1 .3). Beyond their primary role as a test ground for policy reforms, PFTZs have attracted
companies that export. Since 2013, China has established an increasing number of PFTZs across the
country ; currently, there are 31 PFTZs. In the Shanghai PFTZ, for example, benefits available to
companies include a reduced corporate income tax ra te of 15% (standard 25%) for five years in
industries such as integrated circuits, artificial intelligence, biomedicine, and civil aviation; reduced
individual income tax for foreign staff in PFTZ companies; and streamlined customs handling for
PFTZ import s and exports.
3.103. Companies located in the Shanghai PFTZ can produce either in bonded or non -bonded areas.
The payment of import tariffs by companies located in bonded areas is suspended and only become s
99 WTO document G/AG/N/CHN/53, 7 December 2020.
100 Ministry of Finance a nd State Taxation Administration Announcement No. 15, 2020.
101 The Bulletin is available at: http://szs.mof.gov.cn/zhengcefabu/202003/t20200317_3484123.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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effective when final products are sold to the rest of China. The PFTZ also features a distinctive
mechanism for dispute resolution, with arbitration governed by a separate set of Arbitration Rules
issued by the Shanghai International Arbitration Centre.
3.104. According to the authorities, in 2020, the total foreign trade value amounted to
CNY 4.7 trillion in the 18 PFTZs, and 393,000 new companies were established (including
6,472 newly established foreign -funded enterprises).
3.105. Export support programmes also inclu de the organization, by MOFCOM's Trade Development
Bureau (TDB), of exhibitions in emerging markets and export -oriented training activities. The TDB
also maintains the websites of China Trade Promotion and provides, through various service
platforms, backg round information about foreign markets.
3.106. The Overseas Commercial Complaint Service Centre for Chinese Enterprises provides
services to Chinese enterprises in the areas of complaint -handling, consulting, talent base
construction, and support for start -ups.
3.107. The authorities indicate that several export promotion and assistance activities abroad were
implemented during the review period. As at June 2020, the China Council for the Promotion of
International Trade had established 387 trade cooperation mechanisms with 341 institutions in
143 countries and regional organizations. Since 2019, trade forums were held with countries
including Cambodia, Pakistan, and Nepal.
3.2.5 Export finance, insurance, and guarantees
3.108. Export finance102, insurance, and guarantees are predomin antly granted by a number of
policy financial institutions with the mandate to promote foreign trade and cross -border investment.
The bulk of export finance is provided by the China Export -Import Bank (China Eximbank), which
provides export finance, and th e state -owned China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation
(SINOSURE), which provides export credit insurance and related guarantees. Foreign -owned
companies are also eligible for the services of China Eximbank and SINOSURE. China is not a
member of the OEC D; it does not participate in the OECD's Arrangement on Officially Supported
Export Credits. The authorities indicate that China has always been actively involved in the
consultation of the International Working Group on export credits, including its techn ical working
group.
3.109. China Eximbank is a state -owned policy bank with the status of an independent legal entity.
It is dedicated to supporting China's foreign trade, investment, and international economic
cooperation.103 It was created in 1994 to provide fin ancing for the importation and exportation of
capital goods and services and for Chinese companies that undertake overseas construction and
investment projects. Its main mandate includes facilitation of export and import of equipment and
new- and high -tech products , and assisting Chinese companies with comparative advantages in their
offshore projects. According to the authorities, the Government injects capital into China Eximbank
as its shareholder; in the course of business, China Eximbank raises funds m ainly by issuing bonds
in both domestic and international capital markets.
3.110. China Eximbank primarily offers overseas financing through a range of activities such as
export credits (including export buyer's credit and export seller's credit), loans for overs eas
construction and investment, and concessional loans. Export buyer's credit consists of loans
extended to overseas borrowers to finance their imports of Chinese goods, while export seller's credit
consists of loans granted to domestic enterprises within the scope of their export activities. The Bank
provides two preferential facilities: government concessional loans and preferential export buyer's
credit. Concessional loans are offered to developing countries at rates lower than market interest
rates and are usually tied to Chinese exports.104 The authorities note that all projects operate
according to market principles, and banks do not attach any additional conditions to their loans.
102 According to the au thorities, this relates only to official export credit.
103 China Eximbank, About the Bank . Viewed at:
http://english.eximbank.gov.cn/Profile/AboutTB/Introduction/ .
104 OECD Developme nt Centre, Perspectives on Global Development 2010 Shifting Wealth, How China Is
Influencing Africa's Development , April 2010. Viewed at:
https://www.oecd.org/development/pgd/45068325.pdf . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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China Eximbank provides its services to various enterprises. In 2018, C hina Eximbank conducted
USD 178.1 billion worth of international settlement (USD 118.3 billion), letters of guarantee
(USD 9.4 billion), and trade finance transactions (USD 50.3 billion), a year -on-year increase of
8.85%.105
3.111. China Eximbank is the designated institution to implement the Chinese Government
Concessional Loan and Preferential Export Buyer's Credit, two Concessional facilities provided to
other developing countries. As at end -2018, China Eximbank's concessional business covered more
than 90 countries in the ASEAN region, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, Africa, Latin America,
and the South Pacific.106
3.112. China's official export credit insurance agency is SINOSURE. It was created in 2001 by
merging the export credit insurance depa rtments of China Eximbank and the People's Insurance
Company of China, with the mandate to promote exports and cross -border investments through
export credit insurance and investment insurance. Based on information provided by the authorities,
SINOSURE's e xport credit insurance in 2018 and 2019 covered around 20% of total exports.
3.113. SINOSURE offers, inter alia , short -, medium -, and long -term export credit insurance, bond
and guarantee facilities, and overseas investment insurance and credit information servic es. There
are several kinds of short -term export credit insurance, with a maximum term of two years
(Table 3.13). The list of available insurance products is available online.107 Exporters may choose
from the following insurance products/solutions: (i) comp rehensive cover insurance, which
indemnifies exporters from the direct loss arising from political or commercial risks; (ii) small and
medium -size enterprise (SME) comprehensive cover insurance, which protects SME exporters from
the risk of foreign exchang e collection; (iii) small and micro enterprise easy credit insurance, which
is tailor -made to meet the specific need of small and micro businesses; and (iv) additional pre -export
insurance, which mainly covers the credit risk before export of goods. Financ ing banks may also
choose specific insurance products.
Table 3.13 Overview of SINOSURE short -term export credit insurance policy
Covered risks and insured percentage
Covered commercial risks
The buyer goes bankrupt or insolvent.
The buyer defaults on payment for goods.
The buyer refuses to take delivery of goods.
The issuing bank goes bankrupt, closes down, or is under receivership.
The issuing bank defaults in spite of consistency of trading docume nts and consistency between letter of
credit and trading documents, or dishonours under usance of letter of credit.
Covered political risks
The country or region of the buyer or issuing bank prohibits or restricts the buyer or issuing bank from
paying for goods or making letter of credit payment to the insured.
An import ban is imposed on the goods purchased by the buyer, or the import permi t issued to the buyer is
revoked.
A war, civil war, or riot makes the buyer unable to perform the contract, or makes the issuing bank unable
to discharge its payment obligation under letter of credit.
A third country through which the payment by the buye r or issuing bank has to be routed issues a
moratorium.
Insured percentage
Up to 90% for the loss resulting from political loss.
Up to 90% for the loss resulting from bankruptcy, insolvency, default, or other commercial risks.
Up to 90% for the loss resulting from the buyer's refusal to accept goods.
Up to 100% under the export credit insurance (forfaiting) policy.
Up to 90% under the SME comprehensive cover insurance.
Source: China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation (SINOSURE) . Viewed at:
http://www.sinosure.com.cn/en/Insurance/steci/index.shtml .
105 China Eximbank, 2018 Export -Import Bank Annual Report . Viewed at:
http://www.eximbank.gov.cn/aboutExim/annals/2018_2/ .
106 China Eximbank , Chinese Government Concessional Loan and Preferential Export Buyer's Credit (Two
Concessional Facilities). Viewed at:
http://english.eximbank.gov.cn/Business/CreditB/SupportingFC/201810/t20181016_6972.html .
107 SINOSURE, ST Export Credit Insurance . Viewed at:
http://www .sinosure.com.cn/en/Insurance/steci/index.shtml . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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3.114. SINOSURE offers various medium - and long -term insurance instruments to protect various
risks born by exporters and financial institutions (Table 3.14). The term is generally between 2 and
15 years. Four insurance instruments exist under the medium - and long -term framework: export
buyer's credit insurance; export supplier's credit insurance; export deferred payment refinancing
insurance; and overseas financial leasing insurance.108
Table 3.14 Overview of SINOSURE medium - and long -term export credit insurance policy
Covered risks and insured percentage
Covered commercial risks
The debtor declares bankruptcy, or the winding -up and/or dissolution or the debtor's default of payment of
the principal or/and interest due and payable on the due date under the loan agreement or commercial
contract.
Covered political risks
The debtor is being prohibited or inhibited from repaying its debt to the insured with the currency agreed in
the loan agreement or with other freely convertible currencies as a result of the promulgation of any law,
decree, order, rule, o r adoption of any administrative measure by the government of the debtor's country
(or region) or a third country (or region) through which the repayment must be effected.
The debtor is unable to implement its repayment obligations under the loan agreemen t as a result of any
moratorium announced by the government of the debtor's country (or region) or a third country (or region)
through which the repayment must be effected.
The occurrence of war, revolution, or riot in the debtor's country (or region) or other applicable political
events to be determined by SINOSURE.
Insured percentage
Up to 95% for export buyer's credit insurance and export deferred payment refinancing insurance.
Up to 90% for export supplier's credit insurance.
Up to 90% for overseas lease insurance with financial institution ((FI), including financial lease company)
insured, or 90% for overseas lease insurance with non -FI insured.
Note: SINOSURE medium - and long -term export credit insurance c overs risks in relation to the co llection
of deferred payment by exporters, the account receivable by financial leasing companies, and the
recovery of loan principal and interest by financial institutions. The tenor is normally 2 to 15 years.
Source: SINOSURE, M / LT Export Credit Insurance . Viewed at:
http://www.sinosure.com.cn/en/Insurance/meci/index.shtml .
3.3 Measures Affecting Production and Trade
3.3.1 Incentives
3.115. During the review period, China continued to provide incentives and financial support to
different sectors and industries. The authorities indicate that these measures are in place to
accelerate transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, foste r infant industries, stimulate
innovation, promote development in remote areas, enhance competitiveness of SMEs, and attract
FDI. Furthermore, support was also granted with a view to protecting the environment, reducing
emissions, and conserving energy. Ge nerally, support is granted by the Central Government or local
governments in the form of direct transfers and tax preferences. The authorities indicate that no
incentives are granted in the form of access to credit.
3.116. The Government's Five -Year Plans for Ec onomic and Social Development serve as a
reference for the design of support policies and for the identification of priority areas, even though
the plans do not outline specific measures. The 13th Five-Year Plan (2016 -20) highlighted the
importance of inno vation capacity, and advocated increased innovation in agriculture, strategic
emerging industries, intelligent manufacturing, and services. In addition to the Five -Year Plans for
Economic and Social Development , there are also sector -specific Five-Year Plans for individual
industries.
3.117. In June 2019, China notified to the WTO its support programmes at the central and
subcentral levels during the period 2017 -18.109 The 249 -page notification contains information on
79 central -level and 420 subcentral -level progr ammes. According to the notification, t he objectives
of the subsidies are to support rural and regional development, protect the environment, conserve
108 SINOSURE, M / LT Export Credit Insurance . Viewed at:
http://www.sinosure.com.cn/en/Insurance/meci/index.shtml .
109 WTO documents G/SCM /N/343/CHN, 19 July 2019; and G/SCM/N/343/CHN/Corr.1, 31 July 2019. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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energy, upgrade specific industries, improve productivity and efficiency, and increase welfare of
disable d people.
3.118. At the central level, support is provided in form of preferential taxes, payment and stamp
duty exemptions, tariff and VAT reductions, and fiscal appropriation. Fifteen of the 79 programmes
had already expired by the time of provision of the noti fication ( Table A3.2 ). No information was
provided by the authorities on how many of the programmes were still active as at April 2021.
Among the 59 central programmes still active in 2019, 7 were on the agricultural sector; 5 each on
technology, fishery, energy, and disability; 4 on infrastructure; 3 each on waste management,
financing, environment, and automobile and transportation; 2 each on SMEs, poverty reduction,
pharmaceuticals, and economic development; and 1 each on oil and gas, mining, and FDI. Among
the active programmes, budget information was only made available for 14 programmes that
provided support in form of fiscal appropriation.
3.119. At the subcentral level, the notification contains 420 programmes in 31 provincial
administrations and 5 designat ed city administrations. Of these programmes, 283 were still active
in 2019. No information was provided by the authorities on how many of the programmes were still
active as at April 2021. Under these programmes, incentives are provided to specific indust ries,
SMEs, research and development (R&D) activities, industry upgrade, less developed regions, and
rural areas. Support at the subcentral level is through fiscal appropriation. The amount of subsidies
differs by municipality and by industry.
3.120. During the r eview period, several communications were submitted by other Members
concerning China's subsidy policy and notifications.110 These communications referred to the amount
of central and subcentral subsidies, the role of government guidance funds, China's fulf ilment of its
subsidy notification requirements (in particular, subsidies not mentioned in the notifications),
subsidies to individual sectors (e.g. agriculture, fisheries, and steel), and eligibility criteria for specific
subsidy schemes. China provided w ritten answers to questions asked in these communications.111
Specifically, China provided further information about the beneficiaries and eligibility criteria of the
programmes. However, the total amount of expenditure or revenue forgone was usually not
provided; according to the authorities, this is due to the lack of statistics on tax expenditures.
3.121. The authorities indicate that a notification on subsidies covering the years 2019 and 2020
will be submitted to the WTO in due course.
3.122. The notifications submit ted to the WTO and the replies provided by China to questions asked
by other Members did not enable the Secretariat to have a clear overall picture o f China's support
programmes . In particular, the notifications do not contain information on expenditure levels in
certain sectors such as aluminium, electric vehicles, glass, shipbuilding, semiconductors, or steel.
Information on subsidies going beyond the 2019 notification was not ma de available to the
Secretariat. In the WTO Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, China generally
provides answers to questions that focus on its subsidy notifications, but not on subsidy policies not
covered in its notification.112 The author ities indicate that under the provisions of the
WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement), there is no obligation
to provide written information on programmes not contained in the subsidy notification.
3.123. It would appear that tran sparency on government support may also be hampered, as the
Government, through numerous state -owned enterprises (SOEs), is involved in the financing and
management of companies, making it difficult to identify the precise policy actions (see also
Section 3.3.5). The authorities do not agree with this statement and indicate that no implicit
110 WTO documents G/SCM/Q2/CHN/75 -76, 30 January 2019; G/SCM/Q2/CHN/77, 5 March 2019;
G/SCM/Q2/CHN/78, 4 April 2019; G/SCM/Q2/CHN/79, 9 April 2019; G/SCM/Q2/CHN/85, 27 January 2020;
G/SCM/Q2 /CHN/86 -89, 29 January 2020; and G/SCM/Q2/CHN/90, 20 August 2020. Questions were asked by
the United States, the Dominican Republic, Japan, New Zealand, the European Union, Canada, and Australia.
111 WTO documents G/SCM/Q2/CHN/80 -84, 20 November 2019; G/SCM/ Q2/CHN/91 -95,
28 October 2020; and G/SCM/Q2/CHN/96, 30 October 2020.
112 WTO document G/SCM/M/110, 13 February 2020, paras. 109 and 117. Furthermore, in April 2017
questions were posed by the European Union and the United States under Article 25.8 of the SCM Agreement,
regarding non -notified steel subsidies, to which China has not yet provided written replies (WTO document
G/SCM/Q2/CHN/70, 13 April 2017). WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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subsidies were paid to China's SOEs. According to the authorities, the Government does not
intervene in SOEs' financing, operation, and management.
3.124. In addition to the no tified programmes, it would appear that numerous other initiatives are
in place to support different industries and attract foreign investment. So -called "government
guidance funds", or government -guided investment funds, use public resources to make equit y
investments in industries that the Government considers important (Table 3.15). The Secretariat
was not able to get clarity on what these funds are.113 Some of them are still in the process of being
established, and it is unclear what their ultimate size will be. According to some external sources,
they are mostly financed by the Central Government and local governments, large SOEs, and
state-owned financial institutions. Most of the funds are utilized to finance advanced manufacturing,
new materials, and other innovative industries. Information provided in Table 3.15 was not
confirmed by the authorities; they expressed the view that the information is not relevant to this
Review. They also state that these funds were in part privately funded, that they wou ld not provide
any subsidies, and hence would not have to be notified. According to the authorities, these funds
are not required to be notified under the SCM Agreement as support provided through these funds
does not constitute subsidies .
Table 3.15 Government guidance funds
Name Size
(CNY
billion) Founding
year Industries
Beijing Science and
Technology Innovation Fund 20 2017 Optoelectronics, big data, new materials, clean energy,
artificial intelligence, advanced manufacturing,
healthcare, information technology, quantum computing
Chengdu Qianhai Industry
Guidance Fund 40 2016 Infrastructure, emerging industry, advanced
manufacturing industry, innovative industry, public
services
Futian Guiding Fund 10 2015 New energy, new material, aviation, healthcare,
information technology
Guangdong Semiconductor
and Integrated Circuit
Industry Investment Fund 15 2016 Integrated circuits, advanced manufacturing, devices
Haihe River Industrial Fund 100 2015 Healthcare, biotechnology, new energy, advanced
manufacturing, mobile Internet, new materials
Henan Industrial
Agglomeration Area
Development Investment
Fund 60 2017 Advanced manufacturing, services
Jiangxi Development and
Upgrade Guidance Fund 100 2017 Innovative and emerging industry, traditional industry
upgrade, services
Jilin Industry Investment
Guidance Fund 10 2015 Strategic emerging industry, modern agriculture, services
National Emerging Industry
Investment Guidance Fun d 40 2016 Not specified
National SME Development
Fund 100 2016 Not specified
Shandong Finance Group 10 2014 Not specified
Shenzhen Guidance Fund 100 2010 Information technology, healthcare, smart devices,
environmental protection
Shenzhen State -owned Asset
Reform and Development
Fund 150 2016 Environmental protection, advanced manufacturing
Smart Yangtze River Industry
Guidance Fund 30 2016 Real estate, sports, culture, tourism, agriculture,
transportation, public services
Xiamen Industrial Investment
Fund 10 2015 Displays, computer and telecom devices, healthcare, new
material, tourism and exhibitions, logistics, software,
finance, culture
Xuzhou Industry
Development Fund 39.5 2016 Not specified
Yangtze River Industry Fund 200 2015 Information technology, advanced manufacturing, new
materials, healthcare, clean energy, emerging industries
Zhongyuan Silk Road Fund 20 2017 Airport construction, logistics, trade, culture, tourism
Source: Compiled by the WTO Secretariat from various sources.
113 Therefore, it is not clear if they are subject to notification to the WTO. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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3.125. In addition, some other funds that are related to government policies appear to conduct
direct investments to support a particular policy initiative (Table 3.16). These funds include
expenditures under the Belt and Road In itiative (BRI), and funds for China's SOEs. According to the
authorities, the incentives provided by these funds do not constitute subsidies and are not required
to be notified under the SCM Agreement.
Table 3.16 Policy -related funds
Name Size
(CNY
billion) Founding
year Industries
Advanced Manufacturing
Investment Fund 20
(first
phase) 2016 "Made in China 2025" focus industries: rail transport,
high-end shipping, marine engineering equipment,
industrial robots, new energy cars, modern agricultural
equipment, advanced medical devices, new materials
Beijing Big Data Industry
Investment Fund 10
(first
phase) 2016 Big data transaction platforms, sensors, chips, data
resources, data technology
Central Enterprise Guochuang
Investment Guidance Fund 150 2017 High-speed rail, nuclear energy, aerospace, clean energy,
3D printing, new energy cars, robotics, quantum network
China Big Data Industry
Development Fund 20-30 2016 Big data and related value chains in Guiyang City
China Culture Industry
Investment Fund 20 2011 Culture, media, entertainment, performing arts, data
National Integrated Circuit
Industry Investment Fund 139
(first
phase) 2014 Semiconductor manufacturing, chip des ign, materials,
testing and assembly
Shanghai Integrated Circuit
Industry Investment Fund 50 2017 Semiconductor manufacturing, chip design, materials,
testing and assembly
Silk Road Fund 265 2014 BRI-related projects
Source: Compiled by the WTO Secretariat from several sources.
3.126. It would appear that financial support is also provided to the semiconductor industry.
According to a n OECD study , it was estimated that Chinese semiconductor firms received 86% of
global equity support and 98% of all belo w-market borrowing.114 The study also estimate d that
Chinese semiconductor companies receive more government funding than companies in other
countries, and have below -market equity returns. Moreover, the study estimate d that state
participation in China's s emiconductor industry has increased significantly over the past years,
including in companies that started as privately owned. The authorities state that they cannot
confirm the results of the study ; they also indicate that the conclusions of the study are not credible
as they are based on estimated data.
3.127. Given the importance of the Chinese economy and the size of government support accorded
to individual companies, China's support measures are reported to be susceptible to affect global
markets, d ownstream industries, and individual value chains. Such effects of China's support cannot
be quantified in general, as relevant data are not publicly available. Nevertheless, a study by the
OECD found, for example, that China's financial support on energy and concessional finance for
aluminium smelting, coupled with export restrictions on raw aluminium, provide Chinese exporters
of semi -finished aluminium goods with a significant cost advantage, leading to important
repercussions in global markets.115 The au thorities state that they do not agree with this view , and
indicate that China does not provide subsidies on energy and concessional finance for aluminium
smelting .
3.128. No official studies on the impact of China's public support on productivity growth and
innovation are available. Available firm-level data have allowed academic studies to analyse the
efficiency of China's government support. With regard to the overall efficiency, it has been found
that government support had a negative effect on corporate inves tment efficiency and is positively
correlated with overinvestment.116 With regard to R&D support specifically, it has been shown that
114 OECD (2019), Measuring Distortions in International Markets: The Semiconductor Value Chain , OECD
Trade Policy Papers No. 234.
115 OECD (2019), Measuring Distortions in International Markets: The Aluminium Value Chain , OECD
Trade Policy Papers No. 218.
116 Hu, J. et al. (2019), "Government Subsidies and Corporate Investment Efficiency: Evidence from
China", Emerging Markets Review , Vol. 41. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 79 -
China's public support led to an increase in patent quantity, but not in patent quality.117 The
authorities do not agree wit h the conclusions of these studies .
3.129. In the wake of the COVID ‑19 pandemic, the Central Government and regional governments
launched a series of policies to cushion the economic consequences caused by the pandemic, besides
ensuring steady medical supplies a nd daily necessities. The Central Government's measures include
tax reductions, reduction of certain social insurance fees, increase of employer contributions for
unemployment insurance, temporary exemptions of social insurance fees for SMEs, reduction of
electricity and gas costs, and deferred tax payments for SMEs. Measures taken by regional
governments include the waiving of rents for SMEs, extending government procurement to support
SMEs, selected repayment of employers' social insurance contributions, and exempting companies
severely impacted by the pandemic from various taxes.
3.130. In April 2020, the Government released a Notice on Optimizing Fiscal Subsidies for Promoting
New Energy Vehicles, extending subsidies for electric and hybrid vehicles until end -2022. Vehicles
must meet minimum technical and performance criteria to qualify. The notice for the first time
introduced a sales limit of 2 million vehicles per year. A price limit of CNY 300,000 including tax was
also introduced. No information was availab le on total expenditure under this programme.
3.131. During the review period, China has continued to provide government support to its
agriculture sector (Section 4.1 .2). China's 2019 subsidy notification also provides information about
various programmes in the agriculture sector.118 China notified that it did not provide export
subsidies in 2018.119 No notification on domestic support has been submitted to the WTO since the
previous Review in 2018. The authorities indicate that a new notification would be submitted before
mid-July 2021.
3.132. Available figures indicate that China also continued to provide substantial support to its
fisheries sector. China's subsidy notification refers to six different programmes at the Central
Government level and 25 pr ogram mes at the local level .120 For example, CNY 398.5 million was
provided in 2017 and 2018 for stock enhancement. According to external estimates, China's
government support to its fisheries sector totalled USD 7.3 billion in 2018.121 Moreover, a large share
of China's government support to the sector is considered as "capacity -enhancing". The authorities
indicate that a new fisheries policy would be issued soon .
3.3.2 Standards and other technical requirements
3.3.2.1 Overview
3.133. Since its previous Review, China i ntroduced or revised various laws and regulations related
to standards and other technical requirements . On 1 January 2018, the revised Standardization Law
entered into force and included new provisions such as those on association standards. According to
the authorities, the Law improved the procedures for setting mandatory standards (or technical
regulations) , clearly defined local and sector standards, and established a disclosure system for
self-declaration of enterprise standards. On 6 January 2020, the SAMR promulgated the Measures
for the Administration of Mandatory National Standards, which stipulate the procedures for making
and revising mandatory standards. They entered into force on 1 June 2020. On 16 January 2020,
the SAMR p romulgated the Measures for the Administration of Local Standards, which stipulate
procedures for making and revising local standards; they entered into force on 1 March 2020. On
6 January 2020, the SAMR published the Measures for the Administration of Man datory National
Standards, which stipulate the procedures for making and revising mandatory standards; they
117 Boeing, P. and Mueller, E. (2019), "Measuring China's Patent Quality: Development and Validation of
ISR In dices", China Economic Review , Vol. 57; Boeing, P. and Mueller, E. (2016), Measuring Patent Quality and
National Technological Capacity in Cross -country Comparison , Centre for European Economic Research
Discussion Paper No. 16-048.
118 WTO documents G/SCM/N/ 343/CHN, 19 July 2019; and G/SCM/N/343/CHN/Corr.1, 31 July 2019.
119 WTO documents G/AG/N/CHN/51 -52, 6 November 2019.
120 WTO documents G/SCM/N/343/CHN, 19 July 2019; and G/SCM/N/343/CHN/Corr.1, 31 July 2019
(Programmes 74 -79).
121 Sumaila, U.R., et al. (2019), "A Global Dataset on Subsidies to the Fisheries Sector", Marine Policy ,
Vol. 27; and Sumaila, U.R, et al. (2019), "Updated Estimates and Analysis of Global Fisheries Subsidies",
Marine Policy, Vol. 109. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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entered into force on 1 June 2020.122 Other changes during the review period included: (i) the
adoption on 29 June 2019 of the Vaccine Administration Law at the 11th Session of the Standing
Committee of the 13th National People's Congress (it entered into force on 1 December 2019);
(ii) the adoption on 26 August 2019 of the revised Pharmaceutical Administration Law at the
12th Session of the Standing C ommittee (it entered into force on 1 December 2019); (iii) the
promulgation on 3 September 2019 of the Circular on the Standards of Cosmetics Registration,
Record -Filing, Inspection and Test by the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA)123;
(iv) the adoption on 31 August 2018 of the Soil Pollution Prevention and Control Law at the Standing
Committee of the 13th National People's Congress; and (v) the issue on 29 April 2020 of the
Measures for the Environmental Management Registration of New Chemical Substances by the
Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE) (Order No. 12 of the Ministry), which entered into force
on 1 January 2021.124
3.134. The Standardization Law classifies China's standards into five major categories: national,
sector, local, association , and enterprise. The national standards include both voluntary and
mandatory standards. Sector standards and local standards are voluntary. The Law also stipulates
that, where there are other provisions on the formulation of mandatory standards in laws,
administrative regulations, and decisions of the State Council, such provisions shall prevail.
3.135. The Plan for Deepening Standardization Reform issued by the State Council proposes that
the current mandatory national, sector, and local standards will be gradua lly integrated into
mandatory national standards; the three -level system of mandatory national, sector, and local
standards concerning environmental protection, engineering, construction, and medicine and
healthcare will be retained. Sector standards in mi litary industries involving national security and
secrets, such as nuclear and aerospace, are managed by the National Defence Science and
Technology Industry Authorities of the State Council.
3.136. The SAMR, established in 2018, is responsible for organizing and guiding the comprehensive
law enforcement of market supervision, including law enforcement and inspection work in the fields
of quality, measurement, certification, accreditation, and standardization. Specifically, the Law
Enforcement and Inspection Burea u of the SAMR is responsible for formulating and organizing the
implementation of systems and measures for the comprehensive law enforcement of market
supervision and investigation and handling of cases; guiding the investigation and handling of
relevant v iolations of market entities in access, production, operation, and trading; undertaking the
work of organizing, investigating, and supervising the handling of major and important cases with
national influence, or major and important cases involving more th an one province (autonomous
region or municipality directly under the Central Government); and guiding the comprehensive law
enforcement of local market supervision.
3.137. While the China National Certification and Accreditation Administration (CNCA) and the
Standardization Administration of China (SAC) no longer exist as entities, the SAMR retains their
functions, using their names where relevant. The General Administration of Quality Supervision,
Inspection, and Quarantine (AQSIQ) was dismantled when the SAMR w as established.
3.138. China's standardization system is administered by the SAMR, performing as the SAC. The
Department of Standard Techni cal Management of the SAMR issues, under the name of the SAC,
national standards plans; approves the release of national sta ndards; and reviews and releases
important documents such as standardization policies, management systems, plans, and
announcements. In addition, it notifies the public of mandatory national standards, undertakes the
management of the National Professional Standardization Technology Committee, and carries out
the regular work of the State Council's standardization coordination mechanism. The Department of
Standards Innovati ve Management of the SAMR, under the name of the SAC, coordinates, guides,
122 The SAMR also promulgated the Measures for the Admi nistration of Local Standards, which entered
into force on 1 March 2020.
123 NMPA Circular No. 72, 2019. The Circular cancels requirements on qualification recognition for
cosmetic administrative licensing inspection institutions and the designation of recor d-filing inspection
institutions; it stipulates that inspection institutions can register themselves for recording administration, and
revises the procedures of registration, record -filing, inspections and tests, requirements for inspection items,
and requ irements for and styles of inspection reports.
124 Measures for the Environmental Management of New Chemical Substances (Ministry of
Environmental Protection Order No. 7), issued on 19 January 2020, are to be repealed as Order No. 12 enters
into force. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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and superv ises the work related to sector, local, association, and enterprise standards. It is also in
charge of organizing and participating in the activities of the International Organization for
Standardization, International Electrotechnical Commission, and othe r international or regional
standardization organizations, as well as the signing of relevant international cooperation
agreements.
3.139. Work related to standardization is carried out under the unified organization of the SAC, the
NDRC, the NMPA , other ministries, and local and industry associations (such as the China Association
for Standardization) in their respective fields.125
3.140. The responsibility of the MIIT and other institutions, such as the China Electronics
Standardization Institute, the Ch ina Communications Standards Association, the NMPA, and the
National Health Commission , in regard to standard setting has remained largely unchanged since
the previous Review.126
3.141. The GACC is responsible for: (i) entry-exit health quarantine, entry -exit insp ection, and
quarantine of animals and plants and their products, and the statutory inspection of imports and
exports; (ii) supervision and administration of the appraisal, verification, and quality safety of
imports and exports; (iii) inspection and quaran tine as well as supervision and administration of food
and cosmetics imports; and (iv) food export -related work in accordance with bilateral and
multilateral agreements.
3.142. China's technical barriers to trade (TBT) Enquiry Point is headquartered in the Resear ch
Centre of the GACC for International Inspection and Quarantine Standards and Technical
Regulations; it assists the Notification and Enquiry Bureau of MOFCOM to submit TBT notifications.
3.143. National standards are formulated in accordance with the Measures o n Administration
of National Standards, Order No. 10, 24 August 1990, unchanged since the previous Review.127 At
the technical examination stage, mandatory standards must be publicly reviewed by convening
meetings, and the period for receiving comments cann ot be less than two months. The authorities
state that before their approval, mandatory standards that may have a significant effect on trade
and whose technical content is not in accordance with the technical content of relevant international
standards mu st be notified to the WTO. Government agencies, such as the NDRC and the MIIT, have
the staff to approve and promulgate technical regulations that may refer to voluntary standards,
rendering them mandatory.
3.144. As at end -2020, there were 39,460 national standa rds (2,133 mandatory and
37,327 voluntary standards). According to the authorities, at end -2020, among the national
standards that correspond to the relevant international standards, 92.4% of mandatory standards
and 91.4% of voluntary standards were adopti ons or adaptation s of international standards,
compared with 74.3% and 85.9% at end -2017. Of the national standards approved in 2020 (before
15 July), 4.0% were mandatory, compared with 2.8% in 2018.
3.145. Between January 2018 and 13 April 2021, China submitted 344 TBT notifications, most of
them under Article 2.9 of the TBT Agreement.128 In the Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade,
125 According to the authorities, both domestic and registered foreign -funded enterprises may
participate in China's national standardization activities. They must file an application to participate in the
corresponding technical committee, as specified in the Ad ministration Provisions on National Professional
Standardization Technology Committee.
126 WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018.
127 Industry or sectoral standards are formulated by the relevant technical committees. The
standardization administr ations of the competent ministries, with the support of the industry institutes of
standardization and technical committees, are responsible for establishing industry or sectoral standard
development plans and approving the corresponding standards. Local s tandards are formulated by the
standardization authorities of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central
Government in accordance with the Administrative Measures on Local Standards. Industry or sectoral and local
standard s must also be reviewed within five years of their implementation (Guo Bao Wei Ban No. 3, 2009).
128 WTO documents G/TBT/N/CHN/ series from 1 January 2016 to 8 April 2021. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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between January 2018 and 13 April 2021, 25 specific trade concerns (STCs) were raised by Members
regarding TBT measures maintaine d or planned by China, including 9 new STCs.129
3.3.2.2 Product certification
3.146. Except for the establishment of the SAMR, and the concurrent abolition of the AQSIQ, no
changes have taken place in the laws and regulations governing China's certification system since
the previous Review . Certification and accreditation are regulated by: the Product Quality Law; the
Import and Export Commodity Inspection Law; the Regulations on Certification and Accreditation;
the Regulations on Compulsory Product Certification; the Measures for the Administration of
Certification Bodies; the Measures for the Administration of Certification Certificates and Certification
Marks; the Measures for the Administration of Organic Product Certification; and the Measures for
the Administr ation of Energy -Saving and Low -Carbon -Emission Product Certification. China
administers both a voluntary certification system and a compulsory product certification system.
3.147. The Certification and Supervision Department and Accreditation, Testing and Inspect ion
Department under the SAMR, performing as the CNCA, is responsible for, inter alia , policies related
to certification, accreditation, testing, and inspection. The CNCA participates in the certification,
accreditation, testing, inspection, and other inte rnational cooperation of qualification certification;
undertakes the signing of relevant international cooperation protocols; organizes national
inter-ministerial conferences on certification and accreditation; and coordinates with local and
sectoral autho rities regarding certification, accreditation, testing, and inspection.
3.148. The China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS), under the
administration of the SAMR, is responsible for the accreditation of certification bodies, laborator ies,
inspection bodies, and relevant bodies. The CNAS is the national accreditation body recognized by
the SAMR (as the CNCA) in accordance with the Regulations on Certification and Accreditation. The
Secretariat of the CNAS is located in the China Nationa l Accreditation Institute for Conformity
Assessment (CNAI). As the legal entity of the CNAS, the CNAI assumes legal liabilities arising from
CNAS accreditation activities. The CNAS is mainly responsible for: (i) establishing and operating the
national accr editation system for conformity assessment bodies, and formulating and publishing
accreditation rules, principles, guidelines, and other normative documents in accordance with,
inter alia, China's relevant laws and regulations and international and nationa l standards;
(ii) assessing the competence of local or foreign conformity assessment bodies that have filed
applications, making accreditation decisions, and conducting accreditation -related surveillance and
management on accredited conformity assessment b odies; (iii) directing and regulating the use of
the CNAS logo and accreditation symbols; (iv) organizing personnel training related to accreditation,
and qualifying, recruiting, and managing accreditation personnel; (v) offering relevant technical
service s to conformity assessment bodies, and providing the public with publicly available
information on accredited conformity assessment bodies; (vi) participating in international activities
related to conformity assessment and its accreditation, and signing b ilateral or multilateral
accreditation cooperation agreements with relevant accreditation bodies, related bodies, or
international organizations; (vii) dealing with appeals and complaints related to accreditation;
(viii) undertaking tasks assigned by relev ant government departments; and (ix) carrying out other
activities related to accreditation.
3.149. China's compulsory product certification system, which applies to both domestic products
and imports, aims to enforce product compliance with technical requirement s. The products subject
to compulsory product certification are listed in the Compulsory Product Certification Catalogue
(CCC Catalogue); they cannot be sold in China or imported without a China Compulsory Certification
(CCC) and the corresponding CCC mark s.130 The CCC system is based on national compulsory
standards. The products that have been listed in the compulsory certification directory may only
leave the factory, be sold, imported, and used in other business activity after they have been certified
and labelled. In April 2020, for the purpose of optimizing the business environment and facilitating
imports, the Announcement of the State Administration for Market Regulation and the General
Administration of Customs on Releasing the Catalogue of Products Subject to CCC and
129 STCs 294, 296, 428, 456, 457, 466, 477, 489, 493, 509, 526, 527, 533, 534, 545, 547, 551, 576,
584, 611, 641, 642, 644, 665, and 667.
130 SAMR Announcement on the Compulsory Product Certification Catalogue (CCC Catalogue) and
Description and Definition Form (Announcement No. 18, 2020). Viewed at:
http://gkml.samr.gov.cn/nsjg/rzjgs/202004/t20200428_314776.html . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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2020 Reference Table for the Products Numbers (Announcement No. 21, 2020) was issued,
specifying the product numbers involved in the CCC Catalogue.131
3.150. Under SAMR Announcement on the Compulsory Product Certification Catalogue and
Description and Definition Form (Announcement No. 18, 2020), the CCC Catalogue includes
103 products, 19 of which adopted self -declaration assessment. Under this method, the CCC marks
can be applied after the submission of conformity information; there is no need to involve
accreditation bodies for compulsory product certification.
3.151. The CCC Catalogue is approved and released jointly by the SAMR and the CNCA, together
with the relevant indust rial administrative departments, if approval from the industry regulator is
required. Responsibility for the general administration of the compulsory product certification system
and its implementation lies with the CNCA. Random conformity sampling tests a re conducted on
imports that have already acquired a CCC.
3.152. Procedures to obtain the CCC mark have remained largely unchanged since the previous
Review; with the exception of 19 products that have been accredited by self -declaration, an
application must be s ubmitted to the authorized accredited certification bodies designated by the
CNCA, each of which is authorized to provide certification for several products subject to the CCC.
In the context of the present Review, the authorities have indicated that there are 35 mandatory
certification bodies.132
3.153. Under certain circumstances, exemptions from CCC certification may be granted. Eligible
products include goods and samples required for research, testing, and certification testing;
parts/goods needed directly for end-users' maintenance purposes; equipment/spare parts
(excluding office supplies) used to complement factory production lines/complete production lines;
goods used only for commercial display but not for sale; imported spare parts for the purpose of
expor ts as a whole machine; and other goods that are exempt from CCC certification for special
purposes.
3.3.2.3 Labelling and packaging
3.154. Imported pre -packaged food or food additives require a label in Chinese, and instructions,
as long as laws require, in Chinese. Such labels and instruction manuals must specify the origin of
the product and the name, address, and contact details of the domestic agent importing the food.133
The labels and instructions must comply with the provisions of the Food Safety Law and other
relevant laws and administrative regulations and the requirements of the National Food Safety
Standards, and state the country of origin of the food, as well as the name, address, and contact
details of the domestic agent. Pre -packed food without labels and/or instructions in Chinese or whose
labels or instructions do not comply with the provision of the Law may not be imported.
3.155. Several changes to labelling and packaging requirements took place during the review
period. For example, Articles 67-71 of the Food Sa fety Law, as amended in 2018, specify the
requirements on food labelling. Article 33 of the Regulations on the Implementation of the Food
Safety Law, as amended in 2019, provides that producers and distributors shall print conspicuous
marks for their invol vement in the business of genetically modified foods; it also stipulates that the
labelling measures shall be formulated by the food safety supervision and administration department
of the State Council while consulting the agricultural administrative depa rtment of the State Council.
131 This involves updating the CCC Catalogue, drafting and promulgating the implementing rules for the
compulsory certification of products listed in the CCC Catalogue, designing and promulgating certification
marks, defining the requirements for CCCs, designating certification bodies and testing laboratories, carrying
out con formity assessment activities for CCC certification, and supervising and inspecting compulsory product
certification. The SAMR may also authorize market regulation authorities of local People's Governments at or
above the county level as local regulation a uthorities for products listed in the CCC Catalogue in areas under
their administration.
132 Certification bodies include the China Quality Certification Centre, China Security Technology
Certification Centre, China Agricultural Product Quality Certification Centre, China Safety Glass Certification
Centre, Product Conformity Assessment Centre, China Certification Centre for Fire Products under the Ministry
of Public Security, and China Automotive Certification Centre.
133 Food Safety Law, Article 97; and Genera l Rules for the Labelling of Pre -packaged Foods
(GB7718 -2011), Article 4.1.6.3. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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3.156. Other labelling and packaging requirements include the National Safety Standard General
Rules for the Nutrition Labelling of Pre -packaged Foods (GB28 050-2011), the National Food Safety
Standard General Rules for the Labelling o f Pre-packaged Foods (GB7718 -2011), the National Food
Safety Standard General Rules for Labelling of Pre -packaged Foods for Special Dietary Uses
(GB13432 -2013), the Vaccine Administration Law (adopted on 29 June 2019), the revised
Pharmaceutical Administra tion Law (issued on 26 August 2019), Regulations for the Implementation
of the Drug Administration Law (unchanged since 2018), Regulations for the Supervision and
Administration of Medical Devices (unchanged since 2018, currently being revised), the Regula tions
on the Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics (issued on 16 June 2020), the Product Quality
Law (unchanged since 2018), the Administrative Measures for the Packaging and Labelling of
Agricultural Products (unchanged since 2018), and the Provisio ns for the Administration of Food
Labelling (AQSIQ Decree No. 123).134
3.157. The draft Measures for Supervision and Administration of Food Labelling, published by the
SAMR in November 2019, have not yet been adopted by the legislature. The revised draft of the
Wildlife Protection Law was submitted to the 22nd session of the Standing Committee of the
13th National People's Congress for the first review on 13 October 2020. Currently, it is being revised
and improved based on the opinions of various parties.
3.3.3 Sanita ry and phytosanitary requirements
3.3.3.1 Legal, institutional, and policy framework
3.158. During the review period, there was a substantial reorganization of the agencies responsible
for sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) -related issues. In 2018, the former China Food an d Drug
Administration, General Administration for Industry and Commerce, and the AQSIQ were
restructured into the SAMR, and the NMPA was established under the SAMR's responsibility. The
GACC took on many of the responsibilities previously held by AQSIQ. Th e respective responsibilities
of the different institutions in charge of China's SPS system are set out in Table 3.17. China's WTO
SPS Enquiry Point is the SPS Notification and Enquiry Division in the Research Centre for
International Inspection and Quaran tine Standards and Technical Regulations within the GACC. Its
national notification authority is the WTO Notification and Enquiry Centre within MOFCOM.135
3.159. As set out in the Food Safety Law, local food safety standards may be developed and
published by the h ealth administrative departments of provinces, autonomous regions, or
municipalities directly under the Central Government for local specialties without national food safety
standards. These must be reported to the hea lth administrative department of the S tate Council for
recordation and must be immediately repealed after the relevant national food safety standards are
issued.
3.160. The main SPS -related laws and regulations are set out in Table 3.18. Amendments to the
Law on Import and Export Commodity Inspection in 2018 involved deletion of references to customs
inspection and release of goods based on a customs declaration certificate issued by a commodity
inspection organization136, while changes the Law's 2019 Implementing Regulations reflected
institutional ch anges.137 Similarly, amendments to the Food Safety Law in 2018138 were to reflect
changes to the names of relevant authorities.
134 AQSIQ Decree No. 123 is planned to be abolished after the Measures for the Supervision and
Administration of Food Labelling are issued and enter into force. The Provisions fo r the Supervision and
Administration of Production of Food Additives (AQSIQ Decree No. 127) were abolished on 13 July 2020.
135 WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Information Management System. Viewed at:
http://spsims.wto.org/en/EnquiryPointsNotificationAuthorities/Search?countryCode=C156&filter= .
136 Law on Inspection of Import and Export Commodities (as amended in December 2018). Viewed at:
http://www.cu stoms.gov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/2369445/index.html . Changes were made to
Articles 11 and 15 of the Law.
137 Implementing Regulations of the Law on Inspection of Import and Export Commodities (revised and
promulgated on 2 March 2019). Viewed at:
http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/2369666/index.html .
138 Food Safety Law (revised and promulgated on 29 December 2018. Viewed at:
http://www. npc.gov.cn/npc/c30834/201901/c6d064de8295489288ec1383b33212ee.shtml . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Table 3.17 Central Government institutions with SPS -related responsibilities, 2021
Institution Responsibilities
National Health
Commission Supervision and management of public health; food safety risk assessment;
organization and formulation of national standards f or food safety; monitoring,
assessment, and information exchange of food safety risks; and safety reviews of
novel food, new food additives, and new varieties of food -related products.
Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Affairs
(MARA) Supervision of the s afety and quality of agricultural products; supervision and
management of livestock and poultry slaughtering facilities; and leading the work
of national entry -exit animal and plant quarantine.
State Administration
for Market Regulation
(SAMR) Coordinatio n of food safety supervision and administration; organization of the
formulation of major food safety policies; building a food safety emergency
response system; organization and guidance of emergency responses;
investigation and handling of major food saf ety incidents; food safety inspection
and administration; establishment of a supervision and inspection system and a
mechanism for identifying and controlling hidden dangers that cover the whole
process of food production, distribution, and consumption; or ganization of
supervision and sampling inspection to ensure food safety, risk monitoring,
guiding, and urging the verification and treatment of substandard foods, as well
as pre -warning and exchanges of information on risks.
General Administration
of Cust oms (GACC) Entry -exit commodity inspection; entry -exit health quarantine; entry -exit animal
and plant quarantine; administration of inspection and quarantine of imported
food and cosmetic products; and implementation of work related to exported food
in acc ordance with multilateral and bilateral agreements.
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
Table 3.18 Main SPS -related laws and regulations, January 2021
Laws Promulgation/revision
Law on the Entry and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine Effective 1992. Last revised 2009
Food Safety Law Effective 2009. Last revised 2018
Law on Inspection of Import and Ex port Commodities Effective 1989. Last revised 2018
Law on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products Effective 2006
Regulations on Implementation of the Law on the Entry and
Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine Effective 1997
Implementing Regulations of the Food Safety Law Effective 2009. Last revised 2019
Implementing Regulations for the Law on Inspection of Import
and Export Commodities Effective 2005. Last revised 2019
Law on Animal Epidemic Prevention Effective 1997. Last revised Janu ary 2021
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
3.161. The Implementing Regulations of the Food Safety Law entered into force in
December 2019139; changes to these regulations reflect the major changes to the Food Safety Law
in 2015 (described in China' s previous Review). A draft of the Implementing Regulations was notified
to the WTO in 2017.140 It would appear that an underlying principle of the Law and the Implementing
Regulations is that food producers should hold primary accountability for food safet y; they also
contain provisions on traceability of food and agricultural products sold in China.
3.162. China's 13th Five-Year Food Safety Plan (2016 -20) set out the priority goals and associated
tasks to improve food safety governance and the development of the food industry.141 These
included, inter alia , increasing inspections and testing, addressing pollution, improving food safety
standards and their integration with international standards, upgrading research and testing
capacities, strengthening enforcement and improving related laws and regulations. The authorities
indicate that several steps have been taken to realize the goals in the Food Safety Plan including:
projects to formulate or revise standards and inspection methods142; revisions to Administrative
139 Implementation Regulations of the Food Safety Law (which entered into force on 1 December 2019).
Viewed at: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2019 -10/31/content_5447142.htm .
140 WTO document G/SPS/N/CHN/1055, 14 August 2017.
141 FAO, 13th Five-Year National Food Safety Plan . Viewed at:
http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX -FAOC175008 .
142 These projects covered general standards; hygienic standards for production and operation;
supporting inspection methods; and standards for food safety and nutrition practices of formula foods for
infants and young children, formula foods for special medi cal purposes, and group meals for key populations. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Measures on Food Safety Standards143; improvements to data collection to inform food safety risk
assessments through monitoring activities, studies, and surveys; improvements to quantitative risk
assessment techniques and models in the fields of chemistry and microbiology in order to discove r
and assess food safety hazards developed by the China National Center for Food Safety Risk
Assessment; updates to the Manual of National Food Safety Standards; and strengthened sampling
inspection and monitoring of food safety. The authorities also indic ate that China has become
increasingly active in developing international food standards.
3.163. MARA plans to introduce an edible agriculture product compliance certificate system and a
National Agriculture Product Quality and Safety Traceability Platform. Accor ding to the authorities,
these measures are only applicable to domestic production and operation of edible agricultural
products.
3.164. From 2018 to early 2021, the GACC signed several memoranda of understanding or
cooperation protocol with the relevant authorit ies in 28 trading partners on SPS -related issues,
namely: import and export water product safety cooperation; import and export food safety
cooperation; implementing SPS measures; animal and/or plant quarantine/inspection; animal health
and quarantine; SPS measures cooperation; further promoting e -certificate exchange and paperless
cooperation; food safety and animal and plant health cooperation; implementing paperless
cooperation on inspection and quarantine certificates; water product e -certificate cooper ation;
establishing a cooperation system for joint prevention and control of plant epidemics and diseases
in border areas; establishing the SPS measures working group; and notification and control
procedures for certain significant poultry diseases.
3.3.3.2 SPS me asures
3.165. Between 1 January 2018 and 13 April 2021, China submitted 165 notifications to the WTO
Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Committee) , including 2 emergency
notifications .144 The emergency notifications related to the suspension of imports of logs originating
in six Australian states to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests145, and measures with respect
to imported cold -chain food to prevent the transmission of COVID ‑19 (see below).146 Most of China's
notifications during the re view period relate to human health and food safety (Chart 3.5).
Forty-four of the SPS measures notified by China during the review period were based on
international standards, recommendations, or guidelines.
3.166. The authorities indicate that, over the period January 2018 to December 2020, China issued
22 national standards, including 4 revised ones, for animal health and 77 national standards in the
phytosanitary area (including 2 revised standards). In 2019, China released the latest versions of
the National Food Safety Standard – Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Foods and the National
Food Safety Standard – Maximum Residue Limits for Veterinary Drugs in Goods, which are applicable
to foods sold in the Chinese market.147
3.167. In 2020, the GACC issued the Ann ouncement on Adjusting the Supervision Requirements for
Certain Imports and Exports.148 This is aimed at optimizing the port business environment and
reducing the burden on enterprises through removing certain SPS -related reporting, registration,
certificat ion, inspection, and other regulatory requirements.
3.168. In order to prevent the reintroduction of the COVID ‑19 virus through imported cold -chain
food and to protect the health and safety of consumers, the GACC implemented emergency
preventive measures for foreign manufacturers of imported cold -chain foods with positive novel
coronavirus nucleic acid results. This was notified to the WTO as an emergency measure in 2020,
143 According to the authorities, these revisions involved food safety standards of new food raw
materials, new varieties of food -related products, and new varieties of food additives; the harmonization of
local and national standards; and the harmonization of the standards set for imported food without national
food safety standards.
144 WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Information Management System. Viewed at:
http://spsims .wto.org .
145 WTO document G/SPS/N/CHN/1194, 12 January 2021.
146 WTO document G/SPS/N/CHN/1173, 21 September 2020.
147 GB 2763 -2019 and GB 31650 -2019, respectively.
148 GACC Announcement No. 9, 2020. Viewed at:
http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/2480148/3262223/index.html . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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which is still in force.149 It has been rep orted that, in 2020, the city of Shenzhen introduced COVID ‑19
handling and testing requirements for imports of frozen meat and seafood. In response to the
pandemic, China has also taken measures to facilitate the imports of food and agricultural products
and simplify sanitary approval for imported special medical supplies (Box 3.1).
Chart 3.5 Main elements contained in SPS measures notified by China, 1 January 2018 -
13 April 2021
Note: This chart indicates th e keywords contained in notifications in the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary
Information Management System. Most notifications contain more than one keyword.
Source: WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Information Management System. Viewed at:
http://spsims.wto.org .
3.169. During the review period, eight new STCs were raised in the SPS Committee, regarding:
(i) restrictions on imports of US beef; (ii) administrative measures for registration of overseas
manufacturers of imported fo od; (iii) actions related to COVID ‑19 that affect trade in food and
agricultural products; (iv) restrictions related to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI);
(v) recognition of equivalence for third parties as part the China -United States Phase 1 Econo mic
and Trade Agreement ; (vi) a proposed new health certificate format for shrimp imports;
(vii) restrictions on bovine meat imports; and (viii) delays in approving requests for new listings or
reinstatements of export establishments. An additional five STCs were raised in the S PS Committee
regarding Chinese measures in place prior to this review period (Table 3.19).
Table 3.19 SPS-related STCs raised against China, 1 January 2018 -13 April 2021
STC Member(s) raising STC ,
(Members supporting the
concern) First raised/last raised ,
(number of times
subsequently raised)
China's AQSIQ official certification
requirements for food imports Israel, United States
(Australia, Canada, Chile,
Costa Rica, Europea n Union,
Guatemala, Japan, Republic
of Korea, Mexico, Norway,
Singapore, Switzerland, and
Thailand) 2004/2019 , (7)
General import restrictions due to bovine
spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) European Union,
United States (Canada,
Switzerland, and Uruguay) 2004/2020 , (39)
149 WTO document G/SPS/N/CHN/1173, 21 September 2020. The notification refers to GACC
Announcement on the Implementation of Emergency Preventive Measures for Foreign Manufacturers of
Import ed Cold -chain Foods with Novel Coronavirus Nucleic Acid Positive Results (Announcement No. 103,
2020).
Territory protectionAflatoxinsPharmaceutical productsBeveragesCOVID-19Territory protectionAnimal diseasesHeavy metalsPestsPlant healthToxinsMycotoxinsPesticidesModification of content/scopeMRLsPackagingContaminantsLabellingAnimal healthAnimal feedFeed additivesFood additivesFood safetyHuman health
0102030405060708090100110120130140150Chart 3.[CHN] Main elements contained in SPS measures notified by China, 1 January 2018 to 13 April 2021WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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STC Member(s) raising STC ,
(Members supporting the
concern) First raised/last raised ,
(number of times
subsequently raised)
Import restrictions due to African swine fever European Union 2015/2020 , (9)
Proposed amendments to the implementation
regulations on safety assessment of
agricultural GMOs Paraguay, United States 2015/2019 , (9)
Import restricti ons due to HPAI European Union,
United States 2016/2020 , (11)
Restrictions on imports of US beef United States 2019
Administrative measures for registration of
overseas manufacturers of imported food United States ( Canada,
European Union, Japan,
Switzerland, and Thailand) 2020, (1)
Actions related to COVID ‑19 that affect trade
in food and agricultural products Canada, United States ,
(Australia, Brazil, Mexico,
Paraguay, United Kingdom) 2020, (0)
HPAI-related restrictions Ukraine 2020, (0)
Recognition of equivalence for third parties as
part of the China -United States Phase 1
Economic and Trade Agreement Australia 2020, (0)
Proposed new health certificate format for
shrimp imports India 2021, (0)
Restrictions on bovine meat imports India 2021, (0)
Delay in approving requests for new listing
and reinstatement of export establishments Australia (Canada) 2021, (0)
Source: WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Information Management System. Viewed at:
http://spsims.wto.org .
3.3.3.3 Inspection and quarantine
3.170. The Law on Entry and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine and its Implementing Regulations
regulate the inspection of animals, plants, and related products that enter, exit, or transit through
China; containers, packing materials, and bedding materials that contain or carry animals, plants,
and related products; and means of transport from animal/plant e pidemic or infected areas. The
Catalogue of Entry -Exit Commodities Subject to Inspection and Quarantine list all the imports and
exports subject to statutory inspection by the entry and exit inspection and quarantine authorities
prior to their commercializ ation (or exit) into (from) China. The current catalogue is contained in
GACC Announcement No. 220, 2019.150 During the review period, the GACC issued revised measures
for the supervision and/or inspection and/or quarantine of imports (and exports) of vario us products,
including cultivation media; fruit; aquatic products, feed, and feed additives; cereals; genetically
modified products; meat products, food, dairy products, and aquatic animals; propagation materials
for entry plants; animals and plants; genet ic materials of animals; cotton; and non -edible animal
products.151
3.3.3.4 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
3.171. China has so far approved the certificates of import safety only for the following genetically
engineered crops for processing as raw materials: soybea ns, corn, rapeseed, cotton, beets, and
papayas, and their products. As indicated by the authorities during China's previous Review, safety
evaluation is required for research, testing, production, processing, operation, and import of
agricultural GMOs in C hina.152 This is undertaken by China's National Agricultural Genetically Modified
Organisms Safety Council. China's agricultural GMO safety assessment systems are governed by the
Guidelines for the Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Plants, Guideline s for the Safety
Assessment of Genetically Modified Animals, and Guidelines for the Safety Assessment of Genetically
Modified Microorganisms for Animals, as well as several measures on safety assessment, testing,
and regulation of agricultural GMOs.153 Reportedly in 2018, MARA amended the regulations on safety
assessment, import approval, and labelling of agricultural GMOs; apparently these regulations
150 GACC Announcement No. 220, 2019. Viewed at:
http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/2811876/index.html .
151 GACC Decrees No. 240 and No. 243, 2018.
152 WTO document WT/TPR/M/375/Add.1, 1 February 2019.
153 WTO document WT/TPR/M/375/Add.1, 1 February 2019. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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provide for additional in -country trials and studies on new biotech events as part of the dossier
submissio n process.
3.172. The Implementing Regulations of the 2019 Food Safety Law require the introduction of
conspicuous labelling requirements for genetically modified foods. China has not replaced the
Regulations on Administration of the Labelling of Agricultural Gen etically Modified Organisms with
the Implementing Regulations of the Food Safety Law.
3.3.4 Competition policy and price controls
3.3.4.1 Competition policy
3.3.4.1.1 Legislative and institutional framework
3.173. During the review period, the legislative and institutional framework of the competition
regime underwent significant adjustments. Relevant adjustments are still in progress. As part of the
institutional reform of the State Council in 2018, the SAMR was established as the national
administrative body for regulating market -related issues, including competition. The previous
functions and personnel of the NDRC, the SAIC, and MOFCOM in their respective fields of competition
policy merged into the SAMR. Thus, the fragmentation of the administrative enforcement of
competition policy came to an end.154 A new Anti -Monopoly Bureau and a new Price Supervision and
Anti-Unfair Competition Bureau were established as the competition agencies within the SAMR. The
institutional structure of competition authorities at the provincial and local lev els of government has
also been adjusted accordingly. The functions of the new Anti -Monopoly Bureau include:
(i) coordinating and promoting the implementation of competition policies, and organizing and
guiding the review of fair competition; (ii) formulat ing anti -monopoly measures and guidelines;
(iii) organizing the enforcement of anti -monopoly rules; and (iv) undertaking international
cooperation and exchanges in anti -monopoly enforcement. The State Council also established an
Anti-Monopoly Committee to organize, coordinate, and guide the anti -monopoly work across the
country. The Committee is headed by a leader of the State Council and composed of senior officials
from relevant ministries and commissions . Following the institutional reform in 2018, the S AMR now
serves as the General Office of the Committee and is responsible for its day -to-day work.155
3.174. Following the completion of the institutional adjustment, one of the priorities of the SAMR is
the adjustment of the competition policy legal framework by u pdating and integrating relevant
departmental rules and guidelines that had been issued by previous enforcement authorities. The
Anti-Monopoly Law (AML)156, the Anti -Unfair Competition Law157, and the Price Law remain the main
legislation in the area of competition policy. The Anti -Unfair Competition Law was revised again in
2019 to strengthen the protection of trade secrets. The SAMR issued several new integrated rules
and guidelines, and man y previous rules and guidelines ceased to apply. Notably, in June 2019, the
SAMR issued new rules concerning monopoly agreements, the abuse of dominant market positions,
and the abuse of administrative monopoly. They are: (i) the Interim Provisions on Proh ibiting
Monopoly Agreements (SAMR Order No. 10, 2019); (ii) the Interim Provisions on Prohibiting Abuse
of Dominant Market Positions (SAMR Order No. 11, 2019); and (iii) the Interim Provisions on
Prohibiting Abuse of Administrative Power to Eliminate or Re strict Competition (SAMR Order No. 12,
2019). These new rules are expected to unify enforcement procedures and standards in relevant
fields. Concerning concentration of undertakings, in September 2018, the SAMR updated and issued
seven guiding rules on not ifications of concentration of undertakings. In October 2020, the SAMR
issued the Interim Provisions on the Examination of Concentration of Undertakings (SAMR Order
No. 30, 2020). With regard to competition issues related to IPR, in October 2020, the SAMR amended
the Provisions on Prohibiting Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights to Eliminate or Restrict
154 Since the promulgation of the Anti -Monopoly Law in 2008, the administrative enforcement of the Law
had long been divided among the NDRC, MOFCOM, and the former SAIC. There had been the academic view
that such an institutional framework had not been able t o ensure the full functioning of competition policy
because it had diminished coherence in law and policy. See WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1,
14 September 2018, paras. 3.148 -3.149.
155 Before the institutional reform in 2018, MOFCOM served as the General O ffice of the Committee.
156 For more information about the Anti -Monopoly Law, see WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1,
14 September 2018, paras. 3.144 -3.145.
157 The Anti -Unfair Competition Law was amended in 2017 to remove its overlaps with the
Anti-Monopoly Law. Major changes were explained in WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1,
14 September 2018, para. 3.146. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Competition (SAMR Order No. 31, 2020). In addition, the Anti -Monopoly Committee of the
State Council issued several guidelines concerning various aspects o f competition policy
enforcement. Box 3.2 presents the main applicable laws, regulations, and guidelines dealing with
competition policy issues in China.
3.175. The AML is currently under amendment. The main purpose of the amendment is to further
improve the anti -monopoly system and rules and enhance the enforcement of the Law. The SAMR
published a draft of the amended Law for public comments on 2 January 2020.158 According to the
authorities, 265 comments were received from 75 organizations and citizens. These com ments
concern almost all aspects of competition policy, including monopoly agreements, abuse of dominant
market position, abuse of administrative power, notification of concentration of undertakings,
investigation, and legal liability. The draft of the Law was completed and submitted to the
State Council in December 2020.
Box 3.2 Main laws, regulations, and guidelines dealing with competition policy issues
Laws
• Anti-Monopoly Law (2007)
• Anti-Unfair Competition Law (as amended in 2019)
• Price Law (1997)
Generally applicable regulations/guidelines
• SAMR Notice on the Authorization of Anti -monopoly Law Enforcement (SAMR Anti -Monopoly Notice
No. 265, 28 December 2018)
• SAMR Notice on Special Do cumentation Templates in Anti -Monopoly Cases (SAMR Anti -Monopoly Notice
No. 72, 3 April 2019)
• Provisions on Prohibiting Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights to Eliminate or Restrict Competition (as
amended by SAMR Order No. 31, 23 October 2020)
• Guidelines of the Anti -Monopoly Committee of the State Council on the Definition of Relevant Market
(24 May 2009)
• Guidelines of the Anti -Monopoly Committee of the State Council on Commitments by Operators in
Monopoly Cases ( 4 January 2019)
• Guidelines of the Anti -Monopoly Committee of the State Council on Conformity with the Anti -Monopoly
Laws and Regulations (11 September 2020)
• Guidelines of the Anti -Monopoly Committee of the State Council on Anti -Monopoly in the Field of
Intellectual Property Rights (4 January 2019)
• Guidelines of the Anti -Monopoly Committee of the State Council on Anti -Monopoly in the Field of Internet
Platform Economy (7 February 2021)
Regulations on abuse of administrative power
• Interim Provisions on Prohibiting Abuse of Administrative Power to Eliminate or Restrict Competition
(SAMR Order No. 12, 26 June 2019)
• State Council Opinions on Establishing A Fair Competition Review System in the Development the Market
System (Guo Fa No. 34, 2016 )
• NDRC, MOF, MOFCOM, SAIC and Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council Notice on Issuing the
Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Fair Competition Review (Trial) (NDRC Notice Jia Jian
No. 1849, 2017)
• SAMR Announcement on Issuing the Guidelin es for the Implementation of Third -party Assessments in
Fair Competition Reviews (SAMR Announcement No. 6, 2019)
Regulations on monopoly agreements
• Interim Provisions on Prohibiting Monopoly Agreements (SAMR Order No. 10, 26 June 2019)
• Guidelines of the A nti-Monopoly Committee of the State Council on the Application of A Leniency
Programme in Horizontal Monopoly Agreement Cases (4 January 2019)
Regulations on abuse of dominant market positions
• Interim Provisions on Prohibiting Abuse of Dominant Market Positions (SAMR Order No. 11, 26 June 2019)
Regulations on price -related monopoly
• Provisions on the Administrative Punishment of Price -related Violation (2010 Revision)
158 The draft amended Law is available at:
http://www.samr.gov.cn/hd/zjdc/202001/t20200102_310120.html . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Regulations on concentration of undertakings
• Interim Provisions on the Examination of Concentration of Undertakings (SAMR Order No. 30, 2020)
• Provisions of the State Council on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings
(State Council Decree No. 529, 2008)
• Notification Form of Anti -monopoly Examinatio n on the Concentration of Undertakings (as amended by
SAMR on 29 September 2018)
• Measures for Calculating the Turnover for the Declaration of Business Concentration in the Financial
Industry (MOFCOM, PBOC, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securit ies Regulatory
Commission, and China Insurance Regulatory Commission Order No. 10, 2009)
• Guidelines on the Procedures of Anti -Monopoly Review of Concentration of Undertakings
(29 September 2018)
• Guiding Opinions on the Notification of Simple Cases of Conce ntration of Undertakings (as amended on
29 September 2018)
• Guiding Opinions on Prior Notification of Concentration of Undertakings (as amended on
29 September 2018)
• Guiding Opinions on Regulating Notification Names for Cases of Concentration of Undertakings (as
amended on 29 September 2018)
• Guiding Opinions on Documentations and Materials in the Prior Notification of Concentration of
Undertakings (as amended on 29 September 2018)
• Model Text of Entrustment Agreement on Monitoring the Fulfilment of Attached Remedies in Concentration
of Undertakings (non -binding) (amended on 29 September 2018)
Sectoral regulations
• Guidelines of the Anti -Monopoly Committee of the State Council on Anti -Monopoly in Automotive Industry
(4 January 2019)
Other regulation s
• Interim Provisions on Regulating Sales Promotion (SAMR Order No. 32, 29 October 2020)
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
3.3.4.1.2 Monopoly agreements
3.176. The AML and the SAMR's Interim Provisions on Prohibiting Monopoly Agreements (SAMR
Order No. 10, 26 June 2019) prohibit six types of horizontal agreements: (i) fixing prices;
(ii) restricting the availability of products; (iii) splitting the markets; (iv) restricting the purchase or
development of new technologies; (v) joint boycotting of transactions; and (vi) other agreements
confirmed by the authorities; and three types of vertical agreements: (i) fixing the prices of products
resold to a third party; (ii) restricting the lowest prices of products resold to a third party; and
(iii) other agreements confirmed by the authorities. The prohibition applies to written or verbal
monopoly agreements or decisions and to concerted behaviour among firms without explicit written
or verbal agreement. Trade associations are prohibited from introduci ng charters, rules, decisions,
and standards that would eliminate or restrict competition and from organizing or promoting
monopoly agreements among their members.
3.177. The AML provides for the application of administrative penalties for concluding and
implemen ting a monopoly agreement, including issuing an order to discontinue the violation, the
confiscation of any unlawful gains, and the imposition of a fine of between 1% and 10% of the
turnover realized in the previous year. If the monopoly agreement has not yet been implemented,
the fine may not exceed CNY 500,000. Monopoly agreements as a result of the abuse of
administrative power are equally subject to penalties. Mitigation or exemption from the penalty may
be obtained in cases of voluntary collaboration w ith the investigating authority or by providing
material evidence during the investigation. On 4 January 2019, the Anti -Monopoly Committee of the
State Council published Guidelines on the Application of a Leniency Programme in Horizontal
Monopoly Agreement Cases, according to which, generally speaking, a maximum of three qualified
operators may be granted lenient treatment. The first company that applies for leniency will be given
full or no less than 80% immunity from the fine; the second company, 30% -50%; the third,
20%-30%; and others, no more than 20%.
3.3.4.1.3 Dominant market positions
3.178. The AML and the SAMR's Interim Provisions on Prohibiting Abuse of Dominant Market
Positions (SAMR Order No. 11, 26 June 2019) prohibit operators holding dominant market positions
from certain types of conduct by abusing their dominant position. For instance, these firms are
prohibited from: (i) selling products at unfairly high prices or purchasing products at unfairly low WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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prices159; (ii) selling products at prices below c osts without valid reasons; (iii) refusing to deal with
counterparts, or imposing anti -competitive conditions in transactions; (iv) unreasonable product
bundling; (v) applying differential prices among counterparts on an equal footing; and (vi) refusing
counterparts access to essential facilities without justified reasons.
3.179. The Interim Provisions also make it clear that operators in the public utility sectors, such as
water, electricity, gas, heating, telecommunications, cable television, postal services, an d
transportation, should not abuse their dominant market position to hurt consumers.
3.180. Operators found to have violated relevant provisions may be subject to the confiscation of
any unlawful gains and to fines of 1% -10% of the turnover achieved in the previo us year.
3.3.4.1.4 Mergers and acquisitions
3.181. According to the AML, the Provisions of the State Council on Thresholds for Prior Notification
of Concentrations of Undertakings (State Council Decree No. 529, 2008) and the SAMR's Interim
Provisions on the Examination of Concentration of Undertakings (SAMR Order No. 30, 2020), all
concentrations reaching certain thresholds must be notified to the SAMR for approval before any
concentration activity takes place. Concentrations may take the form of merger, acquisition, or
business control through contract. The notification thresholds are: (i) a combined worldwide
turnover of all concerned operators exceeding CNY 10 billion in the year preceding the merger, and
an individual turnover in the mainland of China of at least two of the operators exceeding
CNY 400 million; or (ii) a combined turnover in the mainland of China of all concerned operators
exceeding CNY 2 billion in the year preceding the merger, and an individual turnover in China of at
least two operators exceeding CNY 400 million. In case the SAMR concludes that the proposed
concentration has or could have the effect of eliminating or restricting competition, the SAMR will
allow the notifying operator to submit additional written comments and materials to support their
application.
3.182. Operators participating in a concentration proposal may submit to the SAMR a proposal with
a commitment to implement certain remedies that would alleviate the anti -competitive effect. The
SAMR may attach three types of remedies to an approved c oncentration: (i) structural remedies
requiring the disinvestment of tangible assets, IPRs, and other intangible assets, or relevant rights
and interests, etc.; (ii) behavioural remedies such as operators making available their respective
networks, platfor ms, and other infrastructure; licensing key technologies (including patents,
proprietary technologies, or other IPRs); and terminating exclusive agreements; and (iii) a
combination of structural and behavioural remedies. For concentrations approved subject to
additional conditions, relevant operators are obliged to report to the SAMR on how relevant
conditions are fulfilled. The SAMR may monitor and check the fulfilment by itself or through a trustee.
Trustees that have not fulfilled their monitoring obliga tions may face a fine of no more than
CNY 30,000.
3.183. To facilitate notification, swift review procedures were established for cases that are defined
as "simple cases". The relevant rules are contained in the SAMR's Interim Provisions on the
Examination of Con centration of Undertakings and the SAMR Guiding Opinions on the Notification of
Simple Cases of Concentration of Undertakings (as amended on 29 September 2018).160 The simple
159 Article 14 of the Interim Provisions provides that con sideration may be given to prices offered by
different operators in the same market, prices offered by the same operator in the same or similar markets,
and abnormal price fluctuation in relation to production cost.
160 Article 17 of the SAMR's Interim Provi sions on the Examination of Concentration of Undertakings
(SAMR Order No. 30, 2020) provides that a concentration shall be considered as a simple case when: (i) in the
same relevant market, the total market share of all business operators participating in the concentration is less
than 15%; (ii) an upstream -downstream relationship exists among the business operators participating in the
concentration, and the market share of such business operators in both the upstream and the downstream
markets is less tha n 25%; (iii) the business operators participating in the concentration are neither in the same
relevant market nor have any upstream -downstream relationship, and their market share in each market
relevant to the concentration is less than 25%; (iv) the bus iness operators participating in the concentration
intend to establish a joint venture abroad, which will not engage in any economic activities within the territory
of China; (v) the business operators participating in the concentration intend to acquire t he equity or assets of
an overseas enterprise that does not engage in any economic activities within China; or (vi) a joint venture
jointly controlled by two or more business operators will be controlled by one or more of the existing business
operators af ter the concentration. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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cases shall be published on the SAMR website for 10 days for public comment. Simpl e cases require
simpler documentation and less consultation and are intended to result in higher efficiency and
shorter timelines.
3.3.4.1.5 Administrative monopoly
3.184. The AML generally prohibits administrative organs or organizations empowered by law or
administrative regulation to administer public affairs from abusing their administrative power to
eliminate or restrict competition. On 26 June 2019, the SAMR issued the Interim Provisions on
Prohibiting Abuse of Administrative Power to Eliminate or Restrict Competition (SAMR Order No. 12,
2019). The Interim Provisions further elaborate on the prohibitions defined in the AML. Under the
provisions of the AML, remedies agai nst administrative monopoly consist of rectification orders by
the superior authorities, together with punishment of officials in charge and other directly liable
persons.
3.185. To address administrative monopolies, China continuously promoted fair competition r eview
of all of its administrative policies and measures during the review period. The initiative started in
2016 under the guidance of the State Council Opinions on Establishing a Fair Competition Review
System in the Development the Market System (Guo Fa No. 34, 2016). It aims to tackle
anti-competitive issues such as local protectionism, regional market closure, barriers to market
entry, and illegal preference polices, which are caused by inappropriate administrative measures of
the Government. The mecha nism requires that all administrative rules, norms, and measures in
relation to market access, industrial development, investment promotion, tendering activities,
government procurement, business operation norms, and qualification criteria go through fair
competition review before being introduced. Any administrative measures that have the effect of
eliminating or restricting competition should not be put into place unless they fall into the exceptions
prescribed by the State Council Opinions. In the course of policy -making and fair competition review,
the authorities should hear the viewpoints of stakeholders or collect public comments. In 2017, the
NDRC, the MOF, MOFCOM, the SAIC, and the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council jointly
issued the D etailed Rules for the Implementation of the Fair Competition Review (Trial) (NDRC Notice
Jia Jian No. 1849, 2017). The SAMR, the NDRC, the MOF, and MOFCOM jointly published the Notice
on Clearing Policies and Measures that Impede the Single Market and Fair Competition (SAMR
Anti-Monopoly Notice No. 245, 2019) on 25 December 2019 and the Notice on Further Promoting
Fair Competition Reviews (SAMR Anti -Monopoly Notice No. 73, 2020) on 9 May 2020. The latter
requires that such clearing work be conducted periodi cally in the future. According to the authorities,
1.89 million documents were examined in 2019 and 2020, and nearly 30,000 of them were abolished
or revised.
3.3.4.1.6 Enforcement
3.186. Following the institutional reform of 2018, the SAMR has been the main anti -monopoly
enforcement agency in China. On 28 December 2018, the SAMR circulated the Notice on the
Authorization of Anti -monopoly Law Enforcement (SAMR Anti -Monopoly Notice No. 265, 2018) that
specifies the enforcement mechanism and the obligations of relevant author ities. According to the
Notice, the SAMR is directly responsible for cross -provincial anti -monopoly cases, anti -competitive
conduct of provincial governments involving abuse of their administrative power, and complicated
cases and cases of nationwide signi ficance. The SAMR may delegate such responsibilities to
provincial -level administrations. The SAMR may also ask provincial -level administrations to carry out
investigations in specific cases on its behalf. These administrations are also responsible for
anti-monopoly cases within their respective regions. The Notice also requires that enforcement
agencies at different levels take a proactive approach in handling anti -monopoly cases and
preventing anti -monopoly conduct. It also emphasizes the importance of co nsistent enforcement
procedures and criteria, improving transparency in relevant cases, strengthening the capacity of
enforcement agencies, and enhancing competition advocacy.
3.187. In December 2020, the SAMR published its first enforcement annual report, the 20 19 Annual
Report on Anti -Monopoly Enforcement in China.161 According to the Report, in 2019, the SAMR and
the provincial administrations for market regulation initiated 103 monopoly investiga tions, including
28 cases on monopoly agreements, 15 on abuse of dominant market positions, 24 on abuse of
administrative power, and 36 on illegal concentration of undertakings. Among those 103 cases,
161 SAMR. Viewed at: http://www.samr.gov.cn/xw/zj/202012/P020201224808232684415.pdf . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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46 were closed, and fines totalling CNY 320 million were is sued. These cases mainly concerned the
following industries: natural gas, pharmaceuticals, auto parts, milk powder, transportation, storage,
and real property. Investigated undertakings include SOEs, FIEs, private companies, and industrial
associations. Co ncerning concentration of undertakings, the SAMR received 503 notifications,
investigated 462 cases, and concluded 465 cases. Among the closed cases, five were approved with
conditions, accounting for about 1.1%. Decisions on monopoly cases and the reviews of
concentration cases are published on the SAMR website ( http://www.samr.gov.cn/fldj/tzgg/ ). The
2019 Annual Report on Anti -Monopoly Enforcement also presented 11 typical anti -monopoly cases,
covering different types of anti -monopoly conducts.
3.3.4.1.7 International cooperation
3.188. China has been active in international cooperation in the area of competition policy. By
mid-2020, China signed 53 international anti -monopoly cooperation documents with 32 countries
and regions and established bilateral and multilateral anti -monopoly cooperation mechanisms. Since
its establishment in 2018, the SAMR has signed bilateral memoranda of understanding (MOUs) on
anti-monopoly cooperation with the competition authorities of the E uropean Union, Japan, the
Republic of Korea, Serbia, Belarus, the Philippines, and Morocco. China and the Russian Federation
renewed their MOU on the Implementation of the Agreement on Cooperation and Exchanges in
Anti-monopoly and Anti -Unfair Competition (2020 -21). The SAMR extended the MOU on Cooperation
with BRICS Countries in the Field of Competition Laws and Policies.162 China actively participated in
the BRICS Competition Conference and furthered cooperation with BRICS countries in competition
policy. China also carried out cooperation and coordination in many merger and monopoly agreement
cases with its trade partners such as Canada, the European Union, Germany, India, the
United States, the Russian Federation , and South Africa. China also participated in the United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) activities in the area of competition and
consumer protection.
3.189. There are competition chapters in China's bilateral FTAs with seven separate countries, as
well as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Agreement and the Agreement
on Economic and Trade Cooperation with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Discussions on such
chapters are ongoing in the context of several other FTA or FTA upgrade negotiations, including
those wi th Japan and the Republic of Korea, the Gulf Cooperation Council, Norway, the Republic of
Moldova, Israel, and Peru.
3.3.4.2 Price controls
3.190. There were no changes to the legislation concerning price controls during the review period .
Article 18 of the Price Law163 authorizes the competent authorities to carry out, when necessary,
price controls over: (i) products that have a significant bearing on the national economy and people's
livelihoods; (ii) a limited number of rare products; (iii) products of natural monopoly ; (iv) key public
utilities; and (v) key public services. Laws and regulations on specific industrial/service sectors may
also contain provisions on price administration that reaffirm that relevant business operators or
service providers should follow the principles and rules set out by the Price Law. These laws and
regulations include, inter alia, the Pharmaceutical Administration Law, the Railway Law, the Postal
Law, the Compulsory Education Law, the Notary Law, the Decision of the Standing Committee of t he
National People's Congress on the Administration of Judicial Authentication, the Civil Aviation Law,
and the Commercial Bank Law. Laws and regulations related to price controls are summarized in
Table 3.20.
3.191. Price controls take two forms: "government -set prices" or "government -guided prices".
Government -set prices are fixed prices set by the competent authorities, while government -guided
prices are prices set by business operators within a range of prices set by the competent pricing
depart ments or other related government departments, within which the real price is allowed to
fluctuate. The determination of government -set prices or government -guided prices varies according
to the type of product or service. Consideration is usually given to the market situation and average
social costs, as well as economic, regional, and seasonal factors, and development and social needs.
162 BRICS countries are Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China, and South Africa.
163 MOFCOM. Viewed at:
http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policyrelease/Businessregulations/201303/20130300046121.shtml . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Table 3.20 Department rules related to price controls, 2021
Laws/regulatio ns
Central Government Pricing Catalogue NDRC Order No. 31, 2020
Regulations on Government Pricing NDRC Order No. 7, 2017
Measures on Monitoring and Auditing the Costs in
Government Pricing NDRC Order No. 8, 2017
Measures on Hearings in Government Pricing NDRC Order No. 2, 2008
Regulations on Prohibiting Low Price Dumping State Planning Commissiona Order No. 2,
1999
Regulations on Prohibiting Price Fraud State Planning Commission Order No. 15,
2001
Provisions on Price Monitoring NDRC O rder No. 1, 2003
Administrative Measures on the Price of Water Supplied by
Conservancy Projects NDRC and the Ministry of Water Resources
Order No. 4, 2003
a The State Planning Commission is the predecessor of the National Development and Reform
Commission and was replaced by the latter in 2008 in the internal reorganization of the State
Council.
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
3.192. The commodities and services subject to price controls are listed in a Central Government
Pricing Catalo gue and in Local Government Pricing Catalogues compiled by the provinces,
autonomous regions, and municipalities, and they approved by the State Council. The Catalogues
are updated regularly. The current Central Government Pricing Catalogue was issued by t he NDRC
on 13 March 2020 (NDRC Order No. 31, 2020) and came into effect on 1 May 2020.164 The previous
Catalogue (NDRC Order No. 29, 2015) was replaced at the same time.
3.193. Products subject to government -set or -guided prices are listed in Table 3.21. Currentl y, less
than 3% of the economy is covered by price controls.
3.194. Products and services subject to prices set or guided by local governments are summarized
in Table 3.22.
Table 3.21 Products/services subject to price controls by the Central Government, 2021
Item Pricing contents Remarks
Electricity
transmission and
distribution Electricity transmission -distribution price at or
above the provincial level
Oil and gas
pipeline
transportation Trans -provincial (autonomous region or
municipality directly under the Central
Government) pipeline transportation price Except for the internal pipelines of
enterprises
Basic
transportation Railway
transportation
services Hard sea t and hard sleeper
passenger fares of ordinary
passenger trains on railways
wholly owned or controlled by
the Central Government
through stockholding Powered car trainsets and newly
built railway -passenger -dedicated
lines controlled by social capital
investment are not included in the
pricing range.
Bulk cargo and baggage
transportation prices of the
railways wholly owned or
controlled by the Central
Government through
stockholding The pricing range covers the
transportation prices of coal, oil,
grains, fertilizers, and other full -car
loads of cargos and baggage,
except for cargo transportation
through newly built railways
controlled by social capital
investment.
Port services Service fees of the
monopolistic services of the
main ports alon g the coast
and the main trunk of the
Yangtze River and all the
other ports open to vessels of
foreign nationality The pricing range covers the
entering and leaving ports, and the
berthing and departing of ships,
port security, and other services.
164 The Central Government Pricing Catalogue. Viewed at ：
https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/fzggwl/202003/t20200316_1223371.html . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Item Pricing contents Remarks
Civil aviation
services Passenger fares for domestic
civil air routes and domestic
sections of international civil
air routes not eligible for
competition Except for first -class and business -
class fares
Fees of the monopolistic part
of safeguard service s for civil
aviation The pricing range covers the service
fees of the monopolistic services of
civil airports and military and civil
dual-use airports, flight inspection
service fees of civil airlines, and
civil air traffic management service
fees.
Water supply of
major water
conservancy
projects Prices for water supplied by trans -provincial
(autonomous region or municipality directly
under the Central Government) water
conservancy projects directly under the Central
Government Except for the prices negotiated
voluntarily between suppliers and
demanders
Important postal
services Mail delivery fees Except for competitive fields
(including volume weight -calculated
packages) Postal remittance fees
Classified mail correspondence fees
Fees for the distribution of newspapers and
periodicals prescribed by the State
Mailing fees of packages with the single weight
of less than 10 kg
Important
professional
services Basic service charges of commercial banks, bank
card transaction fees The pricing range covers the basic
services of commercial banks such
as transfer and remittance, cash
remittance and bills, and bank card
transaction services (except for
competitive links such as acquiring
service fees).
Special drugs and
blood Special drugs Prices of narcotic drugs and
the first category of
psychotropic drugs
Blood Supply prices at blood banks
of blood for clinical use by
citizens
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
Table 3.22 Products/services subject to price controls by local governments, 2020
Product Type of control/rationale Regulation
Environment
protection charges The compensated use and trading of pollutant
discharge right and hazardous wastes disposal
charges are subject to local government pricing
regulation.
Rationale: public utilities Regulations on Urban Drainage
and Sewage Treatment
Urban household
garbage disposal
charges Urban household waste charges are subject to
local government pricing regulation.
Rationale: public utilities Circular on Implementing Urban
Household Garbage Disposal
Charges and Promoting Garbage
Disposal Industrialization
Sewage disposal
charges Sewage disposal charges are subject to local
government pricing regulation.
Rationale: public utilities Measures for the Administration
of Collection Standards for
Pollutant Discharge Fees
Real estate prices
and charges of
related services Economical housing, low -price house rental, and
property service charges are subject to local
government -guided prices.
Rationale: public service Administrative Measures on
Economical Housing
Administrative Measures on Low -
price House Rental
Entrance to state -
owned key
sightseeing sites Prices are subject to regulation of local
government pricing or local government -guided
prices.
Rationale: public service Tourism Law
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
3.195. The Government continues to implement the minimum procurement price (MPP) policy in
government procurements of unhusked rice and wheat in their main production areas so as to
maintain stable prices. In October 2019, the Government announced that the MPP of wheat would WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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remain unchanged in 2020, with a total procurement volume of 37 million tonnes. In February 2020,
the Government announced that the MPP of unhusked rice would remain basically the same as in
the previous year with a total government procuremen t volume of 50 million tonnes.
3.3.5 State trading, state -owned enterprises, and privatization
3.196. China provided its last full notification on state trading enterprises (STEs) in 2018.165 The
authorities indicate that a new notification would be submitted before mid-July 2021. The legislation
regulating state trading has not changed since 2014, nor have the reasons for maintaining this
practice or the products subject to it. According to the authorities, state trading remains in place to
ensure a stable supply and pr ice of the products concerned, ensure food security, and protect
exhaustible and non -recyclable natural resources and the environment.
3.197. STEs in China have the exclusive right to import or export the following products: wheat,
maize, sugar, tobacco, rice, co tton, crude and processed oil, refined coal, chemical fertilizers,
tungsten and tungstate products, antimony, and silver. The authorities indicate that STEs in China
operate following the market mechanism, with no government interference.
3.198. The authorities i ndicate that the following companies can be considered as STEs: China
Tobacco International Inc., China National Offshore Oil Corporation, Sinochem Group, China
International Petroleum and Chemicals Co. Ltd., China National Agricultural Means of Production
Group Co., Chinatex Corporation Co. Ltd., and Xinjiang Yin Long International Agriculture
Cooperation Co. Ltd.166
3.199. In China's economy, state ownership of companies is important and coexists with diverse
forms of private ownership. State participation varies from wholly SOEs and majority state ownership
to the State acting as another shareholder. The authorities note that the preponderance of public
ownership is upheld in China's economy; the State encourage the development of a mixed -ownership
economy, which involves cross -ownership holdings and an integration between state -owned,
collective, non -public (private), and other types of capital. The private sector is dominant in
industries such as clothing, food, and assembly for export, while companies are predo minantly
state-owned in sectors such as energy, utilities and transport, and financial and telecom services.
SOEs are divided into commercial entities and public welfare entities.
3.200. The authorities indicate that, while privatization of SOEs is not planned, p rogress has been
achieved in mixed -ownership reform. According to the authorities, in November 2020, the Central
Commission for Comprehensive Reforms approved a new proposal for a structural plan of China's
SOEs.
3.201. The number of state -owned industrial enterp rises in the industrial sector increased slightly
during the past years, whereas their number in the construction sector fell (Table 3.23). Profits of
industrial SOEs increased until 2018, but fell strongly in 2019. SOEs and their subsidiaries with
mixed o wnership also play an important role on the stock markets.
3.202. The State -Owned Asset Supervision and Administration (SASAC) is in charge of contributing
capital to, and appointing top managers in, SOEs under its management. It acts as a representative
of the G overnment and is directly subordinated to the State Council. In January 2021, the number
of SOEs under SASAC's authority totalled 97 (compared with 98 in January 2018), 428 subsidiaries
of which are listed on national or international stock exchanges. No i nformation was available on the
number of employees or total assets of the companies controlled by SASAC. SOEs in the financial
sector are controlled by the State Council and the MOF.
3.203. The legal status of SOEs varies from fully Government -owned entities to stock companies
with the State or state agencies as the dominant stockholder. Hence, many large and formally
private companies that may even be traded on the stock market have the State as an important or
major shareholder, through direct ownership or stat e investment vehicles. For example, Ping An
165 WTO documents G/STR/N/16 -17/CHN, 24 July 2018.
166 These companies are mentioned in WTO documents G/STR/Q1/CHN/9 and G/C/W/749,
13 December 2017. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Insurance, China's biggest insurance company, has Shenzhen Investment as its single largest
shareholder, and several other state entities also own significant portions of the company.167
Table 3.23 SOEs in China's economy, 2013 -19
Sector 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Industrial sectora
Number of total enterprises 369,813 377,788 383,148 378,599 372,729 378,440 377,815
Number of SOEsb 18,574 18,808 19,273 19,022 19,022 18,670 20,683
% of SOEs 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 4.9 5.5
Total assets (CNY billion) 87,075 95,678 102,340 108,587 112,191 113,438 120,587
Total assets of SOEsb (CNY billion) 34,399 37,131 39,740 41,770 43,962 43,991 46,968
% of SOEs 39.5 38.8 38.8 38.5 39.2 38.8 38.9
Total profits (CNY billion) 6,815 6,815 6,619 7,192 7,492 6,635 6,580
Total profits of SOEsb (CNY billion) 1,592 1,451 1,142 1,232 1,722 1,858 1,607
% of SOEs 23.4 21.3 17.2 17.1 23.0 28.0 24.4
Construction
Number of enterprises 78,919 81,141 80,911 83,017 88,074 95,400 ..
Number of SOEs 3,847 3,753 3,603 3,593 3,453 3,080 ..
% of SOEs 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.3 3.9 3.2 ..
Gross output value (CNY billion) 16,037 17,671 18,076 19,357 21,394 23,509 ..
Gross output value of SOEs (CNY billion) 2,074 2,207 2,177 2,385 2,641 2,626 ..
% of SOEs 12.9 12.5 12.0 12.3 12.3 11.2 ..
.. Not available.
a Including mining, manufacturing, and production and supply of electricity, gas, and water.
b Numbers referring to SOEs including state -holding enterprises.
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, China Statistical Yearbook (various issues).
3.204. Of China's 10 largest SOEs, 3 are under SASAC's supervision (Table 3.24). The State remains
a majority shareholder in 16 of the 100 largest publicly listed Chinese companies.
Table 3.24 China's 10 largest state -owned enterprises, 2020
(USD billion)
Company name Revenue
SINOPEC Groupa 407.0
State Grid 383.9
China National Petroleuma 379.1
China State Construction Engineeringa 205.8
Industrial & Commercial Bank of China 177.1
China Construction Bank 158.9
Agricultural Bank of China 147.3
Bank of China 135.1
China Life Insurance 131.2
SAIC Motor 122.1
a Controlled by SASAC.
Source: Fortune Global 500.
3.205. SOEs are very important in China's economy, in particular for the Government's employment
and social and regional policy objectives. While no official figures exist on employment in SOEs and
their share in GDP, an academic study estimated that in 2017 their sh are in GDP was between 23%
and 28%, and that their share in employment was between 5% and 16%.168 According to the IMF,
the productivity of China's SOEs is generally low compared with that of privately owned companies;
the average productivity gap between S OEs and private companies is estimated at about 20%.169
167 The authorities state that China's state -owned enterprises are all legal persons established in
accordance with the Company Law and are not part of the Government. According to the authorities, based on
commercial considerations, state -owned enterprises make independent decisions to make equity participation
into private enterprises including large listed private companies.
168 Zhang, C. (2019), How Much Do State -Owned Enterprises Contribute to China's GDP and
Employment? , World Bank document. For the industrial sector, it has been estimated that SOEs in 2017 made
up 18% of employment, 39% of assets, and 23% of sales revenue. Vi ewed at:
http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/449701565248091726/pdf/How -Much-Do-State -Owned -
Enterprises -Contribute -to-China -s-GDP-and-Employment.pdf .
169 IMF (2021): People's Republic of China, Staff Report for the 2020 Article IV Consultation , IMF
Country Report No. 21/6. Viewed at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2021/01/06/Peoples -
Republic -of-China -2020-Article -IV-Consultation -Press -Release -Staff-Report -and-49992 . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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The authorities state that they do not agree with the IMF's conclusion. The IMF also suggests that
SOE reform would significantly lift productivity and growth.
3.206. The importance of SOEs in China's economy , coupled with high amounts of financial support,
may affect the functioning of market -oriented policies and practices. It would appear that SOEs in
China often benefit from credits extended by state banks or other forms of financing, implicit
guarantees, capital injections, and preferential access to inputs. The authorities object to this
statement and indicate that SOEs in China operate under market conditions, with no privileges
granted by the Government.
3.207. It would appear that the China Structural Reform Fund, set up by 10 SOEs in
September 2016, aims to optimize the management of Central Government enterprises, through
the financing of SOE restructuring, overseas mergers and acquisitions, and capacity adjustment,
with a view to enhancing industrial integr ation and improving the performance and efficiency of
capital operations. The authorities state that the Fund is established, invested, and operated in a
market -oriented manner. According to the authorities, no information is available on the paid -in
capital of the Fund.
3.208. In July 2020, China established a bailout fund with a fundraising target of CNY 100 billion to
provide emergency funding for SOEs short on cash in order to avoid possible defaults. The authorities
indicate that the Fund is a market -based cr edit safeguard fund for central SOEs. No information was
available on the fund's filling rate or disbursements.
3.209. The AML stipulates that for SOEs legally enjoying exclusive rights in production and sales or
activities in sectors considered vital for China's economy and to safeguard national security, the
State shall, in order to protect the consumer interest and facilitate technological advancement:
(i) protect these business operations; and (ii) supervise and control these business operations and
the prices of relevant services and commodities provided by these operators (Section 3.3.4).
3.3.6 Government procurement
3.3.6.1 Overview
3.210. According to data provided by the authorities, the total value of government procurement in
China was CNY 3.3 trillion in 2019 (the latest ye ar for which data were made available), accounting
for 3.3% of GDP (Table 3.25). The majority of procurement takes place at the sub -Central
Government level. Procurement by local entities accounted for 91.9% of China's total value of
government procurement in 2019; in the same year, procurement by the Central Government
accounted for 8.1%.170
Table 3.25 Government procurement by type of purchase, 2017 -19
(CNY billion)
2017 2018 2019
TOTAL 3,211.4 3,586.1 3,306.7
Goods 800.2 806.5 860.7
Central Government entities 110.4 122.9 146.4
Local government entities 689.8 683.6 714.3
Construction and engineering services 1,521.1 1,571.4 1,500.4
Central Government entities 52.0 60.4 67.5
Local government entities 1,469.1 1,511.0 1,432.9
Other services 890.2 1,208.1 945.5
Central Government entities 28.9 40.7 52.7
Local government entities 861.3 1,167.5 892.9
Total procurement by the Central Government 191.3 224.0 266.6
Total procurement by local government entities 3,020.2 3,362.1 3,040.0
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
170 Among the 31 provincial -level governments that report procurement data to the Central
Government, the top 10 provinces/municipalities in terms of government procurement contract value are
Guangdong, Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan, Zhejiang, Anhui, Sichuan, Sh anghai, Guangxi, and Hebei. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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3.3.6.2 Legal and institutional framework
3.211. There have been no major changes to China's legislative and regulatory regime concerning
government procurement since the previous Review. The Government Procurement Law remains the
primary legislation regulating government procurement activities.171 It app lies to procurements of
goods, services, and construction works by state organs, public institutions, and social
organizations.172 The Government Procurement Law does not apply to SOEs ; a large number of
infrastructure projects and public utility works carr ied out by SOEs are therefore excluded from the
scope of application of the Government Procurement Law. Furthermore, Article 4 of the Government
Procurement Law provides that the construction works that fall within its definition of government
procurement, i.e. those works procured by state organs, public institutions, and social organizations
(and not SOEs), must follow the tendering procedures set out by the Tendering Law when tendering
is used as the procurement method. In all events, such construction w orks must still follow other
policy requirements set out by the Government Procurement Law. The Tendering Law regulates
tendering procedures regardless of whether the tendering concerns a project of a government
agency or an SOE. Furthermore, according to the Government Procurement Law, the Central Military
Commission issues separate regulations concerning military procurement and administrates their
enforcement.
3.212. Both the Government Procurement Law and the Tendering Law are currently under
amendment. The dr aft amended Bid Invitation and Tendering Law was published online for public
comment from 3 December 2019 to 1 January 2020.173 A further revised draft reflecting those public
comments has been submitted to the State Council for review. At present, the Mini stry of Justice is
organizing a legislative review of the draft amendments. According to the Explanatory Note on the
Draft174, the amended Tendering Law will, inter alia : (i) redefine its scope of application and
deregulate tendering activities in private investments; (ii) enhance transparency of tendering
activities; (iii) adjust the time periods in tendering procedures in order to improve efficiency;
(iv) restrict the use of lowest price criteria in tender evaluation and encourage life -cycle cost
assessment; (v) promote e -tendering; (vi) clarify tendering requirements in public -private
partnership (PPP) projects; and (vii) enhance anti -collusion in tendering and the monitoring of
contract performance. The draft amended Government Procurement Law wa s published online for
public comment from 4 December 2020 to 5 January 2021.175 According to its Explanatory Note, the
amended Government Procurement Law will, inter alia : (i) adjust the scope of application of the
Government Procurement Law176; (ii) give f ull play to the policy goals of government procurement
policy by including provisions on promoting innovation and safeguarding the interest of vulnerable
groups, and specify relevant competent authorities and implementation measures; (iii) improve and
clarify government procurement methods and procedures; (iv) improve the system of government
procurement contracts; (v) strengthen demand management in government procurement;
(vi) enhance the position of procuring entities; and (vii) simplify supplier qualifi cation procedures.
According to the authorities, the revision of the two Laws will further align China's government
procurement and tendering administration systems and harmonize the application of the two Laws.
3.213. The MOF and local financial departments at d ifferent levels of the government are the
competent authorities to apply the Government Procurement Law. The NDRC and the Development
and Reform Commissions at the sub -central levels of the government are authorities that guide and
coordinate the implement ation of the Tendering Law. They have issued various measures and
171 For more information on the Government Procurement Law, the Tendering Law, and their respective
Implementing Regulations, see WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018,
paras. 3.191 -3.192.
172 According to the authoriti es, "state organs" include organs of state power , administrative organs,
judicial organs, procuratorial organs, and military organs. The term "public institutions" refers to public service
organizations that are established by state organs or other organiz ations established by state -owned assets to
carry out activities in the fields of education, science and technology, culture, and hygiene. There is no
definition of "social organizations" in China's legal system.
173 NDRC. Viewed at: https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/hdjl/yjzq/yjfk/zbtbf/202001/t20200103_1218432.html .
174 The Explanatory Note on the Draft was published together with the draft amended Law.
175 Ministry of Finance. Vie wed at:
http://tfs.mof.gov.cn/zhengcefabu/202012/t20201204_3632547.htm .
176 The amended draft Law provides that government procurement refers to the act of obtaining goods,
constr uction works, and services by state organs, public institutions, social organizations, and other procuring
entities, for the purpose of fulfilling government affairs and public services, via contract means with fiscal funds
or other public resources. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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guidelines to implement the two Laws and their Implementation Regulations. The departments
responsible for industry and information technology, housing and urban -rural development,
transport , railways, water resources, commerce, and civil aviation under the State Council issued
their own administrative measures and/or guidelines on the application of the two Laws. The SASAC
and local state -owned assets supervision and administration departmen ts at different levels of the
government guide SOEs to improve their internal control systems and regulate their operation from
an investor representative's perspective so as to ensure their full compliance with relevant laws,
regulations, and institutiona l requirements. Table 3.26 provides a list of major government
procurement -related laws, regulations, and administrative measures applicable nationwide.
Table 3.26 Government procurement -related laws, regulati ons, and administrative
measures
Law/Regulation Promulgation
year Latest
amendment
Government Procurement Law 2002 2014
Regulations for the Implementation of the Government Procurement
Law 2015
Administrative Measures on Tendering for Government Procurement
of Goods and Services MOF Order
No. 18, 2004 MOF Order
No. 87, 2017
Administrative Measures on Government Procurement by Non -Bid
Procurement Methods MOF Order
No. 74, 2013
Measures for the Administration of Government Procurement of
Imported Products MOF Notice Cai Ku
No. 119, 2007
Administrative Measures on Release of Government Procurement
Information MOF Order
No. 19, 2004 MOF Order
No. 101, 2019
Measures on Government Procurement Challenges and Complaints MOF Order
No. 20, 2004 MOF Order
No. 94, 2017
Administrative Measures on Government Procurement of Public -
Private Partnership Projects MOF Notice Cai Ku
No. 215, 2014
Measures on Promoting the Development of Small and Medium
Enterprises through Government Procurement MOF Notice Cai Ku
No. 46, 2020
Notice of the Ministry of Finance, the National Development and
Reform Commission, the Ministry of Ecology and Environmen t and
the State Administration for Market Regulation on Adjusting and
Optimizing Execution Mechanisms for Government Procurement of
Energy -saving Products and Environmentally Labelled Products MOF Notice Cai Ku
No. 9, 2019
Notice of the Ministry of Fin ance and the Ministry of Ecology and
Environment on Environmentally Labelled Product Categories and
Items for Government Procurement MOF Notice Cai Ku
No. 18, 2019
Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the National Development and
Reform Commission on Energy -Saving Product Categories and Items
for Government Procurement MOF Notice Cai Ku
No. 19, 2019
Notice of the Ministry of Finance on Promoting Fair Competition and
Optimizing the Business Environment in Government Procurement MOF Notice Cai Ku
No. 38, 2019
Notice of the Ministry of Finance on the Public Disclosure of
Government Procurement Intentions MOF Notice Cai Ku
No. 10, 2020
Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Finance on Printing and
Issuing the Standard Format for Government Procurement
Announcements and Publicizing Information (2020) MOF Notice Cai
Ban Ku No. 50,
2020
Tendering Law 1999 2017
Regulations for t he Implementation of the Tendering Law 2011 2017, 2018,
and 2019
Provisions on Construction Projects Subject to Mandatory Tendering NDRC Order
No. 16, 2018
Provisions on Infrastructure and Utilities Projects Subject to
Mandatory Tendering NDRC Order Fa
Gai Fa Gui
No. 843, 2018
Notice on Improving the Implementation of the Provisions on
Construction Projects Subject to Mandatory Tendering and the
Provisions on Infrastructure and Utilities Projects Subject to
Mandatory Tendering NDRC Notice Fa
Gai Ban Fa Gui
No. 770, 2020
Administrative Measures for Franchising Projects in Infrastructure
and Public Utilities NDRC Order
No. 25, 2015
Interim Provisions on Bid Evaluation Committees and Bid Evaluation
Methods SDPC Order
No. 2, 2001
Measures for Electronic Tendering Order No. 20 of
eight ministries,
2013 WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 102 -
Law/Regulation Promulgation
year Latest
amendment
Measures for Handling Complaints about Tendering Activities in
Engineering Construction Projects Order No. 11 of
seven ministries,
2004
Measures for Goods Tendering in Engineering Construction Projects NDRC Order
No. 27, 2005
Measures for Surveying and Designing Tendering in Engineering
Construction Projects Order No. 2 of
eight ministries,
2003
Measures for Construction Tendering in Engineering Co nstruction
Projects Order No. 30 of
seven ministries,
2003
Measures for the Administration of Bid Evaluation Experts and
Comprehensive Bid Evaluation Experts Databases SDPC Order
No. 29, 2003
Administrative Measures for Tendering Announcement and Release of
Public Information NDRC Order
No. 10, 2017
Interim Provisions on Standard Documents of Prequalification and
Tendering in Engineering Construction Projects NDRC Order
No. 56, 2007
Notice of National Development and Reform Com mission, Ministry of
Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of
Housing and Urban -Rural Development, Ministry of Transport,
Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Water Resources, National Radio and
Television Administration and Civil Aviation Administration of China
on Printing and Distributing Concise Standard Construction Tendering
Documents and Standard Designing Construction General Contract
Tendering Documents NDRC Notice Fa
Gai Fa Gui
No. 3018, 2011
Notice on Printing and Distributing Five Standard Tendering
Documents Including the Standard Equipment Procurement
Tendering Document NDRC Notice Fa
Gai Fa Gui
No. 1606, 2017
Budget Law 1994 2014 and
2018
Regulations for the Implementation of the Budget Law 1995 2020
Civil Code 2021
Source: Information provided by the authorities .
3.214. The Regulations for the Implementation of the Tendering Law were amended in 2017, 2018,
and 2019. The 2017 Revision deleted the content regarding the professional qualification for
tendering personnel; the 2018 Revision deleted the content regarding the qualification for the
tendering agency; and the 2019 Revision removed the requirement for financial departments to
supervise the budgetary performance of government procurement construction projects that are
subject to tendering. According to the authorities, those Revisions have exerted no impact on trade.
The Admin istrative Measures on Release of Government Procurement Information was amended in
2019 (MOF Order No. 101, 2019). The new Measures further strengthen the information release
system and provide that a designated Internet media is the principal channel for publishing
government procurement information. They specify that the Government Procurement website
(www.ccgp.gov.cn ) and its subordinate provincial -level websites should serve as the platform for
the collection and p ublication of government procurement information. They also emphasize
enhanced enforcement of relevant rules in this regard.
3.215. The authorities have also been promoting the use of PPPs in investments in infrastructure
and public utilities. Franchising is the main form of PPP in China.177 Article 15 of the Administrative
Measures for Franchising Projects in Infrastructure and Public Utilities (NDRC Order No. 25, 2015)
provides that franchisees should be selected through competition. The NDRC Notice on
Strengthen ing the Administration of the Investment and Construction of PPP Projects in Accordance
with Laws and Regulations (NDRC Notice Tou Zi Gui No. 1098, 2019) further specifies that public
tendering should be the main method in selecting franchisees. Franchisee s who are selected through
tendering procedures and have the capacity to implement the projects on their own can carry out
the projects by themselves without going through tendering procedures again. The Administrative
177 Article 3 of the Administrative Measures for Franchising Projects in Infrastructure and Public Utilities
(NDRC Order No. 25, 2015) defines franchising as agreements between the Government and legal persons or
other organizations, either domestic or foreign, u nder which the latter invest, build, and operate infrastructure
and public utilities to provide public goods and services within certain periods and geographical areas. The
agreements define rights and obligations of the Government and the franchisees and risk distribution between
the two. Franchisees are entitled to gain profits from such projects. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Measures on Government Procurement of Public -Private Partnership Projects (MOF Notice Cai Ku
No. 215, 2019) apply to PPP projects. Foreign investors are allowed to participate in PPP projects
and, according to the authorities, there are already numerous such cases in practice.
3.216. The administrat ive measures on promoting green procurement and SMEs' participation in
government procurement were also amended in 2019 and 2020 (Section 3.3.6.4).
3.217. The authorities note that China does not introduce special policies for government
procurement activities un der the BRI, including economic corridor projects. China does not have
special government procurement policies in its PFTZs either.
3.3.6.3 Procurement methods and e -procurement
3.218. During the review period, there were no changes to the procurement methods and
procedu res.178 The Government Procurement Law, its Implementing Regulations, and relevant
Administrative Measures provide for six procurement methods: (i) public tendering; (ii) selective
tendering; (iii) price inquiry ; (iv) competitive negotiations; (v) competitive con sultations; and
(vi) single -source procurement. According to data provided by the authorities, in 2019, procurement
through public tendering accounted for 78.31% of total procurement, selective tendering for 0.99%,
price inquiry for 1.41%, competitive nego tiations for 3.55%, and single -source procurement for
6.19%. The value under single -source procurement decreased from CNY 552.7 billion in 2017 to
CNY 204.6 billion in 2019 (Table 3.27).
Table 3.27 Government procurement by procurement method, 2017 -19
(CNY billion )
Year Procurement method
Total Public
tendering Selective
tendering Price
inquiry Competitive
negotiations Competitive
consultations Single -
source
procurement
2017 3,211.4 2,170.1 24.9 73.9 133.0 180.8 552.7
2018 3,586.1 2,528.8 39.4 83.6 129.6 298.7 423.3
2019 3,306.7 2,589.6 32.6 46.7 117.5 204.7 204.6
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
3.219. With regard to e -procurement, China planned to fully implement e -tendering by end -2020.
In 2017, six ministries jointly issued the "Internet + Tendering/Procurement" Action Plan (2017 -19)
(NDRC Notice No. 357, 2017). In 2019, the MOF issued the new Administrative Measures on Release
of Government Procurement Information (MOF Order No. 101, 2019). The old Measures (MOF Order
No. 19, 2004) were repealed at the same time. All government procurement notices and relevant
information should be published in the standard format announced by the MOF in 2020 (Cai Ban Ku
No. 50, 2020). The NDRC Adm inistrative Measures for Tendering Announcement and Release of
Public Information (NDRC Order No. 10, 2017) also require that tendering notices and other relevant
information of a project subject to mandatory tendering be published on the China Tendering P ublic
Service Platform or the provincial e -tendering platforms. The State Council further requires that all
such information, upon publication, should also be transferred to and published in real time on the
National Public Resources Trading Platform.179 According to the authorities, most regions and most
industrial areas have fully implemented e -tendering.
3.220. To enhance predictability of government procurement and facilitate suppliers' awareness of
market opportunities, the MOF issued a Notice on Disclosure of Future Government Procurement
Plans (MOF Notice Cai Ku No. 10, 2020) , which requires that all procuring entities should disclose
their procurement plans in advance where possible. The MOF notes that, during the review period,
it organized a third -party evaluation of the work of local governments regarding the disclosure of
178 For more information on the procurement methods and procedures, see WTO document
WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018, paras. 3.197 -3.207.
179 The National Pub lic Resources Trading Platform is the general hub for sharing public resources
trading data in China. Information published on this platform contains, but is not limited to, government
procurement. It also collects and publishes information on transactions of land use rights, mining rights, and
state-owned property rights. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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information about government procurement. The evaluation shows that the transparency of
government procurement has been significantly improved across the country.
3.3.6.4 Other policy considerations in government procurement
3.221. China maintains buy -national policies in government procurement. Article 10 of the
Government Procurement Law provides that unless the subject matter cannot be obtained within
the territory of China or cannot be obtained with reasonable commercial terms, or the procurement
is for use outside t he territory of China, the procuring entities shall procure domestic goods, services,
and construction works. The Measures for the Administration of Government Procurement of
Imported Products (Cai Ku No. 119, 2007) further require that in each specific ca se, the conditions
that allow procurement of imported products need to be verified by the financial authorities.
3.222. It is also noted that the buy -national requirement does not apply to procurements by SOEs,
as they are not considered as government procurement in China and are not bound by the
Government Procurement Law. Therefore, the authorities state that there is no differential treatment
of foreign goods, services, and suppliers in SOEs' procurements, including those in the areas of
infrastructure and public utilities. In addition, Article 16 of the new Foreign Investment Law (FIL)
(promulgated in March 2019) provide s that "the State shall guarantee that foreign -invested
enterprises can participate in government procurement activities through fair competition; products
produced and services provided by foreign -invested enterprises within the territory of China shall b e
treated equally in government procurement".
3.223. Furthermore, Article 9 of the Government Procurement Law provides that government
procurement shall be carried out to facilitate the realization of the economic and social development
policy goals of the State, including environmental protection, assistance to underdeveloped or ethnic
minority regions, and promoting the development of SMEs. According to the authorities, SMEs
became more active in participating in government procurement activities in the past 10 years. More
than 70% of China's government procurement in value terms is currently performed by SMEs.180 To
address issues arising in the implementation of previous Measures181, China issued the new Measures
on Promoting the Development of Small and Medium E nterprises through Government Procurement
(MOF Circular Cai Ku No. 46, 2020) on 18 December 2020.182 The new Measures came into force on
1 January 2021, and the previous Measures ceased to apply at the same time. Compared with the
previous measures, the new Measures provide more details on the SME contract set -aside policy.
They require that, in principle, small -value contracts, i.e. goods and services contracts below
CNY 2 million and construction work contracts below CNY 4 million, be set aside for SMEs. F or
contracts above the aforementioned thresholds, no less than 30% of them in value terms should be
performed by SMEs. In contracts set aside for SMEs, no less than 60% should be performed by small
and micro enterprises. The goal shall be achieved through contract set -asides, contract splitting,
consortium bidding, or subcontracting. As regards the grant of price preferences to SMEs, the new
Measures maintain the preference margins for procurements where the tender evaluation is based
on the lowest price cr iterion.183 Additionally, they set out rules on granting preferences to SMEs in
the procurement of construction works where the tender evaluation is based on the criterion of the
180 Ministry of Finance. Viewed at:
http://gks.mof.gov.cn/guizhangzhidu/202012/t20201228_3637423.htm .
181 Interim Measures on Promoting the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises through
Government Procurement (MOF Circular Cai Ku No. 181, 2011). For more information about policies in favour
of SMEs under the previous Interim Measures, see WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018,
para. 3.212.
182 Ministry of Finance. Viewed at:
http://gks.mof.gov.cn/guizhangzhidu/202012/t20201228_3637419.htm .
183 In tender evaluation for procurement of goods and services, the tender submitted by a small or micro
enterprise will compete with ot her tenders based on a price 6% -10% lower than the original price offered by it.
When the contract is delivered, it will be paid the full original price. For procurement of construction works, the
price preference margin is 3% -5%. For joint tendering where small or micro enterprises' share accounts for
more than 30% of the contract value and for a large enterprise that intends to subcontract more than 30% of
the contract value to small or micro enterprises, the tender will benefit from a price preference ma rgin of
2%-3% for procurement of goods and services, and 1% -2% for procurement of construction works. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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most advantageous tender.184 The new Measures also contain provisions to suppor t SMEs through
contract payment and credit guarantees.
3.224. With regard to environmental protection, China maintains policies to provide more
favourable treatment to energy -saving products and environmentally friendly products in
government procurement. Such po licies were first introduced in 2004 and 2006. During the review
period, China adjusted implementation measures in this regard. Spe cifically, in 2019, the MOF, the
NDRC, the MEE, and the SAMR jointly issued a Notice on Adjusting and Optimizing Execution
Mechanisms for Government Procurement of Energy -Saving Products and Environmentally Labelled
Products (Cai Ku No. 9, 2019).185 Under the old measures, relevant authorities published not only
the catalogues but also the lists of brands and models that had been granted conformity certificates
for such purposes.186 Under the new measures, the authorities publish only the generic catalogues
and energy conservation and environment protection standards187, and not the lists of brands and
models. Product brands and mod els that have been granted certificates by recognized certification
agencies are eligible for favourable treatment in government procurement. According to the
authorities, such adjustments made it unnecessary for suppliers to apply for being included on th e
list and provide more equal opportunities for suppliers. The new Measures also enhance the
obligation of procuring entities to implement such policies.
3.225. In addition, in 2020, relevant authorities published green packaging standards and green
express mail packaging standards relating to government procurement. Procuring entities are
required to specify in their procurement documentation that the packaging should be recyclable,
organic, and renewable.188
3.226. The authorities note that, during the review period, no specific government procurement
policies were introduced to promote innovation.
3.3.6.5 COVID‑19-related government procurement measures
3.227. To address the COVID ‑19 pandemic, China established "green channels" for government
procurement in relation to the prevention and control of the pandemic. On 26 January 2020, the
MOF circulated the Notice on Facilitating Procurement for Pandemic Prevention and Control (Cai Ban
Ku No. 23, 2020) which requires that state organs, public institutions, and social groups at all levels
should open "green channels" for the procurement of goods, services, and construction works for
pandemic prevention and control.189 The Notice also requ ires that sound internal control mechanisms
be established and maintained for emergency procurement. On 6 February 2020, the MOF circulated
the Notice on Government Procurement -related Matters during the Period of Pandemic Prevention
and Control (Cai Ban K u No. 29, 2020).190 This Notice focuses on the protection of the health and
184 For procurement of construction works where the tender evaluation is based on the criterion of the
most advantageous tender (not the lowest price), the tender submitted by small and micro enterprises will
benefit from a 3% -5% mark-up in its price points. For joint tendering where small or micro enterprises' share
accounts for more than 30% of the contract value and for a large enterprise that intends to s ubcontract more
than 30% of the contract value to small or micro enterprises, such a tender will benefit from a 1% -2%
mark-up in its price points.
185 Ministry of Finance. Viewed at:
http://gks.mof.gov.cn/guizhangzhidu/201902/t20190212_3146226.htm .
186 For more information about the previous measures, see WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1,
14 September 2018, para. 3.213.
187 The product lists are published through the joint Notice of t he Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of
Ecology and Environment on Environmentally Labelled Product Categories and Items for Government
Procurement (Cai Ku No. 18, 2019) and the joint Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the National
Development and Re form Commission on Energy -saving Product Categories and Items for Government
Procurement (Cai Ku No. 19, 2019).
188 These measures are contained in the joint Notice of the Ministry of Finance General Office, the
Ministry of Ecology and Environment General Of fice, and the State Post Bureau General Office on Commodity
Packaging Standards for Government Procurement (Trial Edition) and the Express Mail Packaging Standards for
Government Procurement (Trial Edition) (Cai Ban Ku No. 123, 2020).
189 Ministry of Finance . Viewed at:
http://gks.mof.gov.cn/guizhangzhidu/202001/t20200126_3464030.htm .
190 Ministry of Finance. Viewed at:
http://gks.mof.gov.cn/guizhangzhidu/202002/t20200207_3466846.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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safety of procurement professionals and suppliers during the pandemic and encourages the use of
electronic means in government procurement.
3.3.6.6 Supplier complaint mechanism
3.228. The supplier complaint mechanism remained unchanged during the review period.191 The
Government Procurement Law and the Measures for Handling Challenges and Complaints against
Government Procurement (MOF Order No. 94, 2017) require that the finance authorities at diffe rent
levels of government review suppliers' complaints regarding government procurement activities at
their respective levels.192 The results of complaint reviews are published in designated media.
3.3.6.7 Accession to the GPA and other international cooperation
3.229. China became an Observer in the WTO Committee on Government Procurement in 2002. It
initiated its GPA accession negotiation in 2007. During the review period, significant progress was
made on the accession. China submitted its 6th revised market access offer on 20 October 2019.193
The new offer, for the first time, included non -sensitive military procurement. It also added
seven provinces and municipalities, 16 SOEs, and 36 local universities. No minority autonomous
regions at the provincial level were include d in the new offer, and some SOEs in the infrastructure
and public utility sectors are missing. Some services sectors are not included in the offer. On
29 May 2020, China circulated its updated Replies to the Checklist of Issues, which contain
comprehensiv e information on China's government procurement regime.194 Consultations continue
between China and GPA Parties to address the remaining issues in the accession process.
3.230. China has not included any market access commitments in the area of government
procurem ent in the context of any of the FTAs that it has negotiated with trading partners. According
to the authorities, it remains China's priority to conclude its GPA accession before liberalizing its
government procurement market through bilateral/regional tra cks.
3.3.7 Intellectual property rights
3.3.7.1 Overview
3.231. During the review period, China's intellectual property (IP) regime and institutional
framework continued to evolve, adjusting to technological developments and new business practices.
China also made efforts to mainstream IP into its economy and adjust its programmes to enhance
their effectiveness and compliance with international commitments.
3.232. In 2019, China was recognized as one of the top four economies in innovation capability.195
In 2020, China was the 8th most performing economy in economic transformation priorities196, and
was ranked as the 14th of the 131 economies featured in the Global Innovation Index.197 These high
rankings on IP -intensive indicators underpin the positive evolution of the Ch inese IP regime.
3.233. China's participation in trade in IP has increased, as shown by the growth in total receipts
of fees for the use of IP from USD 14 billion in 2010 to USD 41 billion in 2019. The trade deficit in
this rubric has incrementally narrowed down since 2010, reflecting the export activity related to
royalties and licensing fees (Chart 3.6).
191 For more information about the supplier complaint mechanism, see WTO document
WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018, paras. 3.215 -3.216.
192 For more information in this regard, see WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018,
paras. 3.215 -3.216.
193 WTO document GPA/ACC/CHN/51 , 21 October 2019.
194 WTO document GPA/ACC/CHN/8/Rev.1, 2 June 2020.
195 WEF (2019), The Global Competitiveness Report 2019 , p. 7. Viewed at:
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf .
196 WEF (2020), The Global Competitiveness Report, Special Edition 2020 , p. 45. Viewed at:
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2020.pdf .
197 WIPO, 2020 Global Innovation Index . Viewed at:
https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2020/cn.pdf . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 107 -
Chart 3.6 Exports and imports of fees for the use of IP, 2010 -19
Source: WTO Data Portal. Viewed at: https://data.wto.org/ .
3.3.7.2 Institutional reforms and IP -related policies
3.234. During 2018 and 2019, China undertook wide -ranging domestic reforms that included its
IP regime, the infrastructure of IP courts, and amendments to the Tradema rk Law, the Patent Law,
and the Anti -Unfair Competition Law, which govern trade secrets (Section 3.3.7.5.8). As part of
these reforms, in 2018, the State Intellectual Property Office became the China National Intellectual
Property Administration (CNIPA). T he authorities state that the CNIPA is under the authority of the
SAMR and is responsible for: (i) promoting IP protection; (ii) improving the IP protection system;
(iii) registering and making administrative decisions on trademarks, patents, and geographi cal
indications (GIs); and (iv) providing guidance on enforcement of trademarks and patents. The law
enforcement staff of market supervision is responsible for the enforcement of trademarks and
patents.
3.235. In 2019, the CNIPA, together with other relevant auth orities responsible for the Innovation
Policy, issued the Notice on Further Strengthening Intellectual Property Pledge Financing, which
implements support measures to improve the service system of IP pledge financing, strengthen
service innovation, enhance risk management, and improve supporting measures . It also establishes
an online channel to facilitate the registration of patent pledges. In 2020, there were 12,039 patent
and trademark pledge financing cases, totalling CNY 218 billion in loans, an increa se of 43.8% for
patents and 43.9% for trademarks from 2019.198
3.236. Building on previous work, the CNIPA published the Plan for Further Implementation of the
National Intellectual Property Strategy to Accelerate the Construction of an Intellectual Property
Power Country in May 2020. The Plan listed 100 measures related to, inter alia , the creation, use,
protection, management, service, and international cooperation of IP, which aim to reduce subsidies
or rewards for utility model, design, and trademark applicatio ns; cut examination periods for
trademark and patent applications; reduce low -quality patent applications and malicious filing of
trademarks; and ensure that decisions to grant awards or to promote or appoint staff in universities
are not solely based on p atent filings and grant rates.
3.237. Regarding IP -related issues, t he 14th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development
aims to promote modernization through innovation and technological advancements and promote
high-end, intelligent, and green production. Investment in R&D would have an important role in the
areas of artificial intelligence, quantum information, integrated circuits, life and health sciences,
neuroscience, biological breeding, and aerospace technology.
198 Summary of 2020: Chinese IP System to a New Height , 28 January 2021. Viewed at:
http://english.ipraction.gov.cn/article/ns/202101/334627.html .
0510152025303540
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019Exports Imports
Source: WTO Data Portal. Viewed at: https://data.wto.org/Chart 3.[IP EXIM fees] Exports and imports of fees for the use of IP, 2010 -19
USD billionWT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 108 -
3.238. The China Manufacturing 2025 strategy highlights, inter alia , the importance of IP protection
and enforcement to promote IP -intensive sectors such as robotics, information t echnology, and clean
energy.
3.239. China amended its Anti -Unfair Competition Law in April 2019 and its Trademark Law in
November 2020. The amendments to the Patent Law were reviewed twice by the NPC Standing
Committee in October 2020 and are expected to be imple mented from 1 June 2021. The Copyright
Law was revised in November 2020 . Other IP -related laws have remained unchanged since the
previous Review (Table A3.3).199
3.3.7.3 International context
3.240. China is a member state of the World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO), and
participates in a number of international conventions and treaties related to IPRs (Table A3.4).
During the review period, China acceded to the Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances, which
entered into force on 28 April 2020.200
3.241. The China -United States Phase 1 Economic and Trade Agreement contains specific provisions
related to: (i) protecting trade secrets; (ii) strengthening pharmaceuticals -related IP; (iii) adjusting
and extending patent terms; (iv) preventing piracy and counterfeit on e -commerce platforms;
(v) increasing transparency in the protection of GIs; (vi) preventing manufacture and export of
counterfeit goods; (vii) ensuring adequate and effective protection and enforcement of trademark
rights, particularly against bad -faith trade mark registrations; and (viii) increasing bilateral
cooperation on IP protection.201
3.242. China is a party to several bilateral trade agreements and RTAs that include IP chapters.
Notably, in November 2020, China and other 14 Asia Pacific economies finalized the negotiations of
the RCEP Agreement. Its IP chapter covers a wide range of topics such as copyrights, trademarks,
GIs, patents, designs, genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore, protection against
unfair competition, enforcement, cooperation, transparency, and technical assistance .
3.243. In February 2019, the CNIPA and the Saudi Authority for Intellectual Property (SAIP) signed
an MOU, which covers exchanges and cooperation in the development of the IP regime,
capacity -building, data ex change, trademarks, and GIs.
3.244. A two -year pilot collaboration project between the CNIPA and the European Patent Office
(EPO) started in December 2020. It allows Chinese nationals and residents to select the EPO as the
International Searching Authority for En glish-language international patent applications filed at the
CNIPA or WIPO.
3.3.7.4 Copyright and related rights
3.245. The legal framework for the protection of copyrights and related rights is provided in the
Copyright Law and relevant regulations, e.g. the Regulation s for the Implementation of Copyright
Law, the Regulations for the Protection of Computer Software, the Regulations on Collective
Copyright Management, the Regulations on the Protection of the Right of Dissemination via
Information Network, and the Interim Measures for the Payment of Remuneration for the Broadcast
of Sound Recordings by Radio and Television Stations. Copyright owners or owners of related rights
may authorize collective non -profit copyright management organizations to exercise their rights.
3.246. The National Copyright Administration administers copyright registration nationally. In the
case of computer software, the Copyright Protection Centre of China registers copyrighted works.
199 WTO documents IP/N/1/CHN/P/2 , 21 December 2010; IP/N/1/CHN/P/3, 26 August 2011;
IP/N/1/CHN/C/1 (2001 Version), 8 July 2002; IP/N/1/CHN/L/1/Rev.1, 13 October 2003; IP/N/1/CHN/9 (2013
Amendment), 19 October 2017; and IP/N/1/CHN/T/5 (2019 Amendment), 30 January 2020; and information
provided by the authorities.
200 WIPO IP Portal, WIPO -Administered Treaties: Contracting Par ties: China . Viewed at:
https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/treaties/ShowResults?country_id=38C .
201 Government of China. Viewed at: http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2020 -
01/16/content_5469650.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 109 -
3.247. The procedure of registration under the Copyright Law has remained unchanged since the
previous Review . Registration is voluntary and is not a requirement for copyright protection.202 The
Copyright Law provides for copyright licensing and transfer of rights, unchanged since the previous
Review. Copyright infringement can b e sanctioned with fines.
3.248. The term of copyright protection for natural persons, as well as for certain works203, is life
plus 50 years.204 Software copyright exists from the date on which its development is completed.
The term of protection for typographical designs is 10 years. The authorities state that the term of
protection for photographic works is the life of the author plus 50 years , and audio -visual works are
protected for 50 years.
3.249. As at January 2021, there were five copyright collective management or ganizations in China:
Music Copyright Society of China; China Audio -Video Copyright Association; China Written Works
Copyright Society; the Images Copyright Society of China; and China Film Copyright Association
(Table 3.28).
Table 3.28 Copyright collective management organizations – fees and membership
Organization Fees collected
(CNY million) No. of members
Music Copyright Society of China 404 10,031
China Audio -Video Copyright Association 270 247 (including unit members and individual
members)
China Written Works Copyright Society 19.31 10,046
Images Copyright Society of China 5.59 20,500
China Film Copyright Association 0.0274 88
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
3.3.7.5 Industrial property
3.3.7.5.1 Trademarks
3.250. The legal framework for the protection and enforcement of trademarks is provided by the
Trademark Law. Amendments to the Trademark Law entered into force in November 2019.
The objectiv es of these amendments are to curb bad -faith applications, strengthen protection, and
foster a favourable business environment. In order to implement the amendments, the Rules on
Regulating Applications for Registration of Trademarks were developed and cam e into force in
December 2019. The authorities indicate that the amendments and/or the regulations do not contain
new provisions regarding parallel imports.
3.251. Since the reform of 2018, the CNIPA has been responsible for the examination of trademark
applicati ons, registration and administration.
3.252. Registration is a prerequisite for protection, and ownership is determined on a first -to-file
basis. According to Article 18 of the Trademark Law, foreign businesses are required to appoint a
Chinese trademark agent. T he period of protection is 10 years. According to the authorities, the
request to renew the registration is to be filed 12 months before the date of expiration.
3.253. Foreign brand owners have the possibility to file trademark applications either as national
applications or international registrations under the Madrid Protocol.205 China adopted the Nice
202 The copyright on the works of Chinese citizens, legal entities, or other organizations are
automatically protected; this protection also applies to the copyright of foreigners whose works are first
published in China. Copyright protection for works publis hed abroad has remained unchanged since the
previous Review.
203 These include works of a legal entity or other organization, works created in the course of
employment and the copyright of which is held by a legal entity or other organization, and cinematogr aphic
and photographic works. Audio and video productions, broadcasting, and public performances are also granted
protection for 50 years from the first day of production, broadcasting, or performance.
204 In the case of more than one right holder, protectio n is granted for 50 years after the death of the
last surviving right holder.
205 WIPO, Madrid – The International Trademark System . Viewed at: https://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/ . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks .206 In addition, the
CNIPA also developed a sub -class system, whereby goods and s ervices under each Nice class are
classified into sub -classes, and some sub -classes are further categorized into different groups. The
sub-classes are listed in the Chinese Classification Manual.
3.254. The China -United States Phase 1 Economic and Trade Agreement contains provisions
regarding bad -faith trademark registrations ; with a view to strengthening trademark protection,
both Parties shall ensure adequate and effective protection and enforcement of trademark rights,
particularly against bad -faith trademark r egistrations.
3.255. During the review period, trademark applications and registration continued to increase.
In 2019, residents accounted for 97% of trademark applications and 96% of registrations
(Table 3.29).
Table 3.29 Trademark applications and registrations, 2017 -19
Trademarks 2017 2018 2019
Applications Resident 5,538,980 7,127,032 7,582,356
Non-resident 209,195 243,677 255,085
Madrid System submitted by Chinese applicants 4,810 6,900 6,491
Registrations Resident 2,656,039 4,796,851 6,177,791
Non-resident 136,033 210,544 228,049
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
3.3.7.5.2 Geographical indications
3.256. GIs can be protected as certification marks or collective marks under the Trademark Law or
by a sui generis system contained in the Provisions on the Protection of Geographical Indication
Products, administered by the CNIPA. In 2020, the CNIPA established the Technical Sub -committee
on Geographical Indications of the National Technical Committee on Knowledge and Intellectual
Property Management Standardization.
3.257. According to the authorities, GIs that have not been officially registered are still protected
by the relevant laws, e.g. the Trademark Law, the Anti -Unfair Competition Law, the Food Safety
Law, and the Law on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products.
3.258. The China -United States Phase 1 Economic and Trade Agreement contains GI -related
provisions, parti cularly: (i) using relevant factors when making determinations for genericness,
including usage of a term in dictionaries, newspapers, and websites; how the good referred to by a
term is marketed and used in trade; and whether the term is used in relevant standards; (ii) not
providing GI protection to individual components of multi -component terms if the individual
component is generic; and (iii) publicly identifying which individual components are not protected
when granting GI protection to multi -componen t terms. The CNIPA published Guidelines on
Determining Common Names in Geographical Indication Protection (Draft) in 2020, clarifying the
determining factors, cancellation, and other aspects of common names in terms of the common
name determination in GI p rotection.207
3.259. In September 2020, China and the European Union signed a bilateral agreement to protect
100 European GIs in China and 100 Chinese GIs in the European Union against infringement. During
the four years after its entry into force, the agreement will expand in scope to cover an additional
175 GIs from both sides. These GIs will have to follow the same approval procedure as the
100 names originally covered by the agreement (i.e. assessment and publication for comment).208
The authorities indicate th at the agreement entered into force on 1 March 2021.
3.260. In 2018, 12 new applications for GI protection were accepted, 67 GI protection products
were granted, 223 companies were approved to use special signs of GI products, and 961 GIs were
registered in the f orm of collective marks and certification marks. The authorities indicate that in
206 WIPO, Nice Classification . View ed at: https://www.wipo.int/classifications/nice/en/ .
207 Government of China. Viewed at: http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/202 0-
01/16/content_5469650.htm .
208 MOFCOM. Viewed at: http://tfs.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zscq/202009/20200903002354.shtml . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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2019, five new applications for GI protection were accepted, 301 companies were approved to use
special signs of GI products, and 462 GIs were registered in the form of colle ctive marks and
certification marks. In 2020, 10 applications for GI protection were filed and 6 were granted;
1,052 companies were authorized to use GI signs, and 765 GI trademarks were registered.209
3.3.7.5.3 Patents
3.261. The Patent Law and its Rules for Implementation provide the legal framework for the
protection of inventions, utility models, and industrial designs.210 Parallel imports of patented goods
are allowed, as provided by Article 69 of the Patent Law. Articles 48 -58 relate to compulsory licence
provisions. Compulsory licences of patents may be granted in the public interest, or in the event of
a national emergency or extraordinary circumstances. So far, no compulsory licences have been
granted in China.
3.262. The CNIPA is the authority responsible for receiving and processing patent applications and
granting patents. The person concerned is free to request a People's Court or administrative
authority to settle disputes with respect to patents. The period of protection is 20 years.
3.263. During the review peri od, several regulations were amended. T he amendments to the
Regulations on Patent Agencies came into force in March 2019. Their objective is to improve the
provisions regarding qualifications for practitioners, the code of conduct, and services supervision .
According to the authorities, the revised Administrative Measures for Patent Agencies were
implemented in May 2019; the revised Measures for the Patent Agent Qualification Examination were
effective as at June 2019. In September 2019, the CNIPA issued th e Administrative Regulations of
Collective Patent Examination , which aim to improve the examination efficiency and quality of
important patent applications. "Collective Patent Examination" means the collective processing of a
group of patent applications f ocusing on the same key technology by the same applicant(s).211 The
CNIPA also amended the Patent Examination Guidelines in order to clarify the examination standard
in patent applications involving artificial intelligence and other new industries. The amen dment
entered into force in February 2020.
3.264. Amendments to the Patent Law were prepared with the objectives of improving protection,
boosting the application and use of patents, and enhancing the patent system. The NPC Standing
Committee approved the amendme nts in October 2020; they are expected to enter into force on
1 June 2021.
3.265. In November 2020, the CNIPA issued draft amendments to the Implementing Regulations
of the Patent Law for public consultation. The deadline for submitting opinions was 11 January 2021.
The CNIPA will further complete the draft according to the opinions, and then submit the final dra ft
to the legislature for review.
3.266. UNCTAD reported in 2019 that, in the 156 high -tech development zones established in China
by end -2017, the ratio of R&D expenditures to total production value was 6.5%, three times the
average in the national economy. Pate nts granted to enterprises within such high -tech development
zones accounted for 46% of all business patents granted nationwide.212
3.267. The National Bureau of Statistics reported that the added value of China's patent -intensive
industries reached approximately USD 1.53 trillion, contributing 11.6% to the GDP, in 2018. The
equipment manufacturing sector contributed to 30.7% to the added value of the patent -intensive
sectors. It was followed by information technology for manufacturing and services, manufacture of
new materials, healthcare, high -technology services, and environmental protection industries. Data
209 CNIPA, 2020 Statistics , 25 January 2021. Viewed at:
http://english.ipraction.gov.cn/article/ns/202101/334279.html .
210 Other patent -related regulations notified to the TRIPS Council are listed in WTO documents
IP/N/1/CHN/3, 15 December 2010; IP/N/1/CHN/P/2, 21 December 2010; IP/N/1/CHN/4, 24 August 2011; and
IP/N/1/CHN/P/3, 26 August 2011.
211 CCIPT Patent and Trademark Office, China: CNIPA Issued Regulations on Collective Patent
Examination , 18 November 2019. Viewed at: https://www.mondaq.com/china/patent/864738/cnipa -issued -
regulations -on-collective -patent -examination .
212 WTO (2020), World Trade Report 2020 , p. 115. Viewed at:
https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/wtr20_e/wtr20_e.pdf . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 112 -
provided by the authorities indicate that in 2019 the added value of China's patent -intensive
industries reached CNY 11.4631 trillion, up by 7.0% compared wi th the previous year ( including
price factors), contributing 11.6% to GDP, equal to the previous year.
3.268. In 2019, the CNIPA was ranked as the top IP office, reaching 43.4% of world's total patent
applications213 with 1.4 million filings, composed of 1.2 milli on filed by residents and 0.2 million by
non-residents (Chart 3.7).214
3.269. In 2019, there was a total of 452,804 patent grants: 360,969 patents were granted to
residents and 91,885 to non -residents (Chart 3.8).215
3.270. According to information from WIPO, in 2019, 10% of patents were granted in the field of
computer technology, followed by 8% in measurement; 8% in electrical machinery, apparatus, and
energy; and 7% in digital communication technologies. Chart 3.9 shows the top 15 fields of
technology.
Chart 3.7 Patent applications, 2010 -19
Source: WIPO IP Portal, WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. Viewed at: https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/ .
Chart 3.8 Patent grants, 2010 -19
Source: WIPO IP Portal, WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. Viewed at: https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/ .
213 WIPO (2020), WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2020 . Viewed at:
https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en /wipo_pub_943_2020.pdf .
214 WIPO IP Portal, WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. Viewed at: https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/ .
215 WIPO IP Portal, WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. Viewed at: https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/ .
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019Resident Non-residentChart 3.[ ] Patent applications, 2010 -19
Million of applications
Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. Viewed at: https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/
050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000400,000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019Resident Non-residentChart 3.[ ] Patent grants, 2010 -19
Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. Viewed at: https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Chart 3.9 Patent grants by top fields of technology, 2019
Source: WIPO IP Portal, WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. Viewed at: https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/ .
3.271. The China -United States Phase 1 Economic and Trade Agreement contains provisions
regarding patent term extensions to compensate for unreasonable patent office and marketing
approval delays that cut into the effective patent term, and to permit the use of suppl emental data
to meet relevant patentability criteria for pharmaceutical patent applications. It also establishes a
mechanism for the early resolution of potential pharmaceutical patent disputes, including a cause of
action to allow a patent holder to seek expeditious remedies before the marketing of an allegedly
infringing product.216 Accordingly, China has formulated measures for the implementation of the
early settlement mechanism for drug patent disputes in accordance with the provisions of the
Agreement and the relevant provisions of the Patent Law. The measures were published for c omment
on 11 September 2020, and revised on the basis of domestic and foreign opinions. Articles 42 and
76 of the fourth revision to the Patent Law touch upon "Effective Patent Term Extension" and
"Effective Mechanism for Early Resolution of Patent Dispute s", specified in the China -United States
Phase 1 Economic and Trade Agreement. The 22nd session of the NPC Standing Committee adopted
a decision on revising the Patent Law, and the revised Patent Law is expected to come into force on
1 June 2021. In additi on, on 14 December 2020, the CNIPA published Announcement No. 391 on
amending the Patent Examination Guidelines, which was implemented on 15 January 2021;
according to the authorities, it further clarified the examination standard for submitting experiment
data after the application deadline.
3.272. In response to the challenges posed by the COVID ‑19 pandemic, the China Patent
Information Center (CNPAT) developed in collaboration with the Patent Examination Cooperation
(Beijing) Center of the Patent Office and the CNIPA to jointly develop an information -sharing public
platform for patents related to the prevention of COVID ‑19. The platform provides precise patent
information on almost 10,000 patents.217
3.3.7.5.4 Utility models
3.273. The applications and registrations of utility mo dels continued to grow during the review
period. Resident applicants represented 99% of applications and registrations (Table 3.30).218
216 Government of China. Viewed at : http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2020 -01/16/content_
5469650.htm .
217 CNPAT, Information Sharing Platform for Patents on Pandemic Prevention against COVID -19. Viewed
at: https://ncp.patentstar.cn/en .
218 WIPO IP Portal, WIPO IP Data Center. Viewed at: https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/ .
9.7%
8.1%
8.0%
7.5%
4.2%
3.8%
3.7%
3.4%3.3%3.1%3.0%2.9%2.9%2.5%2.5%31.4%Computer technology
Measurement
Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy
Digital communication
Machine tools
Civil engineering
Transport
Audio-visual technology
Materials, metallurgy
Other special machines
Semiconductors
Handling
Chemical engineering
Medical technology
Optics
Other sectors
Source: WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. Viewed at: https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/Chart 3.[ ] Patent grants by top fields of technology, 2019WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Table 3.30 Utility models – Applications and registrations, 2017 -19
(million)
Utility models 2017 2018 2019
Applications Resident 1.68 2.06 2.26
Non-resident 0.01 0.01 0.01
Registrations Resident 0.97 1.47 1.57
Non-resident 0.01 0.01 0.01
Source: WIPO IP Portal, WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. Viewed at: https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats .
3.3.7.5.5 Industrial designs
3.274. The applications and registrations of industrial designs continued to grow during the review
period. Resident applicants represented 97% of total applications and 96% of registrations
(Table 3.31).
Table 3.31 Industrial designs – Applications and registrations, 2017 -19
Industrial designs 2017 2018 2019
Applications Resident 610,817.00 689,097.00 691,771.00
Non-resident 17,841.00 19,702.00 19,846.00
Registrations Resident 426,442 517,693 539,282
Non-resident 16,554 18,558 17,247
Source: WIPO IP Portal, WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. Viewed at: https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats .
3.3.7.5.6 Layout -designs of integrated circuits
3.275. Layout -designs of integrated circuits are protected under the Regulations on the P rotection
of Layout -Designs of Integrated Circuits and under the Rules for Implementing the Regulations on
the Protection of Layout -Designs of Integrated Circuits.
3.276. The CNIPA is responsible for the registration of layout -designs of integrated circuits. The
authorities state that a layout -design shall no longer be protected 15 years after the date of the
completion of its creation, regardless of its registration or commercial exploitation.
3.277. Data provided by the authorities indicate that in 2018, the CNIPA rece ived 4,431 registration
applications of layout -designs of integrated circuits, a year -on-year increase of 37.3%, and issued
certificates for 3,815 layout -designs of integrated circuits, a year -on-year increase of 42.9%; in
2019, it received 8,319 registrat ion applications of layout -designs of integrated circuits, a
year-on-year increase of 87.7%, and issued certificates for 6,614 layout -designs of integrated
circuits, a year -on-year increase of 73.4%. And in 2020, 14,375 applications were submitted, a
72.8% increase from the previous year, and 11,727 registrations were granted, a yearly increase of
77.3%.219
3.3.7.5.7 New plant varieties
3.278. The legal framework for the protection of new plant varieties is provided for by the
Regulations on the Protection of New Varieties o f Plants (1997) and a body of implementing rules
(Table A3.5). China acceded to the 1978 Act of the International Convention for the Protection of
New Varieties of Plants in 1999.
3.279. The period of protection is 20 years from the date of authorization in the c ase of vines, forest
trees, fruit trees, and ornamental trees, and 15 years for other plants. The Implementation Rules
(Agriculture Part) and the Implementation Rules (Forestry Part) stipulate rules for protection of new
plant varieties in agriculture and forestry, respectively, and Rules for the Review Board on New Plant
Varieties regulate the review procedures for the authorization of new plant varieties.
3.280. The protection of new plant varieties in China is carried out by MARA and the National
Forestry and G rassland Administration (NFGA). The Office of Plant Variety Protection of MARA is
219 CNIPA, 2020 Statistics , 25 January 2021. Viewed at:
http://english.ipraction.gov.cn/article/ns/202101/334279.html . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 115 -
responsible for reviewing new varieties of agricultural plants and other related matters, including
grain, cotton, oil -bearing plants, bast -fibre plants, sugar, vegetables (i ncluding watermelon and
musk melon), tobacco plants, mulberries, tea plants, fruit trees (except dry fruits), ornamental
plants (except ligneous plants), grasses, green manure, herbaceous medicinal plants, edible fungi,
algae, rubber trees, and other plant s. The NFGA Science and Technology Development Center is
responsible for the receipt, examination, and authorization of new varieties of forestry plants and
other related matters.
3.281. Over the past 20 years, protection has expanded to a growing number of plant varieties.
The number of applications has also increased annually, making China the country with the largest
number of annual applications for agricultural plant varieties. According to the data released by the
Office of Plant Variety Protection of MARA, since 1999, the number of applications and registrations
for plant varieties has increased rapidly. In early 2019, the cumulative number of applications had
reached 26,000 and the total number of grants was 12,000. In 2018, the number of applications for
new varieties of agricultural plants reached more than 4,800, which is equivalent to the total number
of applications in the last 10 years.220 The numbers of applications for new varieties of agricultural
plants in 2017, 2018, and 2019 were 3,842, 4,854, and 7,032, respectively, and the total number
of grants reached 1,486, 1,990, and 2,288, respectively.
3.282. The NFGA released 7 lists of new varieties protection, covering 284 varieties, most of which
are active in forestry breeding. The number of applications for new varieties of forestry plants has
also increased annually. By 2020, the total number of applications for new varieties of forestry plants
reached 5,566, and the total number of authorizations reached 2,643. In 2017, 2018, and 2019,
there were, respecti vely, 623, 906, and 802 applications and 160, 145, and 439 authorizations for
new varieties of forestry plants.
3.283. The authorities started reviewing the Regulations on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
in 2019. The Supreme People's Court plans to issu e a judicial interpretation on the Provisions on
Application of Law in the Trial of Disputes over New Plant Variety Rights in 2021.221
3.3.7.5.8 Undisclosed information and trade secrets
3.284. The legal framework governing the protection of undisclosed information and trade secrets
is composed by the Anti -Unfair Competition Law (last amended in 2019), the Administrative
Licensing Law (last amended in 2019), the Criminal Law (last amended in 2020), the Labour Law,
the Regulations for the Impl ementation of the Law on Drug Control, and the Regulations on
Administration of Agricultural Chemicals.
3.285. The Anti -Unfair Competition Law, as amended in 2019, contains revised provisions on trade
secrets. Article 9 defines "trade secrets" as "technical infor mation, business operation information,
and other commercial information that are not known to the public, have commercial value, and for
which the trade secret owner has adopted corresponding measures to maintain its confidentiality".
3.286. The amendment adds n ew types of trade secret infringements, particularly the acquisition
of trade secrets through "cyber invasion"; prohibits indirect infringement of trade secrets that
"instigates, induces, or helps others to obtain, disclose, use, or allow others to use the trade secrets
of the rights holders in breach of confidential obligations or in violation of the requirements of the
relevant rights holder on keeping confidential trade secrets"; expands the scope of persons who are
subject to the provisions of trade sec ret infringement to include all individual and legal persons;
adds punitive damages for malicious trade secret infringement; and increases the administrative
fines that may be imposed for trade secret infringement.
3.287. Serious infringement of trade secrets con stitutes a crime under the Criminal Law. In
December 2020, the NPC Standing Committee passed the Criminal Law Amendments, which covered
infringement of trade secrets. Specifically, the maximum and minimum penalty for this crime was
increased, and the maxim um penalty was increased from 7 to 10 years. The conviction and
220 Twelve Tables Law Firm, "Introduction to the Protection of New Plant Varieties in China",
18 July 2019. Viewed at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=b012e1f4 -d0a3-4ba3-9715-
f045afc8118c#:~:t ext=China%20has%20established%20a%20legal,1%20of%20the%20same%20year .
221 AFD China Intellectual Property Law Office, New Plant Varieties Protection in China , 26 October 2020.
Viewed at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=2d8f77dd -bb01-463c-9783-41e1fa6bd0c0 . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 116 -
sentencing standards were revised, and actual losses will not be considered as the only prerequisite
for constituting a crime. According to the authorities, the definition of trade secrets in the Criminal
Law was deleted, and its definition was mentioned in the corresponding provisions of the Anti -Unfair
Competition Law revised in 2019.
3.288. According to Article 23 of the F IL, implemented in March 2019, administrative agencies and
their employees sh all keep confidential, according to the Law, the trade secrets of foreign investors
and foreign -funded enterprises to which they have access in performing their duties, and neither
divulge nor illegally provide others with such secrets. Article 39 of the F IL stipulates that during the
promotion, protection, and administration of foreign investment, where an employee of an
administrative agency divulges or illegally provides others with any trade secret to which he or she
has access in performing his or her duties, disciplinary action shall be taken against the employee
according to the Law; and if it is criminally punishable, the employee shall be held criminally liable
according to the Law. In April 2019, the Administrative Licensing Law, which governs busi ness
licences and certain regulatory approvals, was amended to incorporate similar content as that in the
FIL. Article 5 prohibits that individuals (including government officials and external experts) involved
in licensing procedures to disclose trade sec rets and other confidential business information without
the consent of the applicant, except in situations required by law or justified under national security
or public interest grounds.
3.289. The China -United States Phase 1 Economic and Trade Agreement requir ed China to
enumerate additional prohibited acts that constitute trade secret misappropriation, including:
(i) electronic intrusions; (ii) breach or inducement of a breach of duty not to disclose information
that is secret or intended to be kept secret; an d (iii) unauthorized disclosure or use that occurs after
the acquisition of a trade secret under circumstances giving rise to a duty to protect the trade secret
from disclosure or to limit the use of the trade secret. In addition, the agreement provides fo r burden
shifting to an accused party in civil proceedings for misappropriation when the holder of a trade
secret has produced prima facie evidence, including circumstantial evidence, of a reasonable
indication of trade secret misappropriation by the accus ed party. Other measures include the use of
preliminary injunctions, clarifying criminal enforcement of misappropriation, and preventing
unauthorized disclosure of trade secrets by government entities.222
3.3.7.6 Enforcement
3.3.7.6.1 Overview
3.290. The IP enforcement regime conti nued to evolve in response to the challenges posed by the
shift from brick -and-mortar stores to virtual marketplaces and the implementation of international
agreements. In China, IP holders have the possibility of bringing action against the infringer eith er
directly in a court or by requesting the competent administrative authority to handle the case. An
administrative resolution is not necessary prior to the judicial resolution. All public security
authorities above the prefecture and city levels have IPR crime -coordinating activities and lead
organizations to arrange and coordinate action to crack down on infringement and counterfeiting
activities. The Ministry of Public Security has cooperation agreements with other agencies
(e.g. Customs) to facilitate the prompt reporting of and intervention on IP -related infringements.
The SAMR launched the "Iron Fist" Intellectual Property Law Enforcement Action to crack down on
trademark infringement, counterfeit patents, and other illegal activities. Table 3.32 prov ides an
overview of enforcement actions taken by the authorities during the review period.
3.291. Regarding IP enforcement, the China -United States Phase 1 Economic and Trade Agreement
contains provisions aimed to: (i) provide effective and expeditious action aga inst infringement in the
online environment, including requiring expeditious takedowns and ensuring the validity of notices
and counternotices; (ii) take effective action against e -commerce platforms that fail to take
necessary measures against infringemen t; (iii) take effective enforcement action against counterfeit
pharmaceuticals and related products, including active pharmaceutical ingredients; (iv) increase
actions to stop the manufacture and distribution of counterfeits with significant health or safe ty
risks; (v) provide that the judicial authorities shall, except in exceptional circumstances, order the
forfeiture and destruction of pirated and counterfeit goods, as well as the materials and implements
predominantly used in their manufacture; (vi) significantly increase the number of enforcement
actions against pirated and counterfeit goods at physical markets in China and those that are
222 Government of China. Viewed at: http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2020 -01/16/ content5469650.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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exported or in transit; (vii) ensure, including through third -party audits, that government agencies
and SOEs only u se licensed software; (viii) provide deterrent -level civil remedies and criminal
penalties for IP theft, including increasing the range of minimum and maximum pre -established
damages, sentences of imprisonment, and monetary fines; (ix) require the transfer of cases from
administrative authorities to criminal authorities when there is a reasonable suspicion of a criminal
violation; (x) ensure expeditious enforcement of judgments for violations of IPR; (xi) provide legal
presumptions of copyright ownership an d waive certain other requirements for bringing copyright
infringement claims; (xii) eliminate or streamline requirements for foreign litigants to authenticate
evidence for use in Chinese courts; and (xiii) provide a reasonable opportunity to present witne sses
and to cross -examine opposing witnesses in civil proceedings.223
Table 3.32 IP enforcement, 2018 -20
2018 2019 2020
Cases dealt with by governmental agencies
(administrative level)
Patents
Number of disputes 66,700 77,300 39,000
Copyright
Number of disputes/administrative penalties 3,033 2,539 ..
Imposition of fines (CNY million) 16 24 ..
Cases transferred to judicial agencies 203 186 ..
Businesses inspected 522,135 384,641 ..
Illegal operation units banned 2,361 1,224 ..
Underground dens detected 203 152 ..
Trademarks
Number of disputes 30,200 31,900 31,300
Cases transferred to judicial agencies 172 236 709
Value of fine (CNY million) 470 514 445
Cases handled by Customs at the border
Cases dealt with by courts
First-instance civil IPR cases accepted 201,039 283,414 399,031
First-instance civil IPR cases closed 192,938 273,945 394,521
Patent cases accepted 16,010 21,699 22,272
Patent cases closed 14,254 19,151 23,071
Trademark cases accepted 37,946 51,998 65,209
Trademark cases closed 35,816 49,367 64,784
Copyright cases accepted 137,267 195,408 293,066
Copyright cases closed 133,357 192,385 289,029
Technical contract cases accepted 2,098 2,680 3,135
Technical contract cases closed 2,214 2,452 3,181
Unfair competition cases accepted 2,429 4,080 4,128
Unfair competition cases closed 2,179 3,207 3,902
Other IPR cases accepted 5,289 7,549 11,221
Other IPR cases closed 5,118 7,382 11,445
Second instance civil IPR cases accepted 21,818 27,621 49,704
Second instance civil IPR cases closed 20,525 26,288 48,710
.. Not available.
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
3.292. China also released five judicial interpretations, including trade secret protection, patent
licensing and confirmation, online IP infringement, criminal protection for IPRs, and evidence in
IP-related civil proceedings, as well as providing three guiding opinions on IP protection for
e-commerce platforms, strengthening the efforts of punishing IP infringements, and reinforcing the
protection of copyrights and related rights.
3.3.7.6.2 Administrative procedu res
3.293. Copyright administrative authorities have been established in all provinces, autonomous
regions, municipalities, and certain cities to administer local copyright affairs including copyright
enforcement. In 2018, local copyright law enforcement departme nts had 3,033 cases, of which
203 were transferred to criminal judicial agencies. More than 7.4 million pirated products were
223 Government of China. Viewed at: http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2020 -
01/16/content_5469650.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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seized. Special measures to crack down on copyright infringement and piracy included the Sword
Network 2018 and Sword Network 2019 strategies to promote copyrights in key areas such as
network reprinting, short videos, movies, streaming media, and images. Data provided by the
authorities indicate that 994 network infringement cases were investigated.
3.294. During the review period, copyrig ht surveillance of large -scale video, music, and literature
websites, as well as online storage service providers, was strengthened. In 2018 and 2019, early
warnings for 14 batches of key works, and 139 films and television works, were issued. These were
reaffirmed by resident and non -resident right holders. The authorities have actively implemented
outreach and training activities on enforcement and produced specific publications to inform the
public.
3.295. During the review period, the CNIPA organized and launc hed IP protection campaigns and
led nationwide efforts to crack down on infringements of trademarks, GIs, and patents. In 2018, the
CNIPA joined MARA and four other departments to curb counterfeit, low -quality food in rural areas.
In 2019, the CNIPA distri buted the Special Action Plan for IP Law Enforcement and Protection. Also
in 2019, the SAMR issued the Iron Fist Action Plan for IP Enforcement for 2019 and 2020; according
to the authorities, it launched law enforcement actions against trademark infringem ent, counterfeit
patents, and other illegal activities, and issued the Implementation Measures for Reinforcing IP Law
Enforcement in Online Shopping and Imports and Exports jointly with the Ministry of Public Security,
MARA, the GACC, the National Copyrigh t Administration, and the National Intellectual Property
Administration.
3.296. According to the authorities, since 2018, the CNIPA has taken the initiative to crack down
on infringements in the area of forestry plant varieties. There is a plan to amend the Measu res for
Administrative Law Enforcement on the Protection of New Varieties of Forestry Plants to strengthen
the protection of plant variety rights.
3.3.7.6.3 Judicial measures
3.297. During the review period, China continued its efforts to strengthen the capability of judic ial
enforcement. In January 2019, the new IP Court of the Supreme Court was established and has
national jurisdiction over technical IP appeals. This is a major milestone in the Chinese IP litigation
system. The IP Court implemented the Uniform Judgment St andard System Project and explored
the simultaneous trial mode of administrative and civil cases, as well as optimized the trial
mechanism of technical IP cases. Data provided by the authorities indicate that the IP Courts in
Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzh ou have accepted more than 100,000 cases.
3.298. Since 2017, intermediate courts in 21 municipalities have set up special judicial agencies for
first-instance IP cases. According to the authorities, local IP courts have improved the conduct of
trials. Table 3.33 shows the number of judicial cases related to IP during 2018 and 2019.
Table 3.33 Judicial measures, 2018 -19
Cases/growth 2018 2019
New cases received 334,951 481,793
Cases concluded 319,651 475,853
Percentage growth 2018 -19 44.16% 48.87%
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
3.299. The courts have implemented the Opinions on Strengthening the Protection of Intellectual
Property Rights, improved the timeliness and suitability of judicial remedies , and made efforts to
achieve coordination and proportionality between compensation for infringement damages and the
market value of IPRs. According to the authorities, the quality and effectiveness of trials have been
improved, and the leading role of cou rts in IPR enforcement has become more prominent.
3.300. According to the authorities, the Opinions of the Supreme People's Court on Promoting the
"Three -in-One" Trial of Civil, Administrative and Criminal Cases Involving Intellectual Property Rights
in Courts Na tionwide were put into practice. The Supreme People's Court reinforced its guidance on
the "three -in-one" reform nationwide; researched IP -related criminal cases and revised relevant
judicial interpretations; appointed a national database of technical inve stigators and experts; and
issued the Technical Investigator Work Manual (2019) to provide work guidelines for courts. Courts WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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at all levels have further clarified how staff members could participate in technical fact -finding
investigations.
3.301. The judicial sy stem has worked to improve transparency by implementing the work
requirements called "Disclosure as Principle and Non -Disclosure as Exception" and widening the
scope of public hearings.
3.302. In April 2020, the Supreme People's Court released the list of the top 10 IP law cases of
2019. The cases cover patents (invention and industrial design), trademarks, copyrights, and unfair
competition. The cases were adjudicated by courts throughout China at different appeal levels.
3.3.7.6.4 Customs measures
3.303. The legal framework for IP enforcement at the border is provided by the Customs Law, the
Regulations on Customs Protection of Intellectual Property, and the Rules of the Customs for
Implementing the Regulations on Customs Protection of Intellectual Propert y.
3.304. Ex officio or active IPR enforcement upon entry into China requires recording the information
of the relevant IPRs with the GACC. This procedure is free and allows customs officials to monitor
suspicious activities, inspect import and export shipments, and work directly with the right holder to
identify infringing goods. The GACC has the authority to suspend the customs clearance of suspected
infringing goods, detain the shipment at the request of the IPR holder, and investigate the
infringement. If no d etermination on infringement is possible, the IPR holder can still pursue the
case in court. If an IPR holder has not registered with the GACC, the customs authority is not in a
position to investigate. The IPR holder can request that customs detain a ship ment by providing
evidence of the infringement and a deposit equivalent to the value of the goods. The IPR holder
would need to file a case in court within 20 working days or the customs authority would release the
goods. About 50,000 valid IPR registratio ns have been recorded with the GACC up to
September 2019. In 2017, China Customs applied 22,500 IP protection measures, resulting in
seizures of 19,100 shipments of goods suspected of IPR infringement. In 2018, China Customs
applied 49,700 border protectio n measures, resulting in seizures of 47,200 shipments of goods
suspected of IPR infringement. In 2019, China Customs applied 55,600 IP protection measures,
resulting in seizures of 51,600 shipments of goods suspected of IPR infringement. Between 2017
and 2 019, more than 97% of the seizures were based on China Customs' ex officio actions, while
only around 3% was initiated by brand owners under passive protection scheme.
3.3.7.6.5 Criminal procedures
3.305. In December 2020, the Standing Committee of the National People's Co ngress adopted the
amendments to the Criminal Law, which provide for stronger criminal penalties for IPR
infringements, raising the maximum prison term for trademark and copyright infringements from
7 to 10 years; added the protection of service marks; and supplemented the types of criminal acts
that infringe on trade secrets, adding "industrial espionage crime". The amendment is scheduled to
enter into force in March 2021.224
224 China's Website for the Campaign against IPR Infringements and Counterfeits, "China Amends
Criminal Law", 28 December 2020. Viewed at: http://english.ipraction.gov.cn/article/ps/202012/331706.html . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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4 TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR
4.1 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries
4.1.1 Overview
4.1. The contribution of agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, and fisheries to current GDP
gradually decreas ed during the review period. The real growth rate fluctuated year -on-year, and
employment (as a percentage of total employment) also gradually dec lined. Farming and animal
husbandry continue to account for the majority of gross value output (over 81.3% in 20 20)
(Table 4.1).
Table 4.1 Principal indicators for agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, and fisheries,
2015 -20
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Contribution to current GDP (%) 8.7 8.4 7.8 7.3 7.4 6.0
Real growth rate (%) 3.9 3.3 4.0 3.5 3.2 1.1
Employment (percentage of total employment)a 28.3 27.7 27.0 25.1 .. ..
Share of gross output value (%)b
Farming 55.6 54.8 55.8 57.1 56.2 52.1
Forestry 4.5 4.6 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.3
Animal husbandry 29.4 30.0 28.2 26.6 28.1 29.2
Fishery 10.6 10.7 11.1 11.3 10.7 9.3
.. Not available.
a Percentage of employment of the primary industry in total employment not including mining; data
for employment in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries were not available.
b Including auxiliary services.
Note: The farming output data for 2020 are estimated data.
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
4.1.2 Agriculture
4.1.2.1 Features and market development
4.2. Over the period 2015-19, the overall value of production of agriculture and animal husbandry
increased steadily (Table 4.2). Longer term trends are contained in Chart 4.1 and Chart 4.2.
Table 4.2 Agricultural production, 2015 -19
Value of production
of agriculture and
animal husbandry Cereal sa Pork Poultry Fruits Vegetables Cotton
CNY million
2015 8,285,466 1,418,998 1,285,965 739,547 961,309 2,009,154 104,142
2016 8,612,106 1,429,738 1,413,344 777,516 929,945 1,851,000 79,010
2017 8,742,095 1,473,846 1,296,611 732,987 1,049,366 1,871,516 81,162
2018 9,015,000 1,460,160 1,120,265 816,272 1,102,956 2,037,395 81,216
2019 9,913,080 1,479,773 1,320,716 959,815 1,243,312 2,175,413 77,934
'000 tonnes
2015 .. 618,184 56,454 19,195 245,246 664,251 5,907
2016 .. 616,665 54,255 20,017 244,052 674,342 5,343
2017 .. 615,205 54,518 19,817 252,419 691,927 5,653
2018 .. 610,036 54,037 19,937 256,884 703,467 6,103
2019 .. 613,697 42,553 22,386 274,008 703,467 5,889
.. Not available.
a Main cereals produced are rice, wheat, and corn.
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, China Statistical Yearbook 2019 . Viewed at:
http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm ; WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1,
14 September 2018; and data provided by the authorities. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 121 -
Chart 4.1 Value of production of agriculture and animal husbandry, 2009 -19
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, China Statistical Yearbook 2019 . Viewed at:
http://www .stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm ; and data provided by the authorities.
Chart 4.2 Volume of production, 2009 -19
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, China Statistical Yearbook 2019 . Viewed at:
http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm ; and data provided by the authorities.
4.3. China continues to be a net importer of agricultural products, although agricultural imports
represente d only 6.4% of total merchandise imports in 2020. As at the time of China's previous
Review, China's main agricultural exports by tariff line (at the HS 4 -digit level) are fruits and
vegetables. I mports of agricultural products continue to be dominated by soya beans, although their
share in imports dropped between 2017 and 2020 (Table 4.3) .
Table 4.3 Agricultural exports and imports, 2015 -20
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Exportsa (USD million) 50,425.8 52,491.7 54,576.6 57,619.8 58,490.6 57,486.6
% of total exports 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2
Growth rate (%) 0.2 4.1 4.0 5.6 1.5 -1.7
Top 10 exports at HS 4 -digit level (% of total)
0703 Onions, garlic, fresh or chilled 4.7 6.0 5.0 3.4 4.5 4.6
2008 Fruit and nuts prepared/preserved,
n.e.s. 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.1 4.5 4.4
2106 Food preparations, n.e.s. 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.2 3.5 4.0
0712 Dried vegetables 5.6 6.2 7.3 7.0 5.0 3.7
0808 Apples, pears and quinces, fresh 2.9 3.7 3.7 3.2 3.1 3.7
2309 Preparations of a kind used in
animal feed 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.3 3.6
0902 Tea 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.5 3.5
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,00010,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019Other
Cotton
Vegetables
Fruit and nuts
Poultry
Pork
CerealsChart 4.[CHN] Value of production of agriculture and animal husbandry, 2009 -19
Source: National Bureau of Statistics and data provided by the authorities.CNY trillion
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019708090100110120130140150
Cereals
Pork
Poultry
Fruit
CottonChart 1.[CHN] Volume of production, 2009 -2019
Source: National Bureau of Statistics and data provided by the authorities.Index (2008=100)WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2005 Other prepared/preserved
vegetables 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.5
1302 Vegetable saps and extracts, etc. 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
2103 Sauces; mixed condiments and
seasonings 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.7
Importsa (USD million) 108,526.1 102,992.2 115,441.9 123,793.3 132,583.1 157,424.1
% of total imports 5.8 6.5 6.5 6.3 5.8 6.4
Growth rate (%) -5.1 -5.1 12.1 7.2 7.1 18.7
Top 10 imports at HS 4 -digit level (% of total)
1201 Soya beans 32.1 33.0 34.3 30.8 26.7 25.1
0203 Meat of swine, fresh, chilled or
frozen 1.3 3.1 1.9 1.7 3.4 7.5
0202 Meat of bovine animals, frozen 2.1 2.4 2.6 3.8 6.0 6.2
1901 Food preparations of cereals, flour
or milk 2.7 3.4 3.9 4.4 4.4 3.7
1511 Palm oil and its fractions 3.4 2.8 3.0 2.7 3.1 2.6
0810 Fresh fruit, n.e.s. in chapter 8 1.8 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.6
2106 Food preparations, n.e.s. 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.4 2.5
5201 Cotton, not carded or combed 2.4 1.5 1.9 2.6 2.7 2.3
0207 Meat of poultry, fresh, chilled or
frozen 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.5 2.2
0402 Milk and cream, concentrated or
containing added sugar 1.4 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.4 2.1
a WTO definition.
Note: Top 10 agricultural exports and imports by HS 4 -digit level are sorted by the year 2020.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, based on trade figures from UN Comtrade database.
4.4. Farmland continues to be owned by villagers' collectives that had a 15 -year ownership for a
first round and a 30 -year ownership for a second round under the household contract responsibility
system set up in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Having signed the contract, farmers are guaranteed
the right to occupy, use, and profit from the tenur e of the farmland during the period covered by
the contract. Rural households can transfer the land management right in exchange for income
through the "three -rights" separation system, which was embedded in law through amendments to
the Rural Contract Law in 2018.1 According to the authorities, this system facilitated a more efficient
allocation of land management rights to support appropriately scaled management and the
development of modern agriculture. Reportedly, the registration and certification of 200 million rural
households' contracted land rights have been completed, and, by the end of 2019, 550 million mu
(1 mu being 667 m2) of rural contracted land had been transferred. During the review period, a
greater emphasis was placed on experimenting wi th a similar approach to underused or unused rural
homesteads, to promote housing use and densification, as well as to liberate construction land for
new industries. Homesteads are collective rural construction lands owned by the village collectives
and al located for villagers to build homes and supporting facilities.2 The authorities indicate that pilot
programmes for rural homestead reform have been carried out in 33 counties (cities or districts)
since 2015. Following the requirement of acquisition in a lawful and fair manner, economic and
intensive use, and voluntary paid exit, pilot projects have explored guaranteeing housing for all rural
households, establishing homestead paid use and exit mechanisms, delegating homestead approval
authority, and impr oving the homestead management system. Some of the results gained from pilot
programmes were incorporated into the newly revised Land Management Law. In 2018, the
Government announced a policy to explore the three -rights separation system for homesteads.3 In
June 2020, China adopted the Pilot Program for Deepening the Rural Homestead System Reform,
1 Under a pilot three -rights separation system initiated in 2014, the right of collective ownership, the
contracting right of farmer households, and the operating right of rural land were separated. The objective was
to optimally utilize farmland considering increasing levels of urbanization and a corresponding underutilization
of farmlands owned by farmers no longer living in rural areas and thus enable active farmers or agri -
businesses to work the land (CTGN, China's "No. 1. Document" to Continue Land Reforms as Part of
Revitalization Strategy , 4 February 2018. Viewed at: https://news.cgtn.com/news/7751444e31677a6333566
d54/index.html ). In 2016, China adopted the Opinions on Improving the System for Separating Rural Land
Ownership, Contract Rights and Management Rights, making a systematic and comprehensive inst itutional
arrangement for the "separation of three rights" of the rural contracted land, proposing to speed up the
liberalization of land management rights, and establish and perfect a standardized management system for
land transfer.
2 The authorities ind icate that, in the context of this Review, the Government has not yet calculated the
total area of homesteads; however, in the future, MARA will establish a nationwide homestead survey system
and make the survey results public, according to law.
3 MDPI, "R eport from a Chinese Village 2019: Rural Homestead Transfer and Rural Vitalization", MDPI
Sustainability Journal , 18 October 2020. Viewed at: https://www.mdpi.com . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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which requires the relevant authorities to explore the implementation of homestead collective
ownership, the protection of rural households' entitlement to home stead and housing property
rights, and the moderate relaxing of specific paths/measures regarding the rights of use of
homesteads and rural houses while safeguarding and developing the rights and interests of farmers.
4.1.2.2 Legal and institutional framework
4.5. The Government is responsible for establishing the general agricultural policy framework and
the rules for its implementation. As part of the Government's restructuring in 2018, various
institutional changes were made. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) was ren amed the Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) and falls under the responsibility of the State Council. Its
priorities are resolution of the "three -rights" issues (Section 4.1.2.1), agricultural and rural
development, implementation of the rural revitalization strategy (Section 4.1.2.3), promotion of
agricultural upgrading, farmer development, and acceleration of agricultural and rural
modernization. MARA took over the responsibilities of the MOA, as well as the management
responsibilities for th e agricultural investment projects of the National Development and Reform
Commission (NDRC), the comprehensive agricultural development projects of the Ministry of
Finance, the farmland investment projects of the Ministry of Land and Resources, and the far mland
water conservancy construction projects of the Ministry of Water Resources. T he National Food and
Strategic Reserves Administration (NAFRA) was also established under the purview of the NDRC,
with a view to strengthening the overall planning and buil ding of a unified national material reserves
system, enhancing the supervision and management of the central grain and cotton reserves, and
improving the national reserve's capacity to respond to emergencies. The NAFRA is responsible for:
(i) implementing the purchase, storage, rotation, and management of emergency reserves in
accordance with the overall development plan and the catalogue of the national reserves system;
(ii) constructing and managing related infrastructure; and (iii) supervising and inspec ting
government and enterprise reserves and the implementation of the reserve policies. It is also
responsible for industry guidance of grain distribution and administrative management of the central
reserves of grain and cotton. The State Administration o f Grain was dissolved. Additionally, the
Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), which has a lead role in supporting the development of
the biotechnology industry, took responsibility for China's National Science Foundation, a public
science funding bod y. MARA, together with, inter alia , the NDRC, the Ministry of Finance, and the
Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM), is in charge of implementing agricultural policy.
4.6. Among the central state -owned enterprises (SOEs) and their subsidiaries under the
State -owned As sets Supervision and Administration Commission's (SASAC) supervision operating in
the agriculture sector and related sectors, such as food processing and the production of seeds,
fertilizers, and pesticides, are: the China Agriculture Development Group; CO FCO Corporation; the
China Grain Storage Group; China Salt Industry Group; Sinochem; China National Chemical Group;
and the China National Seed Group.
4.7. Key laws in the agriculture sector are set out in Table 4.4.
4.8. In 2018, amendments to the Law on the Contracting of Rural Land were made to legally
upgrade the institutional arrangements on the "three -rights" separation system of rural contracted
land (Section 4.1.2.1). Major changes to the Land Administration Law in 2019 were made to narrow
the scope of land requisition, allow collective operating construction land to enter the market,
establish the means of protecting rural land designated for housing, and strengthen the protection
of arable land (especially permanen t basic farmland). Amendments to the Law and Safety of
Agricultural Products in 2018 reflected institutional changes. The main change to the Law on the
Organization of Villagers' Committees in 2018 was to change the term of a Villagers' Committee
member fr om three to five years. The 2018 revision to the Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Law
did not involve any substantial changes.4
4.9. Since China's previous Review, FDI restrictions on companies selecting and cultivating new
varieties of crop and producing seeds have been eased, except for soybean and rice; the requirement
for Chinese parties to be controlling shareholders now applies only to corn. With respect to wheat,
the Chinese shareholding threshold has been reduced to 34% (Table A2.3).5
4 The revision merged the first and second paragraphs o f Article 12.
5 See also WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018, Table A2.3. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Table 4.4 Main agriculture -related laws, December 2020
Law
(date of last amendment) Coverage
Agriculture Law, 1993 (2012) Principles for agriculture development, management, and preservation.
Agriculture encompasses crop -plantation, forestry, animal husbandry,
and fisheries.
Law on Specialized Farmers'
Cooperatives, 2006 (2017) Regulations on norms and behaviour of specialized farmers'
cooperatives.
Law on Promotion of Agricultural
Mechanization, 2004 (2018) Provisions to encourage and support peasants and agricultural
production and operation organizations to use advanced machines,
promote mechanization, and develop modern agriculture.
Law on the Contracting of Rural
Land, 2002 (20 18) Provisions to stabilize and perfect the two -level operation system that is
based on the responsibility system of contracting by households
supplemented by unified management, entitling peasants to a long -term
and guaranteed right to land use.
Law of A gricultural Engineering
Extension, 1993 (2012) Provisions to strengthen agricultural engineering extension, and
advance agricultural scientific research and new technology to ensure
agricultural development and modernization.
Land Administration Law, 1986
(2019) Provisions on the ownership and land use rights, land use planning,
protection of cultivated land, land for construction, and supervision and
inspection.
Law on the Quality and Safety of
Agricultural Products, 2006
(2018) Provisions on quality and safety standards, origin, production, packing
and labelling, and supervision and inspection of agricultural products.
Law on the Organization of
Villagers' Committees, 1998
(2018) Provisions on composition and responsibilities of villagers' committees,
election of village committees, villagers' meetings, and democratic
supervision and management.
Source: FAOLEX Database, China . Viewed at: http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=CHN ; Land
Administration Law. Viewed at: http://www.moj.gov.cn/Department/content/2019 -09/18/592_3232
173.html ; Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Law. Viewed at: http://www.moa.gov.cn/gk/zcfg/fl/
202007/t20200716_6348748.htm ; Law on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products. Viewed at:
http://www.moj.gov.cn/Department/content/2019 -01/17/592_226992.html ; Law on the
Organization of Villagers' Committees. Viewed at: http://www.moj.gov.cn/Department/content/
2019-01/17/592_227048.html ; and Rural Contract Law. Viewed at:
http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c30834/201901/cd063e4c0f19465e9d41946001fe839c.shtml .
4.1.2.3 Policy objectives and reforms
4.10. The main agricultural strategy in China is the Strategic Plan for Rural Revitalization (2018 -22)
released in 2018.6 The reasons for issuing the Plan were to build on improvements achieved in the
agricultural sector and to address challenges relating to improving the quality and effectiveness of
agricultural development, devel oping rural talents, lagging construction of rural public facilities, and
closing the large gap between urban and rural public services and the income of urban and rural
residents. According to the authorities, the Plan gives priority to agricultural and r ural development,
and the overall requirement of making the countryside prosperous in terms of industrial
development, liveable in terms of ecological environment, civilized in terms of conduct, effective in
terms of governance, and well off in terms of th e standard of living. Under the Plan, institutional
mechanisms and policy frameworks for integrated development of the urban and rural areas are
being developed to accelerate the modernization of rural governance systems and capabilities, as
well as of agr icultural and rural areas. Various plans were released to implement the goals contained
in Strategic Plan, including China's No. 1 Central Documents on Agriculture and Rural Development
of 2018, 2019 and 20207; the Development Plan for Digital Agriculture and Rural Areas (2019 -25)8;
and a white paper on food security in China.9
6 Strategic Plan for Rural Revitalization. Viewed at: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018 -09/26/content_
5325534.htm .
7 For an explanation of the contents of these documents, as well as a link to the official texts, see FAO,
China No. 1 Central Document of 2018. Viewed at: http://www.fao.org/f aolex/results/details/en/c/LEX -FAOC
179223 ; China No. 1 Central Document of 2019 . Viewed at: http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/
LEX-FAOC192851 ; and China No. 1 Central Document of 2020. Viewed at: http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/
details/en/c/LEX -FAOC192850 .
8 FAO (2019), Development Plan for Digital Agriculture and Rural Areas (2019 -2025) . Viewed at:
http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX -FAOC193207 .
9 FAO (2019), White Paper: Food Security in China . Viewed at:
http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX -FAOC195922 . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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4.11. Policy objectives for modernizing the agricultural sector are also contained in China's
13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development (2016 -20), which has four main elem ents:
(i) strengthening the capacity for ensuring the safety of agricultural products; (ii) establishing a
modern agricultural operations system; (iii) improving technology and equipment and increasing
information technology (IT) application in agriculture ; and (iv) improving systems for providing
support and protection for agriculture. It also contains goals for developing the agricultural
biotechnology segment, including genetically modified crops . In the 14th Five-Year Plan for Economic
and Social Develo pment , policy objectives in agriculture included : implementing the strategy of rural
revitalization, strengthen ing the use of industry to supplement agriculture, and promot ing the
formation of a new type of urban -rural relationship between industry and agr iculture . The authorities
state that steps to implement the goals/reforms contained in the above -mentioned plans include
promotion of large -scale construction of high -standard farmland, demarcation of functional areas of
grain production and essential prod uction areas for agricultural products, strengthened innovation
in agricultural science and technology, and promotion of whole -process mechanized production of
major crops. Additionally, support is being given to establishing modern agricultural industrial parks
and townships and industry clusters, and developing new business models (i.e. leisure agriculture,
rural tourism, and rural e -commerce). Other areas of focus include encouraging clean agricultural
production, developing a three -year action plan to p rotect and restore the rural environment,
promoting rural culture, and improving transport infrastructure, utilities, and public service delivery.
4.12. In July 2020, MARA issued a 2020 -25 National Plan for Rural Industrial Development10, which
sets out the goal s and revenue targets for rural industrial development over the period, with
priorities including upgrading agricultural product processing industries, expanding rural speciality
industries, improving agricultural tourism, developing new -type rural service industries, promoting
synergies between vertical integration of agriculture and rural industries development, and
advancing entrepreneurship and innovation in rural areas.
4.1.2.4 Policy instruments
4.1.2.4.1 Border measures
4.13. Agricultural products (WTO definition) are, with the exception of some animal products,
subject to ad valorem applied rates.11 In 2021, the average most -favoured nation (MFN) applied
tariff on agricultural products was 12.7% (14.8% in 2017). The product gr oups subject to
higher -than-average tariff protection included sugars and confectionery (30.6%); cotton (22.0%);
cereals and preparations (19.7%); beverages, spirits and tobacco (14.9%); and coffee and tea
(13%). The simple average tariff for oilseeds, fat s, and oils (including soybeans, one of China's
major imports) was the lowest among agricultural products, at 10.1% (10.5% in 2017). In addition,
the variability of agricultural tariffs, with a standard deviation (SD) of 10.1, was higher than that of
non-agricultural products (SD 4.6). Variability was particularly high for cereals and preparations
(SD 20.4) and sugars and confectionery ( SD 16.2), followed closely by beverages, spirits and
tobacco (SD 15.8) and cotton (SD 14.7) (Table A3.1).
4.14. China continues to make use of tariff -rate quotas (T RQs), which are administered through
import licences (Section 3.1.5).12 Except for uncombed cotton, in -quota and out -of-quota tariff rates
are ad valorem . China applies an interim rate in the form of a sliding duty to a certain amount of
uncombed cotton (HS 5201.0000) imported out of quota, with the sliding duty rate capped at 40%
(i.e. the bound rate for cotton). Taking 2021 as an example, the sliding duty rate in the year depends
on the base price (CNY 14/kg). If the du tiable value of the cotton imported is equal to or higher than
the base price, a specific duty of CNY 0.28/kg is levied, and if the import price is lower than the base
price, an ad valorem rate based on the sliding -scale duty formula applies . Since 2018, t he
implementation rate of tariff quotas has fluctuated, along with domestic and foreign market
conditions. In 2018, the tariff quota fill rates for wheat, corn, and wool tops were relatively low at
32%, 39%, and 13%, respectively (Table 4.5). In 2019, fill rates for wheat, rice, and wool tops were
36%, 48%, and 17%, respectively. The authorities indicate that fluctuating fill rates are due to
10 MARA. Viewed at: http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/XZQYJ/202007/t20200716_6348795.htm .
11 These products are six tariff lines under HS 0207 – frozen m eat and edible offal of fowls of the
species Gallus domesticus (poultry), and one line under HS 0504.00.21 – frozen gizzard. Three tariff lines carry
alternate/mixed rates under HS 4001 – natural rubber; those three alternate rates are interim duties.
12 WTO document G/LIC/N/3/CHN/18, 30 January 2020. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 126 -
changes in domestic and international market conditions; they note a higher fill rate of 87% for
wheat in 2020.
Table 4.5 TRQs on agricultural products and their utilization, 2018 -19
Products Out-of-
quota
rates In-quota
rates Tariff quota
quantity In-quota imports
2018 2019
(%) (tonnes)
Wheat (7 lines) 9,636,000 3,098,719 3,487,626
Wheat and meslin (4 lines) 65 1
Wheat or meslin flour (1 line) 65 6
Groats and meal of wheat (1 line) 65 9
Pellets of wheat (1 line) 65 10
Corn (5 lines) 7,200,000 2,827,288 4,793,424
Maize (corn) seed (1 line) 20 1
Maize (corn) other than seed (1 line) 65 1
Maize (corn) flour (1 line) 40 9
Groats and meal of corn (1 line) 65 9
Rolled or flaked corn (1 line) 65 10
Rice (14 lines) 5,320,000a 3,076,644 2,545,726
Rice, other than broken (8 lines) 65 1
Broken rice (2 lines) 10 1
Rice flour (2 lines) 40 9
Meal of rice (2 lines) 10 9
Sugar (7 lines) 50 15 1,945,000 1,945,000 1,945,000
Wool (6 lines) 38 1 287,000 253,832 277,166
Wool tops (3 lines) 38 3 80,000 10,307 13,961
Cotton (2 lines) 40 1 894,000 894,000 894,000
a Tariff quota quantity is 2,660,000 tonnes for short - and medium -grain rice combined and 2,660,000
tonnes for long -grain rice.
Note: The number of tariff lines in brackets (HS 8 -digit level) refers to the 2018 -19 customs tariff.
Source: WTO documents G/AG/N/CHN/55, 7 December 2020; and G/AG/N/CHN/50, 6 November 2019; and
Ministry of Finance (2019), Customs Tariff of Imports and Export of the People's Republic of Chi na.
4.15. The NDRC is responsible for allocating TRQs for grains and cotton, and MOFCOM allocates the
rest. Some products subject to TRQs (i.e. grains, cotton, and sugar) are also subject to state trading.
In these cases, one part of the quota is allocated to st ate trading enterprises and the other part to
other enterprises. The administration methods of the TRQs as described by China in its notification
to the WTO remained unchanged.13
4.16. The importation of grain (wheat, maize, and rice), sugar, tobacco, and cotton is subject to
state trading.14
4.17. The VAT rate on agricultural domestic and imported goods stood at 9% i n 2020 (reduced from
11% in 2017).15 Self-produced agricultural products sold by agricultural producers are VAT exempt
(Table 3.4). Tobacco leaf (i.e. sun -dried leaf tobacco and toasted leaf tobacco) purchased in China
is subject to a 20% tobacco leaf tax.16 The authorities state that this tax is not levied on imported
tobacco leaf.
4.1.2.4.2 Measures affecting exports
4.18. China notified the WTO that export subs idies were not granted to agricultural products during
the calendar years 2018 and 2019.17 The authorities did not provide an update as to whether export
subsidies were provided in 2020. As indicated in its previous Review, China replied to the
questionnai re on export competition, circulated on 31 October 2016, that it provides export financing
13 WTO document G/AG/N/CHN/2, 25 September 2003, Table MA:1.
14 WTO documents G/STR/N/16/CHN and G/STR/N/17/CHN, 24 July 2018. The period covered by the
notification is 2015 -17. The authorities confirm that this remains the case as at early 2021.
15 State Taxation Administration, together with the Ministry of Finance, issued the Circular on Policies for
Simplifying and Consolidating Value -added Tax (VAT) Rates (Cai Shui No. 37, 2017), which reduced the
applicable t ax rate from 13% to 11% for agricultural products.
16 Tobacco Tax Law of 2017. This Law replaced the Interim Regulation on Tobacco Tax. The 20% tax
rate did not change.
17 WTO documents G/AG/N/CHN/51, 6 November 2019 and G/AG/N/CHN/53, 7 December 2020. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 127 -
programmes (i.e. export credit, export credit guarantees, and insurance programmes) covering,
inter alia, agricultural goods.18 With respect to the questionnaire on export competition circulated
on 17 January 2020, the authorities indicate that the related information would be disclosed in its
coming notification. No data were available on food aid provided by China during the review period.
4.19. Export taxes are levied on four tariff lines (at the HS 8 -digit level) relating to products of
animal origin, and two tariff lines on raw hides and skins (Table 3. 11).19
4.20. Exports of cotton, rice, maize, and tobacco are subject to state trading.20 These products,
except for tobacco, are also subject to export quotas, which are managed by the NDRC and MOFCOM,
and are allocated only to state trading enterprises. Wheat is also subject to export quotas
(Table 4.6).
Table 4.6 Agricultural prod ucts subject to export quotas and licensing in 2020
Products Type of licence Comment
Goods subject to quota and licensing
Rice, maize, wheat, and cotton Export quota licence The quota is allocated by the
NDRC and MOFCOM , and the
licence is issued by MOFCOM.
Live cattle and swine (for export to Hong Kong,
China and Macao, China); live chicken for export to
Hong Kong, China; and flour of maize rice and
wheat Export quota licence The quota is allocated by
MOFCOM.
Goods su bject to licensing
Live cattle and swine (for markets other than Hong
Kong, China or Macao, China) and chicken (for
markets other than Hong Kong, China) and frozen
and chilled beef, pork, and chicken meat Export licence A licence is granted if the
exporter has the relevant
export contract.
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
4.21. Table 4.7 describes the size of the export quotas for maize, rice, and wheat flour in 2018,
2019, and 2020.
Table 4.7 Export quotas for maize, rice, and wheat flour, 2018 -20
(Tonnes)
Product 2018 2019 2020
Maize flour 20,500 330 420
Rice flour 2,500 50 60
Wheat flour 329,600 154,200 155,540
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
4.1.2.4.3 Internal measures
4.1.2.4.3.1 Support measures
4.22. Central Government support to farmers takes the form of tax incentives (Table 4.8) or fiscal
appropriations (Table 4.9). In 2018, China notified the WTO Agriculture Committee of the support
given to the agric ulture sector over the period 2011-16 (Section 4.1.2.4.4).21 Support programmes
covering the period 2017 -18 were notified by China under the Agreement on Subsidies and
Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement ). The only new notified programme introduced in 2 018
was the subsidy for a new round of returning cultivated land to forests and grassland. With respect
to tax incentives, no information was provided on revenue forgone from Central Government tax
incentives (Table 4.8), as apparently China does not colle ct tax expenditures. Information was also
18 WTO document WT/T PR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018.
19 The lines concerned are 0506.10.00 (ossein and bones treated with acid); 0506.90.11, 0506.90.19,
and 0506.90.90 (powde r and waste of bones); and 4103.90.11 and 4103.90.19 (dried hides and skins of
goats).
20 WTO document G/STR/N/16/CHN , G/STR/N/ 17/CHN, 24 July 2018.
21 WTO documents G/AG/N/CHN/42 -47, 14 December 2018. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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not provided on which incentive schemes remain in force as at early 2021 and, in several cases, the
form that fiscal appropriations take (i.e. grants, preferential loans, etc.).
Table 4.8 Central Government tax incentives provided to the agriculture sector, 2018
Title
Legal basis Objective Subsidy Start
date
Projects of agricultural, forestry, animal,
and fishery
Law of the People's Republic of China on
Enterprise Income Tax (2007);
Regulations for the Implementation of
the Law of the People's Republic of
China on Enterprise Income Tax (2007);
MOF Circular Cai Shui No. 149, 2008;
MOF Circular Cai Shui No. 26, 2011;
MOF Circular Cai Shui No. 73, 2016 To support the development of
agriculture Enterprise income tax
exemption/reduction from
income derived by an enterprise
from stipulated projects of
preliminary processing relate d
to farming, forestry, animal
husbandry, and fisheries 2008
Imported products for the purpose of
replacing the planting of poppies
MOF Circular Cai Shui No. 63, 2000 To support the replacement of the
planting of poppies in the border
areas in Yunnan province VAT and tariff exemption for
approved imported products 2000
Imports of seeds (seedlings)
MOF Circular Cai Shui No. 26, 2016 To introduce and promote
improved breeds, strengthen the
protection of species resources,
and develop high -qualit y,
productive, and efficient
agriculture and forestry industries VAT exemptions for approved
imported seeds (seedlings),
breeding stock (fowl), fish fries
(breeds), and wild animals 2006
Preferential tax treatment for tea sold in
the border areas
MOF Circular Cai Shui No. 73, 2016 To reduce costs of ethnic
minorities living in border areas to
purchase border -selling tea, and
ensure sufficient supply of border -
selling tea at border areas
inhabited by ethnic minorities VAT exemption for tea sold in
border areas produced or
distributed by designated
enterprises/distribution entities 2016
Source: WTO documents G/SCM/N/343/CHN, 19 July 2019; and G/SCM/N/343/CHN/Corr.1, 31 July 2019.
Table 4.9 Central Government fiscal appropriations for the agriculture sector, 2018
Title
Legal basis Objective(s) Subsidy Start
date Budgetary
allotments
(CNY million)
Fund for development
of agriculture
MOF Circular Cai Nong
No. 41, 2017 To promote agricultural
production, optimize
industrial structure,
facilitate integration of
industries, and improve
agricultural efficiency Provided to farmers, family
farms, farmer cooperatives,
and agriculture machine ry
service providers for green
and efficient technology
promotion service and
agricultural production
development 2017 2018: 193,650
Subsidy for agricultural
comprehensive
development
MOF Decree No. 60
(date not provided) To strengthen agricultural
infrastructure and
ecological construction,
improve comprehensive
agricultural production
capacity, promote the
adjustment of agricultural
structures, and increase
farmers' incomes Provided to local governments
for eligible agricultural
compre hensive development
projects 1988 2018: 39,540
Fund for poverty
alleviation (in Sanxi
Area and for state -
owned poverty -
stricken farms and
forestry farms)
MOF Circular Cai Nong
No. 8, 2017 To improve production,
income, and living
conditions of poor farmers,
and accelerate economic
and social development in
poverty -stricken areas Provided to local governments
for development -oriented
projects in Sanxi Area, and
state-owned poverty -stricken
farms and forestry farms 1980 2018: 106,095
Fund for water
resources development
(for farmland water
and soil conservation
projects)
MOF Circular Cai Nong
No. 181, 2016 To support rural areas to
develop small farmland
water conservation
projects to prevent water
and soil erosion Provided to provincial
governments for farmland
water and soil conservation
projects 1983 2018: 30,694.76 WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 129 -
Title
Legal basis Objective(s) Subsidy Start
date Budgetary
allotments
(CNY million)
Fund for disaster
prevention and relief
for agriculture, flood
control, and drought
MOF Circular Cai Nong
No. 91, 2017 To support the response to
agricultural disasters,
floods, and droughts To be allocated to
beneficiaries that are to be
determined in accordance with
the disaster situation 2017 2018: 7,060.5
Fund for agricultural
resources and
ecological protection
MOF Circular Cai Nong
No. 42, 2017 To be used for agri cultural
resource conservation,
ecological protection, and
benefit compensation Provided to provincial
governments to be allocated
to eligible farmers, herdsmen,
new types of agricultural
entities, and units and
individuals that undertake
project tasks 2017 2018: 24,536
Subsidy for a new
round of returning
cultivated land to
forests and grassland
MOF Circular Cai Nong
No. 66, 2018 To improve the ecological
environment and promote
sustainable development Provided to provincial
governments to be distribute d
to farmers to return cultivated
land to forests and grassland 2018 2018: 12,789
Note: Forestry -related subsidies are not included in this table, with the exception of those related to
turning cultivated land into forest.
Source: WTO documents G/SCM /N/343/CHN, 19 July 2019 and G/SCM/N/343/CHN/Corr.1, 31 July 2019.
4.23. The authorities indicate that pending China's new notification, which is apparently being
prepared, information on new support programmes introduced during the review period (which are
not covered in China's latest SCM notification) was not available. However, it would appear that
since 2018, at least two additional new programmes have been introduced: (i) an environmental tax
exemption for farming enterprises under which a temporary environ mental protection tax exemption
is provided for agricultural production pollutant discharges (excluding large -scale breeding)22; and
(ii) a subsidy fund for farmland construction that aims to optimize the layout of farmland and improve
its quality, and to attract talent and social capital to invest in agricultural development. With respect
to the latter, it would appear that farmland construction subsidy funds (comprising investment
subsidies and loan discounts) are used for the construction of high -standard farmland and farmland
water conservation. Target beneficiaries include small farmers, rural collective economic
organizations, family farms, farmer cooperatives, large professional farms, and agricultural
enterprises in grain production functional are as and important agricultural production protection
areas.23 The budgetary allotments were CNY 67,392 million in 2019 and CNY 68,280 million in 2020.
4.24. A few subsidy programmes to support farmers at the sub -Central Government level were also
notified to the WTO.24 Pending China's submission of its new notification to the SCM Committee,
information was not available on whether these programmes remained in force as at early 2021 or
if any new programmes have been introduced at the sub -Central Government level s ince 2018.
4.1.2.4.3.2 Price controls and market price support systems
4.25. As noted in previous Reviews, China implements a minimum purchase price policy for rice
and wheat, considered to be the two most important grain varieties, in major producing areas. The
authorities state that, in general, farmers sell grain at market prices. Only when the market prices
of rice and wheat fall below the minimum procurement prices (MPPs) can farmers sell the
commodities that meet quality requirements to designated enterprises, so as to reduce losses caused
by falling grain prices. These prices, as well as limited total purchase volumes, are set on a yearly
basis by the NDRC in consultation with MARA and other government agencies. The MPP of rice in
22 Environmental Protection Tax Law of the People's Repub lic of China 2018, Article 12(1). Viewed at:
https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/environmental -protection -tax-law-lex-faoc162625 .
23 MARA, Cai Nong No. 46, 2019. Viewed at:
http://www.moa.gov.cn/gk/zcjd/201909/t20190904_6327227.htm .
24 WTO documents G/SCM/N/343/CHN, 19 July 2019; and G/SCM/N/343/CHN/Corr.1, 31 July 2019.
These programmes were: (i) a grant for returning farmland to forests or pastures (Shanxi Province); (ii) a
subsidy for tobacco industry development (Fuling District of Chongqing Municipality); (iii) a reward for
agricultural science parks (Qinghai Province); (iv) a fund for treating domestic sewage in farming and pastoral
areas (Qinghai Province); and (v) a grant for turning the cultivated land into forestry (Dalian City, Liaoning
Province). WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 130 -
2018 was substantially lowered, while the MPPs of wheat in both 2018 and 2019 were slightly
lowered (Table 4.10).
Table 4.10 Minimum procurement prices, 2016 -21
(CNY/tonne)
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Wheat 2,360 2,360 2,300 2,240 2,240 2,260
Rice – early long -grain non -glutinous 2,660 2,600 2,400 2,400 2,420 ..
Rice – late long -grain non -glutinous 2,760 2,720 2,520 2,520 2,540 ..
Rice – round -grained non -glutinous 3,100 3,000 2,600 2,600 2,600 ..
.. Not available.
Source Information provided by the authorities.
4.26. Grain reserves of maize, rice, soya beans, and wheat are maintained by the Central
Government and local governments ; according to the authorities , the reserves are used only to cope
with major natural disasters or o ther emergencies.
4.1.2.4.3.3 Other measures
4.27. Under a subsidized agricultural insurance scheme, insurance premiums are subsidized by the
Central Government and local governments, so that farmers pay only a balance of 20% -30% of the
premium. The insurance scheme covers natural disasters such as rainstorms, floods, and droughts,
but not income or levels of production. The distribution of financing between the Central Government
and local governments varies by crop (Table 4.11). Data on total expenditures were not availabl e.
Table 4.11 Distribution of the financing of the agricultural insurance scheme between
central and local authorities
Crops Breeding Non-commercial
forestry Commercial
forestry Tibetan
varieties and
natural rubber
Central
Government 40% in central
and western
regions; 35% in
the eastern region 50% in central and
western regions;
40% in the eastern
region 50% 30% 40%
Local
governments 25% 30% 40% 25% 25%
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
4.28. The authorities indicate that all banks are allowed to provide financing to agricultural projects
based on commercial conditions. Following on from efforts taken by the People's Bank of China
(PBOC) to increase access to finance in rural areas as reported in China's previous Review, in
April 2020, the PBOC cut the Required Reserve Ratio by 1 percentage point, with a cut of
0.5 percentage points on 15 April and again on 15 May, for rural credit cooperatives, rural
cooperative banks, and village banks, as well as city commercial banks operating solely within
provincial -level administrative regions.
4.1.2.4.4 Levels of support
4.29. In December 2018, China notified its domestic support commitments for the calendar
years 2011 to 2016.25 These notifications show no support under the Blue Box (production limiting
schemes) until 2016 , when China notified corn producer subsidies paid, based on fixed area and
yields. Support notified under the Green Box increased year -on-year. Support under t he Amber Box
(including de minimis ) increased from 2011 to 2015 and then decreased significantly in 2016
(Chart 4.3).
4.30. The OECD continues to calculate estimates of support to agriculture in China that provide
more up -to-date indicators over the review perio d (with data available up to 2019) than do China's
support notifications to the WTO (which cover up to 2016). However, the authorities indicate that
25 WTO documents G/AG/N/CHN/42 -47, 14 December 2018. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 131 -
OECD data do not reflect China's official position and that they could not confirm OECD estimates;
they do not agree with the methodologies or data source of the estimation.
Chart 4.3 Green and Amber Box support, 2011 -16
Source: WTO documents G/AG/N/CHN/42 -47, 14 December 2018.
4.31. Compared with the WTO's methodology used to calculate the level of support provided under
the Amber, Blue, and Green Boxes, the OECD's annual monitoring and evaluation reports on
agricultural policies use a different methodology to calculate the value of support that is expressed
in a number of indicators, including: (i) the Producer Support Estimate (PSE) for gross transfers
from consumers and taxpayers to agricultural producers; (ii) the Total Support Estimate (TSE) for
transfers to the agricultural sector in general; and (iii) the Single Commodity Transfers (SCT) for
transfers to specific commodities. As noted in previous Reviews, the PSE represents the value of
transfers to producers, unlike support under the Amber, Blue, and Green Boxes that measure
compliance with WTO commitm ents. Therefore, the value of support as notified to the WTO is neither
compatible nor comparable with the values calculated by the OECD.26
4.32. According to the OECD, total support to agriculture over the past decade peaked at
CNY 2,676.7 billion in 2015, drop ped to CNY 1,462.4 billion by 2018 , and then picked up slightly
in 2019. Most of the total support to agriculture is from market price support arising from tariff
protection, government purchases, and other programmes (Chart 4.4). While domestic prices
remain, in general, greater than import prices, the gap has closed for certain products like wheat
and milk, which at the time of China's previous Review had high producer nominal protection
coefficients (the ratio of the price received by the producers to th e border price). For wheat, the
26 OECD (2017), Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2017, OECD Publishing, Paris. Viewed at:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr_pol -2017-en.
050100150200250300350
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016Corn
Rice
Wheat
Cotton
Soybean
Pigs, sheep, cows
Root crops, peanuts
Rapeseed
Sugar
Non-product specific02004006008001,0001,2001,400
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016Thousands Infrastructure services
Extension and advisory services
Research, pest and disease
control, training
All other general services
Environmental programmes
Public stockholding for food
security
Payments for relief from natural
disasters
Regional assistance programmes
Decoupled income support,
domestic food aid
Source: WTO Secretariat notifications: G/AG/N/CHN/42 to 47.Chart 4.[CHN] Green and Amber Box support, 2011 -16
(CNY billion)WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 132 -
producer nominal protection coefficient was 1.82 in 2016 and decreased to 1.18 in 2019. For milk
at its peak, the coefficient was 1.94 in 2016 and fell to 1.46 in 2019 (Table 4.12 ).
Chart 4.4 OECD measurement of support, 2010 -19
Source: OECD, Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation . Viewed at:
http://www.oecd.org/agricult ure/topics/agricultural -policy -monitoring -and-evaluation/ .
Table 4.12 OECD indicators for support to agriculture in China, 2010 -19
(CNY billion, except nominal protection coefficient )
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total value
of
production 5,776.7 6,775.9 7,413.0 7,993.3 8,372.8 8,285.5 8,612.1 8,742.1 9,015.0 10,166.9
TSE 902.3 804.1 1,273.0 1,461.4 1,523.7 1,676.7 1,653.8 1,633.4 1,462.4 1,521.8
PSE 762.2 659.6 1,102.4 1,269.1 1,302.3 1,391.9 1,403.0 1,374.6 1,225.3 1,284.8
MPS 529.3 388.4 788.0 939.5 961.4 1,013.7 999.0 937.9 783.0 834.8
Producer
nominal
protection
coefficient 1.15 1.10 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.15 1.14
Wheat
Value of
production 230.0 246.6 265.4 291.5 309.5 308.9 297.5 313.2 294.9 300.0
SCT 64.9 35.2 79.7 83.6 105.0 111.2 134.1 111.5 71.9 46.2
MPS 64.9 35.2 79.7 83.6 105.0 111.2 134.1 111.5 71.9 46.2
Producer
nominal
protection
coefficient 1.39 1.17 1.43 1.40 1.51 1.56 1.82 1.55 1.32 1.18
Maize
Value of
production 357.2 448.3 510.2 540.7 558.7 499.4 405.9 425.7 451.6 467.1
SCT 74.5 11.1 60.2 128.9 156.3 133.5 81.5 80.1 102.6 96.0
MPS 74.5 11.1 60.2 128.9 156.3 133.5 71.0 70.2 92.4 85.8
Producer
nominal
protection
coefficient 1.26 1.03 1.13 1.31 1.39 1.36 1.21 1.20 1.26 1.22
Rice
Value of
production 462.0 540.8 564.0 555.9 580.8 574.8 566.5 586.3 549.1 523.5
SCT -2.3 -56.3 162.1 176.3 185.2 204.8 165.5 157.6 59.5 34.1
MPS -2.3 -56.3 162.1 176.3 185.2 204.8 165.5 157.6 59.5 34.1
Producer
nominal
protection
coefficient 1.00 0.91 1.40 1.46 1.47 1.55 1.41 1.37 1.12 1.07
02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total value of production (at farm gate)
Producer support estimate
Market price support
Total support estimateChart 4.[CHN] OECD measurement of support, 2010-19
CNYbillion
Source: OECD. Viewed at: http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/topics/agricultural -policy -monitoring -and-evaluation/ .WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 133 -
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Soya beans
Value of
production 55.9 57.8 60.9 54.0 51.0 41.0 43.7 53.3 55.5 63.1
SCT 10.1 7.3 4.7 3.8 2.7 11.0 11.2 17.3 16.1 19.1
MPS 10.1 7.3 4.7 3.8 2.7 7.7 5.2 4.5 3.4 6.3
Producer
nominal
protection
coefficient 1.22 1.15 1.08 1.08 1.06 1.23 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.11
Milk
Value of
production 105.9 116.9 127.5 135.2 143.3 133.8 136.3 114.7 113.3 124.2
SCT 10.2 15.0 34.1 34.3 33.7 58.9 65.2 40.3 37.0 37.4
MPS 10.2 15.0 34.1 34.3 33.7 58.9 65.2 40.3 37.0 37.4
Producer
nominal
protection
coefficient 1.12 1.15 1.38 1.36 1.33 1.82 1.94 1.55 1.52 1.46
Beef and veal
Value of
production 184.8 225.9 300.7 346.8 341.5 330.5 339.3 303.8 321.7 367.4
SCT 23.5 29.9 39.2 44.7 43.8 42.3 43.5 39.2 40.9 47.0
MPS 23.5 29.9 39.2 44.7 43.8 42.3 43.5 39.2 40.9 47.0
Producer
nominal
protection
coefficient 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16
Pig meat
Value of
production 783.0 1,149.7 1,061.7 1,082.4 1,018.3 1,125.8 1,311.0 1,095.7 941.9 1,116.2
SCT 93.8 157.4 117.7 110.4 99.3 123.8 152.3 122.9 99.3 132.7
MPS 93.8 157.4 117.7 110.4 99.3 123.8 152.3 122.9 99.3 132.7
Producer
nominal
protection
coefficient 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16
Poultry meat
Value of
production 326.6 364.0 347.9 368.2 370.0 361.3 365.9 399.2 476.9 577.3
SCT 41.4 52.5 44.5 43.8 46.1 46.3 50.5 61.0 69.8 86.1
MPS 41.4 52.5 44.5 43.8 46.1 46.3 50.5 61.0 69.8 86.1
Producer
nominal
protection
coefficient 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.19 1.19
Source: OECD, Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation . Viewed at:
http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/topics/agricultural -policy -monitoring -and-evaluation/ .
4.1.3 Fisheries
4.1.3.1 Features and market developments
4.33. China is one of the world's largest fish -producing country. According to the UN Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO), it accounted for 35% of global fish production in 2018. In the same
year, it accounted for around 15% of total global capture, and its share in world aquac ulture
production was 57.9%.27
4.34. During the period between 2015 and 2019, there was a downward trend in employment, the
number of registered fishing vessels, and the marine catch. Aquaculture production remained
relatively stable (Table 4.13).
4.35. During the sam e period, fish exports (WTO definition) accounted for between 0.8% and 1.0%
of the value of its total exports. Imports of fish gradually increased from 0.4% to 0.7% of total
imports over the same period (Table 4.14). Data provided by the authorities indica te that, in 2019,
China imported 6.3 million tonnes of fish and exported 4.3 million tonnes. The simple average tariff
on fish and fishery products (WTO definition) was 6.8% in 2021, with tariffs ranging from 0 %-15%
27 FAO (2020), The State of the World Fisheries and Aqu aculture 2020 . Viewed at:
http://www.fao.org/3/ca9229en/online/ca9229en.html#chapter -1_1. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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(Table A3.1). Export duties are levied on one tariff line for fish and crustaceans, namely live eels,
fry (HS 0301.92.10) (Table 3.11).
Table 4.13 Fisheries indicators, 2015 -19
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Employment 9,045,338 8,795,228 8,692,042 8,514,503 8,253,274
Fishing vessels (of which
motorized fishing vessels) 1,042,489
(672,416) 1,011,071
(654,154) 946,160
(599,331) 863,892
(556,150) 731,169
(468,312)
Marine catch ('000 tonnes)
(of which algae) 17,617.476
(26.177) 17,588.591
(24.311) 15,393.376
(20.349) 14,665.968
(18.349) 14,012.888
(17.445)
Aquaculture production ('000
tonnes)
(of which algae) 49,379.012
(2,098.078) 51,423.931
(2,178.103) 49,059.903
(2,235.012) 49,910.590
(2,350.810) 50,790.728
(2,543.861)
Note: The number of fishing vessels and the figures on the marine catch include China's distant water fleet
and the catch on these vessels. Motorized fishing vessels include production fishing vessels and
auxiliary fishing vessels, of which production fishing vessels include fishing vessels and culturing
vessels. Fish catches include domestic marine fishing volume, pelagic fishing volume, and freshwater
fishing volume. Aquaculture production includes mariculture output and freshwater aq uaculture
output.
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
Table 4.14 Fishery exports and imports, 2015 -20
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Exportsa (USD million) 19,802.4 20,205.2 20,601.7 21,740.3 20,163.0 18,589.4
% of total exports 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7
Growth rate (%) -6.0 2.0 2.0 5.5 -7.3 -7.8
Top five exports at HS 4 -digit level
(% of total):
1604 Prepared/preserved fish;
caviar and caviar substitutes 15.1 14.4 15.0 16.9 18.6 22.4
1605 Crustaceans, molluscs, etc.,
prepared/preserved 16.5 16.8 19.8 21.3 18.4 18.7
0304 Fish fillets and other fish
meat, fresh, chilled or frozen 21.6 21.0 21.4 20.6 21.3 18.0
0307 Molluscs, live, fresh, chilled,
frozen, salted or in brine 17.2 18.2 16.5 15.1 14.6 14.6
0303 Fish, frozen, excluding fish
fillets and other fish meat of
heading 0304 12.8 13.6 13.3 13.2 14.1 12.8
Importsa (USD million) 8,489.0 8,850.0 10,711.9 14,377.4 17,996.6 14,920.2
% of total imports 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9
Growth rate (%) -0.5 4.3 21.0 34.2 25.2 -17.1
Top five imports at HS 4 -digit level
(% of total):
0306 Crustaceans, live, fresh,
chilled, frozen, salted or in brine 21.9 24.0 23.5 30.4 39.0 39.6
0303 Fish, frozen, excluding fish
fillets and other fish meat of
heading 0304 36.3 36.6 34.7 31.7 27.4 26.3
230120b Flours, meals and pellets
of fish or crustaceans /molluscs etc. 21.2 18.3 20.8 15.5 11.0 13.2
0307 Molluscs, live, fresh, chilled,
frozen, salted or in brine 9.7 10.3 9.7 8.7 8.7 7.9
0304 Fish fillets and other fish
meat, fresh, chilled or frozen 1.6 1.7 2.1 3.1 3.6 3.5
a WTO definition.
b Shown at HS 6-digit level since only the 6-digit level code 230120 under 2301 is a fishery item .
Note: Top five fishery exports and imports by HS 4 -digit are sorted by the year 2020.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, based on trade figures from UN Comtrade database.
4.1.3.2 Legal, institutional, and policy framework
4.36. MARA leads the preparation of draft laws and regu lations related to fisheries, develops
departmental regulations, and guides fishery law development. Local governments are in charge of
fisheries affairs in their respective administrative areas, including marine fisheries in contiguous sea WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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areas (unless t he State Council designates otherwise). Official information was not provided on the
presence of SOEs in the shipping sector.
4.37. The main law governing the fisheries sector is the 2005 Fisheries Law, last amended in 2013.
A revision to the Fisheries Law was d rafted and comments were solicited in 2019; as at April 2021,
the draft law was being revised. The Rules for the Implementation of the Fisheries Law were
amended in 2020, with changes relating to approval reequipments for constructing artificial reefs.28
In 2018, MARA revised the Provisions on the Administration of Fishing Licences (MARA Decree No. 1,
201829), and certain articles of these Provisions were further amended in 2020.30 The objective was
to strengthen the management of fishing vessels and fishing licences; protect fishery resources;
adapt to the Government's requirement for decentralization, regulation, and service; and address
problems such as illegal shipbuilding, inco nsistent ship certificates, and off -site anchoring, which
have made supervision difficult. Changes include bringing the method for classifying fishing vessels
into conformity with international management rules; stipulating central and local entities
respo nsible for examining, approving, and controlling vessels' catch quotas and net devices used;
and stipulating the sea areas where the different -sized vessels may fish in. The Provisions also
include specific guidance on fishing log contents, submission meth ods, and punitive measures for
violations. According to the authorities, first steps are being taken to introduce a total allowable
catch system. However, further details were not provided.
4.38. Under the Fisheries Law, foreigners and foreign fishing vessels en gaging in fishery production
in waters under China's jurisdiction must be approved by MARA. If the vessels belong to China's
trading partners that have signed relevant treaties/agreements with China, the matters are handled
in accordance with these treatie s.31 The Special Administrative Measures for the Access of Foreign
Investment in the Pilot Free Trade Zones (2019) (FTA Negative List) lifted restrictions on foreign
investment in aquatic product fishing in seas and inland waters under China's jurisdiction . The
authorities indicate that the Government currently imposes no restrictions on FDI in aquaculture
production.
4.39. The main government strategy for the fishing sector implemented during the review period
was the 13th Five-Year Plan on Fishery Development ( 2016-20).32 The Plan sought to tackle some of
the main challenges facing the sector, including infrastructure weaknesses and old fishing vessels,
and requirements in the areas of fisheries insurance and the development of a legal framework for
fisheries an d its enforcement. The Plan's basic principles are to: (i) adhere to ecology as a priority
and promote green development, with a shift in focus from quantity growth to improving quality and
efficiency; (ii) promote innovation and scientific development; (i ii) implement a "going out" strategy
involving, inter alia , the orderly development of deep -sea fisheries, improvements to the industrial
chain, and strengthening of bilateral and multilateral fishery cooperation; (iv) adhere to people -
oriented development so those who are engaged in fishing are participants in and benefit from
fishery modernization; and (v) strengthen the rule of law in the sector, through improved laws,
regulations, and enforcement mechanisms. One of the elements of the Plan is to increas e public
financial investment in the fisheries sector to, inter alia, establish a policy support system that is
conducive to the development of modern fisheries. Elements include reform and improvement of the
fishery oil price subsidy and a focus on suppor ting the reduction in the number of boats, the
renovation and transformation of fishing vessels, the construction of artificial reefs, the maintenance
and transformation of fishing ports, the standardization of ponds, the further development of factory -
based aquaculture, and subsidies for banned fishing.33 The Plan also stipulates the continued
implementation of support policies for: (i) multiplying and releasing healthy aquaculture breeding
stock; (ii) ensuring special funds for fishery administration, resource investigation34, species
28 Rules for the Implementation of the Fisheries Law (2020), amended through State Council Decree
No. 726. Viewed at: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2020 -12/25/content_5574001.htm .
29 MARA De cree No. 1, 2018. Viewed at:
http://www.yyj.moa.gov.cn/bjwj/201904/t20190419_6197470.htm .
30 MARA Order No. 5, 2020. Viewed at:
http://www.moa.gov.cn/nybgb/2020/202008/202010/t20201 020_6354689.htm .
31 Fisheries Law, Article 8.
32 MARA, China's 13th Five-Year Plan on Fishery Development. Viewed at:
http://www.moa.gov.cn/nybgb/2017/derq/201712/t20171227_6131208.htm .
33 Subsidies for banned fishing refer to the livelihood subsidy for fishe rmen and -women affected by
fishing moratoria and fishing bans.
34 Resource investigation refers to the investigation of the reproduction, growth, death, migration,
distribution, quantity, habitat, prospects, and means of exploitation of individuals or grou ps of aquatic animals. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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resource protection, disease prevention and control, quality and safety supervision, fishing port
supervision, safety production supervision, and fishing vessel inspection supervision; and
(iii) increasing aquatic breeding, disease prevention, resource conservation, fishery equipment, and
other technological innovations and promotion support. The fisheries sector objectives in the
14th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development include : achieving a b reakthrough in a
number of key core technologies in areas such as marine engineering, marine resources, and marine
environment ; cultivating and expanding marine engineering equipment and marine biomedicine
industries ; optimizing offshore green breeding and building marine pastures ; building a number of
marine economic development demonstration zones and characteristic marine industrial clusters ;
and improv ing the development of the three major marine economic circles in the north, east , and
south.
4.1.3.3 Governmen t support to the fisheries sector
4.40. Support to the sector is provided by both the Central Government and local/provincial
governments. China's latest notification to the WTO covers the period 2017 -18 and contains
six incentives/support programmes at the Central Government level; these relate to fuel subsidies
and supporting fish processing, enhancing fish stocks, supporting aquatic breed improving farms,
preventing aquatic animal disease, and scrapping and renovating fishing vessels (Table A4.1).
According to the authorities, the Government will shortly issue a new policy to terminate fuel and
boat construction subsidies, with the last of these pay -outs being made at end -2020.
4.41. Twenty -three programmes over the period 2017 -18 were notified to the WTO regarding
measures in place in the coastal provinces of Hebei, Jilin, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong,
Guangdong, and Liaoning. These included support for marine economic development, marine and
fishery structural adjustment, aquatic breeding, support ing fishermen during the closed season,
fishery insurance, fishery management and industry development, fishing vessel standardization
and scrapping, processing, aquaculture, and distant water fisheries (Table A4.1). Pending China's
new notification to the SCM Committee, information was not available on any new support/incentive
schemes introduced at the local government level from the beginning of 2019. The authorities
indicate that the notification is being prepared.
4.42. The authorities note that fisheries in surance has not been incorporated in the policy -based
agricultural insurance.
4.1.3.4 Fisheries conservation measures
4.43. China is a major player in the distant water fisheries segment. As indicated by the FAO, China
reported about 2.26 million tonnes from its "distan t water fishery" in 2018; however, this is
considered to be an underestimate, as the report provided details on species and fishing areas only
for catches marketed in China (about 40% of the total of distant water catches).35 The authorities
indicate that China has taken measures recently to strengthen monitoring and control of fishing
vessels, enhance its international compliance capability, fulfil its international obligations to conserve
high-seas fishery resources, and prevent illegal, unreported, and u nregulated (IUU) fishing activities
(Box 4.1). They also indicate that China has undertaken investigations into various kinds of illegal
fishing activities, and punished illegal enterprises and fishing vessels in accordance with the law.
According to the a uthorities, between January 2018 and early 2021, the Government imposed
different levels of penalties on 84 deep -sea fishing vessels belonging to 51 enterprises.
4.44. China has acceded to various international conventions or agreements related to fisheries.36
During the review period, China became a signatory to the Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries
35 FAO (2020), The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020 . Viewed at:
http://www.fao.org/3/ca9229en/online/ca9229en.html#chapter -1_1.
36 These conventions/agreements include: (i) the International Convention for the Conservation of
Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT); (ii) the Agreement for the Establishment of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
(IOTC); (iii) the Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the
Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPFC); (iv) the Inter -American Tropical Tuna Commission Convention for
the Strengthening of the Inter -American Tropical Tuna Commission Established by the 1949 Convention
between t he United States of America and the Republic of Costa Rica "Antigua Convention" (IATTC); (v) the
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR); (vi) the Convention on the
Conservation and Management of High Seas Fishery Reso urces in the South Pacific Ocean (SPRFMO); (vii) the
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Agreement in October 2019. China has not acceded to the FAO's Port State Measures Agreement;
the authorities state that they are studying this possibility and that the Government has included
the list of IUU fishing vessels released by the acceding regional fisheries organizations into the
controlling scope of Chinese ports. They note that China prohibits fishing vessels on the list from
entering Chinese ports; refuses such fishing vessels to refuel, resupply, or repair in Chinese ports;
and refuses the catches carried by such fishing vessels to be unloaded, transhipped, packed, or
processed in Chinese ports.
Box 4.1 Fisheries conservation measures, 2018 -20
1. January 2019 – Notice on Further Strictly Adhering to International Tuna Management Measures issued by
MARA. Objective: to implement resource conservation and management measures adopted by the
International Tuna Conserva tion Organization.
2. January 2019 – List of IUU fishing vessels approved by relevant regional fishery organizations provided by
MARA and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Communications, the General Administration of Customs
(GACC), and other domestic departments and comme rcial and fishing ports. Objectives: to implement Port
State Measures and tackle illegal fishing activities. This list was updated in June 2020.
3. August 2019 – Measures for the Monitoring and Management of Positions of Ocean Fishing Vessels revised
by MARA. Objective: to strengthen supervision of ocean fishing vessels by increasing the frequency of
reporting positions of fishing vessels from every 4 hours to every hour.
4. November 2019 – Notice on Trial Implementation of Performance Evalua tion of Pelagic Fishery Enterprises
issued by MARA. Objectives: to establish a performance evaluation system for pelagic fisheries to strengthen
fishery management and improve performance capability of pelagic fishery enterprises.
5. April 2020 – Revised Regulations on the Management of Pelagic Fishery implemented. Objectives: to
strengthen supervision and management, and sustainable utilization of fishery resources; and to prevent IUU
fishing activities.
6. May 2020 – Notice on Strengthening the Managem ent of High -Seas Transfer of Pelagic Fisheries issued by
MARA. Objectives: to further standardize high -seas transfer activities and promote scientific conservation of
high-seas fishery resources.
7. July 2020 – Government implementation of a fishing morat orium on high -seas squid fisheries and take all -
around management measures to protect high -seas squid resources and spawning population. Objective: to
strengthen conservation of high -seas squid resources.
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
4.2 Mining and Energy
4.2.1 Mining
4.45. China has an abundance and a large variety of mineral resources. By end -2018, 173 kinds of
minerals had been discovered, including 13 kinds of energy minerals, 59 kinds of metal minerals,
95 kinds of non -metal minerals , and 6 kinds of water and gas minerals.37 The main mining production
is described in Table 4.15.
Table 4.15 Main mining production, 2017 -19
Mineral products 2017 2018 2019
Crude oil (million tonnes) 192 189 191
Natural gas (billion m3) 133.0 141.5 150.9
Shale gas (billion m3) 9.0 10.9 15.4
Coal (billion tonnes) 2.78 3.04 3.13
Ferrous metals (billion tonnes)
of which iron ore (billion tonnes) 0.575
0.567 0.591
0.583 0.624
0.613
Non-ferrous metal (million tonnes) 327.69 361.70 376.13
Precious metal (million tonnes) 94.09 91.41 88.67
Rare elements, rare earth elements and scattered elements (million tonnes) 12.98 42.70 34.91
Metallurgical auxiliary materials (e.g. cannonite) (million tonnes) 111.49 127.80 142.55
Chemical materials (million tonnes) 276.26 269.49 296.40
Construction materials and other non -metal mineral (billion tonnes) 3.90 4.08 4.45
Convention on the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fisheries Resources in the North Pacific Ocean
(NPFC); and (viii) the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling.
37 MNR (2019), China Mineral Resources . Viewed at:
http://www.chinaminingtj.org/images/document/2019/CM_Resources_2019_en.pdf . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Mineral products 2017 2018 2019
Underground water and mineral water (million tonnes) 12.06 12.87 12.80
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
4.46. The legal framework for mining did not change substantially during the review period. To a
large extent, mining activities continue to be regulated under the Mineral Resources Law
(promulgated in March 1986, and revised in August 1996 and August 2009 ) and a large body of
implementing measures: the Rules for the Implementation of the Mineral Resources Law ( State
Council Decree No. 152, 26 March 1994); the Regulations for Registering to Explore for Mineral
Resources Using the Block System ( State Council Decree No. 240, 12 February 1998; amended on
29 July 2014); the Procedures for Administration of Registration of Mining of Mineral Resources
(State Council Decree No. 241, 12 February 1998, amended on 29 July 2014); and the Measures for
the Administration of Transfer of Mineral Exploration Right and Mining Right ( State Council Decree
No. 242, 12 February 1998, amended on 29 July 2014). Other regulations in the sector include the
Regulation on the Exploitation of C ontinental Petroleum Resources in Cooperation with Foreign
Enterprises ( State Council Decree No. 131, 7 October 1993, amended on 18 July 2013) and the
Regulations on the Exploitation of Offshore Petroleum Resources in Cooperation with Foreign
Enterprises ( amended on 18 July 2013). The Law on the Exploration and Development of Resources
in Deep Seabed Areas (adopted on 26 February 2016 and entered into force on 1 May 2016)
regulates the exploration and exploitation of deep seabed resources. A Resource Tax La w was
adopted in 2019.
4.47. The Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) was established in 2018. Its area of competence
consolidates the responsibilities of the former Ministry of Land and Resources and those of the
National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation.
4.48. China continued to liberalize its mining sector during the review period. For example, the
2019 National Negative List and Pilot Free Trade Zones (PFTZs) Negative List removed foreign
investment prohibitions on the exploration or mining of molybdenum, tin, antimony, and fluorite. In
the 2018 PFTZ Negative List, the measure that oil and natural gas exploration and development shall
be restricted to equity joint ventures or contractual joint ventures was abolished, and the same
measure was ab olished nationally in 2019. No modification pertaining to mining was made to the
2020 editions of National and PFTZ Negative Lists. The only foreign investment limitation in mining
consists of prohibition of foreign investment in the exploration, exploitat ion, and processing of rare
earth s, radioactive minerals, and tungsten.
4.49. The Constitution proclaims state ownership of all minerals. However, the Government may
transfer to a qualified holder the right to possess, use, and benefit from the mineral resources . The
Civil Code protects the exploration and mining rights obtained according to the law. Methods and
processes for obtaining mining rights did not change substantially during the review period.38 Mining
rights can be acquired through tender, auction, or listing, or agreements in limited cases. Subject
to the Negative List for the Access of Foreign Investments (Table 4.16), China allows foreign
companies and individuals to invest in exploration and exploitation of the mineral resources within
its territory and sea areas under its jurisdiction. They operate in the exploration and exploitation of
minerals under the same condition as their domestic counterparts.
4.50. Steps were taken in the recent years to reform administrative procedures with respect to
mining rig hts allocation. In 2017, the Ministry of Land and Resources issued four normative
documents39 aiming to, inter alia : (i) improve the approval, registration, and management system
of mineral exploration and mining rights; and (ii) streamline the mineral rights application process.40
Along the same lines, efforts were made by the authorities to encourage allocation of mining rights
through competitive procedures. In fact, the Opinion of the MNR on Several Matters Concerning
Promoting the Reform of Mineral Resources Administration (for Trial Implementation) (published on
31 December 2019), in line with the Overall Programme for the Reform of the Ecological Civilisation
38 WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018.
39 These documents are: (i) Mineral Rights Transfer Rules; (ii) Notice on Further Standardizing Approval,
Registration and Mana gement of Mineral Resources Exploration; (iii) Notice on Further Standardizing Mineral
Rights Application Materials; and (iv) Notice on Improving Issues Related to Approval, Registration and
Management of Mineral Resources Exploitation.
40 MNR (2018), China Mineral Resources . Viewed at: https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018 -10/22/5333589/
files/01d0517b9d6c430bbb927ea5e48641b4.pdf . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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System (published on 21 September 2016), seeks to abolish the application for prio r distribution of
mineral resources, reduce the proportion of mineral resources allocated through agreements, and
promote the competitive allocation of mineral resources. While the Opinion requires the competent
authorities to implement tender, auction, an d listing methods to grant mineral rights, it imposes
strict restrictions on the granting of mineral rights via agreements. At the same time, it stipulates
that the exploration rights and mining rights for key construction projects approved by the State
Council, or projects related to exploration and exploitation of rare earths and radioactive minerals,
may be granted by the agency in charge of natural resources through agreements.
Table 4.16 Mining industry foreign investment regime, 2017 and 2020
2017 2020
Encouraged Exploration and exploitation of oil and natural gas as
well as utilization of mine gas (limited to Chinese -
foreign equity or contractual joint ven tures) Exploration and exploitation of oil and
natural gas, as well as utilization of mine gas
Improvement in enhanced oil recovery (in the form
of engineering services), as well as development and
application of related new technologies Same as in 2017
Development and application of new technologies for
oil exploration and exploitation in areas such as
geophysical prospecting, drilling, well logging, mud
logging, and down -hole operation Same as in 2017
Development and application of new technologies for
enhancing utilization rate of mine tailings and the
comprehensive application of ecological restoration
technology in mining areas Same as in 2017
Exploration and exploitation of mines in short supply
in China (such as mines of sylvite a nd chromite) and
mineral separation Same as in 2017
Restricted Exploration and exploitation of oil and natural gas
(including coal -bed gas and excluding oil shale, oil
sand, shale gas, etc.) (limited to Chinese -foreign
equity or contractual joint ventures ) Not listed
Exploration and exploitation of special and rare kinds
of coal (with Chinese party as the controlling
shareholder) Not listed
Exploration and exploitation of graphite Not listed
Smelting and separation of rare earth s (limited to
Chinese -foreign equity or contractual joint ventures);
smelting of tungsten Not listed
Prohibited Exploration and exploitation of tungsten,
molybdenum, tin, stibium, and fluorite
Exploration, exploitation, and ore dressing of
tungsten Not listed
Exploration, exploitation, and ore dressing of rare
earths Same as in 2017
Exploration, exploitation, ore dressing, and smelting
of radioactive minerals Exploration, exploitation and ore dressing of
radioactive minerals
Source: MOFCOM and the NDRC, Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries 2017 ,
Catalogue of Encouraged Industries for Foreign Investment (2020 edition), Special Administrative
Measures on Access to Foreign Investment (2020 edition); and 2020 National Neg ative List.
4.51. According to the authorities, in 2018 alone, 1,248 mining rights were granted, of which
772 were allocated through competitive procedures, 55 through agreements, and the remainder
through automatic allocation to the holders of the related explo ration rights. Three hundred
sixty exploration rights were granted, of which 175 were funded by the Government, 90 were
granted through competitive procedures, 37 were filed through prior applications, and 58 were
granted through agreements.
4.52. Some specific measures were adopted to further standardize and strengthen the approval
management of rare earth and tungsten exploration and mining. On 14 December 2018, the MNR
issued the Notice on Further Regulating the Approval Administration of Mineral Rights on Rar e Earth s
and Tungsten, which stipulates, inter alia , the continued suspension of the acceptance of new
applications for rare earth exploration and mining registration; and the establishment, renewal,
change of registration, transfer, reservation, and termi nation of rare earth and tungsten exploration
and mining rights. The Notice also specifies the principle for determining the total production quotas
of rare earth s and tungsten, and the distribution of annual production quotas in various provinces. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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4.53. The Min eral Resources Law stipulates that mining rights allocation is subject to fixed charges.
Therefore, in April 2017, the State Council issued the Reform Plan for Mineral Royalty System
(Guo Fa No. 29, 2017) to protect the nation's mineral interests and creat e a fair mineral market
environment.41 It provides that mineral rights holders must pay the following fees to the competent
authorities: (i) the mineral rights grant proceeds for obtaining such mineral rights; (ii) the mineral
rights occupancy fee (i.e. th e rental fee that mineral rights holders must pay each year, which is
determined according to block size); and (iii) the resource tax for the sale of mineral products. In
line with the State Council's reform plan, in June 2017, the Ministry of Finance and the former
Ministry of Land and Resources issued the Interim Measures for Administrating the Collection of
Proceeds from Granting Mineral Rights (Cai Zong No. 35, 2017). The Measures stipulate that the
proceeds from granting mineral rights represent the ri ghts and interests of state owners; it also
clarifies specific regulations on the collection of such proceeds.
4.54. With respect to taxation, on 26 August 2019, the National People's Congress adopted the
Resource Tax Law, which entered into force on 1 September 2020. It replaces the Provisional
Regulations on Resource Tax of 25 December 1993 (amended on 30 September 2011 and
implemented from 1 November 2011). Among the taxable resources specified by the Law
(Tables A4.3 and A4.4), some resources, i ncluding crude oil, natural gas, and shale gas, are subject
to single rates that are applicable nationwide. For those resources with the range of rates specified,
the Law grants provincial -level governments the power to propose the actual rates to be appli ed.
The new law introduces unified tax items, clarifies the authorization for determining tax rates, and
standardizes tax reduction and exemption policies.42
4.55. Regarding trade in mineral resources, according to the Catalogue of Commodities Subject to
the Adm inistration of Export Licences for 2020, exports of certain mineral products, including coal
and oil (excluding lubricating oil), are subject to an export quota and an export licence, while exports
of rare earth minerals, tin and tin products, tungsten and tungsten products, molybdenum and
molybdenum products, antimony and antimony products, indium and indium products, coke,
lubricating oil, and fluorite are subject to an export licence.
4.2.2 Energy
4.2.2.1 Overview including environmental policy
4.56. China is the world's largest energy producer and consumer. In 2019, its total primary energy
production was 3.97 billion tonnes of standard coal equivalents (SCEs). The energy self -sufficiency
rate was 78.5%. China's energy consumption structure continued to change during the review
period, as the proportion of coal declined, accounting for 57.7% of the total energy consumption,
down from 63.8% in 2015. Petroleum accounts for 18.9%, natural gas accounts for 8.1%, and
primary electricity and other energy suc h as hydropower, nuclear power, and wind power account
for 15.3%.43
4.57. Charts 4.5 and 4.6 describe the evolution of the energy mix of the total primary supply of
energy, and its consumption by type of users.
4.58. The National Energy Commission (NEC), headed by the Premier of the State Council, acts as
the coordinating and consultation body responsible for drafting the national energy strategy, and
reviews key issues associated with national energy security and development. The National Energy
Administration (NEA) i s administered by the NDRC. The NEA is responsible for formulating and
implementing energy development strategies, plans, and policies; makes recommendations on
41 State Council, State Council to Reform Mineral Resource Equity Benefit System , 20 April 2017. Viewed
at: http://english.www.gov.cn/policies/latest_releases/2017/04/20/content_281475632183056.htm .
42 State Council, China's Resource Tax Law to Take Effect on Sept 1 , 1 September 2020. V iewed at:
http://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/ministries/202009/01/content_WS5f4d96dec6d0f7257693b5fc.html .
43 MNR (2020), China Mineral R esources . Viewed at:
http://www.mnr.gov.cn/sj/sjfw/kc_19263/zgkczybg/202010/P020201022612392451059.pdf . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 141 -
institutional reforms in the energy sector; and performs executive functions as the regulator a nd as
the general office of the NEC.44
Chart 4.5 Total consumption of energy and its composition, 2015 and 2019
Source: Data provided by the authorities.
Chart 4.6 Total energy consumption by sector, 2015 and 2018
a Commerce refers to wholesale and retail trade, and hotels and catering.
Source: National Bureau of Statistics. Statistical Yearbook 2020 .
4.59. The authorities indicate that a new Energy Law is currently being drafted.
4.60. The authorities state that China regards the development of clean and low -carbon energy as
the main direction for adjusting the energy mix. China intends to gradually reduce its proportion of
coal consumption, increase its proporti on of non -fossil energy consumption, reduce carbon dioxide
and pollutant emission levels, and optimize the distribution of energy production. The country is
actively pursuing a policy of decoupling of economic growth and energy consumption, through
44 In principle, the NEA has a broad mandate over the whole energy sector, i.e. coal, oil, gas, electricity
(including nuclear power), new energy, and re newable energy (including hydropower). The NEA is also the
regulator of the oil refinery, coal fuel, and fuel ethanol industries. Petrochemical and coal chemical industries
that are not under the jurisdiction of the NEA are regulated by the MIIT.
Chart 4.5 Total consumption of energy and its composition, 2015 and 2019
Petroleum
18.4%2019 2015
Coal
63.8%
Source: Data provided by the authorities.Total: 434,113
10,000 tonnes of SCETotal: 487,000
10,000 tonnes of SCEPrimary electricity
& other energy
12.0%Natural gas
5.8%
Coal
57.7%Petroleum
18.9%
Natural gas
8.1%
Primary electricity
& other energy
15.3%
Chart 4.6 Total energy consumption by sector, 2015 and 2018
Construction
1.7%2018 2015
Industry
68.2%
a Commerce refers to wholesale and retail trade; hotels and catering.
Source: National Bureau of Statistics China. Statistical Yearbook 2020.Total: 434,113
10,000 tonnes of SCETotal: 471,925
10,000 tonnes of SCECommercea
2.6%Transport & storage
8.9%Industry
65.9%Construction
1.8%
Residential
11.6%Transport & storage
9.2%
Commercea
2.8%
Residential
12.8%
Other
5.1%
Agriculture,
forestry & fishery
1.9%Other
5.6%
Agriculture,
forestry & fishery
1.9%WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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increas ed energy efficiency. In the context of the 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social
Development (2016 -20), the national objective for the reduction of energy consumption per unit of
GDP is 15%, and intermediary objectives are set on an annual basis. In 2015, energy consumption
per unit of GDP dropped by 5.3%, surpassing the objective of 3.1%, and in 2016 it dropped by 4.8%
(objective of 3.4%). The authorities indicated that the energy consumption per unit of GDP dropped
by 3.5% in 2017, 3% in 2018 , and 2.5% in 2019.
4.61. The 13th Five-Year Plan for Energy Development represents the basic outline of China's energy
policy for 2016 -20.45 It aims to optimize China's energy system, promote energy product and
consumption reform, and build a clean, decarbonized, saf e, and efficient modern energy system.
Along the same lines, Five-Year Plans have been launched for energy subcategories such as
electricity, coal, natural gas, renewable energy, and energy technology.
4.62. The broader objectives set for green and low -carbon energy development in the 13th Five-Year
Plan for Energy Development include that by 2020: (i) the proportion of non -fossil energies in total
energy consumption should be over 15%; and (ii) the carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP should
decrease by 18% c ompared with that in 2005. In the context of this Review, the authorities state
that at the 75th United Nations General Assembly in September 2020, China pledged that it would
strive to have carbon dioxide emissions peak by 2030 and to achieve carbon neutr ality by 2060.
Furthermore, China announced that the carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP should decrease by
65% compared with the level of 2005, and the proportion of non -fossil energy consumption should
reach about 25%. According to the authorities, a s at 2019, non -fossil energy and natural gas
accounted for 15.3% and 8.1%, respectively, of total energy consumption.
4.63. In December 2017, China launched the construction plan for the National Carbon Emission
Right Trading Market (Power Generation Industry) t o start building its National Carbon Emission
Trading System. According to the plan, the power generation industry will be the first to carry out
transactions on the national carbon market, which will be gradually expanded to other industries.
In 2018, the work of responding to climate change was adjusted and incorporated into the mandates
of the newly formed Ministry of Ecology and Environment.
4.64. In December 2020, China issued the Regulations on Carbon Emission Trading (Trial) and the
Implementation Plan on National Carbon Emission Trading Quota Determination and Distribution for
2019-2020 (Power Generation Industry). The Regulations provided a list of key emission units in the
power generation industry that are included in the quota management, as well as th e specific
requirements for quota allocation and compliance, and officially launched the first compliance cycle
of the national carbon market.
4.65. Other measures regarding the promotion of clean energy included the Notice on Establishing
and Improving the Safe guard Mechanism of Renewable Energy Power Consumption, which was
jointly adopted on 10 May 2019 by the NEA and the NDRC. It provides a general framework for,
inter alia , setting renewable electricity consumption quotas as a share of total power consumption
in each province, defining quota setting methods, and monitoring quota trading.46 The authorities
note that a number of periodic monitoring and evaluation reports have been issued to guide
provincial authorities in formulating their local renewable energy power consumption plans. The
same efforts will continue in 2021, as the authorities are calculating the 2021 consumption quota,
according to the broad national objective of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.
4.66. On 1 January 2018, China implemented a new en vironmental tax policy aimed at promoting
environmental protection and reducing pollution.
4.67. Subject to the Negative List for the Access of Foreign Investments , China allows foreign
investment in the energy sector. Since 2018, in terms of foreign investment access in the oil and
natural gas field, restrictions on the exploration and development of oil and natural gas (except for
oil shale, oil sands, and shale g as) have been removed, including those requirements that such
investment projects must be joint ventures and cooperatives and that the construction and operation
45 The 13th Five-Year Plan for Energy Development targets are aligned with objectives of the
13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development.
46 NEA. Viewed at: http://zfxxgk.nea.gov.cn /auto87/201905/t20190515_3662.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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of gas pipeline networks in cities with a population of more than 500,000 must be controlled b y
Chinese shareholders.
4.2.2.2 Coal
4.68. Coal, an abundant and relatively cheap resource in China, continues to represent a large part
of the country's primary energy, and it is also the main cause of air pollution. Its share in national
energy consumption was 57.7% i n 2019 (down from 63.8% in 2015). China's coal production ranks
first in the world, reaching 3.85 billion tonnes in 2019. Newly discovered reserves of coal amounted
to 30.01 billion tonnes, which brough the total to 1,738.58 billion tonnes.47
4.69. The authorities note that, in recent years, China implemented policy measures to strictly
control the new capacity of coal -fired power. In 2019, China's coal -fired power installed capacity
stood at 1.04 TW. Its growth rate dropped by 30% on average over the pe riod 2016 -20 compared
with the period 2011 -15. The proportions of installed capacity and power generation of coal -fired
power have been declining steadily year -on-year. Between 2018 and 2019, over 20 GW of coal -fired
power units were shut down. The authori ties also note that China's new power demand in recent
years was mainly supplied through renewable energy.
4.2.2.3 Oil
4.70. In 2019, newly discovered geological reserves of oil were 1.12 billion tonnes, of which, the
increased proven technical recoverable reserves were 160 million tonnes. Crude oil production was
191 million tonnes, while consumption stood at 670 million tonnes.
4.71. The government policy on oil is defined in the 13th Five-Year Plan for Energy Development
(2016 -20). The Plan aims to increase crude oil reserv es and the recovery efficiency of traditional oil
fields, as well as speed up the development of shale oil and extend the corresponding pipeline
network for crude oil and refined products. The exploration and development of oil is listed among
encouraged i ndustries nationwide.
4.72. To implement the recommendations of the Several Opinions on Deepening Oil and Gas System
Reform, the MNR issued the Opinions on Promoting the Reform of Mineral Resources Management
(Trial) on 31 December 2019. Among the several reform steps promoted by the Opinions, domestic
and foreign enterprises that are registered in China, and have a minimum net asset of
CNY 300 million, are entitled to obtain mining rights of oil and gas. The Opinions state that the
validity period of a prospecti ng right may be extended to five years at the time of initial registration,
and each extension shall be five years.48 The regulation also unifies the exploration right and mining
right of oil and gas. Under the Opinions, oil and gas exploration right owner s who make a recoverable
discovery should sign the mining right grant contract within five years.
4.73. The Special Administrative Measures on Access of Foreign Investment (National Negative List)
(2019) abolished the requirement that exploration and development of oil and natural gas (except
for those including coal -bed methane, oil shale, oil sands, and shale gas) are limited to
Chinese -foreign equity.
4.74. Enterprises are allowed to determine their own oil prices based on the supply and demand in
the market, on the premise of not exceeding the "ceiling price" decided by the NDRC. The pricing
mechanism allows the NDRC to adjust the guided price when the moving average of prices over
22 consecutive trading days fluctuates more than 4% in the international oil markets.49 The latest
pricing mechanism was released in 2016.
4.75. The authorities indicate that China has not released any law or regulation on enterprises'
compulsory oil reserve and does not require that oil companies must engage in oil reserve.
47 MNR (2020), China Mineral Resources. Viewed at:
http://www.mnr.gov.cn/sj/sjfw/kc_19263/zgkczybg/202010/P020201022612392451059.pdf .
48 Twenty -five per cent of the block area shall be deducted for each extension to urge mi neral right
holders to accelerate exploration.
49 Interim Administration Measures for Oil Prices (Fa Gai Jia Ge No. 1198, 2009). WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 144 -
4.76. Over the last three years (2018 -20), the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Russian Federation ,
Iraq, Angola, Brazil, and Oman remained the top oil exporters to China. In 2020, the share of Norway
and the State of Kuwait in China's imports of oil increased substantially, while the share of the
Islamic Republic of Iran remained on a significant decr easing trend (Table 4.17).
4.77. In 2020, China processed 670 million tonnes of crude oil. Foreign investors can participate in
refining projects and are not subject to limitations in terms of legal forms.
Table 4.17 China's key trading partners for oil imports, 2018 -20
('000 tonnes)
2018 2019 2020
World 461,907.9 505,890.3 542,385.5
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 56,733.9 83,322.3 84,923.0
Russian Federation 71,494.4 77,664.9 83,572.3
Iraq 45,044.5 51,799.0 60,117.5
Brazil 31,622.2 40,156.6 42,189.9
Angola 47,387.6 47,368.5 41,785.1
Oman 32,909.8 33,871.7 37,838.3
Kuwait, State of 12,199.2 15,294.0 31,168.1
United Arab Emirates 23,212.4 22,688.3 27,496.9
United States 12,281.3 6,349.5 19,760.3
Norway 895.1 1,018.2 12,712.8
Malaysia 8,882.7 12,046.6 12,529.0
Colombia 10,768.5 13,121.0 12,383.1
Congo 12,580.5 11,960.5 9,246.0
Qatar 1,347.7 858.3 6,200.4
United Kingdom 7,725.5 12,556.7 5,894.2
Gabon 3,624.9 7,022.4 5,853.5
Ecuador 1,872.4 2,050.4 4,712.6
Ghana 3,356.0 3,595.8 4,112.5
Nigeria 464.7 2,437.3 3,934.3
Iran, Islamic Republic of 29,272.7 14,769.4 3,917.7
Note: Top 20 import partners are sorted by the year 2020.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, based on UN Comtrade database.
4.78. Distribution of gasoline/petrol is mostly operated by the China National Petroleum Corporation
(CNPC) and the China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation (SINOPEC). Foreign investors can
participate in the retail distribution sector, as China has lifted restrictions on foreign investment in
the construction and operation of petrol stations. The authorities indicate that a number of
multinational corporations have entered the Chinese petrol station operation market.
4.2.2.4 Gas
4.79. In 2019, China's natural gas production (including shale gas and coal -bed methane) stood at
176.17 billion m3; con sumption of natural gas stood at 306 billion m3.50 The newly discovered
geological reserves of shale gas were 764.42 billion m3, of which the increased proven technical
recoverable reserves were 183.84 billion m3.
4.80. Under China's energy development plan, the use of natural gas is to be expanded, as it is
considered clean energy. In 2019, gas accounted for 8.1% of energy consumption, up from 5.8%
in 2015. In addition to industrial fuel and power generation, gas is mainly used for urban heating
and cooking, tra nsport, and the manufacture of raw chemical materials and chemical products.
4.81. Distribution of natural gas is mostly operated by the CNPC and SINOPEC, while private
companies play a more substantial role in the retail sector. Foreign investors, notably from
Hong Kong, China, are present in both the importing segment and in the urban gas retail distribution
segment. According to the 2020 Negative List for the Access of Foreign Investments, the distribution
of foreign -invested natural gas has been opened to for eign investors and shall be managed following
the principle of consistent domestic and foreign investment.
50 MNR (2020), China Mineral Resources . Viewed at:
http://www.mnr.gov.cn/sj/sjfw/kc_19263/zgkczybg/202010/P020201022612392451059.pdf . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 145 -
4.2.2.5 Electricity
4.82. By end -2019, China's installed power generation capacity was 2.01 billion kW (up from
1.9 billion kW at end -2018). Thermal power, hydropo wer, nuclear power, wind power, and solar
power accounted for 1.19 billion kW, 358 million kW, 49 million kW, 210 million kW, and
200 million kW, respectively. At end -2018, these figures were 1.04 billion kW, 352 million kW,
45 million kW, 180 million kW, and 170 million kW, respectively.
4.83. On 19 December 2018, the Standing Committee of the NPC amended the Electricity Law
(adopted in 1995 and came into force on 1 April 1996). It was previously amended in 2009 and
2015. The 2018 amendment aimed to address the approval procedures of power businesses. Under
the amendment, applications for the establishment and a change in a power supply business shall
be submitted to the electric power administrative department, which shall, in accordance with its
duties and admi nistrative authority, issue the electric power business licence after examination and
approval in conjunction with the relevant departments.
4.84. The Administration Measures on Power Grid Enterprises' Full Purchase of Electricity Generated
by Renewable Energy51 provide that on -grid electricity generated by renewable energy power plants
must be purchased by distributors (regional monopolies) within the coverage of their power grids.
Currently, Chinese grid companies include State Grid Corporation, China Southern Power Grid, Inner
and Mongolia Power (Group) Co., Ltd., as well as a number of provincial grid enterprises.
4.85. Chart 4.7 describes electricity production, by source of primary energy, and electricity
consumption, by type of economic activity, in 2018.
4.86. Chart 4 .8 describes the installed generation capacities by source for 2019; Table 4.18
describes the investment in generation capacity by source for 2017 and 2019.
4.87. In 2019, China lifted the requirements that the construction and operation of gas pipeline
networks in cities with a population of more than 500,000 must be controlled by Chinese
shareholders. However, for construction and operation of nuclear power plants, the Chinese parties
must be the controlling shareholders (Table 4.19). Private investment, includ ing foreign investment,
is encouraged in the development of the renewable energy sector. In the new 36 -Clause on Private
Investment (State Council Circular 2010/13), domestic private capital is "encouraged" to build new
energy sectors such as wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass power. Electricity generation from
wind, solar, or biomass power is also listed in the "encouraged" section of the Catalogue of
Encouraged Industries for Foreign Investment (2020 edition). China also promotes electricity
generation with nuclear energy; as in the case of renewable energy, FDI is encouraged.
Chart 4.7 Structure of electricity production and consumption, 2018
51 State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC), Decree 2007/25.
Chart 4.7 Structure of electricty production and consumption, 2018
Consumption by economic activity Production by source
Thermal powera
71.1%
Source: National Bureau of Statistics China. Statistical Yearbook 2020.Total: 7,166 TWh Total: 7,151 TWhWind power
5.1%Nuclear power
4.1%Industry
68.7%Construction
1.2%
Solar power
2.5%Transport &
storage 2.2%
Commerceb
4.1%
Residential
14.1%
Hydropower
17.2%Other
8.0%
Agriculture,
forestry & fishery
1.7%
a Thermal power refers to electricity generated by coal, oil, gas, residual heat, waste incineration, and
biomass.
b Commerce refers to wholesale and retail trade; hotels and catering.WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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a Thermal power refers to electricity generated by coal, oil, gas, residual heat, waste incineration, and
biomass.
b Commerce refers to wholesale and retail trade, and hotels and catering.
Source: National Bureau of Statistics , Statistical Yearbook 2020 .
Chart 4.8 Installed generation capacities by primary energy, 2019
a Thermal power refers to electricity generated by coal, oil, gas, residual heat, waste incineration, and
biomass.
Source: National Bureau of Statistics , China Statistical Yearbook 2020 .
Table 4.18 Investment in power generation capacity by source, 2017 -19
Type Unit (CNY million) 2017 2018 2019
Hydropower 100 622 700 839
Thermal power 100 858 786 634
Nuclear power 100 454 447 382
Wind power 100 681 646 1,244
Solar power generation 100 285 207 184
Source: China Electricity Council, Statistical Data Collection of Electric Power Industry, 2017 -2019.
Table 4.19 Investment regime for electricity, 2017 and 2020
2017 Catalogue 2019 Encouraged Industries/2020
Negative List
Encouraged Construction and operation of ultra -supercritical
unit power station with the capacity of a single
unit of 600,000 kW or more Same as in 2017
Construction and operation of back -pressure
combined heat and power stations, combined
cooling, heating and power stations, and
combined heat and power stations with capacity
of 300,000 kW or more Same as in 2017
Construction and operation of large air cooling
unit power stations with the capacity of a single
unit of 600,000 kW or more in water -deficient
areas Same as in 2017
Construction and operation of integrated
gasification combined cycle power generation
and other clean coal power generation projects Same as in 2017
Construction and operation of power generating
projects of a single unit of 300,000 kW or more
by using fluidized bed combustion bolters and
coal gangue and coal slime, etc. Same as in 2017
Construction and operation of hydropower
stations for the primary purpose of power
generation Same as in 2017
Construction and operation of nuclear power
stations Same as in 2017
Construction and operation of new energy
power stations (including but not limited to
solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, tidal current,
wave, and biomass) Same as in 2017
Chart 4.8 Installed capacity of power generation, 2019
Total
2,010 GW
Source: NBS. China Statistical Yearbook 2020.Nuclear power
2.4%
Solar power
10.2%
Thermal powera
59.2%Wind power
10.4%Hydropower
17.8%
a Thermal power refers to electricity generated by coal, oil, gas, residual heat, waste incineration,
and biomass.WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 147 -
2017 Catalogue 2019 Encouraged Industries/2020
Negative List
Construction and operation of power grid Construction and operation of clean
energy microgrid
Seawater utilization (direct utilization of
seawater or seawater desalination) Seawater utilization (direct utilization of
seawater or seawater desalination) ;
brackish water utilization
Construction and operation of water supply
plants Design, construction, and operation of
water su pply plant
Construction and operation of renewable water Design, construction, and operation of
renewable water
Construction and operation of sewage
treatment plants Design, construction, and operation of
sewage treatment plants
Construction and operation of vehicle charging
stations and battery replacement stations Same as in 2017
Construction and operation of hydrogen
refuelling stations Same as in 2017
Restricted Construction and operation of nuclear power
stations (with Chinese party as the controlling
shareholder) Construction and operation of nuclear
power stations (with Chinese party as the
controlling shareholder)
Construction and operation of power grid (with
Chinese party as the controlling shareholder) Not listed
Construction and operation of pipeline networks
for gas, heat, and water supply and sewage in
cities with a population of more than 500,000
(with Chinese party as the controlling
shareholder) Not listed
Source: MOFCOM and NDRC, Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries 2017 , Catalogue
of Encouraged Industries for Foreign Investment (2020 edition), and Special Administrative
Measures on Access to Foreign Investment (2020 edition); and 2020 National Negative List.
4.88. China's efforts to liberalize power generation and utilization were outlined in Several Opinions
on Further Deepening the Reform of the Electric Power System (Zhong Fa No. 9, 2015) , issued in
March 2015 .52 The reform liberalizes electricity prices (notably industrial ones), except for
transmission and distribution and for public welfare purposes (i.e. residential, agricultural, and
important utility uses, and other public welfare purposes determined by the G overnment) .
Transmission and distribution tariffs are regulated by the NDRC and the NEA. The authorities indicate
that the NDRC has completed the approval of the transmission and distribution tariffs of the
33 provincial grids during the regulatory period (2020 -22), and has for the first time ratified the
transmission prices of five regional power grids. The new tariffs are set to come into force on
1 January 2021. Certain l arge industrial and commercial consumers are encouraged to buy electricity
from gene ration companies based on direct electricity purchase agreements at negotiated prices.
4.89. In line with the liberalization steps initiated in 2015, the power retail market is open to
non-state-owned investors under the Management Rules for Entry and Exit of Po wer Sale Companies
and the Management Rules for Orderly Liberalizing of Power Distribution Businesses issued by the
NDRC and the NEA in October 2016 (Fa Gai Jing Ti No. 2120, 2016).53 The Rules stipulates licensing
requirements for power sales enterprises. As at end -2020, there were about 4,500 electric power
companies registered with the power trading agency of China. Since 2018, there has been no foreign
investment restriction in the construction and operation of power grids. Under the current regime,
the generation, transmission, and distribution of power shall be administered under the principle of
equal treatment to both domestic and foreign investment.
52 The orientations of the reform were subsequently elaborated by six Supportive Documents for
Electricity M echanism Reform issued by the NDRC and the National Energy Administration (Fa Gai Jing Ti
No. 2752, 2015), as well as by numerous implementing regulations and pilot projects, notably: (i) the Notice of
NDRC and NEA on Standardizing the Pilot for Incrementa l Power Distribution Reform (Fa Gai Jing Ti No. 2480,
2016); (ii) the Reply of NDRC General Office and NEA General Affairs Division on Agreeing with the
Establishment of Incremental Power Distribution Reform Pilot in Ningdong (Fa Gai Ban Jing Ti No. 570, 2017);
and (iii) the Notice of NDRC and NEA on Standardizing the Second Batch of Pilot for Incremental Power
Distribution Reform of 21 November 2017.
53 NDRC and NEA, The Management Rules for Entry and Exit of Power Sale Companies, and The
Management Rules for Orderly Liberalizing of Power Distribution Businesses . Viewed at:
https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/201610/t20161011_963217.html . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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4.90. Various electricity trading agencies have been established across the country, with the
purpose of linking the grids and the retail distribution companies, and trading electricity on a market
basis. They are mainly responsible for the construction, operation, and management of trading
platforms; the organization of market trading; the provision of settlem ent evidence and relevant
services; the registration of bilateral contracts signed by the power users and generation companies;
the registration and management of market actors; and the disclosure and release of market
information.
4.91. The trial of "pilot spot markets ", where trading of electricity takes place on a spot basis instead
of by medium - to long -term contracts, began in August 2017 in eight areas (Guangdong, west of
Inner Mongolia, Zhejiang, Shanxi, Shandong, Fujian, Sichuan, and Gansu). All pilot areas carried
out a settlement trial in September. The authorities indicate that further simulations took place
during the review period to verify the integrity of the market clearing and technical support system.
In June 2019, all eight pilot power spot areas started simulated operation. In 2020, all pilot areas
completed a monthly settlement trial. It is planned that in 2021 some areas will carry out longer
settlement trials.
4.3 Manufacturing
4.3.1 Recent developments
4.92. China is the world's largest producer of industrial goods. In 2018, with a total value -added
amounting to some USD 4 trillion, the Chinese manufacturing sector accounted for 28% of global
manufacturing output.54 The sector is an important driver of China's economy, despite its shrinking
contribu tion to the country's GDP. Its share as a percentage of GDP stood at 27.2% in 2019, down
from 29% in 2015. Additionally, its share in private sector employment was around 15.4% in 2018.55
In 2019, manufactured products accounted for 95.4% of China's export s (up from 93.7% in 2016)
and 66.5% of its imports (up from 64.9% in 2016).
4.93. The authorities consider that China's performance in manufacturing is largely attributed to its
increasing integration in global value chains, driven by factors including trade and investment
liberalization, abundant and productive labour, a large domestic market, high -quality infrastructure,
and innovation. However, the long -term sustainability of the sector may face environmental
challenges and excess capacity . Firms in this secto r may consistently face low capacity utilization
rates, as well as incurring losses. Nevertheless, t he authorities state that, currently, there is no
excess coal production capacity in China; since 2016, it has closed more than 1 billion tonnes of
outdated coal production capacity, and the proportion of outputs of large -scale coal mines with or
above 1.2 million tonnes per year has exceeded 80%. They also state that the steel, cement,
aluminium, and chemicals sectors have sound profitability level s, and they consider that there is no
excess capacity in these industries.
4.94. A number of policy initiatives remain in force to address the challenges facing manufacturing
activities and further develop the sector. As described in detail in the previous Review, major
initiatives include the Made in China 2025 (or China Manufacturing 2025) initiative (launched in
2015), and the Internet Plus initiative (launched in 2015) . According to the authorities, these
initiatives are non -binding guidelines.
4.95. While the current policy initiatives are intended to promote the expansion of higher
value -added and knowledge -based activities through innovation, environmental considerations are
also at the core of China's efforts in the manufacturing sector. They aim to reduce energy and
resources consumed and pollutants emissions released per unit of industrial added value by 2025.56
On 1 January 2018, China implemented a new environmental tax policy aimed at promoting
environmental protection and reducing pollution. The new tax is set to aff ect companies in various
54 World Economic For um, These Are the Top 10 Manufacturing Countries in the World ,
25 February 2020. Viewed at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/countries -manufacturing -trade -
exports -econo mics/#:~:text=
According%20to%20data%20published%20by,China%20overtook%20it%20in% 202010 .
55 National Bureau of Statistics, China Statistical Yearbook 2019 . Viewed at:
http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm .
56 OECD (2017), Industrial Upgrading for Green Growth in China . Viewed at:
https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/Industrial_Upgrading_China_June_2017.pdf . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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economic sectors, mainly in manufacturing. It replaces the pollution discharge fee previously in
place and applies to four pollutant categories when they are discharged directly into the environment
in Chinese territory: atmospheri c pollutants, water pollutants, solid waste, and noise.57 Reductions
on environmental tax are provided to companies that pollute less than the standard. Penalties have
been also strengthened.
4.96. The authorities are also cognizant of the issue of excess capacity in manufacturing58, and
have made efforts to reduce capacity in recent years. As an example, the Supply -Side Structural
Reforms (SSSR), which were announced in 2015, aim to reduce capacity, among other goals. During
the review period, the country' s efforts to phase out industries that it considers outdated or heavily
polluting were shown in the Catalogue for Guiding Industry Restructuring, last updated in 2019
(Section 2.4.1).
4.97. In an effort to increase the competitiveness of the economy, manufacturi ng activities were
further liberalized during the review period. The 2020 Special Administrative Measures on Access to
Foreign Investment (the 2020 National Negative List) lifted the restrictions on the share ratio of
foreign investment in commercial vehic le manufacturing. In addition, they eliminated the
prohibitions on foreign investment in the smelting and processing of radioactive minerals, as well as
the production of nuclear fuel. Furthermore the 2020 Catalogue of Encouraged Industries for Foreign
Investment (Encouraged FDI Catalogue) added a number of manufacturing activities to the list of
encouraged industries, including fifth -generation equipment mobile terminals and their integrated
system, etchers for integrated circuits, chip packaging equipment, cloud computing devic es, key
components of industrial robots, new energy vehicles (NEVs), intelligent vehicles, aerospace new
materials, cell therapy drugs, and large -scale cells culture products.
4.98. At the same time, some restrictions and prohibitions are in place vis-à-vis foreign
investments. In the automotive industry, Chinese parties must hold no less than 50% in the
manufacturing of passenger vehicles.59 In addition, a foreign investor may establish no more than
two joint ventures in China to manufacture the same type of veh icles. Within the medicine production
industry, foreign companies are prohibited from investing in the application of steaming, stir -frying,
moxibustion, calcination of Chinese herbal medicines, and other processing techniques, as well as
the production of confidential prescription products of proprietary Chinese medicines. Foreign
investment in the production of satellite television broadcasting ground receiving facilities and key
components is subject to licensing.
4.99. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) is the main regulator for the
manufacturing sector; it is responsible for developing industrial strategies, making industry plans
and standards, and monitoring the operation of the industry, including licensing for production of
road veh icles and civilian explosives, according to the law. The NDRC is responsible for coordinating
industry development and developing industry upgrade strategies. MOST is also involved in industrial
policies for high -tech manufacturing.
4.3.2 Selected subsectors
4.3.2.1 Automobiles, automotive parts, and components
4.100. In 2018, state-holding enterprises and foreign -invested enterprises (FIEs) accounted for
45.4% and 47.3%, respectively, of operating revenue in the automobile manufacturing sector
(43.7% and 48.0%, respectively, i n 2019).
4.101. China is the largest automobile market worldwide, both in terms of demand and supply.
According to the results of the national survey of industries above a certain scale60, the production
volume of automobiles in 2018 and 2019 was around 27.8 mill ion and 25.7 million, respectively.
57 Exclusions include discharge of sewage/domestic waste into treatmen t facilities and solid waste into
storage/disposal facilities where these meet national standards, emissions from agricultural production, and
motor vehicle/vessel/aircraft emissions.
58 This challenge is also present in sectors beyond manufacturing, such as coal mining.
59 The authorities state that the limit will be cancelled in 2022.
60 The above -mentioned designated scale is a statistical term used in China to refer to industrial
enterp rises with annual main business revenue of CNY 20 million or more. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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4.102. China's automobile industry was hit hard by the COVID ‑19 pandemic. The authorities note
that car production and sales fell by nearly 80% in February 2020. However, due to the epidemic
prevention and control measures and recent economic developments, car production and sales have
recovered markedly. In 2020, the decline in annual production and sales narrowed to less than 2%,
and the production and sales of NEVs increased by 7.5% and 10.9%, respectively. According to the
World Economic Forum, car manufacturers in China resorted to innovative marketing solutions to
keep supply chains running. For example, some carmakers focused on consumers who were
shopping online for cars, using tools including virtual reality and live bro adcasts to stimulate sales.61
4.103. In 2020, the production and sales volume of automobiles were 25.22 million and
25.31 million, respectively. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2020, the operating
revenue of the automobile manufacturing sector above the state -designated scale was
CNY 8,155.77 billion, an increase of 3.4% year -on-year, and the profit was CNY 509.36 billion, with
a year -on-year increase of 4.0%. Statistics from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers
suggest that the num ber of employees in the 17 key automotive enterprises (groups) stood at
999,951, a year -on-year decrease of 5.6%.
4.104. In April 2020, in an effort to boost automobile consumption, 11 ministries and commissions,
including the NDRC and MOFCOM, jointly issued a se ries of measures.62 In substance, the regulations
delay the implementation of the National VI emission standards for six months (until January 2021),
for the production of light vehicles (total mass not exceeding 3.5 tonnes).63 Measures were also
taken, al ong the same lines, to extend the financial subsidy available for purchasing NEVs to
end-202264, accelerate the elimination of scrapped diesel trucks through preferential tax policies,
and encourage financial institutions to actively develop financial serv ices, such as automobile
consumer credit. Furthermore, the authorities indicate that in order to increase the sales of
second -hand vehicles, from 1 May 2020 to 31 December 2023, VAT rate on the distribution of used
cars shall be reduced to 0.5%. Prior to t his reduction, VAT rate was at 2% (which is lower than the
3% rate under the "simplified method").65
4.105. The production of automobiles, including NEVs, is subject to approval by the NDRC and the
MIIT. Measures were taken in November 2018 to reform the regulato ry regime on the market
admission (approval) of automobile manufacturers, as well as the admission of auto vehicle
products.66 Specifically, the new reform, inter alia , unifies the rules (requirements) that regulate the
admission of manufacturers and produ cts in the auto industry67, and streamlines the list of matters
subject to MIIT approval, so as to reduce the administrative burden on auto manufacturers.
4.106. In December 2018, the authorities took new measures to further facilitate certain
administrative proc edures on investments in the automotive sector.68 According to the new rules,
investment projects in complete vehicles and other related investments shall be managed by local
Development and Reform Departments. The regulations also set strict control on ne w investments
that aim to increase manufacturing capacity of traditional oil -fuelled cars, in line with the country's
efforts to promote NEVs and the sustainable development of the automotive industry.
4.107. The Automobile Mid - and Long -term Development Plan (la unched in 2017) is the main
strategic plan to promote the auto industry. The Plan aims to, inter alia , improve the innovation
system and promote the development of key areas, such as NEVs, smart network cars, and
61 World Economic Forum, This Industry Was Crippled by the Coronavirus – Here's How It's Fighting
Back, 25 February 2020. Viewed at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/coronavirus -china -
automotive -industry/ .
62 Notice on Measures to Stabilize and Expand Automobile Consumption (Fa Gai Chan Ye No. 684,
2020).
63 The National VI Emission Standards ref er to the new emission standards on diesel particulate filters.
64 MOF, Announcement on the Relevant Policies Concerning the Exemption of Vehicle Purchase Tax on
New Energy Vehicles. Viewed at: http://szs.mof.gov.cn/zhengcefabu/202004/t20200417_3500222.htm .
65 Announcement on Value -Added Tax Policy Related to the Distribution of Used Cars (Announcement
No. 17, 2020).
66 Measures for the Administration of Access by Road Motor Vehicle Production Enterprises and Products
(MIIT Decree No. 50).
67 The MIIT divides road vehicles into six categories (i.e. passenger vehicle (PV), commercial vehicle
(CV), special purpose vehicle (SPV), trailer, motorbike, and low -speed automobile) for which em ission
requirements and process used to be in place for each category.
68 Provisions on the Management of Investments in the Automotive Industry. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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energy -saving cars. The Plan also emphasize s the importance of strengthening international
cooperation.
4.108. In accordance with the vision of the Automobile Mid - and Long -term Development Plan,
specific plans were adopted during the review period. With regard to new generation vehicle
manufacturing, a n umber of supporting actions were taken during the review period to encourage
production. In February 2020, the NDRC and other 11 departments jointly released the Intelligent
Vehicle Innovation and Development Strategy to, inter alia , accelerate the transfo rmation and
upgrading of the automotive industry, and promote innovation and development of intelligent
vehicles. Under the Plan, commercial application of highly automated driving vehicles is expected to
take place by 2025.
4.109. In October 2020, the Government outlined a development plan for the NEV industry, aiming
to accelerate technological innovation and infrastructure construction.69 Under the plan, the average
power consumption of new purely electric passenger cars shall be reduced to 12 kWh/100 km and
the proportion of NEVs in the total sales of new vehicles shall be raised to 20% by 2025.
4.110. New rules were adopted in May 2019 to improv e the management of the recycling and
dismantling of scrapped motor vehicles.70 The regulations lift the quota restriction on the number of
recycling enterprises allowed in each region; though, without a qualification, no company or
individual may operate such a business. The new rules are set to increase China's recycling and
dismantling capability and promote the healthy development of the scrap industry.
4.3.2.2 Machinery and equipment
4.111. Similar to the whole manufacturing sector, the machinery and equipment indust ry was hit
hard by the COVID ‑19 outbreak. According to data provided by the authorities, from January to
May 2020, the accumulative operating income of the machinery industry was CNY 7.4 trillion, a
year-on-year decrease of 9.03%, while imports stood at US D 112 billion, a year -on-year decrease
of 11.02%; exports amounted to USD 167.9 billion, a year -on-year decrease of 7.61%. However,
according to the authorities, since the second quarter of 2020, production in the machinery industry
has steadily improved, and the annual accumulative operating income for 2020 stood at
CNY 23 trillion, a year -on-year increase of 4.2%, while export delivery value amounted nearly
CNY 2 trillion, a year -on-year decrease of 3.1%. Imports of machinery equipment in 2020 amounted
to USD 191.96 billion, a year -on-year increase of 0.8%, while exports stood at USD 440.25 billion,
a year -on-year increase of 5.7%. Exports of medical devices totalled USD 12.91 billion in 2019, a
year-on-year increase of 13.2% ; they totalled USD 18.14 billi on in 2020, a year -on-year increase of
40.5%. The authorities note that machinery industry policy aims to pursue innovation -driven
development; promote the transformation towards an intelligent, green, and service -oriented
machinery industry; promote the o ptimization of industrial structures; improve product quality;
improve the utilization rates of resources and energies; and reduce pollutant emissions.
4.112. In 2016, the Government launched the Robotics Industry Development Plan (2016 -2020) to
promote robot app lications and to attract foreign investment. The plan aims to, inter alia , produce
100,000 industrial robots annually by 2020. The authorities state that these targets have not been
fully met. Under the Plan, special funds from the central budget were set to be earmarked to support
robotics research and development, and financial institutions were encouraged to finance robotic
projects.71
4.113. With respect to recent developments in relation to medical equipment, the authorities took
measures in 2020 to support t he stable production of COVID ‑19 prevention and control materials.
The State Taxation Administration and the MOF issued the Announcement on Tax Policies Supporting
COVID‑19 Prevention and Control (Announcement No. 8, 2020). The Announcement allows a
69 State Council, Cabinet Boost for New Energy Vehicles , 13 October 2020. Viewed at:
http://english.www.gov.cn/policies/policywatch/202010/13/content_WS5f85068dc6d0f7257693d696.html .
70 State Council, Measures on the Management of the Recycling of Scrapped Motor Vehicles (State
Council Decree No. 715).
71 State Council, China to Triple Industrial Robot Production by 2020 , 27 April 2016. Viewed at:
http:/ /english.www.gov.cn/state_council/ministries/2016/04/27/content_281475336534830.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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one-time deduction from corporate income tax of expenses related to newly purchased equipment
by key producers of COVID prevention and control to expand their production capacity.72
4.114. Other strategic actions in machinery and equipment industries include: (i) the M IIT's Guiding
Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Environmental Protection Equipment Manufacturing
Industry, which set the goal of reaching a production value of CNY 1 trillion for environmental
equipment manufacturing by 2020; and (ii) the Action Plans for High -End Smart Remanufacturing
(2018 -2020). In addition, the Plan of Intelligent Manufacturing Development (2016 -2020), issued
by MIIT and the MOF, was put in place to guide the development of intelligent manufacturing. The
Plan, inter alia , sets the goals of completing the digitalization of traditional manufacturing sectors
by 2020, establishing an intelligent manufacturing support system, and achieving intelligent
transformation of key industries by 2025.
4.3.2.3 Iron and steel
4.115. The value of China's iron and steel exports stood at USD 33.4 billion in 2020, down from
USD 46.9 billion in 2018, while the value of imports increased from USD 22.4 billion to
USD 36.8 billion over the same period. According to the authorities, the same dynamic continued in
2020, in line with China's efforts to tackle overcapacity in the steel industry. Over the first half of
2020 steel exports sharply decreased, and imports substantially increased. From January to May,
China exported 25 million tonnes of steel products, a year -on-year decrease of 14%, and imported
5.46 million tonnes of steel products, a year -on-year increase of 12%, reflecting the country's efforts
to address excess capacity in the industry.
4.116. Efforts by China to eliminate production overcapacity in the steel indus try are guided by the
Opinions on Reducing Overcapacity in the Steel Industry to Achieve Development by Solving
Difficulties (Guo Fa No. 6, 2016).73 Among other actions, the Opinions prohibit the building up of
new steel capacity. China also intends to enc ourage enterprises to eliminate part of their steel
production capacity through, inter alia , proactive capacity elimination, mergers and acquisitions and
restructuring, transformation and conversion of production lines, relocation and reconstruction, and
global cooperation in production capacity. Under the Opinions, China plans to cut additional crude
steel capacity by 150 million tonnes by 2020, to bring capacity closer to consumption.
4.117. The authorities indicate that, by the end of 2019, China had reduced crude steel capacity by
about 170 million tonnes in cumulative terms, which outperformed the goal of the 13th Five-Year
Plan for Economic and Social Development of reducing 150 million ton nes of excess steel capacity
ahead of the 2020 deadline.74 They also note that zombie companies75 have been largely dismantled
in the iron and steel industry. In addition, steel production not conforming to quality standards was
cut by 140 million tonnes i n 2017. The authorities state that the capacity of "standard steel" has
been fully banned.
4.118. Going forward with its capacity reduction efforts, in January 2018, China announced a new
policy to forbid steel plants from increasing their capacity. They were als o required to remove at
least 1.25 tonnes of outdated capacity for every tonne of new capacity in "environmentally sensitive"
areas of the Beijing -Tianjin -Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta.76 Under
the Notice on Improving Cap acity Replacement and Project Filing of Iron and Steel (Fa Gai Dian
No. 19, 2020), as from 24 January 2020, the steel capacity replacement and project filing were
suspended; guidelines for steel project filing were formulated and introduced, and revisions were
72 State Taxation Administration. Viewed at:
http://www.chinatax.gov.cn/chinatax/n 810341/n810755/c5143465/content.html .
73 State Council, Opinions of the State Council on Resolving Excess Capacity in the Iron and Steel
Industry . Viewed at: http://www.gov.cn/ zhengce/content/2016 -02/04/content_5039353.htm .
74 A 2020 report by the OECD on the world's steelmaking capacity noted a decrease in China's
steelmaking capacity from 1,192.9 million tonnes in 2016 to 1,152.2 in 2019; these figures were not confirmed
by the authorities. According to the study, these calcu lations are based solely on the sum of all the steelmaking
plants in existence for which information is available to the OECD Secretariat. OECD (2020), Latest
Developments in Steelmaking Capacity . Viewed at: https://www.oecd.org/industry/ind/latest -developments -in-
steelmaking -capacity -2020.pdf .
75 The term "zombie companies" r efers to companies that are unable to cover debt servicing costs from
current prof its.
76 State Council, China Releases New Steel Capacity Replacement Policy , 9 January 2018. Viewed at:
http://english.www.gov.cn/state_council/ministr ies/2018/01/09/content_281476006915798.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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made to the measures for steel capacity replacement. The Notice also imposed some
environment -related provisions and prohibited steel smelting capacity extensions.
4.119. According to the OECD, in November 2019, the NDRC, the MIIT, and the National Bureau of
Statistics jointly issued a notice requiring steel companies to conduct a study and submit a report
on the capacity status and production changes in their facilities over the last three years. The aim
of this investigation was to review the changes in cap acity and equipment in China's steel sector
since 2016.77
4.3.2.4 Electronic, IT , and integrated circuits
4.120. According to the Statistical Yearbook of China's Electronic Information, the market share of
SOEs in electronic information manufacturing enterprises (above a certain designated scale) stood
at 3.5% in 2018, while private enterprises accounted for 47.3%.
4.121. The integrated circuit (IC) industry is the core of information technologies. As such, the
authorities see it as a strategic industry supporting national econo mic and social development and
maintaining national security. The Made in China 2025 initiative reiterated China's focus on
next-generation IT, with reference to semiconductors. The authorities indicate that in 2018, the
operating revenue of IC manufacturi ng enterprises (above a designated scale) was CNY 364.4 billion.
In addition, the statistics of China Semiconductor Industry Association suggest that in 2019 the
revenue of China's IC industry was about USD 108 billion, with 40.51% coming from IC designing ,
28.42% from IC manufacturing, and 31.07% from IC packaging and testing.
4.122. China relies heavily on the imports of high -end ICs. Exports of ICs stood at USD 117.1 billion
in 2020 (up from USD 84.7 billion in 2018), while imports amounted USD 350.8 billion (u p from
USD 312.7 billion in 2018). Most demand for semiconductors reflects the country's specialization in
the assembly of electronics, as the majority of chips are not actually consumed in China but instead
re-exported to other countries in the form of el ectronic equipment (e.g. phones, TVs, and tablets).
4.123. The 2014 Guidelines for Promoting the Development of the National Integrated Circuit
Industry set specific targets to develop China's IC and semiconductor industry. It identified the goals
of raising the industry's revenue to over CNY 350 billion by 2015, and achieving an annual rate of
revenue growth of over 20% by 2020. Priority tasks include the establishment of the National
Leading Group for the Development of Integrated Circuit Industry, the initiatio n of the National
Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund, and the promotion of safe and reliable hardware and
software.
4.124. On 24 September 2014, the National IC Industry Investment Fund was established, with
initial funding of USD 23 billion. The authori ties state that the Fund's investment management and
decision -making of the Fund are under the market principles, and the Fund is not affiliated with any
government authority. According to a study by the OECD, as at May 2019, shareholding in China's
Nation al IC Investment Fund included: the MOF (36%); China Development Bank Capital (22%);
China National Tobacco, a central SOE (11%); and Beijing E -Town International Investment &
Development, a local SOE (10%).78 The authorities did not confirm these figures.79 A second round
of funding for the IC Fund was completed in 2019, which added USD 29 billion for investments into
upstream, domestic semiconductor companies. According to the authorities, a s at October 2019, the
major shareholders included the MOF (11.02 %), China Development Bank Capital (1 0.77%),
Shanghai Guosheng Group (7 .35%), China National Tobacco (7 .35%), and Beijing E-Town
International Investment & Development ( 4.89%).
4.125. As described in the Secretariat's report for China's previous Review, certain tax incentives
continue to be granted to companies in the IC industry, mainly through the 2015 revised Circular on
77 OECD (2020), Latest Developments in Steelmaking Capacity . Viewed at:
https://www.oecd.org/industry/ind/late st-developments -in-steelmaking -capacity -2020.pdf .
78 OECD (2019), Measuring Distortions in International Markets – The Semiconductor Value Chain .
Viewed at: http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=TAD/TC(2019)9/
FINAL&docLanguage=En .
79 According to the OECD report, at the provincial level, the National IC Industry Investment Fund is
supplemented by a series o f local funds, such as the Beijing IC Industry Equity Investment Fund. The
authorities also indicate that the local funds have no government involvement. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Enterprise Income Tax Policies for Further Encouragement to Development of Integrated Circuit
Industry (MOF and SAT No. 6, 2015), and the 2016 Ci rcular on Enterprise Income Tax Policies for
Software Industry and Integrated Circuit Industry (MOF and SAT No. 49, 2016).80
4.126. On 4 August 2020, the State Council released the Policy on Promoting High -quality
Development of Integrated Circuit Industry and So ftware Industry (Guo Fa No. 8, 2020).81 Under
the Policy, China rolled out a wide range of favourable measures, such as preferential corporate
income tax, favourable financing, support for R&D, preferential import duties for certain products,
and simplifie d customs formalities. The authorities indicate that these measures are designed for
domestic and foreign -invested companies on the same terms, as specified by the law. The Policy
also seeks to strictly implement an intellectual property protection system for ICs and software and
increase the penalties for violations of IPRs. On international cooperation, the policy aims to,
inter alia, create an environment for international companies to invest China; encourage
international companies to build R&D centres in China; and promote the "Go Global" initiative of the
IC industry and software industry. The authorities state that the incentives measures under this
Policy are set to replace the existing preferential tax treatment, after a transition period.
4.127. The Natio nal Informatization Development Strategy, which was issued in July 2016, seeks
to guide the development of national informatization in the next 10 years. Action plans for IT and
its subsectors are presented in Table 4.20.
Table 4.20 Action plans for IT and its subsectors, 2016 -20
Plans Goals (by 2020) Date of issue
Information Industry
Development Guide Revenue of the information industry will reach
CNY 26.2 trillion (up 8.9% from 2015); general
trade exports of electronic information products
will account for 30% of the industry exports (up
4.5% from 2015) 16 January 2017
Plan for the Development of the
Information and Communication
Industry (2016 -2020) ICT revenue will reach CNY 3.5 trillion (up 15.5%
from 2015) 17 January 2017
Plan for the D evelopment of the
Software and Information
Technology Services (2016 -
2020) Revenue of software and IT will exceed
CNY 8 trillion, with an annual growth rate of
13%, accounting for 30% of the IT industry;
exports of softwar e products will exceed
USD 68 billion 17 January 2017
Plan for the D evelopment of the
Large Data Industry (2016 -
2020) Revenue of large data -related products and
services will exceed CNY 1 trillion, with an annual
growth rate of 30% 17 January 2017
Three -Year Action Plan for the
Development of Cloud
Computing (2017 -2019) By 2019, the cloud computing industry will reach
CNY 430 billion 30 March 2017
Three -Year Action Plan for the
Development of Industrial
Electronic Commerce E-commerce purchases will amount to
CNY 9 trillion and e -commerce sales to
CNY 11 trillion 25 September 2017
Information Industry
Development Guide Revenue of the information industry will reach
CNY 26.2 trillion (up 8.9% from 2015); general
trade exports of electronic information products
will account for 30% of the industry's exports
(up 4.5% from 2015) 16 January 2017
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
4.3.2.5 Shipbuilding
4.128. The Made in China 2025 initiative considers shipbuilding as one of its 10 priority sectors. The
Plan has the overarching strategic objective to make China strong in high -end shipbuilding.
Furthermore, in the context of the 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development , the
MIIT unveiled in December 2016 the Shipbuilding Industry Deepening Structural Adjustment,
80 WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018.
81 State Council, Policy on Promoting High-quality Development of Integrated Circuit Industry and
Software Industry. Viewed at: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2020 -08/04/content_5532370.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Accelerating Transformation and Upgrading Action Plan (2016 -20), outlining the reform and
transformation upgrade needed for the shipbuilding i ndustry.
4.129. In addition, the Plan aims to improve technological innovation, streamline capacity,
incorporate intelligent manufacturing, improve overall quality and branding, promote
military -commercial shipbuilding collaboration, and extend the global reach i n terms of investments
and partnerships. It also urges shipbuilders to comply with environmental good practices and
promote green shipping and energy efficiency. China's policy to promote a green shipbuilding
industry was previously signalled in 2009, as t he country proposed to accelerate the scrap -and-build
of old fleets and eliminate single -hulled oil tankers, aiming to increase the safety of ships and
decrease the environmental burden from shipping by replacing old fleets with new greener vessels.
4.130. The 13th Five-Year Plan of China Ship Accessory and Equipment Industry (2016 -20) also
pursued the objective of raising the proportion of domestic equipment to reach 80%, 60%, and
40%, respectively, in three ship models, high -tech ships, and ocean engineering equ ipment by
end-2020. According to the authorities, the Plan and its objectives serve only as guidelines.
4.131. In January 2017, the MIIT published a statement encouraging financial institutions to
support the domestic shipbuilding industry. According to an OECD s tudy, the China Banking
Regulatory Commission (CBRC) encouraged financial institutions to support the domestic
shipbuilding industry and exports of domestically built ships.82 The authorities indicate that over the
years, they have provided support to the development of the real economy, including shipbuilding.
As such, they note that in recent years, with the continuous improvement of China's shipbuilding
technology and quality, as well as the enhancement of China's business environment, including
financin g conditions, demand for ships in China has increased, which has played a positive role in
supporting Chinese shipbuilding enterprises to resist the adverse impact of long -term market
downturn and maintain the healthy and stable development of the industry .
4.132. China is the world's leading shipbuilder. In recent years, the level of ship design and
shipbuilding in China has improved rapidly. China is building large container ships of above
20,000 TEU in batch. Construction of large cruise ships has also begun, b ut the product structure
still needs to be optimized. Low value -added and low -tech ship types, such as bulk carriers, still
account for a large proportion (52% of the total delivery in 2020 in terms of compensated gross
tonnage ).
4.133. In 2019, a plan to merge the country's two largest state -owned shipbuilders – the China
State Shipbuilding Corp. (CSSC) and the China Shipbuilding Industry Co. (CSIC) – was announced.83
The authorities state that as at March 2021, the joint reorganization of the CSSC and the CSIC had
not yet been completed.
4.4 Services
4.4.1 Financial services
4.4.1.1 Overview
4.134. China's policy on financial services seeks to prevent and control financial risks, serve the
real economy, and further promote liberalization.84 The authorities indicate that some current policy
measures are geared towards addressing the rebound of non -performing bank assets, regulating
shadow banking, and combatting financial corruption and crime. Specific efforts include actions to
82 OECD, Science, Te chnology and Industry Policy Papers , August 2019, No. 75.
83 Both the CSSC and the CSIC are managed by the State -owned Assets Supervision and Administration
Commission (SASAC) on behalf of the Government. The shipyards of the CSIC are located in northeast a nd
northern China. Its subsidiaries include Dalian Shipbuilding Industry, Bohai Shipbuilding Heavy Industry,
Qingdao Beihai Shipping Heavy Industry, and Shanhaiguan New Shipbuilding Industry. CSSC shipyards are
mainly located in eastern and southern China, and its subsidiaries include Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding,
Jiangnan Shipyard (Group) Co., Ltd., Hudong -Zhonghua Shipbuilding (Group) Co., Ltd., and the rebranded
CSSC Offshore & Marine Engineering Company (COMEC).
84 The description will mainly focus on the regulatory developments that have occurred during the
review period. See WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 13 July 2018, paras. 4.143 -4.172; WT/TPR/S/342/Rev.1,
12 October 2016, paras. 4.44-4.84; WT/TPR/S/300/Rev.1, 7 October 2014, paras. 4.48-4.84;
WT/TPR/S/264/Rev.1, 20 July 2012, paras. 96-164; and WT/TPR/S/230/Rev.1, 5 July 2010, paras. 47-82. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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further impro ve the monetary policy transmission channel, improve the capital market, support small
and medium -sized banks to replenish their capital and optimize their governance, improve the
corporate governance of financial institutions, and regulate the qualificati ons and behaviour of
shareholders. In the foreign exchange market, the authorities aim to promote market -based
development of the foreign exchange market.
4.135. The sector accounted for 7.9% of GDP in 2019 and 2018; it employed 8.2 million people
in 2019, up fro m 6.9 million in 2018. Its structure is still unbalanced, with a significant predominance
of banks over other types of financial institutions. The stock market is relatively small. Market
capitalization of listed domestic companies stood at CNY 8.5 trillio n in 2019, representing roughly
59.3% of GDP.85 By contrast, according to the World Bank, the ratio of total bank credit to GDP
stood at 164.6% in 2019. Commercial banks' dominance of the sector is evident from their
participation in the system's total ass ets: over 82% of assets and liabilities of banking institutions,
up from some 78% for both indicators in 2018. The authorities indicated that in 2020, the market
capitalization of listed domestic companies stood at CNY 79.72 trillion, representing 78.5% of GDP.
In 2018, 2019, and 2020, equity financing86 of non -financial sectors stood at CNY 861.5 billion,
CNY 918.9 billion, and CNY 1.26 trillion, respectively; non -financial companies issued
CNY 1.65 trillion, CNY 2.58 trillion, and CNY 3.45 trillion in cor porate bonds (including corporate
goods, convertible bonds, and exchangeable bonds), respectively, in those same years through the
exchange bond market. The exchange bond market issued local government bonds totalling
CNY 2.56 trillion, CNY 2.83 trillion, and CNY 2.42 trillion, respectively, in 2018, 2019, and 2020.
4.136. State -owned banks are among the major players in China's financial sector. Large banks in
the system (e.g. the Big Six state -owned commercial banks and the three policy banks87) and most
other f inancial institutions (e.g. credit cooperatives, non -bank financial companies, and insurance
companies) are either directly state -owned or owned by other SOEs. In a report to the NPC, the
State Council indicated that total assets of state -owned financial i nstitutions at end -2017 was
CNY 241 trillion, which represented 88% of the total.88
4.137. On 24 January 2019, the number of China's official big state -owned banks, the most
important banks in the domestic system, reach ed six, following the inclusion of the Posta l Savings
Bank of China by the authorities, alongside Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural
Bank of China, Bank of China, China Construction Bank, and Bank of Communications.89 The
authorities state that, in recent years, China has encourag ed joint -stock commercial banks to
optimize corporate governance structure, improve governance and execution efficiency, and
accelerate high -quality development and transformation. In June 2019, the CBIRC approved the
initial public offering (IPO) of the P ostal Savings Bank of China in A -shares.
4.138. Assets of banks continued to grow during the review period. As at the end of the first half of
2020, the total CNY and foreign currency assets of China's banking institutions reached
CNY 309.4 trillion, up 9.7% year -on-year. Profit growth of commercial banks was generally stable
during the review period. However, in the first half of 2020, profits of commercial banks decreased
year-on-year. Commercial banks accumulated a net profit of CNY 1.0 trillion, down by 9.4%
year-on-year. The average rate of net return on equity was 10.35%. The average rate of net return
on total assets (ROA) of commercial banks was 0.83%. Compared with the end of the first quarter
of 2020, it decreased by 0.15 percentage points. The authoritie s note that risk resilience remained
strong. The core Tier 1 capital adequacy ratio (CAR) of commercial banks (excluding branches of
foreign banks) was 10.47%, down by 0.41 percentage points compared with the end of last quarter
85 World Bank, Market Capitalization of Listed Domestic Companies (Current US$) in China. Viewed at:
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/CM.MKT.LCAP.CD?locations=CN .
86 Including that in the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges and National Equities Exchange.
87 The three policy banks are China Development Ba nk, Export -Import Bank of China, and Agricultural
Development Bank of China.
88 Zhang, C. (2019 ), How Much Do State -Owned Enterprises Contribute to China's GDP and
Employment?, World Bank document. Viewed at: http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/44970 1565248
091726/pdf/How -Much-Do-State -Owned -Enterprises -Contribute -to-China -s-GDP-and-Employment.pdf .
89 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, Bank of China, and China
Construction Bank of China are designated as global systemi cally important banks by the Financial Stability
Board. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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2019; Tier 1 CAR was 11.61% , down by 0.34 percentage points, and CAR was 14.21%, down by
0.31 percentage poin ts compared with the end of the last quarter of 2019.90
4.139. Regarding non -performing loans (NPLs), at the end of 2020 Q2, the outstanding balance of
NPLs of commercial banks was CNY 2.74 trillion, up by CNY 124.3 billion compared with last quarter.
The NPL ratio of commercial banks was 1.94%, an increase of 0.03 percentage points compared
with the previous quarter, which seems to reflect the economic impacts of the COVID ‑19 pandem ic.
At the same time, the balance of loan loss provisions of commercial banks reached CNY 5.0 trillion,
an increase of CNY 206.0 billion from the previous quarter. The provision coverage ratio was 182.4%
in the first half of 2020, down by 0.80 percentage p oints compared with the end of last quarter
2019. The authorities have introduced a phased deferment of loan repayments scheme, in which
banks have been allowed to grant deferment of loan repayments to micro, small, and medium -sized
enterprises (MSMEs) and other eligible firms upon application. In this case, banks could refrain from
downgrading enterprises' loan risk categories, while upholding the approach of substantive risk
assessment. The authorities note that in the first half of 2020, COVID ‑19 had a s izeable impact on
China's economy, and new NPLs in the banking sector rose. In this regard, the CBIRC urged banks
to do a more accurate classification of credit assets, adopt various means to make up for capital,
increase the withdrawal of provisions in ad vance, continue to increase the disposal of NPLs, and
strictly control the increment of new NPLs. They indicate that as at first quarter 2021 the risk of
NPLs has generally eased.
4.140. Over the period leading up to the COVID ‑19 pandemic, the Government had been exploring
the resolution framework of financial institutions, and in accordance with laws and regulations, it
intervened in three relatively weak banks. In 2019, developments in China's banking industry were
marked by the takeover of Baoshang Bank and the recapitalization of the Bank of Jinzhou and
Hengfeng Bank. In November 2020, Beijing No. 1 Intermediate People's Court ruled for the
bankruptcy liquidation of Baoshang Bank.
4.141. In the insurance sector, assets of companies increased during the review period, amounting
to CNY 22.0 trillion in the first half of 2020. Compared with the beginning of the year, assets of
property and casualty insurance companies registered CNY 2.4 trillion, up 5.3%; assets of life
insurance companies reached CNY 18.6 trillion, up 9.6%; assets of reinsurance companies recorded
CNY 513.3 billion, up 20.5%; and assets of insurance asset management companies were
CNY 64.4 billion, up 0.5%.
4.4.1.2 Reform of the financial supervision framework
4.142. During the review period, the authorit ies carried out a significant reshuffle of China's financial
supervision system, in response to the changing realities of the country's financial environment. The
recent liberalization efforts by China and the context of financial innovation have been mark ed by
the prevalence of new types of challenges and the emergence of a more diverse typology of market
participants, mainly shadow banking. In 2017, the IMF and the World Bank considered that
coordination and detailed exchanges of information between regul ators were lacking; they pointed
out the need for China to reform its financial supervision structure.91 The authorities consider that
the establishment of the CBIRC in 2018 significantly strengthened the overall coordination and
penetration supervision of banking and insurance. The recent reforms, including strict enforcement,
have led to a decrease in shadow banking activities. The authorities state that in 2017 shadow
banking dropped by about CNY 20 trillion from its historical peak. This helped to maint ain the
stability of the financial system.
4.143. The new structure follows an integrated type of supervisory model. The Financial Stability
and Development Committee (FSDC), established in November 2017, is a financial regulatory body
under the auspices of the S tate Council and headed by a Vice Premier, which is higher ranked than
the ministry -level heads of the other financial regulators. The FSDC is tasked with, inter alia,
implementing the decisions and plans of the State Council regarding the financial sector ; deliberating
90 CBIRC, Supervisory Statistics of the Banking and Insurance Sectors – 2020 Q2 , 8 October 2020.
Viewed at: http://www.cbirc.gov.cn/en/view/pages/ItemDetail.html?docId=921929&itemId=983 .
91 IMF (2017), People's Republic of China: Financial Sector Assessment Program – Detailed Assessment
of Observance of Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision . Viewed at: https://www.imf.org/en/
Publications/CR/Issues/2017/12/26/Peoples -Republic -of-China -Financial -Sector -Assessment -Program -Detailed -
Assessment -of-45516 . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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major reform and development programmes for the financial sector; coordinating financial reform,
development and regulation, issues concerning monetary policy and financial regulation, and major
issues concerning financial regulation; analys ing international and domestic financial situations,
addressing international financial risks, and conducting policy research on systemic risk prevention
and treatment to maintain financial stability; and guiding local financial reform, development, and
supervision of the duty performance of local financial regulatory authorities and governments. During
the review period, a new supervisory arrangement was adopted, combining the oversight structure
of banking and insurance to form one single regulator, the C BIRC. The CBIRC was established in
April 2018, as a result of a merger of the CBRC and China Insurance Regulatory Commission (CIRC).
Its mandate is to, inter alia , regulate and supervise banking and insurance institutions, maintain fair
competition in the banking and insurance sectors, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of
stakeholders, including depositors and insurance policyholders.92 It also collects and publishes
statistics on industry, approves the establishment or expansion of banks and insurance companies,
and resolves potential liquidity, solvency, or other problems that might occur in individual
companies. The China Securities Regulatory Commission ( CSRC ) has a similar mandate in the
securities and futures market that includes, inter alia, the responsibilities of policy formulation and
implementation, including monitoring of compliance.93
4.144. As part of the reform of financial supervision, some legislative and rulemaking
responsibilities originally vested in the CBRC, the CIRC, and the CSRC within their respective
segments were transferred to the PBOC. Moreover , in addition to its central bank responsibilities of,
inter alia , formulating and implementing monetary and exchange rate policies; regulating interbank
markets, foreign exchange mark ets, the payment and settlement system, and the credit information
system; and building a macro -prudential monitoring system, and conducting regular risk
assessments, the PBOC also leads the effort in preventing systemic financial risk and promoting the
stability of the financial system. It is responsible for establishing the mechanism for the assessment
and identification of systemically important financial institutions, and leading the drafting of basic
rules, monitoring, and analysis, as well as supervis ing such financial institutions.
4.4.1.3 Recent regulatory developments
4.4.1.3.1 Overview
4.145. China continued to reform its financial sector during the review period. While a number of
licensing and prudential regulations were adopted or amended, several measures were taken to
liberalize financial activities and to further promote foreign participation in the banking, insurance,
pension fund management, and securities industries. As regards the opening of the financial market,
in July 2019, the FSDC announced a package of 11 re form measures covering: (i) credit rating by
foreign -invested companies; (ii) foreign participation in asset management; (iii) steps to encourage
foreign financial institutions to invest in wealth management subsidiaries of Chinese commercial
banks; (iv) foreign participation in pension fund management; (v) foreign participation in currency
brokerage; (vi) lifting the foreign ownership cap on life insurance companies; (vii) lifting the
restrictions on foreign ownership in insurance asset management companie s; (viii) relaxing the entry
restrictions on foreign -invested insurance companies; (ix) lifting foreign ownership limits on
securities companies, futures companies, and fund management companies; (x) allowing
foreign -invested financial institutions access to Type -A underwriting licences in the interbank bond
market; and (xi) allowing foreign institutional access to inter -bank bond markets.
4.4.1.3.2 Regulatory developments in banking
4.4.1.3.2.1 Developments in licensing of foreign banks
4.146. The 2018 National Negative List lifts the cap on foreign ownership in Chinese commercial
banks, which was previously set at 20% for an individual foreign investor and 25% for a group of
investors. Accordingly, on 17 August 2018, the CBIRC published the Dec ision on Abolishing and
Revising Some Rules, which revises the Implementation Measures for the Administrative Licensing
Items Concerning Chinese -Funded Commercial Banks.
92 CBIRC, About the CBIRC . Viewed at: https://www.cbirc.gov.cn/en/view/pages/ItemList.html?itemPId
=974&itemId=975&itemUrl= About/Mandates.html&itemTitle=Mandates&itemPTitle=About%20the%20CBIRC .
93 CSRC, About CSRC . Viewed at: http://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/csrc_en/about/ . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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4.147. Furthermore, on 15 October 2019, the State Council amended the Regulations on
Administ ration of Foreign -Funded Banks (State Council Order No. 720), followed in December 2019
by its implementing rules published by the CBIRC. The amendment abolishes the requirements that
obliged foreign shareholders to have total assets of no less than USD 10 billion to establish wholly
foreign -owned banks or a joint venture with Chinese banks, or USD 20 billion to establish branches
in China. It also allows foreign investors to establish and operate both branches and wholly owned
or joint ventures simultaneou sly in China, and operate agency collection and payment business. In
addition, the amended regulation removed the requirement that "the Chinese sole or key
shareholder of a joint venture bank shall be a financial institution". While the new regulation lowe rs
the minimum amount of the fixed -term CNY deposit that branches of foreign banks in China can
accept from Chinese individuals (from no less than CNY 1 million to no less than CNY 0.5 million per
deposit), it also removes the approval requirement applicab le to foreign -invested banks engaging in
CNY-related businesses.
4.148. The authorities indicate that on 27 April 2018 a Notice was issued by the CBRC94, allowing
the operating capital of foreign banks to be calculated in a "consolidated manner". Under the new
framework, if the operating capital of an established branch meets the minimum required capital,
the foreign bank may authorize the established branch to allocate its excess operating capital to an
additional branch in China.95
4.4.1.3.2.2 Developments in banking pruden tial regulations and measures to tackle other
systemic risks
4.149. Measures were taken during the review period to further improve China's prudential
regulation framework, in accordance with the Core Principles of Effective Banking Supervision under
Basel III (R evisions) and based on the actual situation of the banking industry in China.
4.150. On 24 April 2018, the authorities adopted the Measures for the Administration of the Large
Exposures of Commercial Banks, effective on 1 July 2018, in line with Basel III supervi sory
framework for measuring and controlling large exposures. Under the Measures, the total exposure
of a commercial bank to an interbank counterparty or a group of connected interbank counterparties
shall not exceed 25% of the bank's net value of Tier 1 c apital. The total exposure of a global
systemically important bank to another global systemically important bank shall not exceed 15% of
the bank's net Tier 1 capital.
4.151. On 25 May 2018, the Measures on Liquidity Risk Management of Commercial Banks were
adopt ed, with an effective date of implementation of 1 July 2018. The Measures require commercial
banks to increase the diversification of and to further stabilize their financing sources. They introduce
three new indicators for liquidity risk supervision in re sponse to Basel III reforms96:
• the net stable funding ratio (NSFR), which measures banks' long -term stable funding to
support their business development, applies to lenders with assets of no less than CNY 200
billion;
• the adequacy ratio of the high -quality liquid assets (HQLA) ratio, which evaluates whether
banks have enough HQLA to cover short -term liquidity gaps when under stress, applies to
lenders with assets below CNY 200 billion; and
• the liquidity matching ratio, which applies to all lenders, measures the maturity matching
of bank assets and liabilities.
4.152. In accordance with the Liquidity Risk Management Measures, a commercial bank with an
asset size of CNY 200 billion and above shall continuously meet the minimum supervisory standards
for the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) (at 100%), NSFR (at 100%), liquidity ratio (at 25%), and
94 Notice of the General Office of the CBRC on Issues Concerning the Amendment and Implementation
of Measures for the Administrative Licensing of Foreign -Funded Banks (CBIRC Notice No. 45, 2018).
95 State Council Information Office, Notice of the CIRC on Further Liberalizing Market Access for Foreign
Banks. Vi ewed at:
http://www.scio.gov.cn/32344/32345/39620/41925/xgzc41931/Document/1666285/1666285.htm .
96 These indicators are in addition to two indicators that were already in place: liquidity coverage ratio
(LCR) and liquidity ratio. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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liquidity matching ratio (at 100%). A commercial bank with an asset size of less than CNY 200 billion
shall continuously meet the minimum supervisory standards for adeq uacy ratio of HQLA (at 100%),
liquidity ratio (at 25%), and liquidity matching ratio (at 100%). Commercial banks shall fully
implement the supervisory requirements for the liquidity matching ratio from 1 January 2020.
4.153. On 30 April 2019, the CBIRC launched a consultation on the draft Interim Measures for the
Classification of Financial Asset Risks of Commercial Banks, following the release of new benchmarks
by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The draft measures extend the risk classification
from l oans to all financial assets that bear credit risk. The draft Measures, once adopted, would
replace the 2007 Guidelines for Risk -Based Loan Classification, which classifies commercial loans
into five tiers: normal, special mentioned, substandard, doubtful, and loss. According to the
authorities, the draft Measures extend the risk classification from loans to all financial assets that
bear credit risk, emphasize the concept of debtor -centred classification, clarify the number of
overdue days as an objective indicator of risk classification, and refine the risk classification
requirements for restructured assets.
4.154. Several other measures were taken by the authorities to better contain financial risks. In
January 2018, the CBRC released the Measures for the Admin istration of Entrusted Loans by
Commercial Banks to regulate entrusted loans and risks thereof.97 The Measures set clear guidelines
on the sources of funds, loan purposes, and risk management, as well as strict supervisory rules on
entrusted loans in comme rcial banks. Under the Measures, the CBRC forbids the use of entrusted
loans for, inter alia , bonds, futures, and financial derivatives investment. Over the same period, the
CIRC revised rules to tighten regulation over the use of insurance funds, in order to better serve the
real economy.
4.155. In April 2018, China's financial regulators jointly issued the Guiding Opinions on Regulating
the Asset Management Business of Financial Institutions, and a supplementary notice was issued on
20 July 2018 to clarify opera tional details.98 The new rules set, inter alia , strict standards for
investment in non -standard assets, standards of asset management product leverage, and strict
controls on implicit guarantees.
4.156. In November 2018, the PBOC, the CBIRC, and the CSRC issued the Guidelines on Improving
Regulation of Systemically Important Financial Institutions, which clarify the overall framework for
the identification, regulation, and resolution of domestic systemically important financial institutions.
In December 2020, the PBOC and the CBIRC issued the Measures for the Evaluation of Systemically
Important Banks, which specify the scope, methodology, and procedure for evaluating domestic
systematically important banks.
4.157. Other measures were also taken in relation to equity man agement by commercial banks. On
5 January 2018, the Interim Measures for the Equity Management of Commercial Banks were
adopted by the CBRC. The Measures standardize the behaviour of shareholders of commercial banks.
It also strengthens the information dis closure and reporting requirements imposed on shareholders
that have a significant impact on the operation and management of commercial banks.
4.4.1.3.2.3 Other measures in banking
Foreign participation in bond rating
4.158. The FSDC announced in July 2019 that it would allo w foreign -invested entities to provide
credit ratings on all types of bonds in the Chinese interbank bond market and exchange -traded bond
market. The move was initiated through the release on 1 July 2017 of PBOC Circular No. 7/2017,
which opened the interb ank bond market to foreign credit rating agencies . The authorities indicate
that S&P Global and Fitch Ratings have established wholly foreign -owned subsidiaries in China.
4.159. Prior to the 2019 Announcement, S&P Global Ratings was the only foreign entity that w as
allowed to participate in giving ratings to all kinds of bonds on the China interbank bond market,
97 Entrusted loans refer to loans provided by a corporate lender to a corporate borrower through a
commercial bank that acts as a trustee of the lender. Entrusted loans are considere d to be shadow banking in
China.
98 Notice on Further Clarifying Relevant Matters in the Guiding Opinions on Regulating the Asset
Management Business of Financial Institutions (detailed rules). WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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including financial institution bonds, debt financing instruments for non -financial enterprises,
structured products, and foreign bonds. On 11 July 2019, S&P Global (China) Ratings released its
first rating report for a domestic issuer in China, rating ICBC Financial Leasing Co., Ltd. "AAA" with
a "stable" outlook. On 14 May 2020, the US firm Fitch Ratings was allowed, via its wholly owned
subsidiary, to co nduct certain bond rating business in the interbank bond market. Moody's, another
foreign -owned rating agency, operates in the Chinese market through equity participation. At
present, Moody's holds 30% of the equity in China Chengxin International Credit R ating (CCXI),
which is qualified to provide rating services for all bond products in the interbank and exchange
markets.
Participation of foreign financial institutions in the establishment and investment of the
wealth management subsidiaries of commercial banks
4.160. The FSDC announced that China will encourage foreign financial institutions to participate in
the establishment of, and make investments in, the wealth management subsidiaries of Chinese
commercial banks. Furthermore, joint ventures betwee n foreign asset management agencies and
Chinese banks or insurance companies to establish an asset management company controlled by
the foreign party would be permitted. On 24 September 2020, the CBIRC approved the
establishment of Huihua Wealth Management Co., Ltd., a joint venture co -invested by France's
Amundi Asset Management (55%) and Bank of China Wealth Management Co., Ltd. (45%). In
addition, on 11 August 2020, the CBIRC approved a joint wealth management venture among
Blackrock Financial Management Inc., CCB Wealth Management Co., Ltd., and Fullerton Management
Pte Ltd.
4.161. On 3 January 2020, the CBIRC published the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the
High-Quality Development of the Banking and Insurance Industries, which encourage foreign -funded
institut ions to participate in various aspects of the wealth management business. While the Guiding
Opinions further encourage business collaboration in financing (including trade finance, finance
granted to SMEs, and commodity finance), they also emphasize collab oration in the wealth
management business.
Currency brokerage by foreign companies
4.162. According to the FSDC's announcement, China will support foreign entities to establish
currency brokerage firms using their own capital or to take an equity stake in a Chine se broker. On
3 September 2020, the CBIRC approved the establishment of Japan's Ueda Yagi Money Broking
(China) Co., Ltd., China's first wholly foreign -invested currency brokerage.
Reform of the interest rate setting mechanism
4.163. On 17 August 2019, the PBOC r eleased an announcement to improve the formation
mechanism of the loan prime rate (LPR), to further reflect market dynamics.99 Under the reforms,
the new LPR will be linked to rates set during open market operations, namely the PBOC's
medium -term lending f acility (MLF), which is determined by broader financial system demand for
central bank liquidity. Since August 2019, the new LPR is announced at 9:30 a.m. on the 20th of
every month, in lieu of publishing it on daily basis. The rate had up until the reform been set using
quotations from 10 contributing banks. The number of quotation banks was expanded from the
top 10 nationwide banks by loan volume to 18 quotation banks, including 10 nationwide banks,
2 city commercial banks, 2 rural commercial banks, 2 for eign-invested banks, and 2 private banks,
to further reflect the representativeness of quotation banks and encourage small - and medium -sized
banks to use LPR.
4.4.1.3.3 Regulatory developments in insurance
4.4.1.3.3.1 Developments in licensing requirements
4.164. Since 2018, the Centr al Government has launched several measures to open up the
insurance industry, including abolishing the requirement of having a representative office in China
99 PBOC, China Monetary Policy Report Quarter Four, 2019 , 19 February 2020. Viewed at:
http://www.pbc.gov.cn/en/3688229/3688353/3688356/3830461/3985458/2020030717393760199.pdf . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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for at least two years and 30 -year operation period to establish foreign -invested insurance
institutions in China, allowing foreign insurance groups to invest in insurance institutions, and
opening -up measures in the field of insurance intermediaries. On 15 October 2019, the State Council
announced its decision to modify certain provisions in the Admi nistrative Regulations on
Foreign -invested Insurance Companies100; it was followed in December 2019 by implementing rules
published by the CBIRC.
4.165. Foreign ownership limits were also lifted on life insurers and insurance asset management
companies. In 2018, t he PBOC announced that the foreign ownership cap on life insurance
companies would be raised to 100% by 2021. Subsequently, in July 2019, the FSDC announced that
China will accelerate this transition timeline by allowing Chinese life insurance companies to be fully
foreign -owned in 2020. On 9 December 2019, the CBIRC released the Notice Concerning Clarification
of the Timeframe for the Cancellation of Foreign Ownership Restrictions on Joint Venture Life
Insurance Companies. The Notice states that all restri ctions on foreign ownership of joint -venture
insurance companies that engage in life insurance operations will be officially lifted starting
1 January 2020, giving foreign investors the opportunity for full ownership. In addition, in line with
FSDC's annou ncement, the CBIRC is revising the Interim Administrative Regulations on Insurance
Asset Management Companies, which lift the 25% foreign ownership cap on insurance asset
management companies.
4.4.1.3.3.2 Developments in prudential regulations
4.166. China's current solvency regime, the China Risk Oriented Solvency System (C -ROSS), was
first brought into operation in January 2016. Under C -ROSS, three indicators need to be reported by
insurers to the regulator in their solvency reports: (i) the core solvency ratio (the ratio o f core capital
to minimum capital); (ii) the overall solvency ratio (the ratio of core capital plus supplementary
capital to minimum capital); and (iii) the integrated risk rating (IRR), which ranges from A (highest
rating) to D (lowest) based on both quan titative capital requirements and an evaluation of
unquantifiable capitalized risks.
4.167. In September 2017, the CIRC launched a public consultation on C -ROSS Phase II, to take
into account the evolving nature of risks in the insurance industry. In January 2021 , the CBIRC
revised and issued the Regulations on the Solvency Management of Insurance Companies, which
specify solvency standards as follows: core solvency ratio to be not less than 50%; comprehensive
solvency ratio to be not less than 100%; and IRR, whic h measures the overall solvency risk of
insurance companies (including capitalized and uncapitalized risks), shall not be lower than Class B.
A company will be considered to meet solvency standards only when all three indicators are satisfied.
According to the authorities, after two rounds of quantitative testing and a number of expert
discussions by the insurance industry, a draft containing all rules under C -ROSS Phase II has been
completed. The authorities asked to receive the opinions from the industry by end -January 2021.
4.4.1.3.4 Recent developments in securities activities
4.4.1.3.4.1 Foreign participation
4.168. In March 2021, the authorities stated that the legislative work on the Futures Law was
ongoing. The Futures Law is set to be the next overarching legislation for China' s futures industry.
4.169. Efforts have been made in recent years to develop and vitalize China's securities market,
including expanding the range of products available to foreign investors, enlarging foreign investors'
access to the Chinese market, and enhancing the legal regime governing the sector.
4.170. On 28 June 2018, the 2018 edition of the Special Administrative Measures for the Market
Entry of Foreign Investment (Negative List) provided that foreign shareholding restrictions in
securities companies, futures com panies, fund management companies, and life insurance
companies would be eased to allow investment up to a maximum stake of 51%, and the measures
approved the lifting of all such restrictions in 2021. However, the shareholding restrictions for foreign
securities companies, fund management companies, futures companies, and life insurance
100 State Council, Amendments to Regulat ions in Finance Sector , 15 October 2019. Viewed at:
http://english.www.gov.cn/policies/latestreleases/201910/15/content_WS5da57b97c6d0bcf8c4 c1524e.html . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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companies would be officially lifted in 2020, a year earlier than previously scheduled, which means
that full foreign ownership is therefore allowed. The authorities note th at caps on foreign ownership
of fund management companies and securities companies have been abolished nationwide since
1 January 2020 and 1 December 2020, respectively. In addition, caps on foreign ownership of
futures companies were lifted from 1 January 2020.
4.171. China also extended market access opportunities for holders of Qualified Foreign Institutional
Investors (QFII) status and Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors (RQFII) status.
Initially, these statuses were created to allow foreign ins titutional investors to have access to a range
of Chinese financial products (entire A -share market, bond markets, and other asset classes). In
September 2020, the CSRC, the PBOC, and State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE)
released the Measures fo r the Administration of Domestic Securities and Futures Investment by QFII
and RQFII, which took effect on 1 November 2020. The measures consolidated the QFII and RQFII
schemes into one and further streamlined application procedures. As a result, foreign i nstitutions
can make a one -time application for the new QFII status, which allows them to invest in China's
securities and futures market in either CNY or a tradable foreign currency. The new rules also
expanded QFIIs' scope of investment to include, inter alia, financial futures and commodity
futures.101
4.172. On 7 May 2020, the PBOC and SAFE issued the Regulations on Fund Administration for
Domestic Securities and Futures Investments by Foreign Institutional Investors (PBOC and SAFE
Announcement No. 2, 2020) to end the quota system for both QFII and RQFII schemes. Under the
defunct quota system, institutional investors seeking to participate in the QFII and RQFII schemes
were required to apply for an individual quota that sets limits on how much they can invest i n the
capital market. The reform steps also aimed to, inter alia , allow the QFII/RQFII to independently
choose the currency and time of inward remittance and perform integrated management of domestic
and foreign currencies, and cancel the requirements that a Chinese certified public accountant must
issue special audit reports on tax -related filing of investment income. The authorities note that the
recent reforms have further promoted foreign participation, as at February 2021, a total of 576 QFII
instituti ons had invested in China's capital market.
4.173. Regarding foreign participation in China's bond market, the authorities continued to
gradually open the bond market to foreign market participants. Pursuant to the FSDC announcement
in July 2019, the authorities note that China now allows foreign -invested entities to become Type -A
lead underwriters in the interbank bond market, which allows them to act as lead underwriters of all
types of bonds.
4.4.1.3.4.2 Measures to improve governance and prevent risks
4.174. On 26 October 2018, the 13th National People's Congress adopted a decision to revise the
Company Law. The revision seeks to improve the current share repurchase regime, mainly by
broadening the share repurchase scenarios, simplifying the decision -making pr ocedures for share
repurchase, extending the period in which a company holds the shares that it had repurchased,
increasing the upper limit of the number of shares of a company held by the company itself,
establishing and improving the treasury stock syste m of joint -stock companies, and supplementing
the normative requirements of share repurchase of listed companies. Before the revision, companies
were banned from buying back their publicly traded shares except under four circumstances.102 The
new regime fur ther loosens the restrictions by allowing companies to convert repurchased shares
into corporate bonds issued by listed companies, or to buy back shares to defend their corporate
value and shareholders' interests.
4.175. An amendment to the Securities Law was ado pted on 28 December 2019 and entered into
force on 1 March 2020.103 Major changes in the amended Securities Law include implementing a
101 CSRC, CSRC, PBC and SAFE Release the Measures for the Administration of Domestic Securities and
Futures Investment by Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors and RMB Qualified Foreign Institutional
Investors , 25 September 2020. Viewed at:
http://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/csrc_en/newsfacts/release/202009/t20200925_383652.html .
102 The four circumstances were capital reduction, merger wi th other companies, awarding the shares to
employees, and at the request of dissident shareholders.
103 State Council, New Securities Law Takes Effect , 1 March 2020. Viewed at:
http://english.www.gov.cn/policies/latestreleases/202003/01/content_WS5e5b6168c6d0c201c2cbd4dc.html . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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registration -based IPO regime (which replaces the current approval regulatory framework),
enhancing disclosure requirement s and investor protection rules, and strengthening regulatory
enforcement and risk prevention and control. The authorities indicate that in accordance with the
Securities Law, the administrative measures for the issuance and trading of asset -backed securit ies
and asset management products shall be formulated by the State Council in accordance with the
principles of the Law.
4.176. The authorities have also taken several measures with a view to further strengthening the
supervision over securities companies, regula ting certain activities of securities companies, and
preventing risks faced by securities companies. In this respect, in 2018, the CSRC, inter alia, issued
the Guidelines for the Internal Control of Investment Banking Business of Securities Companies and
revised the Administrative Measures on Sponsorship for Securities Issuance and Listing. In addition,
the CSRC issued the Regulations on the Administration of the Equity of Securities Companies, the
Regulations on Issues Concerning the Implementation of the Regulations on the Administration of
the Equity of Securities Companies, and the Administrative Measures for the Private Asset
Management Business of Securities and Futures Operating Institutions. In January 2020, the CSRC
revised the Regulations on the Ca lculation Standards for Risk Control Indicators of Securities
Companies.
4.177. In July 2020, the CSRC and the CBIRC jointly revised and issued the Administrative Measures
for Securities Investment Fund Custody Business. It allows foreign bank branches in China t o apply
for qualification as a securities investment fund custody business and their financial indicators such
as net assets can be calculated based on the overseas head office. The Measures also specify the
responsibilities that shall be undertaken by ove rseas head offices and strengthen supporting risk
management and control arrangements.104
4.178. Several measures were adopted to further modernize the futures market. On
7 September 2018, the Announcement on Further Strengthening the Collection of Trading Termina l
Information from Futures Operators Clients (CSRC Announcement No. 27, 2018) was adopted. It
requires futures companies to ensure, inter alia , that the trading orders placed by its clients through
trading terminal software directly reach their information system.
4.179. In June 2019, the CSRC issued the Amended Measures for the Supervision and
Administration of Futures Companies, setting out stricter qualification requirements for major
shareholders of futures companies, especially the controlling shareholders an d the largest
shareholders, than those in the 2014 version of the Measures. The Amended Measures also set
disciplines on, inter alia , the obligations of the shareholders, notably when it comes to the
management of futures companies, and the management of d omestic branches, subsidiaries, and
overseas operating institutions of futures companies.105
4.180. The authorities indicate that in February 2019 the CSRC issued the amended Regulation on
the Classification and Supervision of Futures Companies.106 On 15 January 2021, the CSRC issued a
Decision on Amending and Abolishing Some Rules on Securities and Futures (CSRC Order No. 179),
which amended the Administrative Measures for the Qualifications of Directors, Supervisors and
Senior Managers of Futures Companies and the Measures for the Administration of Futures
Exchanges.
4.4.1.3.4.3 Foreign activities of Chinese companies
4.181. Regarding foreign activities of Chinese securities companies, in September 2018, the CSRC
issued the Administrative Measures for the Overseas Es tablishment, Acquisition, and Shareholding
of Financial Institutions of Securities Companies and Securities Investment Fund Management
104 CSRC , CSRC and CBIRC Jointly Promulgated the Administrative Measures on Custodian Business for
Securities Investment F unds, 11 July 2020. Viewed at:
http://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/csrc_en/laws/rfdm/DepartmentRules/202007/t20200711_379940.html .
105 CSRC, CSRC Order No. 155, 2019, Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Futures
Companies. Viewed at: http://www.csrc.gov.cn/zjhpublic/zjh/201906/t20190614_357276.htm .
106 CSRC, CSRC Notice No . 5, 2019, Decision on Amending the Regulation on the Classification and
Supervision of Futures Companies. Viewed at:
http://www.csrc.gov.cn/pub/zjhpublic/zjh/201902/t2019 0222_351228.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Companies to further clarify the conditions for Chinese companies going abroad and to strengthen
the parent company's con trol over its overseas subsidiaries.
4.4.1.3.5 Developments in pension fund management
4.182. The FSDC announced that China will permit foreign financial institutions to set up or invest
in Chinese private pension fund management companies. However, China's pension fund
management sector is still operating under a pilot programme. According to the authorities, China
continues to adopt the model of "one -on-one approval for eligible companies". They indicate that
the CBIRC has not received formal applications from foreign fin ancial institutions to set up or invest
in private pension fund management companies in China.
4.183. The only foreign presence in the industry was made effective on 27 March 2019, as the
CBIRC approved Heng An Standard Retirement Insurance Co., Ltd., a joint ven ture between the
UK insurance company Standard Life Aberdeen PLC and Tianjin TEDA International to establish the
first foreign -invested pension insurance company in China. Currently, there are eight established
Chinese pension insurance companies.
4.184. China's private pension segment has considerable growth potential. The authorities are
considering measures to promote individual pillar -three pensions, including formulating new laws
and regulations, and launching preferential tax policies.
4.4.1.3.6 Measures to ease cross -border transactions and promote CNY internalization
4.185. Measures were taken during the review period to promote the internationalization of the
CNY – among them, the recent reforms of the QFII/RQFII status (as described in
Section 4.4.1.3.4.1) to further faci litate qualified overseas investors to invest in China's capital
market. In 2019, the PBOC reformed the procedures for foreign Central Banks to have better access
to China's interbank market.
4.186. In addition, the Notice on Further Improving Cross -border CNY Bu siness Policies to Promote
Trade and Investment Facilitation (Yin Fa No. 3, 2018), adopted on 5 January 2018, aims to promote
cross-border CNY business in relation to trade and investment. The Notice provides that companies
may settle with CNY for all cros s-border transactions that can be settled in foreign currencies in
accordance with the law. It also states that domestic enterprises may transfer CNY funds raised
abroad by issuing bonds and stocks back to the domestic market for use as needed.
4.187. On 23 Octob er 2019, SAFE issued the Circular on Further Promoting the Facilitation of
Cross -border Trade and Investment (Hui Fa No. 28, 2019). The regulation consists of measures to
simplify the foreign exchange control requirements under both current account transac tions
(e.g. import/export of goods and services) and capital account cross -border transactions (e.g. equity
investment and debt financing), and relax the longstanding domestic equity investment restriction
imposed on FIEs. Prior to this reform, only FIEs with the explicit wording of "investment" in their
business scope (such as foreign -invested holding companies and foreign -invested venture
capital/private equity investment enterprises) were allowed to use their capital funds to make further
onshore equity investments. Now, with the implementation of the regulation, normal FIEs (without
an investment business scope) are also allowed to utilize and convert their capital received from
foreign investors to make equity investment provided that: (i) the restricti ons of the applicable
Negative List are complied with, and (ii) the investment is genuine and legitimate.
4.188. Regarding the necessary infrastructure for CNY internationalization, on 2 May 2018, the
CNY Cross -border Interbank Payment System (Phase II) was estab lished. According to the
authorities, it improved the settlement mode, extended the system's external service hours,
lengthened the list of direct participants, and further improved the application system design.
4.4.1.3.7 Developments in the fintech industry
4.189. The au thorities encourage financial institutions to adopt new information technologies, as a
way to improve the accessibility of financial services and reduce risk through the application of big
data and artificial intelligence. In 2019, the PBOC issued the Fint ech Development Plan, which lays
out the basic principles, development goals, and supportive measures from 2019 -21. The PBOC WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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conducted a pilot programme in 10 different places.107 In recent years, the surge of fintech has
opened new possibilities for expand ing access to credit for small borrowers, including small and
medium -sized enterprises (SMEs). Big Tech companies, such as Alibaba and Tencent, have extended
loans to millions of small borrowers.108 The leading virtual banks, MYbank (affiliated with Alibaba),
WeBank (affiliated with Tencent), and XW Bank (affiliated with tech giant Xiaomi), provide loans to
millions of small firms annually, more than 80% of which have no credit history.109 The Central
Bank's digital currency (e -CNY), w hich is currently being tested, is also expected to expand the
coverage of payment services to unbanked households and small firms. This could improve their
access to finance and further promote financial inclusion.
4.190. The 13th Five-Year Plan for the Developm ent of Information Technology in China's Financial
Sector also seeks to promote, inter alia , the innovative development of inclusive finance, financial
infrastructure development, comprehensive financial statistics, and financial IT. The Plan identifies
the following priorities: (i) attaining international advanced standards with regards to financial
information infrastructure; (ii) harnessing IT to drive financial innovation; (iii) comprehensively
deepening financial standardization; (iv) improving the sec urity of all financial networks; and
(v) significantly improving governance capabilities of financial IT .110
4.191. Baidu, Alibaba, and Tencent are responsible for most of the high -profile innovations that
have occurred in China's finance industry. Millions of people use Tencent's WeChat Pay and Alibaba's
Alipay daily to make third-party mobile payments . The fintech products currently offered include
mainly online payment services, Internet banking, Internet loans, crowdfunding, Internet wealth
management, Int ernet securities, and Internet insurance. Tech companies are required to obtain
the corresponding financial licences to conduct financial services business.
4.192. There is no single comprehensive regulation that governs fintech activities. Various
administrative measures on financial services apply to fintech business operators. Additionally, China
has not set up a single supervisory authority for the regulation of the fintech industry. As indicated
in Table 4.21, the relevant businesses of the fintech industry a re subject to the supervision of the
traditional regulatory authorities, depending on the characteristics of the services provided. The
authorities indicated that in the fintech industry, financial innovation must be carried out on the
premise of prudentia l supervision; supervision must be strictly implemented. All financial activities
must be licensed and fully regulated in accordance with the law to avoid regulatory arbitrage.
According to the authorities, all types of entities, domestic or foreign, are t reated equally.
Table 4.21 Overview of the regulatory regime for fintech
Business Regulator Specific legislation
Online payment People's Bank of China Administrative Measures on Payment
Services of Non -financ ial Institutions;
Management Measures for Bank Card
Acquiring Business; Administrative
Measures on Online Payment Business of
Non-bank Payment Institutions; Barcode
Payment Service Specification (Trial)
Insurance sales on the
Internet China Banking and Insurance
Regulatory Commission Measures on Internet Insurance Business
Online trust business and
consumer financing China Banking and Insurance
Regulatory Commission ..
Blockchain information
service Cybersecurity Administration of
China Administrative Rules on Block Chain
Information Services
.. Not available.
107 The projects include the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China's supply chain financing project;
the Bank of Agriculture's microloan product; a payment token project jointly developed by Citic Bank, China
UnionPay, Baidu's fintech arm Du Xiaoman Financial, and the online travel service platform Ctrip.com; Citic
Bank's application programming interface solutions; Bank of Ningbo's fast loan product; and China UnionPay,
Xiaomi and JD's joint project using cell phones as point -of-sale devic es.
108 Frost et al. (2019), BigTech and the Changing Structure of Financial Intermediation . Viewed at:
https://www.bis.org/publ/work779.pdf .
109 IMF (2020), Fintech Credit Risk Assessment for SMEs: Evidence from China , IMF working paper
WP/20/193. Viewed at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2020/09/25 /Fintech -Credit -Risk-
Assessment -for-SMEs -Evidence -from-China -49742 .
110 PBOC. Viewed at: http://www.pbc.gov.cn/goutongjiaoliu/113456/113469/3333848/index.html . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Source: Information provided by the authorities.
4.193. On 10 November 2020, the State Administration for Market Regulatio n (SAMR) issued a
consultation draft of the Anti -Monopoly Guidelines on the Sector of Platform Economies, aiming to
prevent monopolistic behaviour by Internet platforms to ensure fair competition and strengthen
anti-monopoly law enforcement. All companies engaged in Internet platform business must be
subject to anti -monopoly supervision. The draft expressly refers to the Anti -Monopoly Law, and set
rules to discipline the online market, in compliance with the provisions already stated under the
Anti-Monopoly Law.
4.194. Since 4 September 2017, initial coin offerings (ICOs), i.e. fundraising in which virtual
currencies (such as Bitcoin) are raised by way of the sale and circulation of digital tokens, are strictly
prohibited in China, pursuant to the Announcement on P reventing Risks relating to Fundraising
through Token Offerings. Consequently, financial institutions and non -bank payment institutions are
prohibited from providing products or services for token fundraising activities, including account
opening, registra tion, trading, clearing, settlement, and other services.
4.195. On 21 March 2018, the PBOC circulated Announcement No. 7, 2018, which allows qualified
foreign institutions to provide electronic payment services in respect of both domestic transactions
and cross -border transactions. To provide third -party electronic payment services in China, qualified
foreign investors must establish a foreign -invested payment institution and obtain a payment
business operating licence in accordance with the 2010 Administrative Me asures on Payment
Services of Non -financial Institutions. In addition, they must store, process, and analyse in Chinese
territory all personal information and financial data collected and generated in China. Where
international transfers of such informatio n are necessary to process cross -border transactions, the
transfer must comply with applicable laws and regulations.
4.196. As a consequence of the reform, on 31 December 2020, the US fintech company PayPal
completed a stake acquisition deal that makes it the fir st foreign company to offer digital payment
services in China. PayPal acquired a 30% stake in Gopay, a Chinese provider of electronic payment
services, more than a year after its purchase of 70% of Gopay, making it the sole owner.
4.4.2 Telecommunications
4.4.2.1 Overview
4.197. China is the world's largest telecommunications market in terms of mobile, fixed -telephone,
fixed-broadband, and mobile broadband subscriptions.111 In 2020, information, communication, and
computer services accounted for 16.5% of total services exports (14.3% in 2019) and 8.7% of total
services imports (5.3% in 2019).
4.198. According to the authorities, China's telecommunications policy aims at guiding and
facilitating a sound and high -quality development of the information and communic ation industry,
including guiding technological transformation and upgrades, optimizing the allocation of resources
and productive factors, improving the accessibility and affordability of information and
communication services, maintaining fair market com petition environment, safeguarding the
legitimate interests of market entities and users, and ensuring network security.
4.199. China's telecommunications market has experienced noticeable development in recent
years, in particular with regard to optical broadban d, and 4G and 5G networks. As at
September 2020, the proportion of optical fibre users reached 93%, and the proportion of 4G users
reached 80%. China was ranked 80th of 176 economies in the 2017 International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) Information and C ommunications Technology Development Index, moving up
three places from the previous year.112
4.200. The main economic characteristics of the telecommunications sector and their recent
evolution are described in Box 4.2. Table 4.22 provides average telecom prices in 2019 in China,
computed by the ITU as a percentage of the gross national income (GNI) per capita. The authorities
111 ITU (2018) , Measuring the Information Society . Viewed at: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU -D/Statistics/
Documents/publications/misr2018/MISR -2018-Vol-2-E.pdf.
112 ITU, ICT Development Index 2017. Viewed at: https://www.itu.int/net4/ITU -D/idi/2017/index.html . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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indicate that China's telecommunications charges are determined by the market and have been set
by telecom companies since 2014. They also note that since 2018 the out -bundle charges for local
mobile calls have been in the range of CNY 0.10-CNY 0.15/minute, and the charges for international
long-distance calls were CNY 0.49-CNY 2.99/minute, while the charges for local and international
calls made by fixed lines have been about CNY 0.10/minute and CNY 0.39-CNY 6.88/minute,
respectively.
Box 4.2 Selected indicators of the telecommunications sector, 2020
Total telephone subscribers (per 100 inhabitants): 1.776 billion (126.9 )
Mobile phone subscribers (% total telephone subscribers): 1.594 billion (89.8)
Internet users (per 100 inhabitants): 989 mi llion as at end -March 2020 (70.4)
Broadband Internet subscribers : 484 million
Main actors
Number of companies providing value -added telecoms services : about 85,000 nationwide by end -June 2020.
Names and market shares of the leading companies for fixed telecoms services (2020 ): China Telecom
(61.9%), China Unicom (26.0%), and China Mobile (12.1%).
Name and market shares of the leading companies for mobile telephones services ( 2020): China Mobile
(58.8%), China Telecom (22.0%), and China Unicom (19.2%).
Name and market share of the broadband Internet services ( 2020): China Telecom (38.7%), China Mobile
(43.5%), and China Unicom (17.8%).
Foreign ownership participation in telecom companies (2019 ): In the basic telecoms sector, the proportions of
overseas public shares of China Telecom, China Mobile, and China Unicom were 17.15%, 27.28%, and 20.1%,
respectively.
By end -2020, a total of 395 foreign -invested enterprises had entered China's tele coms market, mainly engaged
in information services and e -commerce -related businesses.
State ownership (2019 ): In the field of basic telecoms services, the proportions of state -owned shares of
China Telecom, China Mobile, China Unicom, and China Broadcasting Network were 82.85%, 72.72%,
52.10%, and 100.00%, respectively.
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
Table 4.22 Telecoms prices as a percentage of GNI per capita, 2019
China Asia and Pacific World
Mobile voice prices (% GNI per capita) 0.4 2.5 4.3
Mobile data prices (% GNI per capita) 1.0 2.7 4.3
Fixed -broadband prices (% GNI per capita) 0.6 6.4 10.3
Source: ICT, Price Trends 2019 . Viewed at: https://www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/Documents/Documents/ITU -
Measuring_Digital_Development_ICT_Price_Trends_2019.pdf .
4.201. According t o the ITU, under the universal service policy, which has remained unchanged
since the previous Review, enterprises invested more than USD 6.2 billion between 2015 and 2017
to build optical fibre in 130,000 administrative villages, covering 95% of the natio n's administrative
villages.113 The authorities did not confirm these figures.
4.4.2.2 Regulatory framework
4.202. The regulatory regime for telecoms services in China has been described in detail in previous
Reviews114 and has remained largely unchanged. The principal sta tute governing telecoms services
remains the 2000 Telecoms Regulations (last amended in 2016). It is supplemented by a large body
of implementing regulations covering a wide range of matters, including licensing, fee collection,
interconnectivity, and fore ign participation. For example, the Classified Catalogue of
Telecommunications Services 2015 lists the classifications of basic telecoms service and value -added
telecoms service. These classifications affect the licensing and administration of a particular telecoms
service. Telecoms licences are granted for a limited scope of operation, i.e. the holder of a telecoms
licence is only permitted to carry out the activities specified in the licence.
113 ITU (2018), Measuring the Information Society Report 2018 , Vol. 2. Viewed at:
https://www.i tu.int/en/ITU -D/Statistics/Documents/publications/misr2018/MISR -2018-Vol-2-E.pdf.
114 Notably in WTO documents WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 13 July 2018, paras. 4.119 -4.142;
WT/TPR/S/342/Rev.1, 12 October 2016, paras. 4.29-4.43; WT/TPR/S/300/Rev.1, 7 October 2014,
paras. 4.37-4.47; WT/TPR/S/264/Rev.1, 20 July 2012, paras. 165-204; and WT/TPR/S/230/Rev.1,
5 July 2010, paras. 83-98. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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4.203. The MIIT is the main regulator of the telecommunications and in formation service market.
It is in charge of t he licensing and administration of telecoms services and access tariffs and charges.
It is also responsible for formulating national telecoms regulations, standards, and policies. The
telecoms administration bu reaus of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities (the Local
Communications Bureaus) under the MIIT are in charge of administrating telecoms services within
their jurisdictions, as well as the initial review of applications to operate nationwide.
4.204. The regulations on foreign investment in telecommunications services in China are stipulated
in, inter alia , the Special Administrative Measures on Access to Foreign Investment (National
Negative List) and the Pilot Free Trade Zone Special Administrative M easures on Access to Foreign
Investment (PFTZ Negative List). Telecommunications companies are subject to the provision of
telecommunications services pursuant to the market opening commitments made at China's
accession to the WTO. These specify that the f oreign share ratio for value -added telecommunications
services (except for e -commerce, domestic multi -party communications, storage -forwarding, and
call centres) shall not exceed 50%; for basic telecommunications, the controlling stake shall be held
by the Chinese national. Within the PFTZs, there is no restriction on the foreign share ratio for
investment in information services (application store only) and Internet access service. For
investment in domestic virtual private network (VPN) services, the fore ign share ratio shall not
exceed 50%.
4.205. Pursuant to the Mainland China and Hong Kong, China/Macao, China Closer Economic
Partnership Arrangement, Internet data centre (IDC) services are open to service providers from
Hong Kong, China and Macao, China, and th e share ratio of Hong Kong, China or Macao, China
service providers shall not exceed 50%.
4.206. Since 2018, notable developments in the telecommunications sector have included the
launch by China of its first 5G licences, a new law on e -commerce, regulations on cybersecurity, the
launch of a number portability programme, measures to promote facility sharing, and a series of
measures to further modernize the telecoms sector.
4.4.2.2.1 Developments in 5G
4.207. On 6 June 2019, the MIIT issued the Basic Telecommunication Business Op eration License
to three state -owned carriers (China Telecom, China Mobile, and China Unicom) and a state -owned
broadcasting company (China Broadcasting Network) to approve their operation of "fifth generation
digital cellular mobile communication services ". As a consequence, the MIIT revised the
Telecommunication Services Classification Catalogue (2015) to accommodate the new item. The
2019 revised Catalogue adds "A12 -4 Fifth generation digital cellular mobile communication services"
to "A12 Cellular mobil e communication services" under Category A "Basic telecommunication
services". The new item refers to voice, data, multimedia, and other services provided through
fifth-generation (5G) digital cellular mobile communication networks. According to the author ities,
by end -June 2020, more than 400,000 5G base stations had been built.
4.208. In March 2020, the MIIT issued the Notice on Promoting the Accelerated Development of 5G.
It provides guidance for the industry to fully promote 5G network construction, applicatio n
popularization, technological development, and security assurance.
4.209. In November 2019, the MIIT issued the Plan for Advancing the 512 Program on 5G Plus
Industrial Internet, a policy document to facilitate the integrated development of 5G and industrial
Internet. It aims to promote the use of 5G technologies to upgrade five public service platforms
by 2022.
4.4.2.2.2 Facility sharing
4.210. On facility sharing, the MIIT continues to require basic telecommunications enterprises to
carry out infrastructure construction in accordance with the requirements of sharing basic
telecommunications facilities or co -construction. In addition, Internet access service providers in
China can provide Internet access services to users by leasing the network resources from basic
telecommunications companies and wired access facilities service providers. In June 2020, China
issued the Implementation Opinions on Supporting the Accelerated De velopment of 5G Networks
Through the Co -construction and Sharing of Telecommunication Infrastructure. According to the WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 170 -
authorities, as at end -June 2020, the sharing rate of newly built towers in China stood at 90%, which
is equivalent to sharing the constr uction of 780,000 towers and saving a total of CNY 140 billion. As
at end -2020, China's telecom operators had opened more than 330,000 shared 5G base stations.
4.4.2.2.3 Number portability
4.211. In November 2019, in order to further improve the service quality of the tele communications
industry, China officially rolled out a mobile number portability programme, which allows mobile
users to keep their phone numbers when switching to a new mobile provider. According to the
authorities, as at end -2020, 19.18 million subscribe rs had taken advantage of number portability,
accounting for 1.48% of the total number of mobile subscribers. As a first step in this programme,
the MIIT had carried out a number portability trial in Tianjin and Hainan Provinces in November 2010
and expand ed it to five provinces in 2017. As at end -June 2017, number portability had been
employed by more than 790,000 subscribers in five provinces.115
4.4.2.2.4 Spectrum management
4.212. There were also new developments in the framework of spectrum management. In 2019,
the MIIT promulgated provisions on the management of the use of the frequencies of enhanced
Machine -Type Communication (eMTC) systems, specifying the usage frequency of eMTC systems,
the management requirements of base station terminals, and other content. The Min istry also issued
Announcement No. 52, 2019, which defines the catalogue, radio frequency specifications, and
management requirements of micro -power short -range radio transmitting equipment, with a view
to further standardizing the management of such equip ment.
4.4.2.2.5 Cloud computing
4.213. The authorities state that since the previous Review, no substantial progress has been made
with regard to cloud -enabled services regulations. The Notice on Standardizing Cloud Service Market
and Facilitating the Sound Development of the Industry, which was adopted in 2017, has not yet
been implemented. However, the authorities note that the Notice sets a clear path and institutional
guarantees for foreign investors to participate in China's market for cloud -enabled services. While
cloud services are not open to foreign investment116, the authorities allow the joint provision of cloud
services through contractual partnerships between Chinese and foreign enterprises, where the
Chinese enterprise applies for a cloud services licence to con duct a partnership with a
foreign -invested enterprise.
4.4.2.2.6 Cybersecurity
4.214. The Cybersecurity Law, which entered into force on 1 June 2017, remains in force; it aims
"to ensure network security, to safeguard cyberspace sovereignty, national security and the socie tal
public interest, to protect the lawful rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other
organizations, and to promote the healthy development of economic and social informatization".
Article 37 of the Law requires "critical information infrast ructure" operators (CIIOs) to store within
the mainland of China all personal information and "important data" gathered or produced within
the mainland of China .117 The Law further stipulates conditions regarding a security assessment of
locally stored data . During the review period, in order to implement the Law, several regulations,
administrative measures, and technical specifications were adopted or published for public comment.
According to the authorities, regulations concerning CIIOs are being drafted . On 28 May 2019, the
Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) released, for public comment, draft measures to clarify
the definition of "important data". In addition, the Draft Measures on Security Assessment of
Cross -Border Transfer of Personal Informati on were released on 13 June 2019. With respect to
cross-border transfer of scientific data, on 17 March 2018, the Measures for the Administration of
115 WTO document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 13 July 2018.
116 In China's Classification Catalogue of Telecommunications Services (2015 Version), cloud services
are a form of Internet data centre (IDC) services for which China did not make a commitment when it acceded
to the WTO.
117 Article 31 states that operators in the following sectors are liable to be designated as CIIOs: public
communication and inf ormation services, power, traffic, water resources, finance, public service, e -government
and other critical information infrastructure that if destroyed, suffer a loss of function, or experience a data
leak might seriously endanger national security, nati onal welfare, the people's livelihood, or the public interest. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Scientific Data took effect. The Measures include basic rules for managing scientific data in China
and wou ld, inter alia , regulate cross -border transfers of this type of data.
4.215. Regarding network security, Article 21 of the Cybersecurity Law stipulates that China shall
implement a tiered system of network security protection, in which network operators are requi red
to comply with a Multi -Level Protection Scheme (MLPS). Network operators shall, according to the
requirements of the tiered system, fulfil security protection obligations. The tiered system is a basic
system in the field of network security determined by law. Network operators shall, in accordance
with the significance of their networks in such factors as national security, economic construction
and social life, and the severity of the harm to national security, social order, public interest, and
the le gitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, and other organizations, determine the
level of security protection according to the degree of harm to the factors. There are five levels of
network security protection, escalating from Level 1 to L evel 5. A network at Level 2 or above shall
be filed with a public security authority at or above the prefectural level. In order to implement the
tiered system, China issued a series of technical standards, and improved the standard system with
technologi cal innovation and development. In line with the MLPS's implementation, the SAMR issued
a series of national standards on 13 May 2019, to provide detailed technical requirements for
enhancing the MLPS.118 These new national standards, together with the Regulation on the
Cybersecurity Multi -level Protection Scheme (which came into force on 1 December 2020),
constitute a substantial base for what is referred to as MLPS 2.0, as they impose heightened
regulato ry requirements compared with MLPS 1.0. Public security organs have strengthened their
supervision, inspection, and guidance on the implementation of the tiered system to ensure the
security of network operation. Any network operator who fails to perform t he security protection
obligations as prescribed by Article 21 shall be punished in accordance with Article 59 of the
Cybersecurity Law.
4.216. The Regulation on Internet Security Supervision and Inspection by Public Security Organs
(promulgated on 15 September 2018 and came into effect on 1 November 2018) is another
regulation along the lines of Internet protection in China.119 It regulates the authorities of Public
Security Bureaus (PBSs) in inspecting Internet service providers, including Internet information
providers, Internet cafes, and data centres. Under the Regulation, PBSs must comply with legal
authorities and procedural requirements when entering business sites, reviewing and copying
relevant information, and checking technical measures in place to safeg uard network and
information security.
4.217. The Encryption Law was also enacted on 26 October 2019 and came into effect on
1 January 2020.120 It encourages enterprises to voluntarily apply to qualified testing and certification
agencies for the testing and certi fication of their commercial encryption products. However, testing
and certification might be mandatory for certain commercial encryption products and services that
may affect "national security, national welfare and people's livelihood, and society's inte rest" and
shall be included in the Catalogue of Critical Network Equipment and Network Security -specific
Products.121
4.218. In China's ongoing efforts to regulate its cyber domain, on 17 January 2017, the MIIT issued
the Circular on Cleaning up and Regulating the Internet Access Service Market, which is legislation
that prohibited the use of VPNs as at 31 March 2018. However, it would appear that companies in
China can still apply to the Government to offer VPNs for commercial purposes.
4.219. There were also new develop ments regarding the protection of personal information. On
6 March 2020, the SAMR and the Standardization Administration of China (SAC) jointly published
the Information Security Technology – Personal Information (PI) Security Specification
(GB/T 35273 -2020) to replace the 2017 version (GB/T 35273 -2017). The Specification took effect
on 1 October 2020. The Specification is a national standard (not mandatory, in principle), as well as
118 These standards include: Information Security Technology – Baseline for Classified Protection of
Cybersecurity (GB/T 22239 -2019); Information Security Technology – Technical Requirements of S ecurity
Design for Classified Protection of Cybersecurity (GB/T 25070 -2019); and Information Security Technology –
Evaluation Requirements for Classified Protection of Cybersecurity (GB/T 28448 -2019).
119 State Council. Viewed at: http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2018/content_5343745.htm .
120 NPC. Viewed at:
http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c30834/201910/6f7be7dd5ae5459a8de8baf36296bc74.shtml .
121 CAC, Critical Network Equipment and Special Network Security Product Catalog (Fir st Batch) . Viewed
at: http://www.cac.gov.cn/2017 -06/09/c_1121113591.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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a recommended guideline that reinforces the Cybersecurity Law.122 The autho rities rely on it as a
benchmark to determine whether business operators follow the country's data protection rules. The
2020 Specification seeks to ensure that individuals or entities that provide their PI (subjects) have
a certain degree of autonomy. It also regulates the behaviour of those who collect PI for providing
a product or service (controllers). On some issues, such as the collection of biometric data or when
sharing and transferring PI, the Specification states that controllers must obtain expli cit consent,
i.e. an authorized statement on either paper or an electronic format affirming the collector has the
right to process the PI of the subject. Collectors are also required to inform subjects on their intended
purposes, method of collection, scop e, and storage time. Regarding cross -border transfer, Article 9.8
of the Specification states that PI collected and generated in China can be transferred overseas, but
the controller must comply with all relevant national regulations and standards. On the specific
legislation concerning PI protection, on 21 October 2020, China published for public comment the
first draft of the Personal Information Protection Law123, the country's first comprehensive law
regulating , inter alia , the processing of PI.124
4.220. China also implemented the provision of the Cybersecurity Law concerning national security
review requirements for CIIOs purchasing certain network products and services. This was made
through the Measures on Cybersecurity Review, and was jointly adopted on 27 April 2020 (effective
1 June 2020) by the CAC and 11 other government agencies.125 The Measures seek to implement
Article 35 of the Cybersecurity Law, which established a cybersecurity review requirement on
network products and services procured by CIIOs. Purchases of network products or services with a
potential effect on national security are subject to the cybersecurity review system outlined under
the Measures. Such network product and services include core network devices, high -performance
computers and servers, mass storage devices, large databases and application software, network
security devices, cloud computing services, and other network products and services that have a
significant impact on the security of the critical information infrastructure.
4.221. The Measures establish an interagency cybersecurity review body, which consists of
members from 12 government agencies – the C AC, the NDRC, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public
Security, the Ministry of National Security, MOFCOM, the Ministry of Finance, the P BOC, the SAMR,
the National Radio and Television Administration, the National Administration of State Secrets
Protection, and the State Cryptography Administration – and is led by the CAC. The Office of
Cybersecurity Review is established in the CAC .
4.222. Under the Measures, CIIOs shall conduct an assessment of potential national security risk
exposure prior to the procurement of network products or services. If the self -assessment identifies
a national security risk, the CIIO shall report the case to the Office of Cybersecurity Review for a
cybersecurity review. However, if a member of the interagency cybersecurity review body believes
the network products or services used by the CIIO affect or may affect national security, the Office
of Cybersecurity Review shall report the case to the CAC and initiate a cybersecurity review without
an application from a CIIO .
4.4.2.2.7 E-commerce
4.223. On 31 August 2018, the Standing Committee of the NPC passed the E -commerce Law, which
came into force on 1 January 2019. The Law applies to all business activities of se lling goods and/or
providing services through information networks such as the Internet, with the exception of financial
products and services or services that provide news, audio, and video programmes; publications; or
cultural products. It contains provi sions on, inter alia : (i) the definitions of e -commerce operators,
e-contracts, and e -payments; (ii) guarantees for e -commerce transactions; (iii) data protection and
promotion of consumer protection; (iv) fair competition and mechanisms for dispute resolu tion;
(v) cross-border commerce; and ( vi) the provision of substantial civil and criminal penalties.
122 Dai, K. and Deng, J. (2019), "A 15 -Step Guide to Data Protection, Privacy and Cybersecurity in
China", Swiss Chines e Law Review Journal , Issue 2. Viewed at: https://www.sclalawreview.org/a -15-step-
guide -to-data-protection -privacy -and-cybersecurity -in-china/.
123 China Law Insight, Personal Information Protection Law (Draft): A New Data Regime ,
11 November 2020. Viewed at: https://www.chinalawinsight.com/2020/11/articles/compliance /personal -
information -protection -law-draft-a-new-data-regime/ .
124 NPC. Viewed at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/flcaw/more.html .
125 CAC. Viewed at: http://www.cac.gov.cn/2020 -04/27/c_1589535450769077.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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4.224. According to Article 2 of the E -commerce Law, e -commerce refers to business activities that
sell goods or provide services via information networks like th e Internet. Article 9 further defines
e-commerce operators to be natural persons, legal persons, and unincorporated organizations that
engage in the business activities of selling merchandise or providing services on the Internet or other
information netwo rks. As such, the E -commerce Law mainly applies to the following three types of
operator s: (i) platform operators, i.e. any legal persons or unincorporated organizations that provide
a space for digital business, transaction matching, information release, and other services to
facilitate parties in an e -commerce transaction; (ii) operators on platforms, i.e. third -party
merchants that sell goods or provide services on e -commerce platforms; and (iii) online sellers,
i.e. other e -commerce players doing busine ss through their own websites or through other online
channels, such as social media applications.
4.225. By law, all e -commerce operators, except individuals who sell their own agricultural products
or handcrafts or who carry out sporadic and small transactions, are required to obtain a business
licence. E -commerce operators must fulfil their taxation obligations and could enjoy preferential tax
treatments according to relevant laws and regulations.
4.226. Regarding intellectual property (IP) protection, the E -commerce Law holds liable both
counterfeiters and e -commerce operators that fail to take appropriate measures to prevent sellers
in violation of intellectual property rights (IPRs). It also provides that IP holders can notify a platform
owner of an alleged infringe ment, and the platform owner has the obligation to prevent the trade of
the infringed good pending investigation. Platform operators that fail to fulfil their responsibilities in
terms of IP protection within a specified time period are punishable by a fin e ranging from
CNY 50,000 to CNY 2 million.
4.227. Article 17 of the E -commerce Law further fosters consumer protection by requiring
e-commerce operators to disclose truthful, accurate, and timely information concerning commodities
or services and to avoid engagi ng in misleading and deceptive practices.
4.228. Article 22 of the E -commerce Law spells out fair competition obligations for all e -commerce
operators, with special emphasis on those with dominant market positions. Operators with
advantages in the market due to t echnology or number of users are prohibited from abusing their
position to exclude or restrict competition.
4.229. On consumers' privacy protection, pursuant to Articles 23 and 24 of the Law, e -commerce
operators must abide by existing Chinese laws and regulation s in respect of protection of personal
data when collecting and using users' personal data. The Law further requires e -commerce operators
to expressly specify to users the procedures for inquiring about, correcting, and deregistering their
accounts. Operat ors are required to deal with personal data in a timely manner if users request to
see, correct, or delete their data. Further efforts are also ongoing in connection with personal data
protection, as China unveiled its draft of the Personal Data Protection Law for public consultation on
21 October 2020. Once adopted, the Law will, inter alia, clarify state agencies' role in protecting
individuals' data and implement consent -based rules for processing information.
4.230. Regarding foreign business, the E -commerce L aw provides that China shall encourage
cross-border e -commerce (CBEC) development. In practice, the authorities have been promoting
CBEC (activities of purchasing or selling products via online shopping across national borders). On
27 April 2020, the State Council issued the Approval of the Establishment of Integrated Pilot Areas
for Cross -border E -commerce in 46 Cit ies and Areas (Guo Han No. 47, 2020). This brought the total
number of CBEC pilot zones to 105. In December 2019, the authorities extended the List of Goods
under Cross -border E -commerce Retail Importation to allow more foreign goods to be delivered to
Chinese consumers through the CBEC retail importation programme.126
4.231. Oversees enterprises involved as vendors in CBEC must be registered with the General
Administrat ion of Customs (GACC). In practice, they must entrust a Chinese company as "domestic
agent" to handle the registration procedures. The domestic agent must be a legal entity registered
with the SAMR.127 They must also designate a Chinese agent, which will be held directly accountable
by the authorities for consumer complaints, product recall, and other product quality or safety
126 MOFCO. Viewed at: http://cws.mofcom.gov.cn/article/swcjzc/202001/20200102929369.shtml .
127 Announcement on Matters Concerning the Supervision of Retail Imports and Exports in Cross -Border
E-commerce (GACC Announcement No. 194, 2018). WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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obligations. Domestic enterprises shall undergo registration formalities with Customs in their
location, in accordance with the provi sions on the administration of the registration of customs
declaration entities.128
4.232. CBEC pilot areas have promoted the development of innovative systems such as import
e-commerce platforms, export e -commerce platforms, third -party payment platforms, and log istics
companies.
4.233. The E -commerce Law provides that e -commerce disputes can be settled by: (i) negotiating;
(ii) requesting mediation by consumer organizations, industry associations, or other legally
established mediating organizations; (iii) filing compla ints with relevant authorities; (iv) filing for
arbitration; or (v) instituting legal proceedings. Additional measures to bolster e -commerce include
the establishment of Internet courts. Internet courts in Beijing and Guangzhou were formally
established in September 2018, following the opening of China's first Internet court in Hangzhou
in 2017 (Section 2.1). Internet courts were established to hear matters relating to e -commerce and
online transactions. In general, the entire litigation process is conducted online. Internet courts may
decide to complete part of the litigation process offlin e, upon application by the litigants or due to
the needs of trying cases. In September 2018, the Supreme People's Court also issued the Provisions
on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Cases by Internet Courts, to regulate the litigation activities
of Internet courts.
4.4.3 Transport
4.234. The share of transport, storage, and communication in GDP decreased from 4.4% in 2018
to 4.1% in 2020 (Table 1.2). Transportation is one of China's major traded services; during the
review period, China maintained a slight defici t in transportation services trade. In 2018, there were
1.8 million people employed in the railway transportation sector, 3.6 million in road transport,
0.4 million in water transport, 0.6 million in air transport, and 0.03 million in pipeline transport.
Around 0.3 million people were employed in the associated industries of intermodal transport and
forwarding agencies, and 0.4 million people in loading, unloading, and storage.129
4.235. In value terms, shipping is the main mode of transport for imports and exports of
merchandise goods (Table 4.23). Data were not available on the volume of merchandise trade
transported through the different modes.
Table 4.23 Value of merchandise goods imported to and exported from China through
different transport modes, 2018 -20
(USD million)
2018 2019 2020
Maritime transport
- Imports 1,191,383.7 1,172,461.0 1,033,210.4
- Exports 1,655,367.9 1,660,002.5 1,502,594.3
Air transport
- Imports 502,385.0 488,220.0 450,972.1
- Exports 402,449.4 405,995.6 410,163.5
Railway transport
- Imports 20,284.2 20,284.7 22,989.2
- Exports 29,618.1 34,887.5 49,049.1
Road transport
- Imports 364,768.3 338,584.4 314,322.7
- Exports 376,464.6 366,397.6 327,853.0
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
4.236. The Ministry of Transport (MOT) remains responsible for road, water, and air transport, as
well as administration of rail transport.
128 Announcement on Launching the Pilot Prog ram of Supervision over Business -to-Business Export in
Cross -Border E -commerce (GACC Announcement No. 75, 2020).
129 National Bureau of Statistics, China Statistical Yearbook 2019 . Viewed at:
http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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4.4.3.1 Maritime transport
4.237. China is the world's third ship owning count ry in terms of cargo -carrying capacity, accounting
for 6,896 ships in 2020 with a total dead weight tonne (DWT) capacity of 128,892,849. More than
4,500 of these ships operated under the national flag (43.56% of total in DWT terms), while
2,300 Chinese -owned ships operated under a foreign flag (56.44% of total in DWT terms).130 In
order to encourage qualified Chinese -funded international "Flag of Convenience" ships to return to
China, ships that were declared for import and were registered between September 2016 and
September 2019 were exempt from customs duties and import VAT.131 A total of 80 vessels were
approved for duty -free import, of which 39 vessels went through registration procedures in China.
4.238. China's main shipping law is the Maritime Law, which beca me effective in 1993.132 There
were no amendments to the Law during the review period. China's commitments related to maritime
transport under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) are described in detail in a
previous Review.133
4.239. China's major st ate-owned shipping companies include China COSCO Shipping Corporation
Limited (COSCO Shipping) and China Merchants Group. COSCO Shipping is the world's biggest
shipping company, with a fleet of 1,371 vessels with a combined capacity of 109.33 million DWT.
Reportedly, it has the world's biggest container fleet, as well as dry bulk vessels, tankers, and
general and specialized cargo vessels.134 The shipping activities of the conglomerate China
Merchants Group are undertaken through its subsidiaries China Merch ants Energy Shipping Co. Ltd.
(which specializes in energy and bulk cargo transportation), Xunlong Shipping, and
Hong Kong, China Ming Wah Shipping Co. Ltd. Reportedly, China Merchants Group is the world's
fourth -largest energy transportation enterprise.
4.240. There have been no changes to China's maritime cabotage policies during the review period;
domestic water transport companies are required to have Chinese parties as the controlling
shareholders (Table A2. 3). The Maritime Law stipulates that maritime transp ort and towage services
between ports in China must be undertaken by ships flying the Chinese flag, except as otherwise
provided for by laws or administrative regulations. The Regulations on the Administration of
Domestic Water Transport stipulate that ope rators of water transport may not operate domestic
water transport business with foreign ships. However, with the permission of the competent
department of transport under the State Council, operators of water transport may temporarily
operate a transport business with foreign ships subject to time and voyage limitations. Between
January 2018 and February 2020, eight foreign ships were so authorized.
4.241. In 2019, the State Council issued the Decision on Revising Certain Administrative Rules and
Regulations (Sta te Council Decree No. 709), and revised the Regulations on International Maritime
Transportation, which lifted the restrictions on foreign investment in international shipping and
international shipping agency services in China.135 Previously, international maritime companies
were limited to Chinese -foreign equity/cooperative joint venture operations.136 The authorities
confirm that there are no requirements for government cargo to be transported on domestically
flagged ships.
130 UNCTAD (2020), Review of Maritime Transport 2020 . Viewed at:
https://unctad.org/system/files/official -document/rmt2020_e n.pdf.
131 Notice of the State Taxation Administration of the Ministry of Finance and the General Administration
of Customs on the List of the Fourth Batch of Chinese -funded "Flags of Convenience" Vessels Enjoying Import
Tax Preferential Policies. Viewed at:
http://www.chinatax.gov.cn/chinatax/n810341/n810825/c101434/c29917165/content.html .
132 Maritime Law of the People's Republic of China. Viewed at:
http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law&id=191 .
133 WTO document WT/TPR/S/264/Rev.1, 20 July 2012.
134 COSCO Shipping, Group Profile . Viewed at: http://en.coscoshipping.com/col/col6918/index.html .
135 Regulations on International Maritime Transportation, as revised in 2019. Viewed at:
http://www.gov .cn/zhengce/content/2019 -03/18/content_5374723.htm .
136 Catalogue of Industries for the Guidance of Foreign Investment (2017 Revision), referenced in WTO
document WT/TPR/S/375/Rev.1, 14 September 2018. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 176 -
4.242. In 2018, the Ship Tonnage Tax Law was enacted, at the same time the Provisional
Regulations of the Ship Tonnage Tax were repealed.137 Ships entering domestic ports from ports
outside China are subject to a ship tonnage tax. The Law sets preferential rates for Chinese taxable
ships and taxable ships whose country of registry has signed treaties or agreements that mutually
grant MFN tre atment clauses of ship taxes and fees. For other taxable ships, the ordinary tax rate
applies. The tax is levied in accordance with the net tonnage of the ship and the duration of the
tonnage tax licence. The tonnage tax payable is calculated by multiplyin g the net tonnage of the
ship by the applicable tax rate (Table 4.24). Various exemptions apply, including fishing and breeding
fishing boats. The passage of the Law does not change the tax framework and burden, but it does
raise the status of the previous administrative regulation to NPC law (as required by the
2015 amendment to the Law on Legislation).138
Table 4.24 Ship tonnage tax rates, 2020
Ordinary tax rate according to
licence period Preferential tax ra te according
to licence period
1-year
licence 90-day
licence 30-day
licence 1-year
licence 90-day
licence 30-day
licence
No more than 2,000 net tonnes 12.6 4.2 2.1 9.0 3.0 1.5
2,000 -10,000 net tonnes 24.0 8.0 4.0 17.4 5.8 2.9
10,000 -50,000 net tonnes 27.6 9.2 4.6 19.8 6.6 3.3
Over 50,000 net tonnes 31.8 10.6 5.3 22.8 7.6 3.8
Source: FAO, Vessel Tonnage Tax Law of the People's Republic of China . Viewed at:
http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX -FAOC172978/ .
4.243. According to the authorities, during the COVID ‑19 pandemic, the MOT established an
International Logistics Guarante e Coordination Mechanism, and set up international logistics work
shifts for 24 -hour entity operations and offered various guarantee measures for maritime
transportation enterprises, including temporarily exempting port construction charges of imported
or exported goods (Section 3.1.4), reducing cargo dues and port facility security charges, extending
vessel certificates, offering online seaman training and licence renewal, formulating pandemic
prevention guides, and assisting shipping companies in changes of shifts by seamen.
4.244. By end -2019, China had 408 ports. According to United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD), in 2019, four of China's ports were in the top five global container ports
(in order of throughput: Shanghai, Ningbo -Zhoushan, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou).139 The authorities
state that no state -owned ports are operated by third parties (including foreign companies) under
concession agreements. There are no restrictions on the share ratios of FDI in investment in Chinese
ports. Information was not available as to whether there is any foreign investment in Chinese ports
in practice. Various SOEs provide port services.
4.245. The Port Law is the main law governing the construction and operation of ports. In 2018,
China revised the Law to allow port tally businesses to op erate without having to obtain a permit.140
4.246. According to the Catalogue of Central Determined Prices and the Regulation on Port Charges,
port operating service charges are divided into market -regulated price, government -guided price,
and government pricing. Among them, the government -guided and government -priced port charges
137 FAO, Vessel Tonnage Tax Law of the People's Republic o f China . Viewed at:
http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX -FAOC172978/ .
138 Library of Congress, China: Tobacco Leaf Tax and Vessel Tonnage Tax Laws Passed ,
19 January 2018. Viewed at: https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign -news/article/china -tobacco -leaf-tax-and-vessel -
tonnage -tax-laws-passed .
139 UNCTAD (2020), Review of Maritime Transport 2020 . Viewed at:
https://unctad.org/system/files/official -document/rmt2020_en.pdf .
140 FAO, Law of the People's Republic of China on Ports (Port Law). Viewed at: https://www.ecolex.org/
details/ l egislation/law -of-the-peoples -republic -of-china -on-ports-2015-lex-faoc155111/?q=china&type=legis
lation&xdate_min=&xdate_max= . The Port Law was amended in 2018 in accordance with the Decision of the
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress to A mend Four Laws Including the Electric Power Law
(Order No. 23 of the President). Viewed at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/npc/xinwen/2019 -01/07/content
2070259.htm . Port tally business is the provision of services, such as tallying and the checking of the ap parent
condition of cargo for the consignor, in the cargo handover process. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 177 -
are decided by the MOT and the NDRC. Market -set port charges, such as port handling lump sum
charges, may be set by port operators themselves.
4.247. With respect to completion of major port inf rastructural works in recent years, the authorities
indicate that in December 2017 Phase IV of the Automated Container Terminal of Yangshan Port in
Shanghai was completed and put into operation; reportedly, this terminal is the world's largest single
fully automated terminal. In 2019, Phase II of the Yangtze River Nanjing Section Deepwater Channel
Project was officially put into use. As notified to the WTO, China offers preferential tax policies for
Chinese -foreign equity joint ventures engaged in port and dock construction, as well as for public
infrastructure projects that are particularly supported by the State.141
4.4.3.2 Air transport
4.248. The Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) remains the main regulator of the air
transport industry. The strategy for the sector is contained in the 13th Five-Year Plan for the
Development of China's Civil Aviation.142 Additionally, the Program of Building National Strength in
Civil Aviation in the New Era was issued on 10 December 2018; it outlines strategic plans, 8 major
tasks, and 33 key measures for the future development of civil aviation.143 In December 2018, minor
amendments were made to the Civil Aviation Law.144 During the review period, regulations on foreign
civil aircraft flight management, civil airport management, and civil aircraft nationality registration
were slightly revised.
4.249. Air connectivity has continued to increase; the number of international routes grew from
739 in 2016 to 953 in 2019, and the number of domestic routes increased from 3,055 to 4,568 over
the same period.145
4.250. As at end -2020, 67 airlines were established in China; 50 were state -owned, 9 have foreign
equity participation, and 8 are listed as stock companies. The CAAC has approved 14 private or
private -holding airlines. Information was not available as to whether it is required for persons or
goods to be transported on nationally registered airlines. Restrictions on foreign investment in civil
aviation remain unchanged.
4.251. International scheduled passenger and freight transportation are regulated by bilateral air
services agreements. Since January 2018, China has signed new air service agreements with Congo
(January 2018), Côte d'Ivoire (June 2018), Rwanda (July 2018), Dominica (November 2018), the
European Union (May 2019), the Bahamas (September 2019), and Member States of the Association
of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) (Protocol III, November 2019). Cabotage remains reserved to
domestic airlines.146 The passenger fares of the domestic civil air routes a re subject to prices guided
by the Government (except for competitive areas). Airlines are permitted to raise the fare by no
more than 25% of a benchmark fare. The rationale for maintaining price control is that competition
has not yet developed in some ar eas of the passenger transportation industry in domestic civil air
routes.
4.252. As a consequence of the COVID ‑19 outbreak, international passenger flights from China
dropped dramatically from February 2020, as compared with February 2019, and have remained at
a low level (Chart 4.9). The domestic passenger transport segment also declined significantly in
February 2020, as compared with February 2019, but recovered by end -2020 (Chart 4.10).
141 WTO document G/SCM/N/343/CHN, 19 July 2019.
142 CAAC, 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of China's Civil Aviation . Viewed at:
http://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/FZGH/201704/t20170405_43502.html .
143 CAAC, Program of Building National Strength in Civil Aviation in the New Era . Viewed at:
http://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/ZCFB/201812/t20181212_193452.html .
144 CAAC, Civil Aviation Law (as revised in 2018). Viewed at:
http://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/ XXGK/FLFG/201510/t20151029_2777.html . The amendments were as follows:
civil airports other than those open to the public shall be put on record; the "quarantine" in Article 103 was
deleted; and the drone authorization clause was included in the Law.
145 National Bureau of Statistics, China Statistical Yearbook 2019 . Viewed at:
http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm ; and updated information provided by the authorities.
146 WTO do cument WT/TPR/S/264/Rev.1, 20 July 2012. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 178 -
Chart 4.9 International pa ssenger flights, January to December, 2019 and 2020
Source: ICAO, Operational Impact on Air Transport . Viewed at: https://data.icao.int/coVID -
19/operational.htm .
Chart 4.10 Domestic passenger flights, January to December, 2019 and 2020
Source: ICAO, Operational Impact on Air Transport . Viewed at: https://data.icao.int/coVID -
19/opera tional.htm .
4.253. In order to respond to the COVID ‑19 outbreak and mitigate its impact on the development
of the aviation industry, the CAAC has taken the following measures: (i) the Guidelines for
Preventing Spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID ‑19) Airline s and Airports were issued and
updated seven times; (ii) the pandemic prevention and control measures for civil aviation operations
were adjusted and refined according to the needs of epidemic prevention and control; prevention
measures on both human being s and goods were strengthened; and prevention and control
requirements for cargo flights and cargo operations were enhanced; (iii) management measures for
international operation crews were formulated to ensure the smooth flow of international passengers
and cargo; (iv) supportive policies were introduced in early 2020 and have been implemented
(Table 4.25); (v) the management of cargo routes and flights was optimized; (vi) a "green channel"
for the approval of international cargo flights was opened and is available 24 hours a day and 7 days
a week, so as to support the resumption of airlines; this has reportedly greatly reduced approval
times and simplified approval procedures; and (vii) airlines were supposed to use surplus passenger
010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,000Chart 4.[CHN] International passenger flights, January to December , 2019 and 2020
Source: ICAO. Viewed at: https://data.icao.int/coVID -19/operational.htm2019
2020+10.8%
-57.7%
-82.9% -83.5%-85.0% -83.4%-81.1% -80.3%2020 over 2019:
-73.5%
-85.2%-83.7%-85.7%-79.7%
050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000400,000Chart 4.[CHN] Domestic passenger flights, January to December , 2019 and 2020
Source: ICAO. Viewed at: https://data.icao.int/coVID -19/operational.htm2019
2020-3.1%
-72.2%+4.5%
-3.4%
-17.9%
-25.4%
-56.4%+2.6%
2020 over 2019:
-22.9%-8.4%
-48.3%
-53.5%+2.3WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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plans to carry cargo a nd implement "passenger -to-cargo" flights under the premise of ensuring
safety.
Table 4.25 CAAC policies supporting active response to the COVID ‑19 outbreak
Areas Policies
Proactive financial
and economic
policies • Implement favourable policies, including exemption from payment by airlines into
civil aviation development fund for landing. Ensure preferential measures for the
civil aviation industry are effectively implemented.
• Implement policies o f financial support from the Central Government treasury during
the COVID ‑19 outbreak to international scheduled passenger flights and major
transport flight missions deployed by the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of
the State Council.
• Add incent ive support for epidemic containment missions carried out by general
aviation enterprises by fully leveraging on existing subsidy policies.
Fee reductions and
burden alleviation • Airport authorities to exempt airlines from charges associated with the operation of
air transport services and ground handling for major transport flight missions
deployed by the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council. Air
traffic control entities to exempt airlines from approach command charges and route
navigation service charges.
• Reduced charges for airports and air navigation services on domestic and foreign
airlines and airlines from Hong Kong, China; Macao, China; and Chinese Taipei
regions. Reduced benchmark for landing charges at Category I and I I airports by
10%; reduced benchmark of difference between purchase and sales of jet fuel for
domestic flights of domestic airlines by 8% (effective from 23 January 2020).
• Information service providers and subordinate public entities and companies of the
CAAC are encouraged to reduce current charges as appropriate.
Infrastructure
investment
expansion • Airport authorities, relevant operation support entities, and civil aviation medicine
research institutions may apply for subsidies from civ il aviation development fund
for urgent procurements or R&D of dedicated fixed facilities and equipment for
epidemic containment purposes.
• Support for orderly start and resumption of major construction projects in a
scientific manner. Online channels available for project applications to facilitate
acceleration of pre -project formalities and coordinate solutions for priorities and
difficult p roblems with project start and resumption. Major and emergency
construction projects encouraged to use available trade centres to accelerate bidding
process. Major infrastructure projects of hub airport building, poverty alleviation,
and Blue Sky Protectio n Campaign to be started/resumed as a matter of priority.
Aim is to complete an annual fixed asset investment of CNY 100 billion.
• Implement current civil aviation development fund -related policies to better support
airlines in improving safety capabilit ies. Expand investments in airlines' projects of
safety, security, flight operation quality oversight, and application of satellite
navigation and other new technologies. Support safety upgrade modifications of
airlines' airborne equipment, and arrange ful l subsidy from civil aviation
development fund for B737NG aircraft data frame expansion projects.
• Support planning and construction of strategic infrastructure projects of air traffic
control, IT, fuel supply, and others related to national, industrial, and public
interests by increasing government funding.
Air transport
development
facilitation • Increase policy flexibility for introducing aircraft transport capacity. Encourage and
guide airlines to optimize current capacity and streamline capacity introduction
procedures.
• Improve approval administration of routes and flights to enable airlines to make
dynamic adjustments to flight plans, international route structure, and traffic rights
entitlement and capacity in line with mar ket demands, by streamlining routes, flight
approval procedures, and slot coordination procedures, and shorten time for
approval on start or resumption of international route operation.
• Extend flight schedule for the 2019 winter season until 2 May 2020, suspending
evaluation of airlines regarding flight schedule execution rate, slot resource
utilization rate, and flight regularity rate. Actively develop slot policies for flight
rescheduling, taking into consideration needs of airlines to resume oper ation,
exempting domestic flights from evaluation of slot execution rate for the 2020
summer season, and allowing orderly circulation of slots in domestic, international,
and regional slot pools in light of changes in market demands for the 2020 summer
season.
• Actively support and assist airlines with their special operation requirements during
the COVID ‑19 outbreak and traffic right and slot issues encountered in resumption
of international route operation, and maintain close communication and coordinati on
with relevant national civil aviation authorities regarding these issues. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 180 -
Areas Policies
Administrative
service
optimization • Adjust working methods of administrative approval by enabling online processing
and off -site processing channels. Optimize approval procedures and introduce
informing and committing mechanism to improve approval efficiency.
• Transform regulation method, improve oversight performance, reduce on -site
supervision, and make full use of new regulation modes, such as off -site
supervision.
Source: CAAC International Cooperation and Service Centre, Notice of CAAC on Policies Supporting Active
Response to COVID -19 Outbreak , 29 April 2020. Viewed at:
http://ww w.icscc.org.cn/en/content/details_98_1939.html .
4.254. By end -2019, China had 238 certified transportation airports, of which 59 were international.
The Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (National Negative List)
(2020) stipulate tha t the construction and operation of civil airports must be relatively controlled by
Chinese parties and that foreign parties are prohibited from participating in the construction and
operation of airport towers (Table A2. 3); foreign parties may participate in the construction and
operation of airports in accordance with this provision. There have been no changes to the rules on
computer reservation services, repair and maintenance services, and ground -handling services
during the review period.147 China's GA TS commitments in air transport were described in a previous
Review.148
4.255. The authorities indicate that major airport infrastructure projects undertaken during the
review period include d the new project of Beijing Daxing International Airport and the Phase II I
Expansion Project of Shanghai Pudong International Airport.
147 China's rules on computer reservation systems are described in WTO document
WT/TPR/S/300/Rev.1, 7 October 2014. Its rules on repair and maintenance services and ground -handling
services are described in WTO docume nt WT/TPR/S/264/Rev.1, 20 July 2012.
148 WTO document WT/TPR/S/264/Rev.1, 20 July 2012. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 181 -
5 APPENDIX TABLES
Table A1. 1 Bilateral debt stocks to China – public and publicly guaranteed (PPG),
2014 -19
Country 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Angola 9,283.6 8,789.3 17,623.7 18,592.7 17,493.2 15,724.7
Argentina 657.4 1,702.7 1,800.4 2,803.6 3,133.6 3,237.9
Bangladesh 888.2 919.4 974.5 1,357.0 3,099.1 3,599.6
Belarus 3,198.4 3,681.7 4,026.6 4,371.0 4,742.4 4,975.9
Bolivia, Plurinational State of 550.4 518.8 571.5 713.6 891.7 1,044.9
Brazil 7,705.4 6,211.9 4,720.2 11,224.8 10,328.1 5,042.9
Cambodia 2,374.8 2,683.4 2,797.7 3,137.6 3,424.9 3,608.6
Cameroon 1,904.3 2,139.5 2,385.8 3,076.0 3,154.9 3,626.6
Congo, Democratic Rep. of the 2,051.2 1,948.9 1,902.5 1,837.4 2,040.9 3,751.9
Côte d'Ivoire 569.6 796.4 1,203.6 1,697.4 1,969.3 2,546.6
Djibouti 178.7 518.0 887.5 1,160.5 1,186.5 1,195.5
Ecuador 5,184.0 5,484.3 8,213.4 7,548.9 6,823.6 6,057.4
Egypt 330.4 322.0 1,924.2 2,328.6 4,192.3 4,117.7
Ethiopia 5,465.1 7,271.2 8,243.8 8,734.1 8,655.9 8,351.6
Gabon 808.5 882.8 1,054.0 1,103.8 1,187.9 1,221.7
Ghana 2,369.7 2,469.1 2,332.3 2,101.0 1,893.6 1,824.0
Indonesia 964.9 969.7 1,026.0 1,317.1 1,614.7 1,764.8
Kazakhstan .. .. 257.6 906.2 1,245.0 1,180.6
Kenya 2,229.6 3,140.5 4,345.3 5,844.6 6,902.3 7,493.4
Kyrgyz Republic 1,115.9 1,303.0 1,521.3 1,708.1 1,719.4 1,778.5
Lao People's Democratic Rep. 2,635.6 3,048.7 3,379.5 3,739.1 4,431.5 5,252.0
Maldives 157.3 149.9 306.6 395.4 927.9 1,165.8
Mongolia 571.6 598.4 736.8 814.4 978.9 1,054.7
Mozambique 1,473.5 1,558.4 1,645.6 1,962.0 2,011.7 1,910.1
Myanmar 4,434.2 4,520.4 4,188.3 4,187.0 3,682.2 3,341.7
Nigeria 1,293.1 1,444.7 1,642.0 1,931.0 2,485.1 3,175.1
Pakistan 5,138.9 5,988.7 7,637.0 10,996.2 18,131.7 21,620.0
Senegal 360.0 503.8 902.2 1,142.9 1,315.0 1,225.4
Serbia 542.7 740.3 796.9 924.7 1,046.7 1,241.2
South Africa .. .. .. 1,500.0 1,900.0 2,298.8
Sri Lanka 4,294.7 4,520.8 4,678.4 5,070.1 6,060.9 6,371.6
Sudan 1,677.2 1,579.5 1,487.7 1,421.1 1,330.2 1,246.2
Tajikistan 901.5 1,045.6 1,152.8 1,187.4 1,169.1 1,122.7
Turkey 515.9 524.3 511.1 868.5 1,625.9 1,933.3
Uganda 399.4 762.5 1,098.8 1,545.5 1,945.7 2,149.2
Uzbekistan 1,094.0 1,273.9 1,768.4 1,813.8 1,824.2 1,958.1
Viet Nam 2,284.0 2,071.4 2,046.1 2,112.9 2,037.5 1,787.9
Zambia 1,294.6 1,638.1 2,061.0 2,496.8 2,827.5 3,420.2
Zimbabwe 816.5 1,003.2 1,141.2 1,254.9 1,470.2 1,565.5
Total of countries above 77,714.7 84,725.1 104,992.4 126,927.6 142,901.0 145,984.4
Total debt stocks to China 85,876.5 93,816.3 114,814.7 137,495.6 153,671.1 157,111.9
.. Not available.
Source: World Bank, International Debt Statistics database.
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Table A1. 2 Merchandise exports by HS section and major HS chapter/subheading,
2015 -20
HS section/chapter/subheading 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Total exports (USD billion) 2,273.5 2,097.6 2,263.4 2,494.2 2,499.0 2,590.6
(% of total exports)
Exports under processing trade 35.1 34.1 33.5 32.0 29.4 27.1
01 Live animals and products 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6
02 Vegetable products 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1
03 Fats and oils 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.1
04 Prepared food, beverages and tobacco 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2
05 Mineral products 1.4 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.1 1.4
27 Mineral fuels and oils 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.2
2710 Petroleum oils and oils from
bituminous minerals, not crude … 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.0
06 Chemicals and products thereof 4.7 4.7 5.1 5.5 5.2 5.3
29 Organic chemicals 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.2
07 Plastics and rubber 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.6
39 Plastics and articles thereof 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.7
08 Raw hides and skins; leather, furskins and articles
thereof 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.0
09 Wood, cork, straw 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6
10 Pulp of wood; paper and paperboard 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9
11 Textiles and textile articles 12.0 12.1 11.4 10.7 10.4 10.8
61 Clothing, knitted or crocheted 3.7 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.4
62 Clothing, not knitted or crocheted 3.5 3.4 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.4
63 Other made up textile articles; worn
articles; rags 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.9
12 Footwear, headgear, etc. 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.0
64 Footwear, gaiters and the like 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.5
13 Articles of stone, plaster, cement 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2
14 Precious stones and metals 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
15 Base metals and articles thereof 7.8 7.4 7.3 7.5 7.3 6.8
73 Articles of iron and steel 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.7
16 Machinery, electrical equipment 42.2 42.8 43.4 43.9 43.5 44.4
84 Machinery and mechanical appliances, parts
thereof 16.0 16.4 16.9 17.2 16.7 17.0
8471 Automatic data processing machines
and units thereof … 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.2 5.9 6.6
8473 Parts … suitable for use with machines
of heading no. 8469 to 8472 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.2
85 Electrical machineries and parts thereof 26.1 26.4 26.4 26.6 26.8 27.4
8517 Telephone sets, including telephones
for cellular networks … 9.4 9.6 9.7 9.6 9.0 8.6
8528 Monitors and projectors … 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2
8542 Electronic integrated circuits 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.4 4.1 4.5
17 Transport equipment 4.7 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.3
87 Vehicles, parts thereof 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9
8708 Parts and accessories of motor
vehicles of HS 8701 to 8705 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3
18 Precision equipment 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.3
90 Optical, photographic, measuring, medical
instruments … 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.1
19 Arms and ammunition 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
20 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 6.9 7.0 7.0 6.8 7.2 7.7
94 Furniture, lighting, signs, prefabricated
buildings 4.3 4.2 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.2
95 Toys, games, sports requisites 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.8
21 Works of art, etc. 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03
Other
0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 1.0
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, based on UN Comtrade database and information from the General
Administration of Customs.
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 183 -
Table A1. 3 Merchandise imports by HS section and major HS chapter/subheading,
2015 -20
HS section/chapter/subheading 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Total imports (USD billion) 1,679.6 1,587.9 1,843.8 2,135.0 2,069.0 2,055.6
(% of total imports)
Import under processing trade 26.6 25.0 23.4 22.0 20.1 19.6
01 Live animals and products 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.4 2.0 2.5
02 Vegetable products 3.6 3.4 3.3 2.9 3.0 3.5
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruit; misc. grains,
seeds and fruit 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.0 1.9 2.2
1201 Soya bean, whether or not broken 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.9
03 Fats and oils 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5
04 Prepared food, beverages and tobacco 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4
05 Mineral products 17.7 17.4 20.7 23.0 24.9 22.1
26 Ores, slag and ash 5.6 5.9 6.9 6.4 7.9 8.8
2601 Iron ores and concentrates 3.4 3.7 4.1 3.5 4.8 5.8
27 Mineral fuels and oils 11.8 11.1 13.5 16.3 16.6 13.0
2709 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from
bituminous minerals; crude 8.0 7.3 8.9 11.2 11.5 8.6
2711 Petroleum gases and other gaseous
hydrocarbons 1.5 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.5 2.0
06 Chemicals and products thereof 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.3 7.5 7.3
29 Organic chemicals 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.2
30 Pharmaceuticals 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.7
07 Plastics and rubber 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.3 4.2 4.2
39 Plastics and articles thereof 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.5
08 Raw hides and skins; leather, furskins and articles
thereof 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
09 Wood, cork, straw 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
10 Pulp of wood; paper and paperboard 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3
11 Textiles and textile articles 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4
12 Footwear, headgear, etc. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3
13 Articles of stone, plaster, cement 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
14 Precious stones and metals, pearls 5.8 5.0 3.5 2.9 2.9 1.5
7108 Gold, unwrought or in semi -manuf. forms,
or in powder form 4.7 4.0 2.8 2.1 2.1 0.6
15 Base metals and articles thereof 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.0 4.6 5.7
72 Iron and steel 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.8
74 Copper and articles thereof 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.4
16 Machinery, electrical equipment 34.9 35.3 34.0 33.9 33.1 36.0
84 Machinery and mechanical appliances, parts
thereof 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.5 9.2 9.3
85 Electrical machineries and parts thereof 25.5 26.0 24.8 24.4 23.9 26.7
8517 Telephone sets, including telephones for
cellular networks … 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.0 2.1
8542 Electronic integrated circuits 13.7 14.3 14.2 14.6 14.7 17.1
17 Transport equipment 5.8 6.1 5.8 5.4 4.7 4.2
87 Vehicles, parts thereof 4.1 4.5 4.3 3.8 3.6 3.6
8703 Motor vehicles for the transport of persons 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.2
18 Precision instruments 6.2 6.1 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.1
90 Optical, photographic, measuring, medical
instruments … 5.9 5.8 5.3 4.8 4.8 4.8
19 Arms and ammunition 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
20 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3
21 Works of art, collectors' pieces and antiques 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.03
Other
0.4 0.8 0.8 1.4 0.7 0.5
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, based on UN Comtrade database and information from the General
Administration of Customs.
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Table A1. 4 China's merchandise exports by destination, 2015 -20
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Total exports (USD billion) 2,273.5 2,097.6 2,263.4 2,494.2 2,499.0 2,590.6
(% of total)
Americas 25.1 25.1 26.2 26.6 24.3 24.9
United States 18.0 18.4 19.0 19.2 16.8 17.5
Other America 7.1 6.7 7.1 7.4 7.5 7.4
Mexico 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.7
Canada 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6
Brazil 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3
Europe 17.0 17.5 17.8 17.8 18.6 19.4
EU-27 13.1 13.5 13.9 14.2 14.7 15.1
Germany 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.4
Netherlands 2.6 2.7 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0
Italy 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
EFTA 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Other Europe 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.6 4.0
United Kingdom 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.8
CISa 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.9
Russian Federation 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0
Africa 4.7 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.3
Middle East 4.9 4.6 4.4 3.9 4.3 4.2
United Arab Emirates 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2
Asia 45.9 45.6 44.6 44.5 45.2 44.2
Japan 6.0 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.5
Other Asia 39.9 39.5 38.5 38.6 39.4 38.6
Hong Kong, China 14.5 13.7 12.3 12.1 11.2 10.5
Korea, Republic of 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.3
Viet Nam 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.9 4.4
India 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.6
Chinese Taipei 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.3
Singapore 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2
Malaysia 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.2
Australia 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.1
Indonesia 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.6
Thailand 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.0
Philippines 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.6
Other 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Memorandum:
APEC 63.7 63.8 63.5 64.0 62.3 62.7
ASEAN 12.2 12.2 12.3 12.9 14.4 14.8
EU-28 15.7 16.2 16.5 16.5 17.2 17.9
a Commonwealth of Independent States, including certain associate and former member States.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, based on UN Comtrade database and information from the General
Administration of Customs.
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 185 -
Table A1. 5 China's merchandise imports by origin, 2015 -20
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Total imports (USD billion) 1,679.6 1,587.9 1,843.8 2,135.0 2,069.0 2,055.6
(% of total)
Americas 16.5 16.1 16.4 16.0 15.2 15.7
United States 8.9 8.5 8.4 7.3 6.0 6.6
Other America 7.7 7.6 8.0 8.7 9.3 9.1
Brazil 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.6 3.8 4.1
Chile 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.4
Canada 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.1
Europe 15.6 16.2 15.6 15.1 15.1 15.4
EU-27 11.3 11.9 12.1 11.7 12.2 12.6
Germany 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.0 5.1 5.1
France 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4
Italy 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1
EFTA 2.7 2.7 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.2
Other Europe 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.6
United Kingdom 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.0
CISa 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.7 4.2 3.7
Russian Federation 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.8 2.9 2.8
Africa 4.1 3.5 4.1 4.6 4.6 3.5
South Africa 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.0
Middle East 6.0 5.4 6.0 7.2 7.5 6.0
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 1.8 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.6 1.9
Asia 46.1 47.8 47.6 46.4 47.0 49.4
Japan 8.5 9.2 9.0 8.4 8.3 8.5
Other Asia 37.6 38.6 38.6 37.9 38.8 40.9
Chinese Taipei 8.5 8.7 8.5 8.3 8.4 9.8
Korea, Republic of 10.4 10.0 9.6 9.6 8.4 8.4
Australia 4.4 4.5 5.2 4.9 5.8 5.6
Viet Nam 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.1 3.8
Malaysia 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.6
Thailand 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.3
Indonesia 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8
Singapore 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.5
India 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0
Philippines 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9
Other 8.6 8.2 7.2 6.9 6.3 6.2
Free Zone Chinab 8.5 8.1 7.2 6.9 6.2 6.1
Memorandum:
APEC 67.3 63.6 67.1 65.4 64.3 66.9
ASEAN 11.6 12.4 12.8 12.6 13.6 14.6
EU-28 12.4 13.1 13.3 12.8 13.4 13.5
a Commonwealth of Independent States, including certain associate and former member States.
b Includes goods that have been exported from China and thereafter re -imported into China.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, based on UN Comtrade database and inf ormation from the General
Administration of Customs.
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 186 -
Table A2. 1 Main notifications under WTO Agreements, 1 January 2018 -13 April 2021
WTO Agreement Description Latest document symbol and date
Agreement on Agriculture
Articles 10 & 18.2 – ES:1 Export subsidies G/AG/N/CHN/53, 7 December 2020
Articles 10 & 18.2 – ES:2 Export subsidies – total exports G/AG/N/CHN/54, 7 December 2020
Article 18.2 – MA:2 Tariff quotas – imports G/AG/N/CHN/55, 7 December 2020
Article 18.2 – DS:1 Domestic support G/AG/N/CHN/47, 14 December 2018
Article 18.3 – DS:2 New or modified domestic support G/AG/N/CHN/49, 14 December 2018
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
Article 7, Ann ex B Regulations:
54 in 2018 G/SPS/N/CHN/1062 -1115
33 in 2019 G/SPS/N/CHN/1116 -1148
45 in 2020 G/SPS/N/CHN/1149 -1193
24 in 2021 G/SPS/N/CHN/1194 -1217
Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures
Article 7.3 Replies to the questionnaire G/LIC/N/3/CHN/18, 30 January 2020
Agreement on Preshipment Inspection
Article 5 – first time Laws and regulations G/PSI/N/1/Rev.4, 16 October 2019
Agreement on Rules of Origin
Article 5, paragraph 4 of
Annex II – ad hoc China -Georgia FTA G/RO/N/171, 24 May 2018
China -Macao, China CEPA G/RO/N/187, 20 September 2019
China -Chile FTA G/RO/N/191, 20 January 2020
China -Mauritius FTA G/RO/N/212, 4 February 2021
Agreement on Safeguards
Articles 12.5 & 8.2 Proposed suspension of
concessions and other obligations G/L/1218; G/SG/N/12/CHN/1, 3 April 2018
G/L/1220; G/SG/N/12/CHN/2, 5 April 2018
G/L/1221; G/SG/N/12/CHN/3, 5 April 2018
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
Article 25.1 & GATT 1994
Article XVI:1 Subsidies G/SCM/N/343/CHN , 19 July 2019
Article 25.11 – ad hoc Countervailing measures G/SCM/N/346, 20 March 2019
G/SCM/N/360/Rev.1, 5 May 2020
G/SCM/N/375, 11 March 2021
Article 25.11 – semi-annual Countervailing duty actions:
1 January -30 June 2018 G/SCM/N/334/CHN, 22 October 2018
1 July-31 December 2018 G/SCM/N/342/CHN, 9 April 2019
1 January -30 June 2019 G/SCM/N/349/CHN, 23 October 2019
1 July-31 December 2019 G/SCM/N/356/CHN, 13 March 2020
1 January -30 June 2020 G/SCM/N/363/CHN, 16 October 2020
1 July-31 December 2020 G/SCM/N/371/CHN, 26 February 2021
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
Article 2.10 Technical regulations – urgent G/TBT/N/CHN/1577, 31 March 2021
Article 2.9 Technical regulations:
49 in 2018 G/TBT/N/CHN /1247 -1252, 1258, 1262 -1270,
1272-1273, 1276 -1299, 1303 -1309
84 in 2019 G/TBT/N/CHN/1312, 1314 -1330, 1332 -1341,
1344-1399
107 in 2020 G/TBT/N/CHN/1402 -1413, 1415 -1425, 1429,
1435-1452, 1455 -1458, 1461 -1514, 1516 -
1521, 1523
58 in 2021 G/TBT/N/CHN /1528 -1538, 1540 -1576, 1578 -
1587
Articles 2.9 & 5.6 Technical regulations and
conformity assessment
procedures (proposed) :
6 in 2018 G/TBT/N/CHN/1254, 1259, 1300 -1302, 1310
2 in 2019 G/TBT/N/CHN/1313, G/TBT/N/CHN/1342
1 in 2020 G/TBT/N/CHN /1434
Article 5.6 Conformity assessment
procedures (proposed):
10 in 2018 G/TBT/CHN/1246, 1253, 1255 -1257, 1260 -
1261, 1272, 1274 -1275
2 in 2019 G/TBT/CHN/1311, 1331
18 in 2020 G/TBT/CHN/1414, 1426 -1428, 1430 -1433,
1453, 1454, 1459, 1460, 1515, 1522 , 1524 -
1527
1 in 2021 G/TBT/CHN/1539
Article 5.7 Conformity assessment
procedures (urgent) G/TBT/CHN/1400, 1401 WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 187 -
WTO Agreement Description Latest document symbol and date
Agreement on Trade -Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Article 63.2 Replacement or consolidation of
the Anti -Unfair Competition Law IP/N/1/CHN/10; IP/N/1/CHN/U/1, 30 January
2020
Replacement or consolidation of
the Trademark Law IP/N/1/CHN/11; IP/N/1/CHN/T/5, 30 January
2020
Agreement on Trade Facilitation
Articles 1.4, 10.4.3, 10.6.2,
12.2.2 Contact information G/TFA/N/CHN/4, 10 January 2020;
G/TFA/N/CHN/2/Rev.3, 30 April 2020
Articles 22.1 & 22.2 Technical assistance, information
and contact points G/TFA/N/CHN/3, 18 October 2019
Agreement on Trade -Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Article 63.2 Replacement or consolidation of
the Anti -Unfair Competition Law IP/N/1/CHN/10; IP/N/1/CHN/U/1, 30 January
2020
Replacement or consolidation of
the Trademark Law IP/N/1/CHN/11; IP/N/1/CHN/T/5, 30 January
2020
Decision on Notification Procedures for Quantitative Restrictions
G/L/59/Rev.1 – biennial –
complete notification Market access – quantitative
restrictions G/MA/QR/N/CHN/5/Rev.1, 15 February 2019
GATT 1994
Article XVII:4(a) & paragraph 1
of the interpretation of
Article XVII State trading G/STR/N/16/CHN; G/STR/N/17/CHN, 27 July
2018
Article XXIV:7(a) of the
GATT 1994 & Article V:7(a)
of the GATS China -Mauritius FTA WT/REG442/N/1 -S/C/N/1037, 7 January
2021
Article XXIV:7(a) of the GATT
1994 & Article V:7(a) of the
GATS China -Georgia FTA WT/REG391/N/1 -S/C/N/900, 5 April 2018
Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the GATT 1994
Article 16.4 – ad hoc Anti-dumping actions G/ADP/N/311, 26 March 2018;
G/ADP/N/320, 29 November 2018;
G/ADP/N/325, 1 April 2019;
G/ADP/N/334, 15 November 2019;
G/ADP/N/339/Rev.1, 5 May 2020
G/ADP/N/353, 10 March 2021
Article 16.4 – semi-annual Anti-dumping actions G/ADP/N/294/CHN, 15 March 2017;
G/ADP/N/308/CHN, 18 April 2018;
G/ADP/N/314/CHN, 23 October 2018;
G/ADP/N/322/CHN , 12 April 2019;
G/ADP/N/328/CHN, 23 October 2019;
G/ADP/N/335/CHN, 21 April 2020
G/ADP/N/350/CHN, 9 March 2021
Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the GATT 1994
Article 22.2 Customs valuation G/VAL/N/1/CHN6, 12 April 2018
Source: WTO Secretariat.
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
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Table A2. 2 WTO dispute settlement cases involving China, 1 January 2018 -13 April 2021
Subject Respondent/
complainant Request for
consultation
received Status (as at
13 April 2021) WTO
document
series
China as respondent
Anti-dumping and countervailing duty
measures on barley China/
Australia 16/12/2020 In consultations WT/DS598
Measures concerning the importation of
canola seed from Canada China/
Canada 09/09/2019 In consultations WT/DS589
Certain measures concerning imports of
sugar China/
Brazil 16/10/2018 In consultations WT/DS568
Additional duties on certain products from
the United States China/
United States 16/07/2018 Panel composed WT/DS558
Certain measures of transfer of
technology China/
European Union 20/06/2018 In consultations WT/DS549
Certain measures concerning the
protection of intellectual property rights II China/
United States 23/03/2018 Panel composed WT/DS542
Subsidies to producers of primary
aluminium China/
United States 12/01/2017 In consultations WT/DS519
Tariff rate quotas for certain agricultural
products China/
United States 15/12/2016 Report(s) adopted with
recommendation to
bring measures into
conformity WT/DS517
Domestic support for agricultural
producers China/
United States 13/09/2016 Authorization to
retaliate requested
(including 22.6
arbitration) WT/DS511
Anti-dumping measures on imports of
cellulose pulp from Canada China/
Canada 15/10/2014 Implementation
notified by respondent WT/DS483
Anti-dumping and countervailing duty
measures on broiler products from the
United States China/
United States 20/09/2011 Compliance
proceedings completed
with finding(s) of non -
compliance WT/DS427
China as c omplainant
Tariff measures on certain goods from
China – III United States/
China 02/09/2019 In consultations WT/DS587
Tariff measures on certain goods from
China – II United States/
China 23/08/2018 In consultations WT/DS565
Certain measures related to renewable
energy United States/
China 14/08/2018 In consultations WT/DS563
Safeguard measure on imports of
crystalline silicon photovoltaic products United States/
China 14/08/2018 Panel composed
Delayed WT/DS562
Certain measures on steel and aluminium
products United States/
China 05/04/2018 Panel composed WT/DS544
Tariff measures on certain goods from
China United States/
China 04/04/2018 Panel report under
appeal WT/DS543
Measures related to price comparison
methodologies European Union/
China 12/12/2016 Authority for panel
lapsed WT/DS516
Measures affecting tariff concessions on
certain poultry meat products European Union/
China 08/04/2015 Settled or terminated/
Mutually agreed
solution WT/DS492
Certain methodologies and their
application to anti -dumping proceedings
involving China United States/
China 03/12/2013 Authorization to
retaliate requested WT/DS471
Countervailing duty measures on certain
products from China United States/
China 25/05/2012 Authorization to
retaliate requested WT/DS437
Source: WTO Secretariat.
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 189 -
Table A2. 3 Industries in which FDI was/is restricted, 2019 and 2020
2019 2020
Agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery industries
Selection and seed production of new varieties of wheat and
corn: the Chinese parties as the controlling shareholders. Selection of new wheat varieties and seed
production: the Chinese parties holding no
less than 34%; and selection of new corn
varieties and seed production: controlled by
the Chinese parties.
Manufacturing industries
Printing of publications: the Chinese parties as the controlling
shareholders. Same as in 2019
Except for special vehicles and new energy vehicles, the
Chinese parties in vehicle manufacturing shall hold no less
than 50% of the shares; a foreign investor may establish two
or fewer equity joint ventures in China to manufacture the
same type of vehicle products. Manufacturing of complete automobiles,
exclud ing special purpose vehicles, new
energy vehicles, and commercial vehicles:
the Chinese parties holding no less than
50% of the shares; a foreign investor may
establish two or fewer equity joint ventures
in China to manufacture the same type of
complete au tomobile products.
Industries of production and supply of electricity, heat, gas, and water
Construction and operation of nuclear power plants: the
Chinese parties as the controlling shareholders. Same as in 2019
Construction and operation of urban water supply and
drainage network for cities with a population of more than
500,000: the Chinese parties as the controlling shareholders. Not listed
Transportation, warehousing, and postal services industries
Domestic water transport companies: the Chine se parties as
the controlling shareholders. Same as in 2019
Public air transport companies: the Chinese parties as the
controlling shareholders, the investment ratio of a foreign
investor and its affiliates shall not exceed 25%, and the legal
representati ve shall be a Chinese citizen. Same as in 2019
General aviation enterprises: the legal representative shall be
a Chinese citizen. General aviation enterprises for the
agricultural, forestry, and fishery industries: limited to equity
joint ventures. Other general aviation enterprises: the
Chinese parties as the controlling shareholders. Same as in 2019
Construction and operation of civil airports: the Chinese
parties as the controlling shareholders. Construction and operation of civil airports:
the Chinese parties as the controlling
shareholders, and foreign parties may not
participate in the constructi on and
operation of the airport tower.
Information transmission, software, and IT service industries
Telecommunications companies : limited to China's WTO
commitment to open telecommunications services, value -
added telecommunications business of no more t han 50% of
the foreign share ratio (except e -commerce, domestic multi -
party communications, storage and forwarding categories,
and call centres). Basic telecommunications services: the
Chinese parties as the controlling shareholders. Same as in 2019
Finance industries
Securities companies: foreign investment shall not exceed
51%. Securities investment fund management companies:
foreign investment shall not exceed 51%. (Elimination of the
foreign -equity ratio limit will occur in 2021.) Not listed
Futures companies: foreign investment shall not exceed 51%.
(Elimination of the foreign -equity ratio limit will occur in
2021.) Not listed
Life insurance companies: foreign investment shall not
exceed 51%. (Elimination of the foreign -equity ratio limit wi ll
occur in 2021.) Not listed
Leasing and commercial services industries
Market surveys: limited to equity or cooperative joint
ventures; radio and television ratings surveys therein: the
Chinese parties as the controlling shareholders. Market surveys: limited to equity joint
ventures; radio and television ratings
surveys therein: the Chinese parties as the
controlling shareholders. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 190 -
2019 2020
Education
Pre-school education, ordinary high school, and higher
education institutions: subject to Sino -foreign cooperative
education, and led by the Chinese parties (the principal or
principal administrative officer shall be a Chinese national,
and the Chinese parties shall comprise not less than half of
the council, board, or joint administrative committee). Same as in 2019
Health and social work
Medical institutions: limited to joint ventures and cooperation. Medical institutions: limited to equity joint
ventures.
Source: NDRC and MOFCOM, The Special Administrative Measures on Access to Foreign Investment
(2019 and 2020 editions), 2019 and 2020 National Negative Lists; and information provided by
the authorities.
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 191 -
Table A2. 4 Industries in which FDI was/is prohibited, 2019 and 2020
2019 2020
Agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery industries
Development, breeding, cultivation, and production
of the precious and fine varieties that are rare and
special in China, or the production of the relevant
reproductive materials thereof (including high -
quality genes in the industries of crop production,
livestock, and aquaculture). Development, breeding, cultivation, and production
of related reproductive materials (including good
genes of cultivation, husbandry, and aquaculture) of
China's rare and unique varie ties.
Selection and breeding of transgenic varieties of
agricultural crops, livestock, and breeding poultry
and aquatic fry, or the production of their transgenic
seeds (sprouts). Breeding genetically modified varieties of crop
seeds, livestock, and poultry breeds and aquatic
breeds, as well as manufacturing of genetically
modified seeds (seedlings) thereof.
Fishing of aquatic products in sea area under
Chinese jurisdiction and within Chinese territorial
waters. Same as in 2019
Mining industries
Rare earths, radioactive minerals, tungsten
exploration, mining, and mineral processing. Same as in 2019
Manufacturing industries
Smelting, processing, and production of nuclear fuel
in radioactive minerals. Not listed
Application of steaming, stir -frying, moxibustion, or
calcination of Chinese herbal medicines and other
processing techniques, as well as the production of
confidential prescription products of proprietary
Chinese medicines. Same as in 2019
Satellite TV b roadcast ground receiving facilities and
key parts production. Same as in 2019
Wholesale and retail industries
Wholesale and retail of tobacco leaves, cigarettes,
re-dried tobacco leaves, and other tobacco products. Same as in 2019
Transportation, storage and warehousing, and postal services industries
Air traffic control. Not listed
Postal companies, and domestic express delivery
mail business. Same as in 2019
Information transmission, software, and information technology services
Internet news information services, online publishing
services, Internet audio -visual programme services,
Internet cultural operations (except music), and
Internet public distribution of information services
(except content already opened in China's WTO
accession commitments). Same as in 2019
Leasing and commercial services industries
Chinese legal matters (except pr ovision of
information on impact on Chinese legal
environment), and no foreign investor appointed as
a partner of a domestic law firm. Same as in 2019
Social surveys. Social surveys.
Scientific research and technological services industries
Human stem cell, gene diagnosis, and therapeutic
technology development and application. Same as in 2019
Humanities and social science research institutions. Same as in 2019
Geodetic surveying, marine surveying and mapping,
aerial photography for surveying and mapping,
ground motion surveying, and surveying and
mapping of administrative boundaries. Preparation
of topographic maps, world administrative area
maps, national administrative area maps, maps of
administrative areas at or below the provinc ial level,
national teaching maps, local teaching maps, true
three -dimensional maps and electronic navigation
maps; and regional geological mapping, mineral
geology, geophysics, geochemistry, hydrogeology,
environmental geology, geological disasters, remot e
sensing geology, and other surveys. Geodetic surveying, marine surveying and mapping,
aerial photography for surveying and mapping,
ground motion surveying, and surveying and
mapping of administrative boundaries. Preparation
of topographic maps, world ad ministrative area
maps, national administrative area maps, maps of
administrative areas at or below the provincial level,
national teaching maps, local teaching maps, true
three -dimensional maps and electronic navigation
maps; and regional geological mappi ng, mineral
geology, geophysics, geochemistry, hydrogeology,
environmental geology, geological disasters, remote
sensing geology and other surveys. (The mining
right holders are not subject to the Special
Administrative Measures when carrying out work
within the scope of their mining rights.) WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 192 -
2019 2020
Education
Compulsory education institutions and religious
education institutions. Same as in 2019
Cultural, sports, and entertainment industries
News organizations (including but not limited to
news agencies). Same as in 2019
Editing, publishing, and production of books,
newspapers, periodicals, audio -visual products, and
electronic publications. Same as in 2019
Radio stations, TV stations, radio and TV channels
(frequencies), radio and TV transmission network
(transmitter stations, relay stations, radio and TV
satellites, satellite uplink stations, satellite receiving
stations, microwave stations, surveillance stations,
and cable radio and TV transmission networks, etc.).
Business of video broadcasting by order of radio and
TV, and installation services of ground receiving
facilities for satellite TV broadcasting. Same as in 2019
Companies producing and operating radio and TV
programmes (including introduction of business). Same as in 2019
Film production companies, distribution companies,
cinema companies, and film importation business. Same as in 2019
Auction companies for heritage auction, heritage
stores, and state -owned heritage museums. Same as in 2019
Performing arts groups. Same as in 2019
Source: NDRC and MOFCOM, The Special Administrative Measures on Access to Foreign Investment
(2019 and 2020 editions), 2019 and 2020 National Negative Lists; and information provided by
the authorities.
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 193 -
Table A3. 1 MFN applied tariff summary, 2021
Number
of lines Average
(%) Range (%) Standard
deviation Duty
free
(%) MFN
applied Bound
Total 8,580 7.1 0-65 0-65 6.1 12.6
HS 01 -24 1,418 11.2 0-65 0-65 10.1 9.4
HS 25 -97 7,162 6.3 0-50 0-50 4.6 13.2
By WTO category
WTO agricultural products 1,175 12.7 0-65 0-65 11.0 8.9
Animals and products thereof 170 11.4 0-25 0-25 7.9 18.2
Dairy products 21 11.2 2-20 6-20 4.1 0.0
Fruit, vegetables, and plants 390 10.7 0-30 0-30 6.6 6.2
Coffee and tea 33 13.0 2-30 8-32 4.7 0.0
Cereals and preparations 129 19.7 0-65 0-65 20.4 7.8
Oils seeds, fats, oil and their products 108 10.1 0-30 0-30 7.4 20.4
Sugars and confectionery 21 30.6 5-50 8-50 16.2 0.0
Beverages, spirits and tobacco 66 14.9 0-65 0-65 15.8 1.5
Cotton 5 22.0 10-40 10-40 14.7 0.0
Other agricultural products, n.e.s. 232 11.9 0-38 0-38 7.9 6.9
WTO non -agricultural products 7,405 6.2 0-50 0-50 4.3 13.2
Fish and fishery products 352 6.8 0-15 0-23 2.9 8.2
Minerals and metals 1,260 6.1 0-50 0-50 4.3 8.5
Chemicals and photographic supplies 1,431 5.7 0-47 0-47 3.9 9.2
Wood, pulp, paper and furniture 421 2.1 0-12 0-20 2.5 41.3
Textiles 851 6.9 2-38 2-38 2.4 0.0
Clothing 299 6.7 5-12 14-25 1.4 0.0
Leather, rubber, footwear and travel goods 226 10.1 0-25 0-25 4.8 0.4
Non-electric machinery 1,042 6.2 0-25 0-35 3.6 16.4
Electric machinery 468 5.1 0-20 0-35 4.4 37.0
Transport equipment 424 10.6 0-45 0-45 7.2 0.2
Non-agricultural products, n.e.s. 611 5.7 0-20 0-35 4.8 30.4
Petroleum 20 4.8 0-9 0-9 3.0 15.0
By ISIC sector
ISIC 1 – Agriculture, hunting and fishing 670 9.7 0-65 0-65 9.7 22.1
ISIC 2 – Mining 123 1.7 0-6 0-8 1.7 41.5
ISIC 3 – Manufacturing 7,786 7.0 0-65 0-65 5.7 11.3
Manufacturing excluding food processing 6,956 6.4 0-50 0-50 4.5 12.3
ISIC 4 – Electrical energy 1 0.0 0 0 0.0 100.0
By stage of processing
First stage of processing 1,190 8.4 0-65 0-65 9.2 20.6
Semi-processed products 2,627 6.3 0-65 0-65 5.4 5.4
Fully processed products 4,763 7.3 0-65 0-65 5.5 14.5
By HS section
01 Live animals and products 533 9.3 0-25 0-25 6.1 12.4
02 Vegetable products 514 13.7 0-65 0-65 12.5 10.9
03 Fats and oils 56 12.6 2-30 5-30 5.9 0.0
04 Prepared food, beverages and tobacco 315 9.9 0-65 0-65 11.1 3.5
05 Mineral products 201 2.9 0-9 0-12 2.5 27.9
06 Chemicals and products thereof 1,354 5.8 0-50 0-50 4.8 9.7
07 Plastics, rubber, and articles thereof 280 8.9 0-25 0-25 4.2 0.4
08 Raw hides and skins, leather, and its products 106 9.7 3-20 5-23 4.3 0.0
09 Wood and articles of wood 235 1.6 0-12 0-20 2.4 42.6
10 Pulp of wood, paper and paperboard 161 3.8 0-7.5 0-7.5 2.3 21.7
11 Textiles and textile articles 1,147 7.1 1-40 3-40 3.4 0.0
12 Footwear, headgear, etc. 73 8.1 4-14 10-25 2.3 0.0
13 Articles of stone, plaster, cement 205 10.4 0-20 0-28 3.5 0.5
14 Precious stones and metals, pearls 90 5.0 0-21 0-35 5.8 38.9
15 Base metals and articles thereof 773 5.8 0-9 0-30 2.3 2.5
16 Machinery, electrical equipment, etc. 1,545 5.7 0-25 0-35 4.0 24.9
17 Transport equipment 439 10.4 0-45 0-45 7.2 0.7
18 Precision equipment 336 5.5 0-20 0-30 5.2 34.2
19 Arms and ammunition 21 13.0 13-13 13-15 0.0 0.0
20 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 186 5.2 0-20 0-25 4.4 34.4
21 Works of art, etc. 10 3.1 0-6 0-14 2.6 20.0
Note: Calculations are based on national tariff line level (8 -digit), excluding in -quota rates and including
AVEs for non -ad valorem rates provided by the authorities.
Interim duty rates are used for the calculations when fully applied at the 8 -digit level.
Source: WTO Secretariat calculations, based on data provided by the authorities.
WT/TPR/S/415/Rev.1 • China
- 194 - Table A3. 2 Active central subsidy programmes notified in 2019
Sector (number
of programmes) Programme number and name Duration Budget
(CNY million)
Agriculture (7) 33 Projects of agricultural, forestry, animal and fishery 2000-present ..
35 Imported products for the purpose of replacing the planting of poppies 2000-present ..
36a Imports of seeds (seedlings) 2016-2020 ..
50 Fund for water resources development 1983-present 2017: 30,787.72
2018: 20,684.76
52a Fund for agricultural resources and ecological protection 2011-present 2017: 22,036; 2018: 24,536
53 Subsidy for a new round of returning cultivated land to forests and grassland 2014-present 2017: 9,197; 2018: 12,789
65a Agricultural production (excluding large -scale farming) 2008-present ..
Technology (5) 5a High or new technology enterprises 2008-present ..
6 Additional calculation and deduction of R&D expenses 2017-2020 ..
7 Enterprises transferring technology 2008-present ..
10a Service enterprises with advanced technology 2016-present ..
41 Integrated circuit industry 2008-present ..
Fishery (5) 74 Enterprises engaged in projects of agricultural, forestry, animal and fishery 2008-present ..
75 Fishery stocks enhancement and fish fries releasing 2009-present Since 2017, statistical
breakdown for this
programme is not available.
The estimated size of the
funds is CNY 398.5 million.
76 Subsidy for the prevention of aquatic animal diseases 2017-present 2017: 44; 2018: 60
78 Improved aquatic breed 2014-present 2017: 100; 2018: 100
79 Reform in tax and fee on refined oil (for fisheries) 2015-present In varying amounts
Energy (5) 12a Projects for environmental protection, water and energy conservation 2008-present ..
54a Fund for energy conservation and emission reduction 2015-present 2017: 34,066; 2018: 33,230
61 Special fund for development of renewable energies 2016-2020 2017: 5,400; 2018: 6,887.44
62a Subsidy fund for surcharge of electricity price of renewable energies 2012-present 2017: 75,000; 2018: 83,900
64a Shale gas 2018-March 2021 ..
Disability support
(5) 27a Enterprises that employ disabled people 2016-present ..
28a Enterprises employing disabled people 2007-present ..
29a Imported products exclusively used by disabled people 1997-present ..
30 Products for the disabled people 1994-present ..
31a Enterprises producing goods exclusively used by the disabled people 2004-2020 ..
Chemical &
material (5) 13a Building materials products produced with integrated utilization of resources 2008-present ..
14a Integrated utilization of resources 2015-present ..
15a New-type wall materials 2015-present ..
16 Petroleum products produced with comprehensive utilization of resources 1) and 2) 2009 -present;
3) 2013 -2023 ..
40 Refined oil 2011-present ..
WT/TPR/S/415/Rev.1 • China
- 195 - Sector (number
of programmes) Programme number and name Duration Budget
(CNY million)
Infrastructure (4) 1 Chinese -foreign joint ventures engaged in port and dock construction Five years of tax exemption and
five years of reduction by half ..
2 Enterprises with foreign investment established in Special Economic Zones
(excluding Shanghai Pudong area) Five years of tax exemption and
five years of reduction by half ..
3 Enterprises with foreign investment established in Pudong area of Shanghai Five years of tax exemption and
five years of reduction by half. ..
11a Public infrastructure projects 2008-present ..
Waste
management (3) 67 Sites of centralized treatment of urban and rural sewage and centralized
treatment of domestic garbage 2018-present ..
68 Comprehensive utilization of solid wastes 2018-present ..
69 Enterprises that are below pollutant discharge standards prescribed by the
state and local governments 2018-present ..
Financing (3) 45 Accelerating depreciation of fixed assets 1)-4) 2014 -present;
5)-6) 2015 -present;
7) 2018 -December 2020 ..
63a Reward and subsidy for fee reduction of the financing guarantee provided for
small and micro enterprises 2018-2020 2018: 3,000
71 Financing 2018-December 2020 ..
Environment (3) 22a Clean Development Mechanism 2007-present ..
55a Fund for air pollution prevention and control 2016-present 2017: 16,000; 2018: 20,000
70 Enterprises involving the reduction of excessive capacities and structural
adjustment Tax exemption of up to two years ..
Automobile and
transportation (3) 20 Urban public transportation enterprises that purchase buses and trolleybuses 2012-December 2020 ..
46 Vehicle purchase tax for trailers 2018-June 2021 ..
66 Specific mobile sources of pollution 2018-present ..
SME (2) 23 Small and micro enterprises 2008-present ..
26 Governmental funds 2016-present ..
Poverty reduction
(2) 47 Fund for poverty alleviation 1980-present 2017: 86,095; 2018: 106,095
73 Poverty alleviation migration 2018-December 2020 ..
Pharmaceutical
(2) 32 Anti-HIV-AIDS medicine 1) 2016 -December 2020;
2) 2016 -2018 ..
72 Anti-cancer drugs 2018-present ..
Economic
development (2) 4 The Western Regions 1) 2001 -2020;
2) two years of tax exemption and
three years of reduction by half;
3) 2001 -present. ..
57a Fund for development of international economic relations and trade 2014-present 2017: 11,976; 2018: 11,378
Oil & gas (1) 39 Urban land use of oil and gas production enterprises 2015-present ..
Mining (1) 37a Filling mining and mining resources in exhaustion stage 2016-present ..
FDI (1) 38a Import of equipment 1998-present ..
.. Not available.
a Programme eligibility tied to specific information that is not provided in the notification.
Source: WTO documents G/SCM/N/343/CHN, 19 July 2019; and G/SCM/N/343/CHN/Corr.1, 31 July 2019.
WT/TPR/S/415/Rev.1 • China
- 196 - Table A3. 3 Summary of IPR legislation, as at late -January 2021
Form Main legislation Coverage Period of protection Notification to
the TRIPS
Council
Copyrights and
related rights Copyright Law
(last amended in
2020) Works of literature, art and sciences, which are expressible in
some form and created in writing; orally; musically,
theatrically, quyi, choreographic and/or acrobatically; fine
arts and architecture; ph otography; audio -visual works and
works created by a process analogous to cinematography;
graphic works such as drawings of engineering designs and
product designs, maps and sketches, and model works;
computer software; and other intellectual creations wit h the
characteristics of works. For natural persons, works are protected for life
plus 50 years.
For legal persons, cinematographic and
photographic works are protected for 50 years.
Software copyright exists from the date on
which its development is compl eted.
For legal persons, audio -visual and
photographic works are protected for 50 years,
and typographical designs are protected for 10
years. IP/N/1/CHN/C/1 ,
8 July 2002
Trademarks Trademark Law
(last amended in
2019) Applications to register as a trademark any word, device,
letter of the alphabet, number, three -dimensional symbol,
colour combination, sound or any combination thereof that
identifies and distinguishes the goods of a natural person,
legal person or other organization from those of oth ers. The
Law has been amended four times since 1982. The latest
amendment aims to strengthen trademark protection,
promote a fair business environment, effectively curb bad -
faith trademark registratio ns, and increase compensation for
infringement of tradem ark rights. 10 years from the day the registration is
granted, renewable indefinitely. IP/N/1/CHN/T/5,
30 January 2020
Patents Patent Law (last
amended in 2008) Inventions and utility models for which patent rights are to be
granted shall be ones which ar e novel, creative and of
practical use. 20 years from the date of filing the application.
The term of protection for utility models is 10
years, and the term for designs is 15 years,
from the date of application. IP/N/1/CHN/P/2,
21 December 2010
Layout -designs
of integrated
circuits Regulations on the
Protection of
Layout -Designs of
Integrated Circuits
(promulgated in
2001) Any layout -design which is original in the sense that the
layout -design is the result of the creator's own intellectual
effort and is not commonplace among creators of layout -
designs and manufacturers of integrated circuits at the time
of its creation. 10 years from the date of filing an application
for registration of the layout -design or from the
date on which it was first com mercially
exploited anywhere in the world, whichever
expires earlier. No matter whether it has been
registered or commercially exploited, a layout -
design shall no longer be protected 15 years
after the date of the completion of its creation. ..
New plant
varieties Regulations on the
Protection of New
Varieties of Plants
(last amended in
2014) Artificially cultivated plant varieties, or ones developed from
discovered wild plants, which possess novelty, distinctness,
uniformity and stability, and which are d uly named. 20 years from the date of authorization in the
case of vines, forest trees, and ornamental
trees, and 15 years for other plants . ..
Anti-Unfair
Competition Anti-Unfair
Competition Law
of the People's
Republic of China
(last amended in
2019) Protection of trade secrets. Improves the definition and
expands the scope of infringement, enhances legal liability for
infringing trade secret and transfers the burden of proof in
civil trial procedures that infringe trade secrets. IP/N/1/CHN/10,
IP/N/1/CHN/U/1 ,
30 January 2020
WT/TPR/S/415/Rev.1 • China
- 197 - Form Main legislation Coverage Period of protection Notification to
the TRIPS
Council
Criminal Law Criminal Law (last
amendment in
2020) Criminal penalties for IPR infringements, raising the maximum
prison term for trademark and copyright infringements from 7
to 10 years, adding the protection of service mar ks,
supplementing the types of criminal acts that infringe on
trade secrets, and adding "industrial espionage crime".
In December 2020, the NPC Standing Committee passed the
Criminal Law Amendment (XI), which increased the criminal
penalties for infringem ent of IPRs. It increased the maximum
sentence for infringement of trademark rights, copyrights,
and trade secrets from 7 to 10 years, and increased the
minimum penalty from control or criminal detention to
fixed-term imprisonment. In addition, the Amendme nt
enhanced the protection of service trademarks, added the
types of criminal acts that infringed on trade secrets including
the crime of commercial espionage, and added the types of
acts of copyright infringement including the crime of
infringement of per former's rights. ..
.. Not available.
Source: Information provided by the authorities; and notifications to the TRIPS Council.1
1 Notifications to the TRIPS Council: WTO documents IP/N/1/CHN/P/2, 21 December 2010; IP/N/1/CHN/P/3, 26 August 2011; IP/N/1/CH N/C/1 (2001 Version),
8 July 2002; IP/N/1/C HN/L/1/Rev.1, 13 October 2003; IP/N/1/CHN/9 (2013 Amendment), 19 October 2017; and IP/N/1/CHN/T/5 (2019 Amendment), 30 January 2020.
Viewed at: https://e -trips.wto.org/ . WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 198 -
Table A3. 4 Membership in International IPR Conventions, as at January 2021
International
organization International instrument Status Date of accession (or
signature, ratification)
WIPO Beijing Treaty In force 28 April 2020
WIPO Copyright Treaty In force 9 June 2007
WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) In force 9 June 2007
Strasbourg Agreement In force 19 June 1997
Locarno Agreement In force 19 September 1996
Madrid Protocol In force 1 December 1995
Budapest Treaty In force 1 July 1995
Nice Agreement In force 9 August 1994
Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) In force 1 January 1994
Phonograms Convention In force 30 April 1993
Berne Convention In force 15 October 1992
Madrid Agreement (Marks) In force 4 October 1989
Paris Convention In force 19 March 1985
WIPO Convention In force 3 June 1980
Marrakesh VIP Treaty Signed (signed 28 June 2013)
Singapore Treaty Signed (signed 29 January 2007)
Trademark Law Treaty (TLT) Signed (signed 28 October 1994)
Washington Treaty Signed (signed 1 May 1990)
UPOV UPOV Convention In force 23 April 1999
UNESCO Universal Copyright Convention In force 30 October 1992
Source: WIPO IP Portal, WIPO -Administered Treaties: Contracting Parties: China . Viewed at:
https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/treaties/ShowResults?country_id=38C .
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 199 -
Table A3. 5 General regulatory framework of new plant varieties protection
Laws/regulations Issuing authority Latest
amendment
Regulations on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants State Council 29 July 2014
Implementing Rules for the Regulations of the Protection of New
Varieties of Plants (Agriculture Part) Ministry of Agriculture 25 April 2014
Implementing Rules for the Regulations of the Protection of New
Varieties of Plants (Forestry Part) Ministry of Forestry 25 January 2011
Administrative Execution Measures of the Protection of New Varieties
of Forestr y Plants Ministry of Forestry 30 December 2015
Rules for the Review Board on New Plant Varieties Ministry of Agriculture 13 February 2001
Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court concerning Some
Issues on Disputes of Trial of Cases over New Plant Verities Supreme People's
Court 5 February 2001
Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Some Issues
Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Cases Involving the
Disputes over Infringement upon the Rights of New Plant Varieties Supre me People's
Court 12 January 2007
Seed Law National People's
Congress Standing
Committee 4 November 2015
Provisions on Infringement Cases of New Plant Varieties in
Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture 12 December 2002
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 200 -
Table A4. 1 Central Government support to fisheries as notified to the WTO
Title
Legal basis Objective Subsidy and beneficiaries Start
date Revenue
forgone/
budgetary
allocation in
2018 (CNY
million)
Projects of agricultural,
forestry, animal and
fishery
Law of the People's
Republic of China on
Enterprise Income Tax
(2007); Regulations for
the Implementation of the
Law of the People's
Republic of China on
Enterprise Income Tax
(2007); MOF Cir cular Cai
Shui No. 149, 2008; MOF
Circular Cai Shui No. 26,
2011; MOF Circular Cai
Shui No . 73, 2016 Support the development
of fishery preliminary
processing, among
others. Enterprise income tax
exemption/reduction from income
derived by an enterprise from
stipulated projects of preliminary
processing related to farming,
forestry, animal husbandry, and
fisheries. 2008 No data on
revenue
forgone
Fishery stocks
enhancement and fish
fries releasing
MOF Circular Cai Nong
No. 42, 2017 Enhance natural fishery
resources, increase
fishermen's income, and
improve fishery
performance. Funds are provided through local
governments to fishermen, relevant
scientific research institutions, and
social groups involved in stocks
enhancement and fish fries
releasing. 2009 Budgetary
allocation:
2018:
estimated to be
398.5a
Public subsidy for the
prevention of aquatic
animal diseases
NDRC Circular Fa Gai
Nong Jing No. 913, 2017 Promote sustainable
development of
aquaculture industry,
and support prevention
and control of aquatic
animal diseases. Investment funds are provided to
aquatic animal disease prevention,
control and monitoring centres, and
regional centres. 2017 Budgetary
allocation:
2018: 60
Subsidy for scrapping and
dismantling vessels and
for ship type
standardization; subsidy
fund for fishery
development and the
scrapping, dismantling,
and renovating of vessels
MOF Circular Cai Jian
No. 977, 2015; MOF
Circular Cai Jian No. 418,
2016 Reduce intensity of
marine fishin g and
promote the reduction in
fishing vessels;
rehabilitate ecological
environment;
improve fishing vessels
safety;
optimize and adjust the
industrial structure;
promote the sustainable
development of distant
water fishing; and phase
out vessels with high -
energy consumption,
high emissions, and poor
safety performances. Provided to/for fishermen for
reducing the number of fishing
vessels and quitting marine fishing;
scrapping, dismantling, and
renovating fishing vessels, with an
emphasis on certain vessels ;
construction of fishery equipment
and facilities; conservation and
utilization of international fishery
resources; scrapping and renovation
of seagoing transport vessels ahead
of schedule; dismantling of inland
vessels; and renovating and building
new mo del vessels. 2015 Budgetary
allocation:
2018: 7,927.15
Subsidy for improved
aquatic breed
Fishery Law of the
People's Republic of
China, 2013 Improve the quality of
aquaculture species. Provided to eligible aquatic breed
improving farms. 2014 Budgetary
allocation:
2018: 100
Subsidy for reform in tax
and fee on refined oil (for
fisheries)
MOF Circular Cai Jian
No. 499, 2015; MOA
Circular Nong Ban Yu
No. 65, 2015 Protect fisheries
resources and facilitate
fishery industrial
restructuring; reduce
fishing intensity;
promote the sustainable
development of fisheries;
maintain the livelihood of
fishermen; increase the
incomes of fishermen;
maintain the stability of
fishing areas; and ensure
the safety of the
fishermen's lives and
property. Support takes the form of Central
Government funds distributed
through local governments to
fishermen and enterprises involved
in the reduction of the number of
fishing vessels and no longer
engaging in fishing, and whose
fishing vessels are dism antled or
transformed into artificial reefs.
Some support is provided to
fisheries resource conservation, and
for a closed fishing season, fishery
and fishery administration
informatization construction,
navigation sign -post construction in
fishing ports, etc. 2015 No data
provided
a This is one part of a bigger programme. Disaggregated figures for this single programme are not
available; they have been estimated.
Source: WTO documents G/SCM/N/343/CHN, 19 July 2019; and G/SCM/N/343/CHN/Corr.1, 31 July 2019. WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 201 -
Table A4. 2 Local government support to fisheries as notified to the WTO
Title
Legal basis Objective Subsidy and beneficiaries Start
date
Budgetary
allocation
(CNY
10,000)
Hebei Province
Subsidy for improving
aquatic breeds
Ji Neng Ye Yu Fa No. 4,
2017 Promote aquaculture industry upgrade
and protect key aquaculture species
resources. Provided to eligible aquatic
breeding production enterprises. 2017 2018:
500
Jiangsu Province
Grant for fishermen
during the Yangtze
River fishing closed
seasons (Nanjing City)
Ning Nong Cai No. 16,
2017 Alleviate the hard -living conditions of
fishermen during the fishing closed
seasons, and secure smooth
implementation of closed fishing for the
Yangtze River. Grant s cheme. Provided to
fishermen during the fishing
closed seasons. 2017 No data
provided
Grant for fishermen
during the Yangtze
River fishing closed
seasons (Zhenjiang
City)
Su Zheng Ban Fa
No. 18, 2003 Safeguard the livelihood of fishermen
during the fishing closed seasons. Grant scheme. Provided to
fishermen on the Yangtze River. 2003 2018:
48.6
Grant for fishermen on
the Yangtze River
during the spring
fishing closed season
(Changzhou City)
Chang Xin Nong No. 16,
2017; Chang Xin Nong
No. 73, 2018 Provide grant for fishermen during the
fishing closed period to ensure smooth
implementation of the fishing closure. Grant scheme. Provided to
fishermen during the spring
fishing closed seasons. 2017 2018:
45
Zhejiang Province
Grant for policy -based
fishery mutual
insurance
Zhe Cai Nong No. 55,
2012 Improve fishermen's capacity to
withstand natural disasters, and ensure
social stability in the fishing areas. Grant scheme. Provided to
eligible individuals/organizations
engaged in fishing
production/operation. 2005 2018:
6,550
Fund for marine and
fishery comprehensive
management and
industry development
Zhe Cai Nong No. 47,
2015 Promote healthy, sustainable
development of marine fisheries and
recovery of fishery resources. Promote
eco-friendly and safe aquaculture
models and improve marine
management and public services. Grant scheme. Provided for:
(i) fisheries recovery, fishery
stocks enhancement, and
fishermen quitting marine
fishing; (ii) eco-friendly
renovation in the fishery i ndustry
and promotion of eco -friendly,
circular, and safe aquaculture
models; (iii) monitoring of
marine environment and
economics and development of
the marine protected areas;
(iv) development or standardized
fishing ports; and (v) quarantine
inspection of aquatic animals and
safeguarding of the quality of
aquatic products. 2015 2018:
49,506.5
Grant for supporting
fishing boat
standardization projects
(Hangzhou City)
Cai Jian No. 499, 2015;
Cai Jian No. 977, 2015;
Zhe Cai Jian No. 14,
2016 Control the in tensity of fishing;
eliminate old, wooden, polluting
capture and aquaculture boats that are
highly destructive to resources; and
realize sustainable fisheries
development goals, including well -
ordered production, scientific utilization
of resources, a good ecological
environment, and continuous
improvement of people's livelihoods. Grant. Provided to fishing boat
owners operating legally. 2017 2018:
392
Fund for policy -based
fishery insurance
(Ningbo City)
Yong Hai Ban No. 141,
2018 Make fishermen better able to
withstand natural disasters and risks,
and maintain the stability of the fishing
community. Grant to contribute to insurance
premiums. Provided to fishing
vessels and owners of fishing
vessels that engage in or provide
services for fishery p roduction
and management in Ningbo. 2005 2018:
19 WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 202 -
Title
Legal basis Objective Subsidy and beneficiaries Start
date
Budgetary
allocation
(CNY
10,000)
Fujian Province
Funds for marine
economic development
Min Cai Nong No. 30,
2017 Promote the healthy and sustainable
development of the marine economy,
and encourage innovation in marine
technologies, such as marine
biomedicine, marine aquaculture
equipment, marine renewable energy,
etc. Grant and reward (among
others). Provided to eligible
enterprises. 2017 2018:
12,003.6
Fund for marine and
fishery structural
adjustment
Min Cai Nong No. 62,
2014 Promote the safety of production,
increase the quality of aquaculture,
and promote the transformation of the
development mode of fishery economy. Grant. Provided to aquaculture
enterprises, farms, cooperatives,
and scientific research institutes. 2017 2018:
2,800
Fund for aquatic
products processing
(Fuzhou City)
Rong Hai Yu No. 407,
2017; Rong Hai Yu
No 431, 2018 Promote high -quality development of
aquatic products processing industry. Reward. Provided to eligible
aquatic products pr ocessing
enterprises. 2017 2018:
414
Fund for aquaculture
(Fuzhou City)
Rong Hai Yu No. 406,
2017; Rong Hai Yu
No. 432, 2018 Encourage comprehensive farming of
rice and fish, factory fish farming, etc. Reward. Provided to eligible
aquaculture enterprises. 2017 2018:
421.3
Fund for marine and
fishery development
(Xiamen City)
Xia Hai Yu No. 16, 2018 Promote marine scientific and
technological innovation, aquaculture
breeding techniques, recreational
fishery, and distant water fisheries. Grant and reward. Provided to
eligible enterprises that comply
with domestic law and
international fishery
management rules. 2018 No data
provided
Shandong Province
Fund for distant water
fishery development
(Rizhao City)
Ri Zheng Zi No. 100,
2017 Promote the healthy and sustainable
development of distant water fisheries,
and improve the stability, safety,
resistance to pollution, and habitability
of distant water fishing vessels. Grant. Provided to eligible
approved distant water fishing
enterprise s that comply with
domestic law and international
fishery management rules. 2017 No data
provided
Fund for distant water
fishery (Qingdao City)
Qing Zheng Zi No. 88,
2012 Promote healthy and sustainable
development of the fishery industry,
and make fishing vessels more energy -
saving and environmentally friendly. Grant. Provided to eligible distant
water fishery enterprises that
comply with domestic law and
international fishery
management rules. 2013 No data
provided
Guangdong Province
Fund for developing the
deep water cage
aquaculture
Yue Hai Yu Han No. 6,
2015 Optimize the fishery industry structure,
and protect marine resources. Grant. Provided to eligible
aquaculture enterprises. 2015 No data
provided
Production and living
allowances for
fishermen during closed
seasons (Zhuhai City)
Zhu Hai Non Shui
No. 192, 2017 Protect fishery resources, promote
sustainable development of the fishery
industry, and address the livelihood
problem of fishermen during closed
fishing periods to maintain social
stability in fishing areas. Grant. Provided to fishermen
subject to fishing closure
practice. 2017 2018:
12.3
Fund for aquaculture
(Zhongshan City)
Zhong Hai Yu No. 73,
2017
Zhong Hai Yu No. 74,
2017 Improve aquaculture breedin g,
enhance the quality management of
aquaculture breeds. and realize
sustainable development of the fishery
industry. Fund support. Granted to
enterprises holding valid farming
permits and breed production
permits. 2013 2018:
108
Living allowances for
fishermen during fishing
closed seasons.
(Zhongshan City)
Yue Hai Yu No. 25,
2018 Protect fishery resources, promote
sustainable development of the fishery
industry, and address the livelihood
problem of fishermen during closed
fishing periods to maintain so cial
stability in the fishing area. Allowances. Provided to crew
members of the fishing boats
subject to the fishing closure. 2009 2018:
208.6
Guangzhou Province
Fund supporting the
policy -based
aquaculture insurance
Hui Nong No. 179, 2017 Build the risk resistance capacity of
aquaculture, reduce the loss resulting
from natural disasters, and promote
sustainable development of the
aquaculture industry. Fund support. Provided to
farmers and enterprises engaged
in legal aquaculture activities and
have participated in the
insurance scheme. 2017 2018:
462 WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 203 -
Title
Legal basis Objective Subsidy and beneficiaries Start
date
Budgetary
allocation
(CNY
10,000)
Liaoning Province
Subsidy for scrapping
and dismantling vessels
and for ship type
standardization (Dalian
City)
Cai Jian No . 977, 2015 Reduce the intensity of marine fishing,
and increase grant on top of Central
Government funds to fishermen
quitting marine capture. Grant. Provided to fishermen or
enterprises that volunteer to quit
marine capture and/or scrap
dismantle, and dispose of the ir
ships with no harm done. 2017 No data
provided
Fund for marine and
fishery development
(Dalian City)
Da Cai Nong No. 431,
2017 Protect the marine environment, and
promote healthy and sustainable
development of the fishery industry. Grant. Provided for aquatic
product safety detection, marine
environment monitoring and
forecasting, fishery safety
management, stock
enhancement, fisherman
personal accident insurance, and
purchase of standard aquaculture
fishing vessels. 2017 No data
provided
Source: WTO d ocuments G/SCM/N/343/CHN, 19 July 2019; and G/SCM/N/343/CHN/Corr.1, 31 July 2019.
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 204 -
Table A4. 3 Tariff lines and rates as per the Resource Tax Law
Tariff lines Tariff objects Tariff rates
Energy
minerals Crude oil Raw ore 6%
Natural gas, shale gas, natural gas hydrate Raw ore 6%
Coal Raw ore or
mineral dressing 2%-10%
Coal-derived (bed) gas Raw ore 1%-2%
Uranium, thorium Raw ore 4%
Oil shale, oil sand, natural asphalt, stone coal Raw ore or
mineral dressing 1%-4%
Terrestrial heat Raw ore 1%-20% or
CNY 1-30 per
cubic metre
Metallic
minerals Ferrous
metals Iron, manganese, chromium, vanadium,
titanium Raw ore or
mineral dressing 1%-9%
Non-ferrous
metals Copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel, antimony,
magnesium, cobalt, bismuth, mercury Raw ore or
mineral dressing 2%-10%
Bauxite Raw ore or
mineral dressing 2%-9%
Tungsten Mineral dressing 6.5%
Molybdenum Mineral dressing 8%
Gold, silver Raw ore or
mineral dressing 2%-6%
Platinum, palladium, ruthenium, osmium,
iridium, rhodium Raw ore or
mineral dressing 5%-10%
Light rare earth s Mineral dressing 7%-12%
Medium and heavy rare earth s Mineral dressing 20%
Beryllium, lithium, zirconium, strontium,
rubidium, caesium, niobium, tantalum,
germanium, gallium, indium, thallium,
hafnium, rhenium, cadmium, selenium,
tellurium Raw ore or
mineral dressing 2%-10%
Non-metallic
minerals Minerals Kaolin Raw ore or
mineral dressing 1%-6%
Limestone Raw ore or
mineral dressing 1%-6% or
CNY 1-CNY 10
per tonne (or
per cubic
metre)
Phosphorus Raw ore or
mineral dressing 3%-8%
Graphite Raw ore or
mineral dressing 3%-12%
Fluorite, pyrite, natural sulphur Raw ore or
mineral dressing 1%-8%
Natural quartz sand, vein quartz, powder
quartz, crystal, industrial diamond, Iceland
stone, kyanite, sillimanite (sillimanite),
feldspar, talc, corundum, magnesite, pigment
minerals, trona, Glauber's salt, sodium
saltpetre, alunite, arsenic, boron, iodine ,
bromine, bentonite, diatomaceous earth,
ceramic clay, refractory clay, bauxite,
attapulgite clay, sepiolite clay, illite clay,
rectorite clay Raw ore or
mineral dressing 1%-12%
Pyrophyllite, wollastonite, diopside, perlite,
mica, zeolite, barite, toxoid, calcite,
vermiculite, tremolite, industrial tourmaline,
chalk, asbestos, blue asbestos, andalusite,
garnet, gypsum Raw ore or
mineral dressing 2%-12%
Other clays (casting clay, brick clay,
ceramsite clay, cement batching clay, cement
batching red clay, cement batching loess,
cement batching mudstone, clay for
insulation materials) Raw ore or
mineral dressing 1%-5% or
CNY 0.1-CNY 5
per tonne (or
per cubic
metre)
Stones Marble, granite, dolomite, quartzite,
sandstone, diabase, andesite, diorite, slate,
basalt, gneiss, amphibolite, shale, pumice,
tuff, obsidian, nepheline, feldspar,
serpentinite, medical stone, marl, potassium -
bearing rock, potassium -bearing sand shale,
natural oilstone, p eridotite, turpentine,
trachyte, gabbro, pyroxenite, syenite,
volcanic ash, volcanic slag, peat Raw ore or
mineral dressing 1%-10% WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 205 -
Tariff lines Tariff objects Tariff rates
Gravel Raw ore or
mineral dressing 1%-5% or
CNY 0.1-CNY 5
per tonne (or
per cubic
metre)
Precious
stones Gem, jade, gem-grade diamond, agate,
topaz, tourmaline Raw ore or
mineral dressing 4%-20%
Water and
gas minerals Carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, helium, radon Raw ore 2%-5%
Mineral water Raw ore 1%-20% or
CNY 1-CNY 30
per cubic
metre
Salts Sodium salt, potassium salt, magnesium salt, lithium salt Mineral dressing 3%-15%
Natural brines Raw ore 3%-15% or
CNY 1-CNY 10
per tonne (or
per cubic
metre)
Sea salt 2%-5%
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
WT/TPR/S/ 415/Rev.1 • China
- 206 -
Table A4. 4 Tariff lines and tariff rate range before the implementation of the Resource
Tax Law
No. Tariff lines Tariff object Tariff rate range
1 Crude oil, natural gas Raw ore 6%
2 Coal Raw ore 2%-10%
3 Metallic ores Iron ore Mineral concentrate 1%-6%
4 Gold ore Gold ingots 1%-4%
5 Cooper ore Mineral concentrate 2%-8%
6 Bauxite Raw ore 3%-9%
7 Lead-zinc ore Mineral concentrate 2%-6%
8 Nickel ore Mineral concentrate 2%-6%
9 Tin ore Mineral concentrate 2%-6%
10 Tungsten ore Mineral concentrate 6.5%
11 Molybdenum ore Mineral concentrate 11%
12 Light rare earth s Mineral concentrate 11.5%, 9.5%, 7.5%.
Applicable tariff rates
are different among
regions in China. For
example, 11.5% in
Inner Mongolia, 9.5% in
Sichuan, and 7.5% in
Shandong.
13 Medium and heavy rare
earth s Mineral concentrate 27%
14 Other metallic ore
products not elsewhere
classified Raw ore or mineral
concentrate No more than 20%
15 Non-metallic
ores Graphite Mineral concentrate 3%-10%
16 Diatomite Mineral concentrate 1%-6%
17 Kaolin Raw ore 1%-6%
18 Fluorite Mineral concentrate 1%-6%
19 Limestone Raw ore 1%-6%
20 Pyrite ore Mineral concentrate 1%-6%
21 Phosphate ore Raw ore 3%-8%
22 Potassium chloride Mineral concentrate 3%-8%
23 Potassium sulphate Mineral concentrate 6%-12%
24 Well salt Sodium chloride
primary products 1%-6%
25 Lake salt Sodium chloride
primary products 1%-6%
26 Salt extracted from
underground brines Sodium chloride
primary products 3%-15%
27 Coal seam (formed) gas Raw ore 1%-2%
28 Clay, gravel Raw ore CNY 0.1-5 per tonne or
cubic metre
29 Other non -metallic ore
products not elsewhere
classified Raw ore or mineral
concentrate No more than CNY 30
per tonne or cubic
metre for specific tariff
rate; no more than
20% for ad valorem
tariff rate
30 Sea salt Sodium chloride
primary products 1%-5%
Source: Information provided by the authorities.
__________
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1
Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığından:
TÜRK GIDA KODEKSİ
YENİ GIDA LAR YÖNETMELİĞİ
(2022/…)
BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM
Amaç, Kapsam, Dayanak ve Tanımlar
Amaç
MADDE 1 – (1) Bu Yönetmeliğin amacı, insan sağlığının ve tüketici haklarının yüksek
düzeyde korunmasını sağlayacak şekilde, yeni gıdaların piyasaya arz edil mesine ilişkin usul ve
esaslar ile yeni gıdalara ilişkin listeleri ve kullanım koşullarını belirlemektir .
Kapsam
MADDE 2 – (1) Bu Yönetmelik yeni gıda ları kapsar.
(2) Bu Yönetmelik;
a) …/…/… tarihli ve …. sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi
Gıdalarda Kullanılabilecek Bitkiler, Mantarlar, Algler, Likenler Hakkında Yönetmelik
kapsamına giren; bitkiler, makrofunguslar, algler, likenler ve bunların kısımları ile bunlardan
elde edilen preparatlar, saf maddeler, madde karışımları ve zenginleştirilmiş
ekstreleri/eksraktları,
b) 13/08/2010 tarihli ve 27671 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yay ımlanan Genetik Yapısı
Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar ve Ürünlerine Dair Yönetmelik kapsamına giren ürünleri ,
c) 24/02/2017 tarihli ve 29989 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi
Gıda Enzimleri Yönetmeliği kapsamın a giren ürünleri ,
ç) 30/06/2013 tarihli ve 28693 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi
Gıda Katkı Maddeleri Yönetmeliği kapsamına giren ürünleri ,
d) 29/12/2011 tarihli ve 28157 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi
Aroma Vericiler ve Aroma Verme Ö zelliği Taşıyan Gıda Bileşenleri Yönetmeliği kapsamına
giren ürünleri ,
e) Gıda Maddelerinin ve gıda bileşenlerinin üretiminde kullanılan ekstraksiyon
çözücüleri ile ilgili dikey gıda kodeksi kapsamına giren ürünleri ,
kapsamaz.
Dayanak
MADDE 3 – (1) Bu Yönetmelik, 11/6/2010 tarihli ve 5996 sayılı Veteriner Hizmetleri,
Bitki Sağlığı, Gıda ve Yem Kanununun 21, 23, 24 ve 26 ncı maddelerine dayanılarak
hazırlanmıştır.
Tanımlar
MADDE 4 – (1) 11/6/2010 tarihli ve 5996 sayılı Veteriner Hizmetleri, Bitki Sağlığı, Gıda
ve Yem Kanununun 3 üncü maddesindeki tanımlara ilave olarak bu maddenin ikinci fıkrasında
yer alan tanımlar da geçerlidir.
(2) Bu yönetmelikte geçen;
a) Bakanlık: Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığını,
2
b) Başvuru sahibi: Bu Yönetmeliğin 9 uncu veya 15 inci maddesine göre hazırlanan bir
başvuruyu ya da 13 üncü maddesine göre hazırlanan bir bildirimi değerlendirilmek üzere Genel
Müdürlüğe sunan gıda işletmecisini veya diğer ilgili tarafları ,
c) Bilimsel Komisyon: Bu Yönetmelik kapsamına giren konularda bilimsel
değerlendirmeyi yapacak olan ve 24/12/2011 tarihli ve 28152 sayılı Resmi Gazete ’de
yayımlanan Risk Değerlendirme Komite ve Komisyonlarının Çalışma Usul ve Esasları
Hakkında Yönetmelik çerçevesinde Bakanlık tarafından oluşturulan bilimsel komisyon u,
ç) Bilimsel görüş: Bu Yönetmelik kapsamındaki konular ile ilgili olarak Bilimsel
Komisyon tarafından hazırlanan ayrıntılı bilimsel dokümanı,
d) Diğer bir ülkeden gelen geleneksel gıda: Bu maddenin (ı) bendinin (1), ( 5), (7), (8), (9)
ve (10) numaralı alt bentlerinde bahsedilen yeni gıdalar hariç olmak üzere, birincil üretimden
elde edilen ve diğer bir ülkede güvenilir bir gıda tüketim geçmişine sahip olan yeni gıda ları,
e) Diğer bir ülkede güvenilir bir gıda tüketim geçmişi: Bu Yönetmeliğin 13 üncü madde si
kapsamında yapılan bir bildirim öncesinde, bileşim veriler i ve en az bir ülkedeki insanların
önemli bir bölümünün alışılagelmiş diyetinde en az 25 yıl dır devam eden tüketiminden elde
edinilen deneyim vasıtasıyla, söz konusu gıdanın güvenilirliğinin teyit edildiğini,
f) Geçerli başvuru/bildirim: Bu Yönetmelik kapsamına giren ve risk değerlendirme ve
izin prosedürü için gerekli olan bilgileri içeren başvuruyu/bildirimi,
g) Genel Müdürlük: Gıda ve Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğünü,
ğ) Tasarlanmış nanomateryal: 100 nanometreden büyük boyutlarda olabilen fakat nano
boyut karakteristiğini (bahse konu malzemenin geniş spesifik yüzey alanı ile ilgili olan ve/veya
aynı malzemenin nano hali olmay an cinsinden farklı spesifik fizikokimyasal özellikleri içeren)
koruyan agregat, aglomerat veya yapılar içeren, bir çoğunun bir veya daha fazla boyutu 100 nm
veya daha az olan, içinde veya yüzeyde bulunan ayrı fonksiyonel parçalardan oluşan veya bir
veya d aha fazla boyutu 100 nm veya daha az olan ve özel bir amaç için üretilen malzemeyi,
h) Türev madde/maddeler: Kökeni bitkiler, mantarlar, algler, likenler olup hidroliz,
esterleştirme gibi değişik kimyasal işlemlerle elde edilen, tek veya karışım halde olan
maddeleri,
ı) Yeni gıda: Avrupa Birliği’nin yeni gıdalarla ilgili mevzuatı kapsamında kullanımına
izin verilenlerden ülkemizde kullanımı uygun görülen gıdalar ile 2022 yılından önce Türkiye’de
insan tüketimine yönelik olarak önemli bir ölçüde kullanılmayan ve aşağıdaki kategorilerden
en az birine giren herhangi bir gıdayı:
1) 2022 yılından önce gıda veya gıda bileşeni olarak kullanılmayan , yeni bir moleküler
yapıya sahip veya moleküler yapısı kasıtlı olarak değiştirilmiş olan gıdalar,
2) Bitkiler, bitki kısımları, makrofunguslar, algler ve likenlerden ya da bitkiler,
makrofunguslar, algler ve likenlerden elde edilen hücre kültürü veya doku kültüründen oluşan,
izole edilen veya üretilen aşağıdaki gıdalar;
- (h) bendinde tanımlanan türev maddeleri içeren,
- Mikrofungus veya bakteri kullanılarak bir bitkinin/makrofungusun/algin/likenin veya
kısımlarının tek başına veya diğer bazı maddelerle birlikte bulunduğu özel vasatlarda
gerçekleştirilen ve temel amacı belirli bir maddeyi elde etmek ola n fermentasyon işlemi
sonucunda üretilen.
- Yaygın olarak tüketilen veya Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıdalarda Kullanılabilecek Bitkiler,
Mantarlar, Algler, Likenler Hakkında Yönetmelik kapsamında kullanımına izin verilmiş olan
3
bitkiler, bitki kısımları, makrofungus lar, algler ve likenlerden (7) numaralı alt bentte
bahsedildiği şekilde üretilen,
3) Mikrofunguslar veya diğer mikroorganizmalardan oluşan, izole edilen veya üretilen
gıdalar,
4) Hayvanlar, mikrofunguslar veya diğer mikroorganizmalardan elde edilen hücre k ültürü
veya doku kültüründen oluşan ya da bu hücre kültürü veya doku kültüründen izole edilen veya
üretilen gıdalar,
5) Mineral esaslı materyalden oluşan ya da bu materyalden izole edilen veya üretilen
gıdalar,
6) Gıda üretimi amacıyla 2022 yılından önce kullanılan geleneksel besleme yöntemleriyle
yetiştirilen hayvanlar ile bu hayvanlardan elde edilen ve Avrupa Birliği’nde ve Türkiye’de
güven ilir bir gıda tüketim geçmişine sahip gıdalar hariç olmak üzere; hayvanlardan veya hayvan
kısımlarından oluşan ya da bunlardan izole edilen veya üretilen gıda lar,
7) 2022 yılından önce kullanılmayan, gıdanın yapısı veya bileşiminde önemli düzeyde
değişikliğe neden olan , gıdanın besin değerini, metabolizmasını veya içerdiği istenmeyen
madde lerin seviyesini etkileyen bir üretim prosesi uygulanarak elde edilen gıda lar,
8) (ğ) bendinde tanımlanan tasarlanmış nanomateryaller den oluşan gıdalar,
9) Aşağıda belirtilen durumlarda, 07/03/2017 tarihli ve 30000 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de
yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıdalara Vitaminler, Mineraller ve Belirli Diğer Öğelerin
Eklenmesi Hakkında Yönetmelik, 02/ 07/2019 tarihli ve 30819 sayılı Resmi Gazete’ de
yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek ve Küçük Çocuklara Yönelik Gıdalar ile Vücut Ağırlığı
Kontrolü için Diyet in Yerini Alan Gıdalar Yönetmeliği ve takviye edici gıdalar ile ilgili dikey
gıda kodeksi kapsamına giren vitaminler, mineraller ve diğer öğelerin;
- Üretiminde (7) numaralı alt bentte bahsedildiği şekilde , 2022 yılından önce gıda
üretiminde kullanılmayan bir üretim prosesin in kullanılması durumunda veya
- (ğ) bendinde tanımlanan tasarlanmış nanomateryalleri içermesi veya bu
nanomateryallerden oluşması durumunda ,
10) 2022 yılından önce sadece takviye edici gıda larda kullanılan ve takviye edici gıdalar
dışında ki gıdalarda da kullanıl ması amaçlanan gıdalar.
i) Yeni gıda lar listesi: Bu Yönetmelik hükümleri çerçevesinde piyasaya arz edilmek üzere
izin verilmiş olan yeni gıdalardan oluşan listeyi
ifade eder.
İKİNCİ BÖLÜM
Yeni Gıda ların Statüsünün Belirlenmesi ve Yeni Gıdaların Piyasaya Arzına İlişkin
Gereklilikler
Yeni gıda ların statüsünü n belirlenmesi
MADDE 5 – (1) Gıda işletmecileri, piyasaya arz etmeyi amaçladıkları gıdaların bu
Yönetmelik kapsamına girip girmediğini kontrol eder.
(2) Piyasaya arz etmeyi amaçladıkları bir gıdanın bu Yönetmelik kapsamına girip
girmediğinden emin olmayan gıda işletmecileri, gıdayı piyasaya arz etmeden önce Genel
Müdürlüğe danışır . Gıda işletmecileri bu durumda, söz konusu gıdanın bu Yönetmelik
kapsamına girip girmediğini belirlemeye olanak sağlayacak gerekli bilgileri Genel Müdürlüğe
sunar.
4
(3) İkinci fıkrada bahsedilen danışma işlemi sırasında uygul anacak olan prosedür
Bakanlıkça diğer alt düzenleyici işlemler vasıtasıyla düzenlenir .
(4) Avrupa Birliğinde 15 Mayıs 1997 tarihi öncesi ya da sonrasında değerlendirmesi
yapılıp yeni gıda olarak kabul edilmeyen başvurularda/bildirimlerde Avrupa Birliği kararları
dikkate alınarak karar verilebilir.
İzin verilen yeni gıdalar listesi
MADDE 6 ‒ (1) Bakanlık, 7 nci ve 8 inci maddeye göre piyasaya arz edilmek üzere izin
verilen yeni gıdalar listesini oluşturur ve günceller. Yeni gıdalar listesi Ek-1’de yer alır.
(2) Sadece izin verilen ve Ek-1’deki listede yer alan yeni gıdalar, listede belirtilen
kullanım koşulları ve etiketleme gerekliliklerine uygun olarak piyasaya arz edilebilir ve
gıdalarda kullanılabilir.
Yeni gıda ların yeni gıdalar listesine dâhil edilmesi ne ilişkin genel koşullar
MADDE 7 ‒ (1) Bakanlık , bir yeni gıdaya sadece aşağıdaki koşullara uyduğu takdirde
izin verir ve bu yeni gıdayı Ek-1’de yer alan yeni gıda lar listesine ekler :
a) Listeye eklenmesi öngörülen gıdanın , mevcut bilimsel kanıtlara dayalı olarak insan
sağlığı açısından herhangi bir güven ilirlik riski oluşturmaması.
b) Özellikle , listeye eklenmesi öngörülen gıdanın bir başka gıdanın yerine kullanı lması
amaçlandığında ve besin değerinde önemli bir değişikli k olduğunda, bu gıdanın kullanım ının
tüketiciyi yanıltmaması.
c) Listeye eklenmesi öngörülen gıdanın bir başka gıdanın yerine kullanı lması
amaçlandığında, bu gıdanın normal tüketimi nin, yerine kullanıldığı gıdaya göre, tüketici için
beslenme açısından dezavantaj lı olacak şekilde bir farklılık göstermemesi .
(2) Domuz ve domuz ürünleri kaynaklı bir yeni gıda ile ilgili başvuru su kabul edilmez ve
bu gıdalar yeni gıdalar listesinde yer almaz .
Yeni gıda lar listesinin içeriği ve güncellenmesi
MADDE 8 ‒ (1) Bakanlık , bu Yönetmeliğin 9, 10 ve 11 inci maddeleri ve uygun hallerde
26 ncı maddesi veya 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 ve 18 inci maddelerinde yer alan kurallara göre yeni
gıdaya izin verir ve yeni gıda lar listesini günceller .
(2) Birinci fıkraya istisna olarak, Avrupa Birliğinin yeni gıdalarla ilgili mevzuatında
yapılan değişikliklere ilişkin güncellemeler için birinci fıkranın uygulanması gerekmez. Bu
güncellemeler, birinci fıkra uygulanmadan ve Bilimsel Komisyonun görüşüne başvurulmadan
Genel Müdürlük tarafından yapılabilir. Ancak, ihtiyaç halinde Bilimsel Komisyonun görüşüne
başvurulabilir.
(3) Birinci fıkrada bahsedilen yeni gıda lara izin verilmesi ve Ek -1’de yer alan yeni gıda lar
listesinin güncellenmesi kapsamında;
a) Yeni gıdalar listesine bir yeni gıda eklenebilir,
b) Yeni gıdalar listesinden bir yeni gıda çıkarılabilir,
c) Yeni gıdalar listesinde yer alan bir yeni gıdanın listede bulunması ile ilgili olarak;
spesifikasyonlar, kullanım koşulları, ilave özel etiketleme gereklilikleri veya piyasaya arz
sonrası izleme gereklilikleri eklenebilir, çıkarılabilir veya değiştirilebilir.
(4) Yeni gıdalar listesinde üçüncü fıkra kapsamında bir güncelleme yapılırken, söz
konusu yeni gıdanın spesifikasyonları ve uygun hallerde aşağıdaki bilgiler listeye eklenir :
5
a) Özellikle belirli nüfus gruplar ı üzerinde ki olası olumsuz etkileri, maksimum alım
düzeylerinin aşılmasını ve aşırı tüketim durumundaki riskleri önleme ye yönelik gereklilikler de
dâhil olmak üzere, söz konusu gıdanın kullanım koşulları.
b) Gıdanın bileşimi, besin değ eri ya da beslenmeye etkileri ve kullanım amacı gibi , bir
yeni gıda nın mevcut bir gıdaya artık eşdeğer olmadığını gösteren herhangi bir spesifik nitelik
ya da gıda özelliği hakkında veya nüfusun belirli gruplarının sağlığı üzerin deki etkiler hakkında
son tüketiciyi bilgilendirme ye yönelik ilave özel etiketleme gereklilikleri .
c) 23 üncü maddedeki hükümlere uygun olarak piyasaya arz sonrası izleme gereklilikleri .
ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM
Yeni Gıda lara Yönelik İzin Prosedürü Kapsamında Genel Kurallar
Yeni gıda ların piyasaya arz ına izin verilmesi ve yeni gıda lar listesinin
güncellenmesine ilişkin prosedür
MADDE 9 ‒ (1) Yeni gıdaların piyasaya arz ına izin verilmesi ve 8 inci maddede
belirtilen yeni gıda lar listesinin güncellenmesi işlemi iki yolla başlatılabilir:
a) Genel Müdürlüğün kendi inisiyatifi ile,
b) Bir başvuru sahibi tarafından Genel Müdürlüğe yapılan başvuru üzerine.
c) Avrupa Birliğinin yeni gıdalarla ilgili mevzuatında yapılan değişiklikler in bu
Yönetmeliğe yansıtılması amacıyla .
(2) Birinci fıkranın (b) bendinde bahsedilen başvuru lar aşağıdaki bilgileri içerir:
a) Başvuru sahibinin adı ve adresi,
b) Yeni gıda nın adı ve tanımı,
c) Üretim proseslerinin tanımı,
ç) Yeni gıdanın detaylı bileşimi ,
d) Yeni gıda nın insan sağlığı açısından herhangi bir güven ilirlik riski oluşturmadığını
gösteren bilimsel kanıtlar,
e) Varsa analiz metotları,
f) Amaçlanan kullanım koşulları ve tüketiciyi yanıltmayan özel etiketleme gereklilikleri
ile ilgili öneri veya bu bilgilerin gerekli olmadığın a ilişkin doğrulanabilir bir gerekçe .
(3) Genel Müdürlüğün talebi üzerine, Bilimsel Komisyon , söz konusu güncelleme ile
ilgili bilimsel görüşünü verir.
(4) Test yöntemleri 4 üncü maddenin ikinci fıkrasının ( h) bendinin (8) ve (9) numaralı alt
bentlerinde bahsedilen tasarlanmış nanomateryallere uygulandığında, başvuru sahipleri
tarafından , bu yöntemlerin nanomateryaller için bilimsel olarak uygun olduğu ve uygun
durumlarda bu materyallerin spesifik özelliklerin e yanıt verecek şekilde teknik adaptasyonu n
sağlandığı veya ayarlama ların yapıldığı na dair bir açıklama sunulur .
(5) Yeni gıdaların piyasaya arzına izin verilmesi ve 8 inci maddede belirtilen yeni gıdalar
listesinin güncellenmesi işlemi 11 inci maddeye göre son uçlandırılır .
(6) Beşinci fıkraya istisna olarak, Genel Müdürlük tarafından yapılan değerlendirme
sonunda söz konusu güncellemenin uygun olmadığına karar veril irse, işlem herhangi bir
aşamada sonlandırılabilir ve bir güncelleme yapılmamasına karar verilebilir. Bu tür
durumlarda , varsa Bilimsel Komisyonun bilimsel görüşü ve değerlendirilen konu ile ilgili diğer
6
hususlar dikkate alınır. Böyle bir durumda, güncellemeni n neden uygun bulunmadığı, resmi
yazı ile başvuru sahibine bildirilir.
(7) Başvuru sahibi, başvurusunu istediği zaman geri çekebilir ve böylece başvuru işlemini
sona erdirebilir.
Bilimsel Komisyonun bilimsel görüşü
MADDE 10‒ (1) 9 uncu madde kapsamında yapılan bir başvuru ile ilgili olarak Bilimsel
Komisyonun bilimsel görüşüne ihtiyaç duy ulduğu durum larda, Genel Müdürlük tarafından bir
ay içerisinde yapılan kontrolün ardından geçerli bulunan başvuru, değerlendirilmek üzere
Bilimsel Komisyona sunulur . Bilimsel Komisyon, söz konusu başvurunun geçerli bir başvuru
olduğunun ilgili birim tarafından belirlendiği tarihten itibaren dokuz ay içinde bilimsel
görüşünü oluşturur.
(2) Bilimsel Komisyon, y eni gıdaların güven ilirliğini değerlendirirken, aşağıdaki
hususları dikkate alır:
a) İlgili yeni gıdanın, hâlihazırda piyasaya arz edilmiş olan karşılaştırılabilir bir gıda
kategorisinde ki gıda kadar güven ilir olup olmadığı nı,
b) Söz konusu y eni gıda nın bileşimi ve kullanım koşullarının insan sağlığı açısından
herhangi bir güvenilirlik riski oluşturup oluşturmadığı nı,
c) Başka bir gıdanın yerine kullanılması amaçlanan bir yeni gıdanın, yerine kullanıldığı
gıdaya göre, normal tüketimi nin tüketici için beslenme açısından dezavantajlı olacak şekilde
bir farklılık gösterip göstermediği ni.
(3) Bilimsel Komisyon tarafından , uygun gerekçelerle , başvuru sahibinden ilave bilgi
talep edilmesi halinde , birinci fıkrada belirtilen dokuz aylık süre uz atılabilir. Genel Müdürlük,
başvuru sahibi ile görüştükten sonra, istenen ilave bilginin sağlanması için uygun bir süre
belirler. Genel Müdürlük , talep edilen ilave bilgiyi ve bu bilginin sağlanması için belirlenen
ilave süreyi başvuru sahibine resmi yazı ile bildirir.
(4) Başvuru sahibi tarafından ü çüncü fıkrada bahsi geçen ilave bilgi nin verilen süre
içerisinde Genel Müdürlüğe iletilmemesi hali nde, Bilimsel Komisyon bilimsel görüşünü daha
önce sunulan mevcut bilgilere dayanarak sonuçlandırır.
(5) Başvuru sahibi tarafından resmi yazı ile Genel Müdürlüğe ilave bilgi sunulması
halinde , ilave bilgi Genel Müdürlükçe Bilimsel Komisyona iletilir. Böyle durumlarda, Bilimsel
Komisyonun bilimsel görüşü, üçüncü fıkra saklı kalmak kaydıyla, birinci fıkrada belirtilen
dokuz aylık süre içinde Genel Müdürlüğe iletilir.
(6) Bilimsel Komisyon tarafından oluşturulan bilimsel görüş taslağı , Genel Müdürlük
vasıtasıyla kamuoyunun görüşüne açılır. İlgili taraflar, Bilimsel Komisyonun bilimsel görüşüne
ilişkin görüşlerini otuz gün içinde bildirir. Bilimsel Komisyon, gelen görüşleri değerlendirir.
Görüşe açma ve görüş değerlendirme süreci, duruma göre, birinci, üçüncü, dördüncü ve beşinci
fıkralarda belirtilen sürelere uygun olarak tamamlanır. Bilimsel Komisyon tarafından son şekli
verilen bilimsel görüş Genel Müdürlüğe iletilir.
Başvurunun sonuçlandırılması ve yeni gıda lar listesinin güncellenmesi
MADDE 11 ‒ (1) Genel Müdürlük , yeni gıda ların alınarak işlemlerinin , 29/12/2011
tarihli ve 28157 3 üncü mükerrer sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi
Hazırlama Yönetmeliğine göre aşağıdaki hususlar ı da dikkate alarak karara bağlanmasını
piyasaya arzına izin verilmesi ni ve yeni gıdalar listelerinin güncellenmesi ni sağlar :
7
a) 7 nci maddenin birinci fıkrasının (a) ve (b) bendi ile uygun hallerde (c) bendinde
belirtilen koşullar,
b) İhtiyatlılık ilkesi de dâhil olmak üzere, ilgili mevzuat hükümleri ,
c) Bilimsel Komisyonun bilimsel görüşü,
ç) Değerlendirilen başvuru ile ilgili diğer yasal hususlar.
Başvurular için idari ve bilimsel gereklilikler
MADDE 12 – (1) Bakanlık yeni gıdalara izin verilmesine yönelik b aşvurular ile ilgili ;
a) Bu Yönetmeliğin 9 uncu madde sinde bahsedilen başvuruların içeriği, hazırlanması ve
sunulması nı,
b) Bahse konu başvuruların geçerliliğinin kontrolüne ilişkin düzenlemeler i,
c) Bu Yönetmeliğin 10 uncu madde sinde bahsedilen Bilimsel Komisyon un bilimsel
görüşü kapsamında yer alacak bilgiler i,
içeren hususlara ilişkin düzenlemeler yapar.
(2) Başvurular hazırlanırken, bu Yönetmelik ve birinci fıkrada belirtilen düzenlemeler,
varsa Genel Müdürlüğün internet sayfasında yayımlanmış olan başvurulara ilişkin açıklayıcı
kılavuzlar da başvuru sahibi tarafından dikkate alınır.
DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM
Yeni Gıdalara Yönelik İzin Prosedürü Kapsamında Diğer Ülkelerden Gelen Geleneksel
Gıda lar İçin Özel Kurallar
Diğer bir ülkeden gelen geleneksel gıdanın bildirimi
MADDE 13 ‒ (1) Diğer bir ülkeden gelen geleneksel gıda yı piyasaya arz etmek isteyen
bir başvuru sahibi , 9 uncu maddede belirtilen prosedür ü izlemek yerine, Genel Müdürlüğe bu
isteği ile ilgili bir bildirim sunmayı tercih edebilir .
(2) Birinci fıkrada bahsedilen b ildirim aşağıdaki bilgileri içerir:
a) Başvuru sahibinin adı ve adresi,
b) Geleneksel gıdanın adı ve tanımı,
c) Geleneksel gıda nın detaylı bileşimi ,
ç) Geleneksel gıdanın coğrafi menşe ülkesi veya ülkeleri,
d) Diğer bir ülkede güvenilir bir gıda tüketim geçmişi olduğunu gösteren belgeye dayalı
veriler ,
e) Amaçlanan kullanım koşulları ve tüketiciyi yanıltmayan özel etiketleme gereklilikleri
ile ilgili öneri veya bu bilgilerin gerekli olmadığına ilişkin doğrulanab ilir bir gerekçe.
Diğer bir ülkeden gelen geleneksel gıda nın piyasaya arz edilmesine ilişkin bildirim
prosedürü
MADDE 14 ‒ (1) Bu Yönetmeliğin 13 üncü madde sinde bahsedilen bir bildirim ile ilgili
olarak Bilimsel Komisyonun görüşüne Genel Müdürlük tarafından yapılan kontrolün ardından
geçerli bulunan bildirim değerlendirilmek üzere Bilimsel Komisyona sunulur .
(2) Bilimsel Komisyon, söz konusu bildirimin geçerli bir bildirim olduğunun Genel
Müdürlük tarafından belirlendiği ve bu durumu komisyona ilettiği tarihten itibaren dört ay
içerisinde, bahse konu geleneksel gıdanın piyasaya arz ı ile ilgili olarak , gıdanın güvenilirliğine
dair uygun şekilde gerekçelendirilmiş bir olumsuz görüş ü olması durum unda bu görüş ünü
Genel Müdürlüğe iletir.
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(3) Genel Müdürlük , Bilimsel Komisyonun ikinci fıkrada belirtilen olumsuz görüşünü
alır almaz, görüşün ayrıntıları ile birlikte başvuru sahibini resmi yazı ile bilgilendirir
(4) İkinci fıkrada belirtilen dört aylık süre içerisinde Bilimsel Komisyon tarafından
herhangi bir olumsuz görüş verilmediği durumlarda , Genel Müdürlük , söz konusu geleneksel
gıdanın piyasaya arzın a izin verilmesi ve yeni gıda lar listesinin güncellenmesi işlemlerinin
karara bağlanmasını sağlar . Yeni gıda listesi güncellenirken, söz konusu güncellemenin diğer
bir ülkeden gelen geleneksel bir gıda ile ilgili olduğu belirtilir. Gerekli hallerde kullanım
koşulları, özel etiketleme gereklilikleri veya piyasaya arz sonrası izleme gereklilikleri de
belirtilir.
(5) Bilimsel Komisyon tarafından ikinci fıkra uyarınca olumsuz görüş verilmesi
durum unda, söz konusu geleneksel gıda nın piyasaya arzına izin ver ilmez ve yeni gıda lar listesi
güncelle nmez. Bu durumda , başvuru sahibi 15 inci maddeye göre Genel Müdürlüğe bir
başvuruda bulunabilir.
Diğer bir ülkeden gelen geleneksel bir gıda ya izin verilmesine ilişkin başvuru
MADDE 15 ‒ (1) Başvuru sahibi , 13 üncü maddeye göre daha önce sunulan bilgilere
ilave olarak, 14 üncü maddenin ikinci fıkrasına göre Bilimsel Komisyon tarafından verilen
olumsuz görüş kapsamındaki hususlara ilişkin belgeye dayalı veriler i de başvuruya dâhil eder.
Yapılan başvuru ile ilgili olarak , Genel Müdürlük tarafından yapılan kontrolün ardından geçerli
bulunan başvuru, değerlendirilmek üzere Bilimsel Komisyona sunulur.
Bilimsel Komisyonun diğer bir ülkeden gelen geleneksel bir gıdaya ilişkin bilimsel
görüşü
MADDE 1 6 - (1) Bilimsel Komisyon, söz konusu başvurunun geçerli bir başvuru
olduğunun Genel Müdürlük tarafından belirlendiği ve bu durumun komisyona iletildiği tarihten
itibaren altı ay içinde bilimsel görüşünü oluşturur.
(2) Bilimsel Komisyon , diğer bir ülkeden gelen geleneksel bir gıda nın güvenilirliği ni
değerlendirirken aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alır:
a) Diğer bir ülkede güven ilir bir gıda tüketim geçmişi ne sahip olma durumunun , başvuru
sahibi tarafından 13 üncü ve 15 inci madde gereğince sunulan güvenilir veriler vasıtasıyla
doğrulanıp doğrulanmadığı ,
b) Söz konusu gıdanın bileşimi ve kullanım koşullarının insan sağlığı açısından herhangi
bir güven ilirlik riski oluşturup oluşturmadığı ,
c) Diğer ülkeden gelen söz konusu geleneksel gıdanın başka bir gıdanın yerine
kullanımının amaçlanıp amaçlanmadığı ve yerine kullanıldığı gıdaya göre, normal tüketimi
tüketici için beslenme açısından dezavantajlı olacak şekilde bir farklılık gösterip göstermediği.
(3) Bilimsel Komisyon tarafından , uygun gerekçelerle, başvuru sahibinden ilave bilgi
talep edilmesi halinde , birinci fıkrada belirtilen altı aylık süre uzatılabilir. Genel Müdürlük
başvuru sahibi ile görüştükten sonra, istenen ilave bilginin sağlanması için bir süre belirler .
Genel Müdürlük , talep edilen ilav e bilgi yi ve bu bilginin sağlanması için belirlenen ilave süre yi
başvuru sahibine resmi yazı ile bildir ir.
(4) Üçüncü fıkrada bahsi geçen ilave bilgi nin başvuru sahibine verilen süre içerisinde
resmi yazı ile Genel Müdürlüğe iletilmemesi halinde , Bilimsel Komisyon bilimsel görüşünü
daha önce sunulan mevcut bilgilere dayanarak sonuçlandırır.
(5) Başvuru sahibi tarafından kendiliğinden ilave bilgi sunulması halinde, bu bilgi resmi
yazı ile Genel Müdürlüğe gönderilir . Gönderilen ilave bilgi, Genel Müdürlük tarafından
9
Bilimsel Komisyona iletilir. Bilimsel Komisyonun bilimsel görüşü, üçüncü fıkra saklı kalmak
kaydıyla, birinci fıkrada belirtilen altı aylık süre içinde Genel Müdürlüğe iletilir.
(6) Bilimsel Komisyon tarafından oluşturulan bilimsel görüş, Genel Müdürlük
vasıtasıyla kamuoyunun görüşüne açılır. İlgili taraflar, Bilimsel Komisyonun bilimsel görüşüne
ilişkin görüşlerini otuz gün içinde bildirir. Bilimsel Komisyon, gelen görüşleri değerlendirir.
Görüşe açm a ve görüş değerlendirme süreci, duruma göre, birinci, üçüncü, dördüncü ve beşinci
fıkralarda belirtilen sürelere uygun olarak tamamlanır. Bilimsel Komisyon tarafından son şekli
verilen bilimsel görüş Genel Müdürlüğe iletilir.
Diğer bir ülkeden gelen gelen eksel bir gıda ile ilgili b aşvurunun sonuçlandırılması
ve yeni gıda listesinin güncellenmesi
MADDE 17 ‒ (1) Genel Müdürlük , diğer bir ülkeden gelen geleneksel gıdanın piyasaya
arzına izin verilmesi ve yeni gıda listesinin güncellenmesi işlemlerinin aşağıdaki hususlar
dikkate alınarak karara bağlanmasını sağlar :
a) 7 nci maddenin birinci fıkrasının (a) ve (b) bendi ile uygun hallerde (c) bendinde
belirtilen koşullar,
b) İhtiyatlılık ilkesi de dâhil olmak üzere, ilgili mevzuat hükümleri,
c) Bilimsel Ko misyonun bilimsel görüşü,
ç) Değerlendirilen başvuru ile ilgili diğer yasal hususlar.
(2) Birinci fıkraya istisna olarak, Genel Müdürlük tarafından yapılan değerlendirme
sonunda söz konusu güncellemenin uygun olmadığına karar verilirse, işlem herhangi bir
aşamada sonlandırılabilir ve bir güncelleme yapılmamasına karar verilebilir . Bu tür
durumlarda, varsa Bilimsel Komisyonun bilimsel görüşü ve değerlendirilen konu ile ilgili diğer
hususlar dikkate alınır. Böyle bir durumda, güncellemenin neden uygun bulunmadığı, resmi
yazı ile başvuru sahibine bildirilir.
(3) Başvuru sahibi , 15 inci maddede bahsi geçen başvurusunu istediği zaman geri
çekebilir ve böylece başvuru işlemini sona erdirebilir .
Diğer ülkelerden gelen geleneksel gıdalara izin verilmesi durumunda yeni gıda lar
listesinin güncellenmesi
MADDE 18 ‒ (1) Diğer bir ülkeden gelen geleneksel b ir gıda nın yeni gıdalar listesinden
çıkarılması veya diğer bir ülkeden gelen geleneksel b ir gıda nın yeni gıdalar listesinde yer alması
ile ilgili olarak , spesifikasyonların, kullanım koşullarının, ilave özel etiketleme gerekliliklerinin
veya piyasaya arz sonrası izleme gerekliliklerinin eklenmesi, çıkarılması veya değiştirilmesi
için 9, 10, 11 ve 12 inci maddelerinde yer alan hükümler uygulanır .
Diğer ülkelerden gelen geleneksel gıdalara ilişkin bildirimler ve başvurular için
idari ve bilimsel gereklilikler
MADDE 19 – (1) Diğer ülkelerden ge len geleneksel gıdalara izin verilmesine yönelik
bildirimler ve başvurular ile ilgili aşağıdaki hususlar Bak anlıkça düzenlenir:
a) 13 üncü maddede bahsedilen bildirimlerin ve 15 inci maddede bahsedilen başvuruların
içeriği, hazırlanması ve sunulması.
b) Bahse konu bildirimlerin ve başvuruların geçerliliğinin kontrolüne ilişkin
düzenlemeler.
c) 16 ncı maddede bahsedilen Bilimsel Komisyon bilimsel görüşü kapsamında yer alacak
bilgiler.
10
(2) Başvurular hazırlanırken, birinci fıkrada belirtilen düzenlemenin yanı sıra, eğer varsa,
Genel Müdürlüğün internet sayfasında yayımlanmış olan başvurulara ilişkin açıklayıcı
kılavuzlar da başvuru sahibi tarafından dikkate alınır.
BEŞİNCİ BÖLÜM
Prosedür ile İlgili İlave Kurallar ve Diğer Gereklilikler
Risk yönetimine ilişkin ilave b ilgiler
MADDE 20 ‒ (1) Genel Müdürlük , risk yönetimi ile ilgili konularda başvuru sahibinden
ilave bilgi talep edilebilir. Bu durumda Genel Müdürlük , istenen ilave bilginin temini için
başvuru sahibi ile birlikte uygun bir süre belirledikten sonra, talep edilen ilave bilgiyi ve bu
bilginin sağlanması için belirlenen süreyi başvuru sahibin e resmi yazı ile bildirir .
(2) Birinci fıkrada bahsi geçen ilave bilgi nin belirlenen süre içinde gönderilmemesi
durumunda , Genel Müdürlük mevcut bilgiler doğrultusun da işlem yapar.
Süre uzatımı
MADDE 21 ‒ (1) İstisnai durumlarda, 10 uncu maddenin birinci fıkrasında ve 16 ncı
maddenin birinci fıkrasında belirtilen süreler, ilgili konunun doğası gereği makul bir süre
uzatımının yerinde olduğu durumlarda, Genel Müdürlü k tarafından veya uygun hallerde
Bilimsel Komisyon un talebi üzerine uzatılabilir . Böyle durumlarda, sürenin uzatılması ve
gerekçesi konusunda başvuru sahibi bilgilendirilir.
Yeni gıdalar listesinin güncellenmesi ne yönelik başvuruların gizliliği
MADDE 22 ‒ (1) Başvuru sahipleri , bu Yönetmelik gereğince sunulan bilgiler arasında,
açıklandığında rekabet koşullarını önemli ölçüd e zedeleyebilecek bilgilerin bulunması halinde ,
bu bilgiler in gizli olarak işleme alınmasını talep edebilir .
(2) Birinci fıkrada belirtilen amaç doğrultusunda, başvuru sahipleri , sunulan bilgiler in
hangi kısımlarının gizli olarak işleme alınmasını istediğini belirtir ve gizlilik talebinin
doğrulanması için gerekli tüm ayrıntılı bilgileri doğrulanabilir gerekçeler ile birlikte sunar .
Sunulan bilgi ve gerekçeler Genel Müdürlük tarafından değerlendirilir ve karar başvuru
sahibine iletir.
(3) Başvuru sahiplerine, Genel Müdürlüğün kararını öğrendikten sonra sunulan bilgilerin
gizliliğini korumak amacıyla başvurularını geri çekmek için üç hafta süre verilir. Bu süre
boyunca söz konusu bilgilerin gizlili ği korunur.
(4) Üçüncü fıkrada belirtilen sürenin sona ermesinden sonra, başvuru sahibi başvurusunu
geri çekmemesi durumunda , Genel Müdürlük bilgilerin hangi kısımlarının gizli kalması
gerektiği konusunda bir karar verir ve bu konuda başvuru sahibini bilgilendirir. Ancak,
aşağıdaki bilgiler hiçbir d urumda gizli olarak kabul edilmez:
a) Başvuru sahibinin adı ve adresi,
b) Yeni gıda nın adı ve tanımı,
c) Yeni gıda için önerilen kullanım koşulları,
ç) Başvuru sahibi tarafından sunulan çalışmaların özeti,
d) Gıdanın güvenilirliğini göstermek için yürütülen çalışmaların sonuçları,
e) Analiz yöntemleri,
11
f) Gıda ile ilgili olarak d iğer bir ülke tarafından uygulanan herhangi bir yasaklama veya
kısıtlama .
(5) Genel Müdürlük, bu Yönetmelik gereğince kendisine intikal eden ve dördüncü fıkrada
bahsedildiği şekilde gizli kalması uygun görülen bilgilerin gizliliğini korumak için gerekli
önlemleri alır. Ancak insan sağlığını n korunması için kamu ile paylaşılması gereken bilgiler
gizlilik kapsamının dışında dır.
(6) Başvuru sahibinin başvurusunu geri çekmesi durumunda , Genel Müdürlük, gizlilik
konusunda başvuru sahibi ile üzerinde anlaşma sağlanamayan konulara ilişkin bilgiler de dâhil
olmak üzere, gizli bilgileri ifşa etmez.
(7) Bu madde hükümlerin in uygulan ması, Genel Müdürlük birimleri içindeki ve Genel
Müdürlük ile Bilimsel Komisyon arasındaki başvuru ile ilgili bilgi alışverişini etkilemez.
(8) Bakanlık, bu madde hükümlerin in uygulanmasına ilişkin usul ve esaslar hakkında
düzenleme yapabilir.
Piyasaya arz sonrası izleme gereklilikleri
MADDE 23 ‒ (1) Genel Müdürlük, gıda güvenilirliğini sağlamak amacıyla ve Bilimsel
Komisyonun bilimsel görüşün ü dikkate alarak piyasaya arz sonrası izleme gereklilikleri
uygulayabilir. Bu tür gereklilikler , vaka bazında, ilgili gıda işletmecilerinin tanımlanmasını
kapsayabilir.
İlave bilgi gereklilikleri
MADDE 24 ‒ (1) Piyasaya bir yeni gıda arz etmiş olan herhangi bir gıda işletmecisi ,
aşağıdaki konularla ilgili edindiği herhangi bir bilgi hakkında Genel Müdürlüğü resmi yazı ile
gecikmeksizin bilgilendirir:
a) Söz konusu y eni gıda nın kullanımına ilişkin güvenilirlik değerlendirmesini
etkileyebilecek herhangi bir yeni bilimsel ya da teknik bilgi,
b) Söz konusu yeni gıdanın piyasaya arz edildiği d iğer bir ülke tarafından uygulanan
herhangi bir yasaklama veya kısıtlama .
ALTINCI BÖLÜM
Veri lerin Koru nması
Verilerin koru nması nda izin prosedürü
MADDE 25‒ (1) Başvuru sahibinin talebi üzerine ve bu talebin 9 uncu maddenin birinci
fıkrasında belirtilen başvuruya dâhil edilen uygun ve doğrulanabilir bilgilerle desteklendiği
durumlarda , başvuruyu destekleyen yeni geliştirilmiş bilimsel kanıtlar ya da bilimsel veriler ,
ilgili yeni gıda ya izin verildiği tarihten itibaren beş yıl süresince ilk başvuru sahibinin onayı
olmaksızın son raki başvuru sahibinin yararına kullanılamaz.
(2) Genel Müdürlük , aşağıdaki koşulların sağlandığı durumlarda, 26 ncı maddenin birinci
fıkrası gereğince verileri koru ma altına alır :
a) Yeni geliştirilmiş bilimsel kanıtlar veya bilimsel verilerin ilk başvuru sahibi tarafından
ilk başvurunun yapıldığı sırada tescilli olarak belirtilmiş olması,
b) İlk başvuru sahibi nin, ilk başvurunun yapıldığı sırada tescill i bilimsel kanıtlar veya
bilimsel veriler için özel bir referans gösterme hakkına sahip olması,
12
c) İlk başvuru sahibi tarafından sunulan tecilli bilimsel kanıtlar veya bilimsel veriler
olmaksızın yeni gıdanın Bilimsel Komisyon tarafından değerlendirilememiş olması ve Genel
Müdürlük tarafından söz konusu yeni gıd aya izin verilememiş olması.
(3) İkinci fıkrada belirtilen bilimsel kanıtlar ve bilimsel veriler ile ilgili olarak , ilk başvuru
sahibi bir sonraki başvuru sahibi ile bu tür bilimsel kanıt ve bilimsel verilerin kullanılabilirliği
konusunda anlaşmay a varabilir.
(4) Bu madde hükümleri diğer ülkelerden gelen geleneksel gıdaların piyasaya arzına
ilişkin bildirimler ve başvurular için geçerli değildir .
Koruma altına alınan tescilli bilimsel kanıtlar veya bilimsel verilere dayalı olarak
izin verilen bir yeni gıda nın yeni gıdalar listesine dâhil edilmesi
MADDE 26 ‒ (1) Bir yeni gıdaya, 25 inci maddenin birinci fıkrası nda belirtildiği şekilde
koruma altına alınan tescilli bilimsel kanıtlar veya bilimsel verilere dayalı olarak 9 uncu, 10
uncu ve11 i nci maddelere göre izin verilmesi ve bu yeni gıdanın yeni gıdalar listesine dâhil
edilmesi durum unda, söz konusu yeni gıda yeni gıdalar listesine eklenirken 8 inci maddenin
üçüncü fıkrasında bahsedilen bilgilere ilave ten aşağıdaki bilgiler de belirtilir:
a) Yeni gıda nın listeye eklenme tarihi,
b) Yeni gıda nın listeye dâhil edilmesinin , 25 inci maddeye göre koruma altına alınan
tescilli bilimsel kanıtlara ve bilimsel verilere dayandırıldığı bilgisi,
c) Başvuru sahibinin adı ve adresi,
ç) Sonraki bir başvuru sahibinin, söz konusu yeni gıda için 25 inci maddeye göre koruma
altına alınan tescilli bilimsel kanıtlar veya bilimsel verilere atıf yapmadan izin aldığı durumlar
veya sonraki bir başvuru sahibinin, söz konusu yeni gıda için ilk başvur u sahibi ile anlaşma
yaparak izin aldığı durumlar dışında, söz konusu yeni gıdanın -veri koruma süresi boyunca -
sadece (c) bendinde belirtilen başvuru sahibi tarafından piyasaya arzına izin verildiği bilgisi,
d) 25 inci maddede belirtilen veri koruma süres inin bitiş tarihi.
(2) 25 inci maddeye göre koruma altında olan veya koruma süresi dolmuş olan bilimsel
kanıtlar veya bilimsel veriler yeniden koruma altına alınmaz.
YEDİNCİ BÖLÜM
Çeşitli ve Son Hükümler
Uygulamaya ilişkin düzenlemeler
MADDE 27 ‒ (1) Gerek görüldüğünde bu Yönetmelik hükümlerinin uygulamasına
yönelik hazırlanacak talimat veya kılavuzlar, Bakanlık internet sitesinde yayımlanır.
Avrupa Birliği mevzuatına uyum
MADDE 28 - (1) Bu Yönetmelik, yeni gıdalara ilişkin 25/11/2015 tarihli ve (AT)
2015/2283 sayılı Avrupa Parlamentosu ve Konseyi Tüzüğü ve yeni gıdalar listesine ilişkin
20/12/2017 tarihli ve (AT) 2017/2470 sayılı Komisyon Uygulama Tüzüğü dikkate alınarak
Avrupa Birliği mevzuatına uyum çerçevesinde hazırlanmıştır.
İdari yaptırım
MADDE 29 ‒ (1) Bu Yönetmeliğe aykırı davrananlar hakkında 5996 sayılı Kanunun
ilgili maddelerine göre yaptırımlar uygulanır.
Uyum Zorunluluğu
GEÇİCİ MADDE 1 – (1) Bu Yönetmeliğin yayımı tarihinden önce faaliyet gösteren gıda
işletmecileri, 31/12/202 4 tarihine kadar bu Yönetmelik hükümlerine uymak
13
zorundadır. 31/12/202 4 tarihinden önce etiketlenen veya piyasaya arz edilen gıdalar raf ömrü
sonuna kadar piyasada bulunabilir.
(2) Bu Yönetmeliğin yayımı tarihinden önce faaliyet gösteren gıda işletmecileri, bu
Yönetmelik hükümlerine uyum sağlayana kadar, bu Yönetmelik kapsamına giren hususlarda
bu Yönetmeliğin yayım tarihinden önce yürürlükte olan mevzuat hükümlerine uymakla
yükümlüdür.
Yürürlük
MADDE 30 – (1) Bu Yönetmelik yayımı tarihinde yürürlüğe girer.
Yürütme
MADDE 31 – (1) Bu Yönetmelik hükümlerini Tarım ve Orman Bakanı yürütü r.
14
EK-1
YENİ GIDALAR LİSTESİ
Listenin içeriği
1. Liste Tablo 1 ve Tablo 2’den oluşur.
2. “Tablo 1” kullanımına izin verilen yeni gıdaları ve aşağıdaki bilgileri içerir:
1. Sütun: Kullanımına izin verilen yeni gıdalar.
2. Sütun: Yeni gıdanın hangi koşullar altında kullanılabileceğini bilgisi. Bu sütun, kullanıma izin verilen gıda kategorileri ve en fazla
kullanım seviyeleri olmak üzere iki kısma ayrılır.
3. Sütun: İlave özel etiketleme gereklilikleri.
4. Sütun: Diğer gereklilikler.
5. Sütun: Veri koruması hakkında bilgiler.
3. “Tablo 2” yeni gıdaların spesifikasyonlarını ve aşağıdaki bilgileri i çerir:
1. Sütun: Kullanımına izin verilen yeni gıdalar.
2. Sütun: Spesifikasyonlar.
15
Tablo 1. Kullanımına izin verilen yeni gıdalar, yeni gıdanın kullanım koşulları, ilave öz el etiketleme gereklilikleri, diğer gereklilikler ve veri
koruması
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
1 Akkermansia muciniphila
(pastörize)
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
“pastörize
Akkermansia
muciniphila ” olarak
belirtilir.
Pastörize Akkermansia
muciniphila içeren
takviye edici gıdanın
etiketinde gıdanın
sadece hamile ve
emziren kadınlar
haricindeki yetişkinler
tarafından
kullanılması
gerektiğine dair ifade
yer alır. 1 Mart 2022
tarihinde
kullanımına izin
verilmiştir.
Pastörize
Akkermansia
muciniphila ’nın
kullanımı bu
Yönetmeliğin
Verilerin
korunması
durumunda izin
prosedürü başlıklı
25 inci maddesinde
bahsedilen koruma
altına alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere
dayanmaktadır.
Başvuru sahibi: A -
Mansia Biotech
S.A., rue
Granbonpre, 11, Takviye edici gıdalar (Hamile ve
emzren kadınlar hariç yetişkin
popülasyon için olanlar) 3,4 x 1010 hücre/gün
16
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Batiment H, 1435
Mont -Saint -
Guibert, Belgium.
Veri koruma süresi
boyunca, başka bir
başvuru sahibinin
bu yeni gıda için 25
inci maddeye göre
koruma altına
alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere atıf
yapmadan izin
alması veya ilk
başvuru sahibi ile
anlaşma yaparak
izin alması dışında,
yeni gıda olarak
Pastörize
Akkermansia
muciniphila sadece
A-Mansia Biotech
S.A. tarafından
piyasaya arz edilir.
17
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Veri korumasının
bitiş tarihi: 1 Mart
2027
2 Aspergillus niger ’den elde
edilen kitin -glukan Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyel eri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Aspergillus niger 'den
elde edilen kitin -
glukan’ olarak
belirtilir.
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) 5 g/gün
3 Bacteroides xylanisolvens
ile fermente edilmiş ısıl
işlem görmüş süt ürünleri
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri
Fermente süt ürünleri (sıvı, yarı
sıvı ve sprey kurutulmuş toz
formda)
4 Balık fosfolipidlerinden
elde edilen fosfatidilserin
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri Fosfatidilserinin en
fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Balık fosfatidilserin’
olarak belirtilir.
Yoğurt bazlı içecekler 50 mg/100 mL
Süttozu bazlı tozlar 3 500 mg/100 g
(içmeye hazır
içeceklerde 40 mg/100
mL’ye eş değer
miktarda)
Yoğurt bazlı gıdalar 80 mg/100 g
Tahıl barları 350 mg/100 g
Çikolata bazlı şekerlemeler 200 mg/100 g
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) 300 mg/gün
18
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
(*)En fazla kullanım seviyesi, tüketime hazır ürün ya da üretici talimatına göre sulandırılarak tüketime hazır hale getirilen son ürün içindir.
5 Bitkisel diaçilgliserol yağı
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Bitkisel diaçilgliserol
yağı (en az %80
diaçilgliserol)’ olarak
belirtilir.
Yemeklik yağlar
Sürülebilir yağlar
Salata sosları
Mayonez
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar (içecek
olarak)
Fırıncılık ürünleri
6 Buğday kepeği ekstraktı Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Buğday kepeği
ekstraktı’ olarak
belirtilir. Buğday
kepeği
ekstraktı
takviye edici
gıda olarak
veya takviye
edici gıda
bileşeni
olarak
piyasaya arz
edilemez.
Ayrıca bebek
formüllerine
eklenemez.
Bira 0,4 g/100 g
Tüketime hazır tahıllar 9 g/100 g
Süt ürünleri 2,4 g/100 g
Meyve ve sebze suları 0,6 g/100 g
Alkolsüz içecekler 0,6 g/100 g
Et karışımları 2 g/100 g
7 Calanus finmarchicus yağı
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
19
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) 2,3 g/gün gıdaların etiketinde
‘Calanus finmarchicus
(kabuklu hayvan)’dan
elde edilen yağ’ olarak
belirtilir.
8 Clostridium butyricum
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Clostridium
butyricum MIYAIRI
588 (CBM 588)’ veya
‘Clostridium
butyricum (CBM
588)’ olarak belirtilir.
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) 1,35 x 108 kob/gün
9 Çinko L -pidolat
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Çinko L -pidolat’
olarak belirtilir.
2/7/2019 tarihli ve 30819 sayılı
Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan
Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek ve
Küçük Çocuklara Yönelik Gıdalar
ile Vücut Ağırlığı Kontrolü İçin
Diyetin Yerini Alan Gıdalar
Yönetmeliği’nde tanımlanan
gıdalar 3 g/gün
Süt bazlı içecekler ve küçük
çocuklar için üretilmiş benzer
ürünler
20
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar
Yoğun kas gücü harcamalarını
karşılamak amacıyla özellikle
sporcular için kullanılan gıdalar
Glutenin gıdadaki yokluğu veya
azaltılmış varlığı hakkında ifade
içeren gıdalar(6)
Takviye edici gıdalar (1)
10 D-riboz
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘D-riboz’ olarak
belirtilir.
D-riboz içeren gıdanın
etiketinde, aynı gün
içerisinde D -riboz
içeren takviye edici
gıda tüketilmişse D -
riboz içeren gıda ların
tüketilmemesi
gerektiğine dair bir
ifade yer alır.
16 Nisan 2019
tarihinde
kullanımına izin
verilmiştir.
D-ribozun
kullanımı bu
Yönetmeliğin
Verilerin
korunması
durumunda izin
prosedürü başlıklı
25 inci maddesinde
bahsedilen koruma
altına alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere
dayanmaktadır. Tahıl barlar 0,20 g/100 g
Hafif f ırıncılık ürünleri 0,31 g/100 g
Çikolatalı şekerlemeler
(çikolatalı barlar hariç)
0,17 g/100 g
Süt bazlı içecekler (malt ve
şeykler hariç) 0,08 g/100 g
Özellikle sporcular için yoğun kas
gücü harcamalarını karşılamak
amacıyla üretilen içecekler ,
izotonik ve enerji içecekleri 0,80 g/100 g
Özellikle sporcular için yoğun kas
gücü harcamalarını karşılamak
amacıyla üretilen barlar 3,3 g/100 g
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar
(içecek olarak) 0,13 g/100 g
21
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar
(bar olarak) 3,30 g/100 g Başvuru sahibi:
Bioenergy Life
Science , Inc.,
13840
Johnson St. NE,
Minneapolis,
Minnesota, 55304,
USA.
Veri koruma süresi
boyunca, başka bir
başvuru sahibinin
D-riboz için 25 inci
maddeye göre
koruma altına
alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere atıf
yapmadan izin
alması ve ya D -
riboz için ilk
başvuru sahibi ile
anlaşma yaparak
izin alması dışında,
yeni gıda olarak D -
riboz sadece
Bioenergy Şekerlemeler 0,20 g/100 g
Çay ve infüzyonlar (sulandırıl mak
üzere üretilmiş toz formda -Türk
Gıda Kodeksi Çay Tebliği
kapsamındaki ürünler hariç) 0,23 g/100 g
22
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Life Science, Inc.
tarafından piyasaya
arz edilir.
Veri korumasının
bitiş tarihi: 16
Nisan 2024 (5 yıl)
11 D-Tagatoz
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1. Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘D-Tagatoz’ olarak
belirtilir.
2. D-Tagatoz
miktarının 15
g/porsiyon’u aştığı
gıdaların ve tüketildiği
şekliyle %1 ‘den daha
fazla D -Tagatoz
içeren bütün
içeceklerin etiketinde
‘Aşırı tüketimi laksatif
etkilere yol açabilir’
ifadesi yer alır.
Belirlenmemiş.
12 Demir -II amonyum fosfat
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Demir -II amonyum
fosfat’ olarak belirtilir.
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) Türk Gıda Kodeksi
Takviye Edici Gıdalar
Tebliği, Türk Gıda 2/7/2019 tarihli ve 30819 sayılı
Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan
23
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek ve
Küçük Çocuklara Yönelik Gıdalar
ile Vücut Ağırlığı Kontrolü İçin
Diyetin Yerini Alan Gıdalar
Yönetmeliği’nde tanımlanan
gıdalar Kodeksi Bebek ve
Küçük Çocuklara
Yönelik Gıdalar ile
Vücut Ağırlığı
Kontrolü İçin Diyetin
Yerini Alan Gıdalar
Yönetmeliği ve Türk
Gıda Kodeksi
Gıdalara Vitaminler,
Mineraller ve Belirli
Diğer Öğelerin
Eklenmesi Hakkında
Yönetmeliğe uygun
olarak kullanılır.
Zenginleştirilmiş gıdalar(7)
13 Demir -III sodyum EDTA
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri (susuz
EDTA olarak) Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Demir -III Sodium
EDTA’
Olarak belirtilir.
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) Çocuklar için 18
mg/gün
Yetişkinler için 75
mg/gün
2/7/2019 tarihli ve 30819 sayılı
Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan
Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek ve
Küçük Çocuklara Yönelik Gıdalar 12 mg/100 g
24
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
ile Vücut Ağırlığı Kontrolü İçin
Diyetin Yerini Alan Gıdalar
Yönetmeliği’nde tanımlanan
gıdalar
Zenginleştirilmiş gıdalar(7)
14 Dihidrokapsiat (DHK)
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1. Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Dihidrokapsiat ’
olarak belirtilir.
2. Sentetik
dihidrokapsiat içeren
takviye edici gıdalar ın
etiketinde , ‘4,5
yaşından küçük
çocuklar için uygun
değildir.’ ifadesi yer
alır.
Tahıl barları 9 mg/100 g
Bisküviler, kurabiyeler ve
krakerler 9 mg/100 g
Pirinç bazlı atıştırmalıklar 12 mg/100 g
Karbonatlı içecekler,
seyreltilebilir içecekler, meyve
suyu bazlı içecekler 1,5 mg/100 mL
Sebze içecekleri 2 mg/100 mL
Kahve bazlı içecekler, çay bazlı
içecekler 1,5 mg/100 mL
Aromalı su-gazsız 1 mg/100 mL
Önpişirilmiş yulaf ezmeli tahıl 2,5 mg/100 g
Diğer tahıllar 4,5 mg/100 g
Dondurma, sütlü tatlılar 4 mg/100 g
Puding karışımları (tüketime
hazır) 2 mg/100 g
Yoğurt bazlı ürünler 2 mg/100 g
Çikolatalı şekerlemeler 7,5 mg/100 g
Sert şeker 27 mg/100 g
25
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Şekersiz sakız 115 mg/100 g
Beyazlatıcı / krema 40 mg/100 g
Tatlandırıcılar 200 mg/100 g
Çorba (tüketime hazır) 1,1 mg/100 g
Salata sosu 16 mg/100 g
Bitkisel protein 5 mg/100 g
Tüketime hazır öğünler 3 mg/öğün
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar 3 mg/öğün
Vücut ağırlığı kontr olü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar
(içecekler) 1 mg/100 mL
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) 3 mg/tek kullanım
9 mg/gün
Alkolsüz toz içecek karışımları 1,5 mg/100 mL’e
karşılık gelecek
şekilde 14,5 mg/kg
15 D2 vitamin i içeren mantar
tozu Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri D2 vitamini’nin en
fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
“D vitamin i içeren ,
UV işlemine tabi
tutulmuş mantar tozu”
veya “ D2 vitamin i
içeren , UV işlemine 27 Ağustos 2020
tarihinde
kullanımına izin
verilmiştir.
D2 vitamin i içeren
mantar tozu nun
kullanımı bu
Yönetmeliğin
Verilerin Kahvaltılık tahıllar 2,25 μg D2
vitamin i/100 g
Türk Gıda Kodeksi - Ekmek ve
Ekmek Çeşitleri Tebliği (Resmi
Gazete 04 Ocak 2012 –
28163)’nde tanımlanan
mayalanmış diğer ekmek
çeşitlerinde ve pastacılık ürünleri 2,25 μg D2
vitamin i/100 g
26
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Tane tahıl ürünleri ve makarnalar 2,25 μg D2
vitamin i/100 g tabi tutulmuş mantar
tozu” olarak belirtilir.
D2 vitamin i içeren
mantar tozu içeren
takviye edici gıdaların
etiketinde bebekler ve
küçük çocuklar
tarafından
tüketilmemesi
gerektiğine dair bir
ifade yer alır.
korunması
durumunda izin
prosedürü başlıklı
25 inci maddesinde
bahsedilen koruma
altına alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere
dayanmaktadır.
Başvuru sahibi:
Oakshire Naturals,
LP., PO Box 388
Kennett Square,
Pennsy lvania
19348, United
States
Veri koruma süresi
boyunca, başka bir
başvuru sahibinin
D2 vitamin i içeren
mantar tozu için 25
inci maddeye göre
koruma altına
alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel Meyve suları ve meyve/sebze
karışımı içecekler 1,125 μg D2
vitamin i/100 mL
Süt ve süt ürünleri (içme sütü
hariç) 2,25 μg D2
vitamin i/100 g
1,125 μg D2
vitamin i/100 mL
(içecekler için)
Peynir ( Cottage peyniri, ricotta
peyniri ve sert (Hard -grating)
peynirler hariç) 2,25 μg vitamin
D2/100 g
Öğün yerine geçen barlar ve
içecekler 2,25 μg D2 vitamin i
/100 g
1,125 μg D2 vitamin i
/100 mL (içecekler
için)
Çorbalar ve et suları 2,25 μg D2 vitamin i
/100 g
Ekstrude sebze atıştırmalıkları 2,25 μg D2 vitamin i
/100 g
Takviye edici gıdalar(1) (Küçük
çocuklar için olanlar hariç) 15 μg/gün
27
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
verilere atıf
yapmadan izin
alması veya D2
vitamin i içeren
mantar tozu için ilk
başvuru sahibi ile
anlaşma yaparak
izin alması dışında,
yeni gıda olarak D2
vitamin i içeren
mantar tozu sadece
Oakshire Naturals,
LP. tarafından
piyasaya arz
edilir.Veri
korumasının bitiş
tarihi: 27 Ağustos
2025.
16 D2 vitamin i içeren mantar
tozu
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri D2 vitamini’nin en
fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
“D2 vitamin i içeren ,
UV işlemine tabi
tutulmuş mantar tozu”
olarak belirtilir. 19 Aralık 2021
tarihinde
kullanımına izin
verilmiştir.
D2 vitamin i içeren
mantar tozu nun
kullanımı bu Kahvaltılık tahıllar 2,1 μg D2 vitamin i/100
g
Türk Gıda Kodeksi - Ekmek ve
Ekmek Çeşitleri Tebliği (Resmi
Gazete 04 Ocak 2012 –
28163)’nde tanımlanan 2,1 μg D2 vitamin i/100
g
28
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
mayalanmış diğer ekmek
çeşitlerinde ve pastacılık ürünleri
“D2 vitamin i içeren
mantar tozu ” içeren
takviye edici gıdaların
etiketinde bebekler ve
küçük çocuklar
tarafından
tüketilmemesi
gerektiğine dair bir
ifade yer alır.
Yönetmeliğin
Verile rin
korunması
durumunda izin
prosedürü başlıklı
25 inci maddesinde
bahsedilen koruma
altına alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere
dayanmaktadır.
Başvuru sahibi:
MBio, Monaghan
Mushrooms,
Tullygony,
Tyholland, Co.
Monaghan, Ireland.
Veri koruma süresi
boyunca, başka bir
başvuru sahibinin
D2 vitamin i içeren
mantar tozu için 25
inci maddeye göre
koruma altına
alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar Tane tahıl ürünleri ve makarnalar
ve benzer ürünler 2,1 μg D2 vitamin i/100
g
Meyve/sebze suları ve nektarları 1,1 μg D2 vitamin i/100
mL (Tüketime hazır
halde satışa sunulan
veya üretici
talimatlarına göre
sulandırılan)
Süt ürünleri /içecekler hariç) 2,1 μg D2 vitamin i/100
g (Tüketime hazır
halde satışa sunulan
veya üretici
talimatlarına göre
sulandırılan)
İçecek olan süt ürünleri 1,1 μg vitamin D 2/100
mL (Tüketime hazır
halde satışa sunulan
veya üretici
talimatlarına göre
sulandırılan)
Süt ve süt tozu 21,3 μg vitamin
D2/100 g (Tüketime
hazır halde satışa
sunulan veya üretici
talimatlarına göre
sulandırılan)
29
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Et analogları 2,1 μg D2 vitamin i
/100 g veya bilimsel
verilere atıf
yapmadan izin
alması veya D2
vitamin i içeren
mantar tozu için ilk
başvur u sahibi ile
anlaşma yaparak
izin alması dışında,
yeni gıda olarak D2
vitamin i içeren
mantar tozu sadece
MBio, Monaghan
Mushrooms
tarafından piyasaya
arz edilir.Veri
korumasının bitiş
tarihi: 19 Aralık
2026 .
Çorbalar 2,1 μg D2 vitamin i
/100 mL (Tüketime
hazır halde satışa
sunulan veya üretici
talimatlarına göre
sulandırılan)
Ekstrude sebze atıştırmalıkları 2,1 μg D2 vitamin i
/100 g
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar 2,1 μg D2 vitamin i
/100 g
Takviye edici gıdalar (Küçük
çocuklar için olanlar hariç) 15 μg D2 vitamin i/gün
17 Eşit miktar larda
fosfatidilserin ve fosfatidik
asit içeren fosfolipid ürünü
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri Fosfatidilserinin en
fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘soya fosfatidilserin
ve fosfatidik asit’
olarak belirtilir.
Ürün hamile
ve emziren
kadınlar
tarafından
kullanılması
için piyasaya
arz edilmez .
Kahvaltılık tahıllar 80 mg/100 g
Tahıl barları 350 mg/100 g
Yoğurt bazlı gıdalar 80 mg/100 g
Soya bazlı yoğurt benzeri ürünler 80 mg/100 g
30
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Yoğurt bazlı içecekler 50 mg/100 g
Soya bazlı yoğurt benzeri
içecekler 50 mg/100 g
Süttozu bazlı tozlar 3,5 mg/100 g (içmeye
hazır içeceklerde 40
mg/100 mL’ye eş
değer miktarda)
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) 800 mg/gün
18 Euphausia superba ’dan
elde edilen Antarktik Krill
yağı
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri DHA ve EPA’nın
kombinasyonlarının
en fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Kabuklu hayvan
Antarktik Krill
(Euphausia
superba )’den elde
edilen yağ ekstraktı’
olarak belirtilir.
Alkolsüz içecekler
Süt bazlı içecekler 80 mg/100mL
Sürülebilir yağlar ve soslar 600 mg/100 g
Yemeklik yağlar 360 mg/100 mL
Kahvaltılık tahıllar 500 mg/100 g
Fırıncılık ürünleri ( Türk Gıda
Kodeksi - Ekmek ve Ekmek
Çeşitleri Tebliği (Resmi Gazete
04 Ocak 2012 – 28163)’nde
tanımlanan diğer ekmek çeşitleri ,
roller ve tatlı bisküviler) 200 mg/100g
Besin barları/tahıl barları 500 mg/100 g
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) Genel nüfus için 3000
mg/gün
31
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Hamile ve emziren
kadınlar için 450
mg/gün
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü için
diyetin yerini alan gıdalar(5) ve
vücut ağırlığı kontrolü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar 250 mg/öğün
Bebek ve küçük çocuk ek
gıdaları(4) 200 mg/100 mL
Yoğun kas gücü harcamalarını
karşılamak amacıyla özellikle
sporcular için kullanılan gıdalar
Glutenin gıdadaki yokluğu veya
azaltılmış varlığı hakkında ifade
içeren gıdalar(6)
19 Euphausia superba’ dan
elde edilen fosfolipidçe
zengin Antarktik Krill yağı
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri DHA ve EPA’nın
kombinasyonlarının
en fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Kabuklu hayvan
Antarktik Krill
(Euphausia
superba )’dan elde
edilen lipid ekstraktı’
olarak belirtilir.
Süt bazlı içecekler hariç süt
ürünleri 200 mg/100 g veya
peynir ürünleri için
600 mg/100 g
Alkolsüz içecekler
Süz bazlı içecekle r 80 mg/100mL
Sürülebilir yağlar ve soslar 600 mg/100 g
Yemeklik yağlar 360 mg/100 mL
Kahvaltılık tahıllar 500 mg/100 g
32
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Fırıncılık ürünleri ( Türk Gıda
Kodeksi - Ekmek ve Ekmek
Çeşitleri Tebliği (Resmi Gazete
04 Ocak 2012 – 28163)’nde
tanımlanan diğer ekmek çeşitleri ,
roller ve tatlı bisküviler) 200 mg/100g
Besin barları/tahıl barları 500 mg/100 g
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) Genel nüfus için 3000
mg/gün
Hamile ve emziren
kadınlar için 450
mg/gün
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü için
diyetin yerini alan gıdalar(5) ve
vücut ağırlığı kontrolü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar 250 mg/öğün
Bebek ve küçük çocuk ek
gıdaları(4) 200 mg/100 mL
Yoğun kas gücü harcamalarını
karşılamak amacıyla özellikle
sporcular için kullanılan gıdalar
Glutenin gıdadaki yokluğu veya
azaltılmış varlığı hakkında ifade
içeren gıdalar(6)
20 Fenilkapsaisin Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Fenilkapsaisin ’
olarak belirtilir.
19 Aralık 2019
tarihinde
kullanımına izin
verilmiştir.
Fenilkapsaisin Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (11 yaş
altındaki çocuklar hariç genel
popülasyon için) 2,5 mg /gün
33
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
kullanımı bu
Yönetmeliğin
Verilerin
korunması
durumunda izin
prosedürü başlıklı
25 inci maddesinde
bahsedilen koruma
altına alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere
dayanmaktadır.
Başvuru sahibi:
aXichem AB,
Södergatan 26, SE
211 34, Malmö -
İSVEÇ
Veri koruma süresi
boyunca, başka bir
başvuru sahibinin
Fenilka psaisin için
25 inci maddeye
göre koruma altına
alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
34
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
verilere atıf
yapmadan izin
alması veya
Fenilkapsaisin için
ilk başvuru sahibi
ile anlaşma yaparak
izin alması dışında,
yeni gıda olarak
Fenilkapsasisin
sadece aXichem
AB tarafından
piyasada yer alır.
21 Fermente siyah fasu lye
ekstraktı
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Fermente siyah
fasulye (soya)
ekstraktı ’ veya
‘Fermente soya
ekstraktı ’ olarak
belirtilir.
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) 4,5 g/gün
22 Fermente soya fas ulyesi
ekstraktı
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1. Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Fermente soya
fasulyesi ekstraktı’
olarak belirtilir.
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (kapsül,
tablet ya da toz formda) (hamile
ve emziren kadınlar hariç yetişkin
nüfus için) 100 mg/gün
35
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Yoğurt ve peynir gibi fermente süt
bazlı ürü nler (yağ miktarı ≤ 12
g/100 g) (muhtemelen, süt yağının
azaltılmasıyla veya süt yağının
ve/veya proteininin kısmen veya
tamamen bitkisel yağ ve/veya
proteinle ikame edilmesi ile elde
edilen) 2. Fermente soya
fasulyesi ekstraktını
içeren takv iye edici
gıdaların etiketinde,
ilaç kullanan kişilerin
ürünü sadece tıbbi
gözetim altında
tüketmeleri
gerektiğine dair uyarı
yer alır. Sürülebilir yağlar(8) (Tereyağı
veya başka hayvansal yağ esaslı
sürülebilir yağlar ve yemeklik ve
kızartmalık yağlar hariç olmak
üzere)
Takviye edici gıdalar (1)
23 Fitosteroller/fitostanoller
ile zenginleştirilmiş yağ
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla
fitosterol/fitostanol
seviyeleri 26/01/2017 tarihli ve
29960 sayılı Türk
Gıda Kodeksi Gıda
Etiketleme ve
Tüketicileri
Bilgilendirme
Yönetmeliği (Ek -2’de
5. maddesine)’ne
uygun olarak
Sürülebilir yağlar(8) (Tereyağı
veya başka hayvansal yağ esaslı
sürülebilir yağlar ve yemeklik ve
kızartmalık yağlar hariç olmak
üzere) Ürünlerin her biri, en
fazla 3 g (günde bir
porsiyon olması
durumunda) veya en
fazla 1 g (günde üç
porsiyon olması
durumunda) ilave
fitosterol/fitostanol
içeren porsiyonlara
kolaylıkla ayrılacak
nitelikte sunulur. Süt bazlı ürünler (meyve ve/veya
tahıl ilavesiyle elde edilen yarım
yağlı süt ve yağsız süt bazlı
ürünler); yoğurt gibi fermente süt
bazlı ürünler; süt yağı azaltılmış
ve yağ ve protein kısmen veya
36
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
tamamen bitkisel yağ veya
proteinle ikame edilmiş; yağ
içeriği en çok 12g/100g olan
peynir bazlı ürünler 2. Kutu içeceklere
ilave edile n fitosterol/
fitostanol miktarı 3 g ’ı
aşmamalıdır.
3-Salata sosları,
mayonez ve baharatlı
soslar tekli
porsiyonlar şeklinde
paketlenir. Soya içecekleri
Salata sosları, mayonez ve
baharatlı soslar
24 Fosfatlanmış Mısır
Nişastası
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Fosfatlanmış mısır
nişastası’ olarak
belirtilir.
Pişirilmiş fırıncılık ürünleri % 15
Makarna
Kahvaltılık tahıllar
Tahıl barları
25 2'-Fukozillaktoz
(sentetik)
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1. Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘2'-fukozil -laktoz’
olarak belirtilir.
2. 2'-fukozilaktoz
içeren takviye edici
gıdaların etiketinde,
eğer aynı gün 2' -
fukozil -laktoz ilave
edilmiş başka gıdalar
tüketilirse takviye
edici gıdanın
Aromalandırılmamış pastörize ve
sterilize edilmiş (UHT dahil) süt
bazlı ürünler 1,2 g/L
Aromalandırılmamış fermente süt
bazlı ürünler
1,2 g/L içecekler
19,2 g/kg içecekler
haricinde ürünler
Isıl işlem görmüş ürünlerde dahil
olmak üzere aromalı fermente süt
bazlı ürünler 1,2 g/L içecekler
19,2 g/kg içecekler
haricinde ürünler
İçecek beyazlatıcıları 1,2 g/L içecekler
37
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
12 g/kg içecekler
haricinde ürünler için kullanılmaması
gerektiğine dair bir
ifade yer alır.
3. Küçük çocuklara
yönelik 2' -
fukozilaktoz içeren
takviye edici gıdaların
etiketinde, aynı gün
anne sütü veya 2' -
fukozilaktoz ilave
edilmiş başka gıdalar
tüketilirse takviye
edici gıdanın
kullanılmaması
gerektiğine dair bir
ifade yer alır. 400 g/kg
beyazlatıcılar için
Tahıl barları 12 g/kg
Sofralık tatlandırıcılar 200 g/kg
Bebek formülleri (2) Tüketime hazır olarak
piyasaya sunulan ya
da üreticinin
talimatlarına göre
hazırlanarak tüketime
hazır hale getirilen son
üründe tek başına 1,2
g/L veya lakto -N-
neotetroz miktarı en
fazla 0,6 g/L olacak
şekilde 2:1 oranında
2'-Fukozillaktoz
ve lakto -N-neotetroz
kombinasyonu
halinde.
Devam formülleri(3) Tüketime hazır olarak
piyasaya sunulan ya
da üreticinin
talimatlarına göre
hazırlanarak tüketime
hazır hale getirilen son
üründe tek başına 1,2
g/L veya lakto -N-
38
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
neotetroz miktarı en
fazla 0,6 g/L olacak
şekilde 2:1 oranında
2'-Fukozillaktoz
ve lakto -N-neotetroz
kombinasyonu
halinde.
Bebek ve küçük çocuk ek
gıdaları(4) İçecekler haricinde
ürünler için 12 g/kg
Tüketime hazır olarak
piyasaya sunulan ya
da üreticinin
talimatlarına göre
hazırlanarak tüketime
hazır hale getirilen
sıvı haldeki gıdalarda
1,2 g/L.
Küçük çocuklar için süt bazlı
içecekler ve benzer ürünler Tüketime hazır olarak
piyasaya sunulan ya
da üreticinin
talimatlarına göre
hazırlanarak tüketime
hazır hale getirilen son
üründe, tek başına 1,2
g/L veya lakto -N-
neotetroz miktarı en
fazla 0,6 g/L olacak
şekilde 2:1 oranında
2'-Fukozillaktoz
39
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
ve lakto -N-neotetroz
kombinasyonu
halinde.
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü için
diyetin yerini alan gıdalar(5) 4,8 g/L içecekler için
40 g/kg barlar için
Glutenin gıdadaki yokluğu veya
azaltılmış varlığı hakkında ifade
içeren Türk Gıda Kodeksi - Ekmek
ve Ekmek Çeşitleri Tebliği (Resmi
Gazete 04 Ocak 2012 – 28163)’nde
tanımlanan diğer ekmek çeşitleri ve
makarna ürünleri(6) 60 g/kg
Aromalı içecekler 1,2 g/L
Kahve, çay (siyah çay haricinde),
bitki ve meyve infüzyonları,
hindiba; çay, bitki ve meyve
infüzyonları ve hindiba ekstraktı;
çay, bitki, meyve ve tahıl
infüzyon preparatları, ayrıca bu
ürünlerin karışımları ve instant
karışımları 9,6 g/L -kullanıma
hazır ürünler için en
fazla kullanım
seviyesi
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (bebekler
için olan takviye edici gıdalar
hariç) 3,0 g/gün genel nüfus
için
1,2 g/gün 4 -10 yaş
grubu çocuklar için
26 Galaktooligosakkarit
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri
40
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
(kg gala kto-
oligosakkarit/kg nihai
gıda oranı olarak
ifade edilir)
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) 0,333
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (bebek ve
küçük çocukler için olanlar hariç) 0,450 ( 5,4 g galakto -
oligosakarit/porsiyona
karşılık gelen ;
maksimum 3
porsiyon/gün,
maksimum 16,2 g/gün
Süt 0,020
Süt içecekleri 0,030
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar (içecek
olarak) 0,020
Yoğurt 0,033
Süt bazlı tatlılar 0,043
Dondurulmuş sütlü tatlılar 0,043
Meyve içecekleri ve enerji
içecekleri 0,021
Öğün yerine geçen bebek
içecekleri 0,012
Bebek meyve suyu 0,025
Bebek yoğut içeceği 0,024
Bebek tatlısı 0,027
41
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Bebek atıştırmalığı 0,143
Bebek tahılları 0,027
Yoğun kas gücü harcamalarını
karşılamak amacıyla özellikle
sporcular için kullanılan gıdalar 0,013
Meyve suyu 0,021
Meyve turtası dolgusu 0,059
Meyve preparatları 0,125
Barlar 0,125
Tahıllar 0,125
Bebek formülleri (2) ve devam
formülleri(3) 0,008
Peynir ve işlenmiş peynir 0,1
Tereyağı ve sürülebilir yağlar 0,1
27 Aspergillus niger ’den elde
edilen glukozamin HCl
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri
Takviye edici gıdalar(1) Kabuklu deniz
ürünlerinden elde
edilen glukozaminin
normal kullanımına
uygun olarak
2/7/2019 tarihli ve 30819 sayılı
Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan
Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek ve
Küçük Çocuklara Yönelik Gıdalar
ile Vücut Ağırlığı Kontrolü İçin
Diyetin Yerini Alan Gıdalar
Yönetmeliği’nde tanımlanan
gıdalar
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar
42
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Yoğun kas gücü harcamalarını
karşılamak amacıyla özellikle
sporcular için kullanılan gıdalar
Glutenin gıdadaki yokluğu veya
azaltılmış varlığı hakkında ifade
içeren gıdalar(6)
28 Aspergillus niger ’den elde
edilen glukozamin sülfat
KCl
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri
Takviye edici gıdalar(1) Kabuklu deniz
ürünlerinden elde
edilen glukozaminin
normal kullanımına
uygun olarak
29 Aspergillus niger ’den elde
edilen glukozamin sülfat
NaCl
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri
Takviye edici gıdalar(1) Kabuklu deniz
ürünlerinden elde
edilen glukozaminin
normal kullanımına
uygun olarak
30 Hidroksitirosol
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘hidroksitirosol’
olarak belirtilir.
Balık yağı ve bitkisel yağlar,
(17/09/2017 tarihli ve 30183
sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan
Türk Gıda Kodeksi - Zeytinyağı
ve Pirina Yağı Tebliğinde 0,215 g/kg
43
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
tanımlanan zeytinyağı ve pirina
yağı hariç)
Hidroksitirosol içeren
gıda ürünlerinin
etiketinde aşağıdaki
ifadeler yer alır:
(a) Bu gıda ürünü, üç
yaşından küçük
çocuklar, hamile ve
emziren kadınlar
tarafından
tüketilemez,
(b) Bu gıda; yemeklik,
fırınlama veya
kızartma için
kullanılmaz. Sürülebilir yağlar(8)
0,175 g/kg
31 Horoz İbiği Ekstraktı
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Horoz ibiği
ekstraktı’ veya ‘Yavru
horoz ibiği ekstraktı’
olarak belirtilir.
Süt bazlı içecekler 40 mg/100g veya
mg/100mL
Süt bazlı fermente içecekler 80 mg/100g veya
mg/100mL
Yoğurt tipi ürünler 65 mg/100g veya
mg/100mL
Fromage Frais 110 mg/100g veya
mg/100mL
32 Izomalto -oligosakkarit
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1. Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘izomalto -
Enerjisi azaltılmış alkolsüz
içecekler % 6,5
Enerji içecekleri % 5
44
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Yoğun kas gücü harcamalarını
karşılamak amacıyla özellikle
sporcular için kullanılan gıdalar
(izotonik içeceklerde dahil olmak
üzere) % 6,5 oligosakkarit’ olarak
belirtilir.
2. Yeni gıda bileşenini
içeren gıdanın
etiketinde ‘glukoz
kaynağıdır’ ifadesi yer
alır. Meyve suyu % 5
İşlenmiş sebze ve sebze suları % 5
Diğer alkolsüz içecekler % 5
Tahıl barları % 10
Kurabiyeler, bisküviler % 20
Kahvaltılık tahıl barları % 25
Sert şekerlemeler % 97
Yumuşak şekerleme/çikolata
barları % 25
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar (barlar
veya süt bazlı olarak) % 20
33 İzomaltuloz
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1. Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘izomaltuloz’ olarak
belirtilir.
2. Etikette, bir işaret
(* gibi) aracılığıyla
‘İzomaltuloz glukoz
ve fruktoz kaynağıdır’
şeklinde belirgin bir
dipnot yer alır.
Belirlenmemiş.
45
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
34 Kalamardan ekstrakte
edilen yağ
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri DHA ve EPA’nın
kombinasyonlarının
en fazla seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Kalamar yağı’ olarak
belirtilir.
Süt bazlı içecekler hariç süt
ürünleri 200 mg/100 g veya
peynir ürünleri için
600 mg/100 g
Sürülebilir yağlar ve soslar 600 mg/100 g
Kahvaltılık tahıllar 500 mg/100 g
Fırıncılık ürünleri ( Türk Gıda
Kodeksi - Ekmek ve Ekmek Çeşitleri
Tebliği (Resmi Gazete 04 Ocak
2012 – 28163)’nde tanımlanan diğer
ekmek çeşitleri ve roll ekmekler ) 200 mg/100 g
Tahıl barları 500 mg/100 g
Alkolsüz içecekler (süt bazlı
içecekler de dahil olmak üzere) 60 mg/100 mL
Takviye edici gıdalar(1) 3000 mg/gün, genel
nüfus için
450 mg/gün, hamile
ve emziren kadınlar
için
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü için
diyetin yerini alan gıdalar(5) ve
vücut ağırlığı kontrolü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar 200 mg/öğün
35 Kondroitin sülfat
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Mikrobiyal
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (Hamile
ve emziren kadınlar hariç, sadece 1200 mg/gün
46
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
yetişkin nüfus için olan takviye
edici gıdalar) fermentasyon ve
sülfasyon ile elde
edilen kondroitin
sülfat’ olarak belirtilir.
36 Krom Pikolinat
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri Toplam Kromun
maksimum seviyesi Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Krom pikolinat’
olarak belirtilir.
2/7/2019 tarihli ve 30819 sayılı
Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan
Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek ve
Küçük Çocuklara Yönelik Gıdalar
ile Vücut Ağırlığı Kontrolü İçin
Diyetin Yerini Alan Gıdalar
Yönetmeliği’nde tanımlanan
gıdalar 250 μg/gün
Zenginleştirilmiş gıdalar(7)
37 Ksilo -oligosakkaritler
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri(**) Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
“Ksilo -
oligosakkaritler”
olarak belirtilir.
Türk Gıda Kodeksi - Ekmek ve
Ekmek Çeşitleri Tebliği (Resmi
Gazete 04 Ocak 2012 –
28163)’nde tanımlanan diğer
ekmek çeşitleri 14 g/kg
Kahvaltılık tahıllar 14 g/kg
Bisküviler 14 g/kg
Soya içeceği 3,5 g/kg
Yoğurt (*) 3,5 g/kg
Sürülebilir meyveler 30 g/kg
Çikolatalı şekerlemeler 30 g/kg
47
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (yetişkin
nüfus için) 2 g/gün
(*)Ksilo -oligosakkaritler , süt ürünlerinde kullanıldığında,
kısmen veya tamamen herhangi bir süt bileşeninin yerini
almamalıdır.
(**)En fazla kullanım seviyeleri, spesifikasyonlar
bölümündeki Toz form 1’in özelliklerine göre hesaplanır.
38 Kalsiyum L -metilfolat Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri (Folik asit
olarak) Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Kalsiyum L -
metilfolat’ olarak
belirtilir.
Bebek formülleri ve devam
formülleri Türk Gıda Kodeksi
Bebek ve Küçük
Çocuklara Yönelik
Gıdalar ile Vücut
Ağırlığı Kontrolü İçin
Diyetin Yerini Alan
Gıdalar
Yönetmeliği ne uygun
olarak
Bebek ve küçük çocuk ek gıdaları Türk Gıda Kodeksi
Bebek ve Küçük
Çocuklara Yönelik
Gıdalar ile Vücut
Ağırlığı Kontrolü İçin
Diyetin Yerini Alan
Gıdalar Yönetmeliği
Takviye edici gıdalar Türk Gıda Kodeksi
Takviye Edici Gıdalar
48
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Tebliğine uygun
olarak
Zenginleştirilmiş gıdalar 07/03/2017 tarihli ve
30000 sayılı Türk
Gıda Kodeksi
Gıdalara Vitaminler,
Mineraller ve Belirli
Diğer Öğelerin
Eklenmesi Hakkında
Yönetmeliğe uygun
olarak
39 Kalsiyum fruktoborat Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1.Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
“kalsiyum
fruktoborat” olarak
belirtilir.
2. kalsiyum
fruktoborat içeren
takviye edici gıdanın
etiketi nde 18 yaşından
küçükler tarafından ve
hamile ve emziren
kadınlar tarafından
tüketilmemesi
gerektiğine dair ifade
bulunur. 23 Aralık 2021
tarihinde
kullanımına izin
verilmiştir.
Fenilkapsaisin
kullanımı bu
Yönetmeliğin
Verilerin
korunması
durumunda izin
prosedürü başlıklı
25 inci maddesinde
bahsedilen koruma
altına alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel Takviye edici gıdalar 220 mg/gün
49
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
verilere
dayanmaktadır.
Başvuru sahibi:
VDF
FutureCeuticals,
Inc., 300 West 6th
Street Momence,
Illionis 60954 the
United States.
Veri koruma sü resi
boyunca, başka bir
başvuru sahibinin
Kalsiyum
fruktoborat için 25
inci maddeye göre
koruma altına
alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere atıf
yapmadan izin
alması veya
kalsiyum
fruktoborat için ilk
başvuru sahibi ile
anlaşma yaparak
izin alması dışında,
50
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
yeni gıda olarak
kalsiyum
fruktoborat sadece
VDF
FUTURECeutical,
Inc. tarafından
piyasada yer alır.
Veri korumasının
bitiş tarihi: 2 3
Aralık 2026.
40 Agaricus bisporus veya
Aspergillus niger ’den
ekstrakte edilen kitosan
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Agaricus
bisporus’ dan ekstrakte
edilen kitosan’ veya
‘Aspergillus niger’ den
ekstrakte edilen
kitosan’ olarak
belirtilir.
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) Kabuklulardan elde
edilen kitosanın
takviye edici gıdalarda
normal kullanıma
uygun olarak
41 Laktitol
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
51
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (yetişkin
nüfus için takviye edici gıdalar -
kapsül, tablet veya toz) 20 g/gün gıdaların etiketinde
‘laktitol’ olarak
belirtilir.
42 Lakto -N-neotetraoz
(sentetik)
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1. Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Lakto -N-neotetraoz’
olarak belirtilir.
2. Lakto -N-neotetraoz
içeren takviye edici
gıdaların etiketinde,
aynı gün Lakto -N-
neotetraoz ilave
edilmiş başka gıdalar
tüketil irse bu takviye
edici gıdanın
kullanılmaması
gerektiğine dair bir
ifade yer alır.
3. Küçük çocuklara
yönelik Lakto -N-
neotetraoz içeren
takviye edici gıdaların
etiketinde, aynı gün
anne sütü veya Lakto -
N-neotetraoz ilave
edilmiş başka gıdalar
tüketilirse takviye
edici gıdanın
Aromalandırılmamış pastörize ve
sterilize edilmiş (UHT dahil) süt
bazlı ürünler 0,6 g/L
Aromalandırılmamış fermente süt
bazlı ürünler 0,6 g/L, içecekler için
9,6 g/kg, içecekler
haricinde ürünler
Isıl işlem görmüş ürünlerde dahil
olmak üzere aromalı fermente süt
bazlı ürünler 0,6 g/L, içecekler
9,6 g/kg, içecekler
haricinde ürünler
İçecek beyazlatıcıları 0,6 g/L, içecekler için
6 g/kg, içecekler
haricinde ürünler için
200 g/kg,
beyazlatıcılar için
Tahıl barları 6 g/kg
Sofralık tatlandırıcılar 100 g/kg
Bebek formülleri (2) Tüketime hazır olarak
piyasaya sunulan ya
da üreticinin
talimatlarına göre
hazırlanarak tüketime
hazır hale getirilen son
üründe ; 1:2 oranında
52
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
2'-Fukozillaktoz ve
Lakto -N-neotetroz
kombinasyonu miktarı
en fazla 1,2 g/L
olacak şekilde
içerisinde 0,6 g/L kullanılmaması
gerektiğine dair bir
ifade yer alır.
Devam formülleri(3) Tüketime hazır olarak
piyasaya sunulan ya
da üreticinin
talimatlarına göre
hazırlanarak tüketime
hazır hale getirilen son
üründe ; 1:2 oranında
2'-Fukozillaktoz ve
Lakto -N-neotetroz
kombinasyonu miktarı
en fazla 1,2 g/L
olacak şekilde
içerisinde 0,6 g/L
Bebek ve küçük çocuk ek
gıdaları(4) 6 g/kg, içecekler
haricinde diğer
ürünler için
Tüketime hazır olarak
piyasaya sunulan ya
da üreticinin
talimatlarına göre
hazırlanarak tüketime
hazır hale getirilen
53
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
sıvı haldeki son
üründe 0,6 g/L
Küçük çocuklar için süt bazlı
içecekler ve benzer ürünler Tüketime hazır olarak
piyasaya sunulan ya
da üreticinin
talimatlarına göre
hazırlanarak tüketime
hazır hale getirilen son
üründe ; 1:2 oranında
2'-Fukozillaktoz ve
Lakto -N-neotetroz
kombinasyonu miktarı
içerisinde 0,6 g/L
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü için
diyetin yerini alan gıdalar(5) 2,4 g/L içecekler için
20 g/kg barlar için
Glutenin gıdadaki yokluğu veya
azaltılmış varlığı hakkında ifade
içeren Türk Gıda Kodeksi - Ekmek
ve Ekmek Çeşitleri Tebliği (Resmi
Gazete 04 Ocak 2012 – 28163)’nde
tanımlanan diğer ekmek çeşitleri ve
makarna ürünleri(6) 30 g/kg
Aromalı içecekler 0,6 g/L
Kahve, çay (siyah çay haricinde),
bitki ve meyve infüzyonları,
hindiba; çay, bitki ve meyve
infüzyonları ve hindiba
ekstraktları; 4,8 g/L -kullanıma
hazır ürünler için en
fazla kullanım
seviyesi
54
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
çay, bitki, meyve ve tahıl
infüzyon preparatları, ayrıca bu
ürünlerin karışımları ve instant
karışımları
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (bebekler
için olan takviye edici gıdalar
hariç) 1,5 g/gün, genel nüfus
için
0,6 g/gün, küçük
çocuklar için
43 L-ergotiyonein
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘L-ergotiyonein’
olarak belirtilir.
Alkolsüz içecekler 0,025 g/kg
Süt bazlı içecekler 0,025 g/kg
‘Taze’ süt ürünleri (*) 0,040 g/kg
Tahıl barları 0,2 g/kg
Çikolata şekerlemeler 0,25 g/kg
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) Genel nüfus için 30
mg/gün (hamile ve
emziren kadınlar
hariç)
3 yaşından büyük
çocuklar için 20
mg/gün
55
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
(*)L-ergotiyonein , süt ürünlerinde kullanıldığında, kısmen
veya tamamen herhangi bir süt bileşeninin yerini
almamalıdır.
44 Leuconostoc
mesenteroides ’den üretilen
dekstran preparatı
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri Maksimum kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Dekstran’ olarak
belirtilir.
Fırıncılık ürünleri % 5
45 Likopen (sentetik)
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘likopen’ olarak
belirtilir.
Meyve/sebze suyu bazlı içecekler
(konsantreler dahil olmak üzere) 2,5 mg/100 g
Yoğun kas gücü harcamalarını
karşılamak amacıyla özellikle
sporcular için kullanılan içecekler 2,5 mg/100 g
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü için
diyetin yerini alan gıdalar(5) ve
vücut ağırlığı kontrolü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar 8 mg/öğün
Kahvaltılık tahıllar 5 mg/100 g
Katı yağlar ve salata sosları 10 mg/100 g
Çorbalar (domates çorbası hariç) 1 mg/100 g
Türk Gıda Kodeksi - Ekmek ve
Ekmek Çeşitleri Tebliği (Resmi
Gazete 04 Ocak 2012 – 28163)’nde
tanımlanan diğer ekmek çeşitleri 3 mg/100 g
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) 15 mg/gün
56
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
46 Likopen ( Blakeslea
trispora ’dan elde edilen) Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘likopen’ olarak
belitrtilir.
Meyve/sebze suyu bazlı içecekler
(konsantreler dahil olmak üzere) 2,5 mg/100 g
Özellikle sporcular için yoğun kas
gücü harcamalarını karşılamak
amacıyla kullanılan içecekler 2,5 mg/100 g
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü için
diyetin yerini alan gıdalar(5) ve
vücut ağırlığı kontrolü amacıyla
öğün yerine geçen gıdalar 8 mg/öğün
Kahvaltılık tahıllar 5 mg/100 g
Katı yağlar ve salata sosları 10 mg/100 g
Çorbalar (domates çorbası hariç) 1 mg/100 g
Türk Gıda Kodeksi - Ekmek ve
Ekmek Çeşitleri Tebliği (Resmi
Gazete 04 Ocak 2012 –
28163)’nde tanımlanan diğer
ekmek çeşitleri 3 mg/100 g
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) 15 mg/gün
47 Magnezyum sitrat malat
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Magnezyum sitrat
malat’ olarak belirtilir.
Takviye edici gıdalar (1)
48 Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
57
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Mortierella alpina ’dan
elde edilen araşidonik
asitçe zengin yağ
Bebek formülleri (2) ve devam
formülleri(3) 2/7/2019 tarihli ve
30819 sayılı Resmi
Gazete’de yayımlanan
Türk Gıda Kodeksi
Bebek ve Küçük
Çocuklara Yönelik
Gıdalar ile Vücut
Ağırlığı Kontrolü İçin
Diyetin Yerini Alan
Gıdalar Yönetmeliği
ve 2/7/2019 tarihli ve
30819 sayılı Resmi
Gazete’de yayımlanan
Türk Gıda Kodeksi
Bebek Formülleri ve
Devam Formülleri
Tebliği hükümlerine
göre gıdaların etiketinde
‘Mortierella
alpina ’dan elde edilen
yağ’ veya ‘ Mortierella
alpina yağı’ olarak
belirtilir.
49 Maya Beta -Glukanları
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri Mayadan
(Saccharomyces
cerevisiae) elde edilen
saf beta -glukanlar en
fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Maya
(Saccharomyces
cerevisiae) beta-
glukanları ’’ olarak
belirtilir.
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (bebekler
ve küçük çocuklar için takviye
edici gıdalar hariç) 12 yaşından büyük
çocuklar ve genel
yetişkin nüfus için
1,275 g/gün
58
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
12 yaşından küçük
çocuklar için 0,675
g/gün
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü için
diyetin yerini alan gıdalar(5) 1,275 g/gün
Konsantre ve kurutulmuş meyve
suları dahil olmak üzere meyve
ve/veya sebze bazlı içecekler 1,3 g/kg
Meyve aromalı içecekler 0,8 g/kg
Kakao içecekleri hazırlama tozları 38,3 g/kg (toz)
Diğer içecekler 0,8 g/kg (içmeye
hazır)
0,7 g/kg (toz)
Tahıl barları 6 g/kg
Kahvaltılık tahıllar 15,3 g/kg
Tam tahıllı ve yüksek lifli instant
sıcak kahvaltılık tahıllar 1,5 g/kg
Kurabiye tipi bisküviler 6,7 g/kg
Kraker tipi bisküviler 6,7 g/kg
Süt bazlı içecekler 3,8 g/kg
Fermente süt ürünleri 3,8 g/kg
Kurutulmuş süt/süt tozu 25,5 g/kg
Çorbalar ve çorba karışımları 0,9 g/kg (yemeye
hazır)
1,8 g/kg
(yoğunlaştırılmış)
6,3 g/kg (toz)
59
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Çikolata ve şekerleme 4 g/kg
Protein barları ve tozları 19,1 g/kg
Reçel, marmelat ve diğer
sürülebilir meyveler 11,3 g/kg
50 Metilse lüloz
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘metilselüloz’ olarak
belirtilir. Özellikle
küçük
çocuklar için
hazırlanmış
olan
gıdalarda
metilselüloz
kullanılmaz.
Yenilebilir buzlar %2
Aromalı içecekler
Aromalı veya aromalandırılmamış
fermente süt ürünleri
Soğuk tatlılar (süt, yağ, meyve,
tahıl, yumurta bazlı ürünler)
Meyve preparatları (pulplar,
püreler veya kompostolar)
Çorbalar ve et suyu
51 1-Metilnikotinamid klorür
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘1-Metilnikotinamid
klorür’ olarak
belirtilir.
1-Metilnikotinamid
klorür içeren takviye
edici gıdaların
etiketinde aşağıdaki
ifade yer alır:
2 Eylül 2018
tarihinde
kullanımına izin
verilmiştir.
1-Metilnikotinamid
klorür kullanımı bu
Yönetmeliğinin
Verilerin
korunması
durumunda izin
prosedürü başlıklı
25 inci maddesinde
bahsedilen koruma Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (hamile
ve emziren kadınlar haricinde
yetişkin nüfus için takviye edici
gıdalar)
58 mg/gün
60
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
“ Bu takviye edici
gıda, hamile ve
emziren kadınlar
haricinde yetişkinler
tarafından
tüketilmelidir.”
altına alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere
dayanmaktadır
Başvuru sahibi:
Pharmena SA,
Wolczanska 178,
90 530
Lodz, Poland.
Veri koruma süresi
boyunca başka bir
başvuru sahibinin
1-Metilnikotinamid
klorür için 25 inci
maddeye göre
koruma altına
alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere atıf
yapmadan izin
alması veya 1-
Metilnikotinamid
klorür için ilk
başvuru sahibi ile
anlaşma yaparak
61
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
izin alması dışında,
yeni gıda olarak 1-
Metilnikotinamid
klorür sadece
Pharmena SA
tarafından
piyasaya arz edilir.
Veri korumasının
bitiş tarihi: 2 Eylül
2023
52 (6S)-5-metiltetrahidrofolik
asit, glukozamin tuzu
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘(6S) -5-
metiltetrahidrofolik
asit, glukozamin tuzu’
veya ‘5MTHF -
glukozamin’ olarak
belirtilir.
Takviye edici gıdalarda (1) folat
kaynağı olarak
53 Monometilsilanetriol
(Organik Silikon)
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Organik Silikon
(monometilsilanetriol)
’ olarak belirtilir.
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (sıvı
formda) 10,40 mg/gün
54 N-Asetil -D-nöraminik asit
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri Maksimum kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
62
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Bebek formülleri (2) ve devam
formülleri(3) Sulandırılmış/Tüketim
e hazır hale getirilmiş
formüller için 0,05
g/L gıdaların etiketinde
‘N-Asetil -D-
nöraminik asit’ olarak
belirtilir.
N-Asetil -D-nöraminik
asit içeren takviye
edici gıdaların
etiketinde anne
sütünün veya N -asetil -
D-nöraminik asit ilave
edilmiş diğer gıdaların
aynı yirmi dört saatlik
süre içerisinde
tüketildiği dur umlarda
bebekler, küçük
çocuklar ve 10 yaş altı
çocuklar tarafından
kullanılmaması
gerektiğine dair bir
ifade yer alır.
Bebek ve küçük çocuk ek
gıdaları(4) Katı gıdalar için 0,05
g/kg
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü için
diyetin yerini alan gıdalar(5) 0,2 g/L (içecekler)
1,7 g/kg (barlar)
Glutenin gıdadaki yokluğu veya
azaltılmış varlığı hakkında ifade
içeren gıdalar(6) 1,25 g/kg
Aromalandırılmamış pastörize ve
sterilize edilmiş
(UHT dahil) süt bazlı ürünler 0,05 g/L
Fermantasyon sonrası ısıl işlem
görmüş aromalandırılmamış
fermente süt bazlı ürünler, ısıl
işlem görmüş ürünler de dahil
olmak üzere aromalı fermente süt
ürünleri 0,05 g/L (içecekler)
0,4 g/kg (katılar)
İçecek beyazlatıcılar 0,05 g/L (içecekler)
0,25 g/kg (katılar)
Tahıl barları 0,5 g/kg
Sofralık tatlandırıcılar 8,3 g/kg
Meyve ve sebze bazlı içecekler 0,05 g/L
Aromalandırılmış içecekler 0,05 g/L
63
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Özel kahve, çay, bitkisel ve
meyve infüzyonları, hindiba; çay,
bitkisel ve meyve infüzyonları ve
hindiba ekstraktları; infüzyon için
çay, bitki, meyve ve tahıl
preparatları 0,2 g/kg
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) 10 yaşından büyük
genel nüfus için 300
mg/gün
Küçük çocuklar için
130 mg/gün
3-10 yaşa arası
çocuklar için 250
mg/gün
55 Nikotinamid ribosit klorür Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Nikotinamid ribosit
klorür’ olarak
belirtilir. 20 Şubat 2020
tarihinde
kullanımına izin
verilmiştir.
Nikotinamid ribosit
klorür kullanımı bu
Yönetmeliğinin
Verilerin
korunması
durumunda izin
prosedü rü başlıklı
25 inci maddesinde
bahsedilen koruma Takviye edici gıdalar (1) 300 mg/gün genel
popülasyon için,
hamile ve emziren
kadınlar hariç
230 mg/gün hamile ve
emziren kadınlar için
64
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
altına alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere
dayanmaktadır
Başvuru sahibi:
ChromaDex Inc.,
10900 Wilshire
Boulevard Suite
600, Los Angeles,
CA 90024 USA.
Veri koruma süresi
boyunca başk a bir
başvuru sahibinin
Nikotinamid ribosit
klorür için 25 inci
maddeye göre
koruma altına
alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere atıf
yapmadan izin
alması veya
Nikotinamid ribosit
klorür için ilk
başvuru sahibi ile
anlaşma yaparak
65
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
izin a lması dışında,
yeni gıda olarak
Nikotinamid ribosit
klorür sadece
ChromaDex Inc
tarafından
piyasaya arz edilir.
Veri korumasının
bitiş tarihi: 20 Şubat
2025
56 Patates proteinlerinin
hidrolizatları
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘patates proteini’
olarak belirtilir.
Belirlenmemiş.
57 Pirolokuinolin k inon
disodyum tuzu
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Pirolokuinolin k inon
disodyum tuzu ’ olarak
belirtilir.
Pirolokuinolin k inon
disodyum tuzunu
içeren takviye edici
gıdaların etiketinde
“Bu takviye edici gıda, 2 Eylül 2018
tarihinde
kullanımına izin
verilmiştir.
Pirolokuinolin
kinon disodyum
tuzunun kullanımı
bu Yönetmeliğin
Verilerin
korunması
durumunda izin
prosedürü başlıklı Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (Hamile
ve emziren kadınlar hariç yetişkin
nüfus için)
20 mg/gün
66
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
hamile ve emziren
kadınlar hariç olmak
üzere, sadece
yetişkinler tarafından
tüketilmelidir. ” ifadesi
yer alır. 25 inci maddesinde
bahsedilen koruma
altına alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya b ilimsel
verilere
dayanmaktadır.
Başvuru sahibi:
Mitsubishi Gas
Chemical
Company, Inc.,
Mitsubishi
Building, 5 -2
Marunouchi 2 -
chome,
Chiyoda -ku, Tokyo
100-8324, Japon.
Veri koruma süresi
boyunca, başka bir
başvuru sahibinin
Pirolokuinolin
kinon disodyum
tuzu için 25 inci
maddeye göre
koruma altına
alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
67
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
verilere atıf
yapmadan izin
alması veya
Pirolokuinolin
kinon disodyum
tuzu için ilk
başvuru sahibi ile
anlaşma yaparak
izin alması dışında,
yeni gıda olarak
Pirolok uinolin
kinon disodyum
tuzu sadece
Mitsubishi Gas
Chemical
Company
tarafından
piyasaya arz edilir.
Veri korumasının
bitiş tarihi: 2 Eylül
2023.
58 Rafine edilmiş karides
peptidi konsantratı
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (yetişkin
nüfus için) 1200 mg/gün Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Rafine edilmiş
karides peptidi 20 Kasım 2018
tarihinde
kullanımına izin
verilmiştir. Rafine
edilmiş karides
peptidi konsantratı
68
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
konsantratı’ olarak
belirtilir. kullanımı bu
Yönetmeliğin
Verilerin
korunması
durumunda izin
prosedürü başlıklı
25 inci maddesinde
bahsedilen koruma
altına alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere
dayanmaktadır.
Başvuru sahibi:
Marealis AS.,
Stortorget 1,
Kystens Hus, 2nd
floor, N -9008
Tromsø Postal
address: P.O. Box
1065, 9261
Tromsø, Norw ay.
Veri koruma süresi
boyunca, başka bir
başvuru sahibinin
Rafine edilmiş
karides peptidi
69
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
konsantratı için 25
inci maddeye göre
koruma altına
alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere atıf
yapmadan izin
alması veya Rafine
edilmiş karides
peptidi konsantratı
için ilk başvuru
sahibi ile anlaşma
yaparak izin alması
dışında, yeni gıda
olarak Rafine
edilmiş karides
peptidi konsantratı
sadece Marealis
AS. tarafından
piyasada yer alır.
Veri korumasının
bitiş tarihi: 20
Kasım 2023
59 Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
70
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Sakız bazı (Metil Vinil
Eter-Maleik Anhidrit
Kopolimer)
Sakız % 2 gıdaların etiketinde
‘Sakız bazı (metil
vinil eter -maleik
anhidrit kopolimeri
içeren)’ veya ‘Sakız
bazı (CAS No: 9011 -
16-9 içeren)’ olarak
belirtilir.
60 Sakız bazı
(Monometoksipolietilen
glikol)
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Sakız bazı (1,3 -
butadien, 2 -metil -
homopolimer,
maleatlanmış,
polietilen glikol
mono -Me eter
esterleri içeren)’ veya
‘Sakız bazı (CAS No:
1246080 -53-4 içeren)’
olarak belirtilir.
Sakız % 8
61 Salatrim
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1. Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘enerjisi azaltılmış yağ
(salatrimler)’ olarak
belirtilir.
2. Bu gıdaların
etiketinde, aşırı
Fırıncılık ürünleri ve şekerlemeler
71
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
tüketiminin gastro -
intestinal
rahatsızlıklara yol
açabileceğini belirten
bir ifade yer alır.
3. Bu gıdaların
etiketinde, çocukların
tüketimi için uygun
olmadığına dair bir
ifade yer alır.
62 Sardinops Sagax ’dan elde
edilen balık peptitleri
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri Balık peptiti ürününün
en fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Balık ( Sardinops
sagax ) peptitleri’
olarak belirtilir.
Yoğurt bazlı gıdalar, yoğurt
içecekleri, fermente süt ürünleri
ve süt tozu 0,48 g/100 g
(yemeye/içmeye
hazır)
Aromalı su ve sebze bazlı
içecekler 0,3 g/100 g (içmeye
hazır)
Kahvaltılık tahıllar 2 g/100 g
Çorbalar, güveçler ve çorba
tozları 0,3 g/100 g (yemeye
hazır)
63
Setillenmiş yağ asitleri
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1.Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
“Setillenmiş yağ asiti
preparatı ” olarak
belirtilir. 3 Mart 2022
tarihinde
kullanımına izin
verilmiştir.
Setillenmiş yağ
asitlerinin
kullanımı bu
Yönetmeliğinin Takviye edici gıdalar (Yetişkinler
için) 1,6 g/gün
72
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
2.Bu bileşeni içeren
takviye edici gıdanın
etiketinde 18 yaşın
altındaki kişiler
tarafından
tüketilmemesi
gerektiğine dair ifade
yer alır.
Verilerin
korunması
durumunda izin
prosedürü başlıklı
25 inci maddesinde
bahsedilen koruma
altına alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere
dayanmaktadır
Başvuru sahibi:
Pharmanutra
S.p.A., Via Delle
Lenze 216/b, 56122
Pisa, Italy.
Veri k oruma süresi
boyunca başka bir
başvuru sahibinin
bu yeni gıda için 25
inci maddeye göre
koruma altına
alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere atıf
yapmadan izin
alması veya ilk
73
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
başvuru sahibi ile
anlaşma yaparak
izin alması dışında,
yeni g ıda olarak
setillenmiş yağ
asitleri sadece
Pharmanutra S.p.A.
tarafından
piyasaya arz edilir.
Veri korumasının
bitiş tarihi: 3 Mart
2027
64 Sığır sütü bazlı peynir altı
suyu proteini izolatı
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
“süt peynir altı suyu
proteini izolatı” olarak
belirtilir.
Sığır Sütü Bazlı
Peynir Altı Suyu
proteini izolatı içeren
takviye edici gıdalarda
aşağıdaki ifade yer
alır:
20 Kasım 2018
tarihinde
kullanımına izin
verilmiştir.
Sığır Sütü Bazlı
Peynir Altı Suyu
proteini izolatının
kullanımı bu
Yönetmeliğin
Verilerin
korunması
durumunda izin
prosedürü başlıklı Bebek formülleri (2) 30 mg/100 g (toz
haldeki formüllerde)
3,9 mg/100 mL
(sulandırılmış
formüllerde)
Devam formülleri(3) 30 mg/100 g (toz
haldeki formüllerde)
4,2 mg/100 mL
(sulandırılmış
formüllerde)
74
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü için
diyetin yerini alan gıdalar(5) 300 mg/gün “Bu gıda takviyesini
bir/üç/on sekiz yaşın
altındaki
bebekler/çocuklar/
yetişkinler(*)
kullanmamalıdır.”
(*) Takviye edici
gıdanın hedef aldığı
yaş grubuna bağlı
olarak ifade
düzenlenir.
25 inci maddesinde
bahsedilen koruma
altına alınan tescilli
bilims el kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere
dayanmaktadır.
Başvuru sahibi:
Armor Protéines
S.A.S., 19 bis, rue
de la Libération
35460 Saint -Brice -
en-Coglès, France.
Veri koruma süresi
boyunca, başka bir
başvuru sahibinin
Sığır Sütü Bazlı
Peynir Altı Suyu
proteini i zolatı için
25 inci maddeye
göre koruma altına
alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere atıf
yapmadan izin
alması veya Sığır Takviye edici gıdalar (1) Bebekler için 25
mg/gün
Küçük çocuklar için
58 mg/gün
3-18 yaş aralığındaki
çocuk ve ergenler için
250 mg/gün
Yetişkinler için 610
mg/gün
75
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Sütü Bazlı Peynir
Altı Suyu proteini
izolatı için ilk
başvuru sahibi ile
anlaşma yaparak
izin alması dışında,
yeni gıda olarak
Sığır Sütü Bazlı
Peynir Altı Suyu
proteini izolatı
sadece Armor
Protéines S.A.S.
tarafından piyasaya
arz edilir.
Veri korumasının
bitiş tarihi: 20
Kasım 2023
65 Sığır Laktoferrini
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘inek sütünden elde
edilen laktoferrin’
olarak belirtilir.
Bebek formülleri (2) ve devam
formülleri (3) (tüketime hazır) 100 mg/100 mL
Küçük çocuklar için süt bazlı
gıdalar (yemeye/içmeye hazır) 200 mg/100 g
İşlenmiş tahıl gıdaları (katı) 670 mg/100 g
Süt bazlı içecekler 200 mg/100 g
76
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Süt bazlı toz halinde içecek
karışımları (içmeye hazır) 330 mg/100 g
Fermente süt bazlı içecekler
(yoğurt içecekleri dahil) 50 mg/100 g
Alkolsüz içecekler 120 mg/100 g
Yoğurt bazlı ürünler 80 mg/100 g
Peynir bazlı ürünler 2000 mg/100 g
Dondurma 130 mg/100 g
Kek ve pastacılık ürünleri 1000 mg/100 g
Şekerler 750 mg/100 g
Sakız 3000 mg/100 g
66 α-siklodekstrin
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Alfa -siklodekstrin’
veya ‘α -siklodekstrin’
olarak belirtilir.
Belirlenmemiştir.
67 γ-siklodekstrin
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Gamma -
siklodekstrin’ veya ‘γ -
siklodekstrin’ olarak
belirtilir.
Belirlenmemiştir.
68 Sitikolin
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
77
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) 500 mg/gün gıdaların etiketinde
‘sitikolin’ olarak
belirtilir.
Sitikolin içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
ürünün çocuklar
tarafından
tüketilmemesi
gerektiğine dair bir
ifade yer alır.
69 Soya fosfolipidlerinden
elde edilen fosfatidilserin
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri Fosfatidilserinin en
fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Soya fosfatidilserin’
olarak belirtilir.
Yoğurt bazlı içecekler 50 mg/100 mL
Süttozu bazlı tozlar 3,5 g/100 g (içmeye
hazır içeceklerde 40
mg/100 mL’ye eş
değer miktarda)
Yoğurt bazlı gıdalar 80 mg/100 g
Tahıl barları 350 mg/100 g
Çikolata bazlı şekerlemeler 200 mg/100 g
70 Sukromalt
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1. Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
Belirlenmemiş.
78
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
‘Sukromalt’ olarak
belirtilir.
2. Bu yeni gıdanın
etiket üzerindeki
ismine, ürünün bir
glukoz ve fruktoz
kaynağı olduğu bilgisi
eşlik etmelidir.
71 Tavuk yumurtası beyazı
lizozim hidrolizatı
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Tavuk yumurtası
beyazı lizozim
hidrolizatı ’ olarak
belirtilir.
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (yetişkin
nüfus için)
1000 mg/gün
72 Therapon barcoo /
Scortum
Somonla aynı kullanım amacını taşır. Pişirilmiş, çiğ,
tütsülenmiş ve fırınlanmış balık ürünleri dahil olmak üzere
balık ürünleri mutfağı ve yemeklerin hazırlanması
73 Trans -Resveratrol
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1. Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Trans -resveratrol’
olarak belirtilir.
2. Trans -resveratrol
içeren takviye edici
gıdanın etiketinde ilaç
kullanan kişilerin bu
gıdayı sadece tıbbi
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (yetişkin
nüfus için tan ımlanan takviye
edici gıdalar) 150 mg/gün
79
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
gözetim altında
kullanması gerektiğine
dair bir ifade yer alır.
74 Trehaloz
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1. Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Trehaloz’ olarak
belirtilir.
2. Yeni gıdayı içeren
gıdanın etiketinde, bir
yıldız (*) aracılığıyla
‘Trehaloz bir glukoz
kaynağıdır’ şeklinde
belirgin bir dipnot yer
alır. / (Bu yeni gıdanın
etiket üzerindeki
ismine, Trehalozun bir
glukoz kaynağı
olduğu bilgisi eşlik
etmelidir.)
Belirlenmemiş.
75 UV işlemine tabi tutulmuş
ekmek mayası
(Saccharomyces
cerevisiae)
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri D2 vitamin i’nin en
fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde ‘D
vitamin i mayası’ veya
‘D2 vitamin i mayası’
olarak belirtilir.
Türk Gıda Kodeksi - Ekmek ve
Ekmek Çeşitleri Tebliği (Resmi
Gazete 04 Ocak 2012 –
28163)’nde tanımlanan
mayalanmış diğer ekmek çeşitleri 5 μg D 2 vitamin i /100
g
80
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Mayalanmış hafif fırıncılık
ürünleri 5 μg D 2 vitamin i/100 g
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) Türk Gıda Kodeksi
Takviye Edici Gıdalar
Tebliğine uygun
olarak kullanılır.
Evde kullanım için hazır ambalajlı
yaş veya kuru maya 45 µg/100 g yaş maya
için
200 µg/100 g kuru
maya için 1. Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde ‘D
vitamin i mayası ’ veya
‘D2 vitamin i mayası’
olarak belirtilir.
2. Yeni gıdayı içeren
gıdanın etiketinde
‘sadece pişirme için
kullan ım amac ı taşır
ve çiğ
tüketilmemelidir’
ifadesi
yer al ır.
3. Yeni gıdayı içeren
gıdanın etiketinde, son
tüketicinin kullan ımı
için evde pişmiş son
üründe en fazla 5
µg/100 g
konsatrasyonda
vitamin D 2 içermesi
81
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
için ku llanım talimatı
yer alır.
Tüketime hazır yemekler (çorba
ve salatalar hariç) 3 µg/100 g Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde ‘D
vitamin i mayası’ veya
‘D2 vitamin i mayası’
olarak belirtilir.
Çorba ve salatalar 5 µg/100 g
Kızartılmış veya ekstrude tahıllar,
tohumlar veya kök bazlı ürünler 5 µg/100 g
Bebek formülleri ve devam
formülleri Türk Gıda Kodeksi
Bebek Formülleri ve
Devam formülleri
Tebliğine uygun
olarak
Tahıl bazlı bebek ve küçük çocuk
ek gıdaları Türk Gıda Kodeksi
Bebek ve Küçük
Çocuk ek Gıdaları
Tebliğine uygun
olarak
İşlenmiş meyve ürünleri 1,5 µg/100 g
İşlenmiş sebzeler 2 µg/100 g
Ekmek ve benzeri ürünler 5 µg/100 g
Kahvaltılık tahıllar 4 µg/100 g
Makarna, hamur ve benzeri
ürünler 5 µg/100 g
Diğer tahıl bazlı ürünler 3 µg/100 g
Baharatlar, çeşniler, sos
bileşenleri, tatlı sosları/süslemeler 10 µg/100 g
Protein ürünleri 10 µg/100 g
82
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Peynir 2 µg/100 g
Sütlü tatlılar ve benzeri ürünler 2 µg/100 g
Fermente süt ve fermente krema 1,5 µg/100 g
Süt tozları ve konsantreleri 25 µg/100 g
Süt bazlı ürünler, peynir altı suyu
ve krema 0,5 µg/100 g
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü için
diyetin yerini alan gıdalar 5 µg/100 g
Vücut ağırlığı kontrolü için öğün
yerine geçen gıdalar 5 µg/100 g
76 UV işlemine tabi tutulmuş
ekmek
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri D2 vitamini’nin en
fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘UV işlemine tabi
tutularak üretilmiş D
vitamin i içerir’ olarak
belirtilir.
Türk Gıda Kodeksi - Ekmek ve
Ekmek Çeşitleri Tebliği (Resmi
Gazete 04 Ocak 2012 –
28163)’nde tanımlanan
mayalanmış diğer ekmek çeşitleri
(süslemeler hariç) 3 μg D 2 vitamin i /100
g
77 UV işlemine tabi tutulmuş
süt
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri D2 vitamini’nin en
fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1. Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘UV işlemine tabi
tutulmuştur. ’ olarak
belirtilir.
2. 26/01/2017 tarihli
ve 29960 sayılı Türk
Gıda Kodeksi Gıda
Pastörize tam yağlı süt(9) Bebekler hariç genel
nüfus için 5 -32 μg/kg
Pastörize yarım yağlı süt(10) Bebekler hariç genel
nüfus için 1 -15 μg/kg
83
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Etiketleme ve
Tüketicileri
Bilgilendirme
Yönetmeliğine göre
(EK-9, bölüm 1, 2.
Madde, (a) bendi)
belirgin miktarda D
vitamini içeren UV
işlemine tabi tutulmuş
süt etiketinde, "UV ile
işlenerek ür etilen D
vitamini içerir" veya "
UV ile işleme sonucu
üretilen D vitaminini
içeren süt" ifadesi yer
alır.
78 UV işlemine tabi tutulmuş
Agaricus bisporus
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri D2 vitamini’nin en
fazla kullanım
seviyeleri 1. Söz konusu yeni
gıda, kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘UV işlemine tabi
tutulmuş Agaricus
Bisporus ’ olarak
belirtilir.
2. Yeni gıda ürünün
veya bu yeni gıdayı
içeren ürünün
etiketinde ‘D vitamini
seviyesini arttırmak
için kontrollü ışın
Agaricus bisporus 20 μg D 2 vitamin i /100
g taze ağırlık
84
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
işlemi uygulanmıştır’
veya ‘D 2 vitamini
seviyesini arttırmak
için UV işlemi
uygulanmıştır.’
şeklinde belirgin bir
dipnot yer alır.
79 K2 vitamini (menak inon)
02/07/2019 tarihli ve 30819 sa yılı Resmi Gazetede
yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek ve Küçük
Çocuklara Yönelik Gıdalar ile Vücut Ağırlığı Kontrolü İçin
Diyetin Yerini Alan Gıdalar Yönetmeliği, 16/08/2013
tarihli ve 28737 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk
Gıda Kodeksi Takviye Edic i Gıdalar Tebliği ve 07/03/2017
tarihli ve 30000 sayılı Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıdalara
Vitaminler, Mineraller ve Belirli Diğer Öğelerin Eklenmesi
Hakkında Yönetmeliğine uygun olarak kullanılır. Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Mena kinon’ veya ‘K 2
vitamini ’ olarak
belirtilir.
80 Yarrowia lipolytica maya
biyokütlesi
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri
En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
“Yarrowia lipolytica
mayasının ısı ile
öldürülen
biyokütlesini içerir.”
Olarak belirtilir.
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (bebekler
ve küçük çocuklar için takviye
edici gıdalar hariç) 10 yaş üzeri çocuk,
adolesan ve genel
yetişkin nüfus için 6
g/gün
3-9 yaş arası çocuklar
için 3 g/gün
85
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
81
Krom içeren maya
(Yarrowia lipolytica )
biyokütlesi Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Krom içeren maya
(Yarrowia lipolytica )
biyokütlesi ’ olarak
belirtilir.
Krom içeren maya
(Yarrowia lipolytica )
biyokütlesi ni içeren
takviye edici gıdaların
etiketinde bebek ve
küçük çocuklar
tarafından/3 -9 yaş
arası çocuklar
tarafından
kullanılmaması
gerektiğine dair bir
ifade yer alır.
Takviye edici gıdalar (küçük
çocuklar için olan takviye edici
gıdalar hariç) 3-9 yaş arası çocuklar
için günde 46 μg
kromu geçmeyecek
şekilde 2 g/gün
10 yaş üstü
adolesanlar ve
yetişkinle için günde
92 μg kromu
geçmeyecek şekilde 4
g/gün
82 Selenyum içeren maya
(Yarrowia lipolytica )
biyokütlesi Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘Selenyum içeren
maya ( Yarrowia
lipolytica ) biyokütlesi ’
olarak belirtilir.
Selenyum içeren maya
(Yarrowia lipolytica )
biyokütlesi içeren
Takviye edici gıdalar (bebekler,
küçük çocuklar ve 4 yaş altı
çocuklar için kullanılan takviye
edici gıdalar hariç) 4-6 yaş çocuklar için
günde 10 μg
selenyumu
geçmeyecek şekilde
50 mg/gün
7-10 yaş arası
çocuklar için günde 20
86
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
μg selenyumu
geçmeyecek şekilde
100 mg/gün
11-17 yaş arası
adolesanlar için günde
100 μg selenyumu
geçmeyecek şekilde
500 mg/gün
Yetişkinler için günde
160 μg selenyumu
geçmeyecek şekilde
800 mg/gün takviye edici gıdanın
etiketinde bebekler,
küçük çocuklar ve 4
yaş altı çocuklar/7 yaş
altı çocuklar/11 yaş
altı çocuklar/18 yaş
altı adolesanlar
tarafından
kullanılmaması
gerektiğine dair bir
ifade yer alır.
83 Yumurta sarısından elde
edilen fosfolipidler
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri
Belirlenmemiş.
84 Yüksek Basınçlı
Pastörizasyon
Uygulanarak Üretilen
Pastörize Meyve Esaslı
Preparatlar
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Yüksek basınç
uygulanarak pastörize
edilmiş’ ifadesi söz
konusu meyve
preparatının ve
bunların kullanıldığı
herhangi bir ürünün
etiketinde ürün adının
yanında yer almalıdır.
Meyve tipleri: Elma, kayısı, muz,
böğürtlen, yaban mersini/mavi
yemiş, vişne, Hindistan cevizi,
incir, üzüm, greyfurt, mandalina,
mango, kavun, şeftali, armut,
ananas, erik, ahududu, ravent,
çilek.
85 Yumurta Membranı
Hidrolizatı Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri
87
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
Takviye edici gıdalar (1) (yetişkin
nüfus için)
450 mg/gün Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
“Yumurta Membranı
Hidrolizatı” olarak
belirtilir.
25 Kasım 2018
tarihinde
kullanımına izin
verilmiştir.
Yumurta membranı
hidrolizatının
kullanımı bu
Yönetmeliğin
Verilerin
korunması
durumunda izin
prosedürü başlıklı
25 inci maddesinde
bahsedilen koruma
altına alınan tescilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilims el
verilere
dayanmaktadır.
Başvuru sahibi:
Biova, LLC., 5800
Merle Hay Rd,
Suite 14 PO Box
394 Johnston
50131, Iowa USA.
Veri koruma süresi
boyunca, başka bir
başvuru sahibinin
Yumurta membranı
88
No Kullanımına izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Yeni Gıdanın Kullanım Koşulları
İlave özel etiketleme
gereklilikleri Diğer
gereklilikler Veri Koruması
hidrolizatı için 25
inci maddeye göre
koruma altına
alınan tes cilli
bilimsel kanıtlar
veya bilimsel
verilere atıf
yapmadan izin
alması Yumurta
membranı
hidrolizatı için ilk
başvuru sahibi ile
anlaşma yaparak
izin alması dışında,
yeni gıda olarak
yumurta membranı
hidrolizatı sadece
Biova, LLC.
tarafından piyasaya
arz edilir.
Veri korumasının
bitiş tarihi: 25
Kasım 2023
86 Zeaksantin
Kullanıma izin verilen gıda
kategorileri En fazla kullanım
seviyeleri Söz konusu yeni gıda,
kendisini içeren
gıdaların etiketinde
‘zeaksantin’ olarak
belirtilir.
Takviye edici gıdalar(1) 2 mg/gün
89
(1)16/08/2013 tarihli ve 28737 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi Takviye Edici Gıdalar Tebliğinde tanımlanan t akviye
edici gıdalar
(2)2/7/2019 tarihli ve 30819 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek ve Küçük Çocuklara Yönelik Gıdalar ile Vücut
Ağırlığı Kontrolü İçin Diyetin Yerini Alan Gıdalar Yönetmeliği’nde tanımlanan bebek formülleri
(3)2/7/2019 tarihli ve 30819 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek ve Küçük Çocuklara Yöne lik Gıdalar ile Vücut
Ağırlığı Kontrolü İçin Diyetin Yerini Alan Gıdalar Yönetmeliği’nde tanımlanan devam formülleri
(4)2/7/2019 tarihli ve 30819 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek ve Küçük Çocuklara Yönelik Gıdalar ile Vü cut
Ağırlığ ı Kontrolü İçin Diyetin Yerini Alan Gıdalar Yönetmeliği’nde tanımlanan bebek ve küçük çocuk ek gıdaları
(5)2/7/2019 tarihli ve 30819 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek ve Küçük Çocuklara Yönelik Gıdalar ile Vü cut
Ağırlığı Kontrolü İçin Diyetin Yerini Alan Gıdalar Yönetmeliği’nde tanımlanan vücut ağırlığı kontrolü için diyetin yerini alan gıdalar
(6)26/01/2017 tarihli ve 29960 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıda Etiketleme ve Tüketicileri Bilgilendirme
Yönetmeliğ ine göre glutenin gıdadaki yokluğu veya azaltılmış varlığı hakkında ifade içeren gıdalar
(7)07/03/2017 tarihli ve 30000 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıdalara Vitaminler, Mineraller ve Belirli Di ğer
Öğelerin Eklenmesi HakkındaYönetmel ik kapsamında zenginleştirilmiş gıdalar
(8) 17/05/2008 tarihli ve 26879 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi Sürülebilir Yağlar/Margarin ve Yoğun Yağlar
Tebliğinde ve 12/04/2005 tarihli ve 25784 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Ko deksi Tereyağı, Diğer Süt Yağı Esaslı Sürülebilir
Ürünler ve Sadeyağ Tebliğinde tanımlanan sürülebilir yağlar
(9)27/02/2019 tarihli ve 30699 sayılı Resmi Gazete de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi İçme Sütleri Tebliğinde tanımlanan pastörize tam
yağlı süt
(10)27/02/2019 tarihli ve 30699 sayılı Resmi Gazete de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi İçme Sütleri Tebliğinde tanımlanan pastörize yarım
yağlı süt
90
Tablo 2. Kullanımına izin verilen yeni gıdalar ve spesifik özellikler
Kullanımına
izin verilen
yeni gıdalar Spesifik asyonlar
Akkermansia
muciniphila
(pastörize)
Açıklama/Tanım:
Pastörize Akkermansia muciniphila (ATCC BAA -835, CIP 107961) bakterinin anaerobik gelişimini takiben pastörizasyonu,
hücrelerin konsantre edilmesi, dondurularak saklanması ve dondurularak kurutulması ile üretilir.
Karakteristik özellikler/Bileşim:
Toplam A. muciniphila hücre sayısı (hücre/g): 2,5 x 1010 - 2,5 x 1012
Canlı A. muciniphila hücre sayısı (Kob/g): < 10 (LOD)
Su aktivitesi: ≤ 0,43
Nem (%):≤ 12,0
Protein (%):≤ 35,0
Yağ (%): ≤ 4,0
Ham kül (%): ≤ 21,0
Karbonhidrat (%): 36,0 -86,0
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Aerofilik mezofilik toplam sayısı : ≤ 500 Kob/g
Sülfit indirgen anaeroblar: ≤ 50 Kob/g
Koagülaz pozitif Stafilokoklar: ≤ 10 Kob/g
Enterobakteraceae: ≤ 10 Kob/g
Maya: ≤ 10 Kob/g
Küf: ≤ 10 Kob/g
Bacillus cereus : ≤ 100 Kob/g
Listeria spp.: 25 g’da bulunmayacak
Salmonella spp.: 25 g’da bulunmayacak
91
Escherichia coli : 1 g’da bulunmayacak
Aspergillus
niger ’den
elde edilen
kitin-glukan Açıklama/Tanım: Kitin -glukan, Aspergillus niger miselyumundan elde edilir; hafif sarı, kokusuz ve serbest akışlı bir tozdur.
% 90 veya daha fazla kuru madde içeriğine sahiptir.
Kitin -glukan büyük ölçüde iki polisakaritten oluşur:
Kitin, N -asetil -D-glukozaminin tekrar eden birimlerinde n oluşan (CAS No: 1398 -61-4),
Beta (1,3) -glukan, D -glukozun tekrar eden birimlerinden oluşan (CAS No: 9041 -22-9).
Kurutma kaybı: ≤ 10 %
Kitin -glukan: ≥ 90 %
Kitin -glukan oranı: 30:70 -60:40
Kül: ≤ 3 %
Yağ: ≤ 1 %
Protein: ≤ 6 %
Bacteroides
xylanisolvens
ile fermente
edilmiş ısıl
işlem görmüş
süt ürünleri
Açıklama/Tanım: Isıl işlem görmüş fermente süt ürünleri, Bacteroides xylanisolvens (DSM 23964)’in starter kültür olarak
kullanılmasıyla üretilmektedir.
Yarım yağlı süt (% 1,5 ile %1,8 arasında yağ) veya yağsız süt (% 0,5 veya daha az yağ) Bacteroides xylanisolvens (DSM
23964) ile fermantasyonundan önce pastörize edilir veya ultra -ısıl işlemden geçirilir. Elde edilen fermente edilmiş süt ürünü
homojenize e dilir ve daha sonra Bacteroides xylanisolvens (DSM 23964)'i inaktive etmek için ısıl işlem uygulanır. Son ürün
canlı Bacteroides xylanisolvens (DSM 23964) hücrelerini içermez (DSM 23964)1.
1Modifiye DIN EN ISO 21528 -2.
Balık
fosfolipidleri
nden elde
edilen
fosfatidilserin
Açıklama/Tanım: Bu yeni gıda bileşeni sarıdan kahverengiye rengi değişen tozdur. Fosfatidilserin, balık fosfolipidlerinden,
L-serin amino asitinin enzimatik transfosforilasyonu yoluyla elde edilir.
Balık fosfolipidlerinden elde edilen fosfatidilserin ürününün spesifikasyonları:
Nem: < % 5,0
Fosfolipidler: ≥ % 75
Fosfatidilserinler : ≥ % 35
Gliseritler: < % 4,0
Serbest L -serin: < % 1,0
92
Tokoferoller: < % 0,51
Peroksit değeri (PD): < 5,0 meq O 2/kg
1 Tokoferoller Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıda Ka tkı Maddeleri Yönetmeliğine uygun olacak şekilde antioksidan olarak eklenebilir.
Bitkisel
diaçilgliserol
yağı
Açıklama/Tanım: Gliserol ve yenilebilir bitkisel yağlardan [özellikle soya fasulyesi ( Glycine max ) yağı veya kolza ( Brassica
campestris, Brassica napus ) tohumu yağı] elde edilen yağ asitlerinden spesifik bir enzim kullanılarak üretilir.
Açilgliserol Dağılımı:
Diaçilgliseroller (DAG): ≥ % 80
1,3-Diaçilgliseroller (1,3 -DAG): ≥ % 50
Triaçilgliseroller (TAG): ≤ % 20
Monoaçilgliseroller (MAG): ≤ % 5,0
Yağ Asidi Bileşimi (MAG, DAG, TAG):
Oleik asit (C18:1): % 20 -65
Linoleik asit (C18: 2): %15 -65
Linolenik asit (C18: 3): ≤ % 15
Doymuş yağ asitleri: ≤ % 10
Diğerleri:
Asit değeri: ≤ 0,5 mg KOH/g
Nem ve uçucu madde: ≤ % 0,1
Peroksit değeri (PD): ≤ 1 meq /kg
Sabunlaşmayan madde: ≤ % 2
Trans yağ asitleri: ≤ % 1
MAG = monoaçilgliseroller, DAG = diaçilgliserollerin, TAG = triaçilgliseroller
Calanus
finmarchicus
yağı
Açıklama/Tanım: Yeni gıda, Calanus finmarchicus kabuklusundan (deniz zooplanktonu) ekstrakte edilen, hafif kabuklu
deniz ürünü kokulu, yakut renkli hafif viskoz bir sıvı yağdır. Bileşen, ağırlıklı olarak mum (wax) esterleri (>% 85) ile düşü k
miktarlarda trigliseritler ve diğer nötr lipitlerden oluşur.
Spesifikasyonlar:
Su: < % 1,0
Mum(wax) esterleri: > % 85
Toplam yağ asitleri: > % 46
Eikosapentaenoik asit (EPA): > % 3,0
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): > % 4,0
Toplam yağ alkolleri:> 28 %
93
C20:1 n -9 yağ alkolü: > % 9,0
C22:1 n -11 yağı alkolü: > % 12
Trans yağ asitleri: < % 1,0
Astaksantinesterleri: < % 0,1
Peroksit değeri (PD): < 3,0 meq. O 2/kg
Clostridium
butyricum
Açıklama/Tanım: Clostridium butyricum (CBM -588), gram pozitif, spor oluşturan, zorunlu anaerobik, patojenik olmayan,
genetik olarak modifiye edilmemiş bir bakteridir. Depo numarasi: FERM BP -2789
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam canlı aerobik sayısı: ≤ 103 kob/g
Escherichia coli : 1 g'da bulunmayacak
Staphylococcus aureus : 1 g'da bulunmayacak
Pseudomonas aeruginosa : 1 g'da bulunmayacak
Maya ve küf sayısı: ≤ 102 kob/g
Çinko L -
pidolate Açıklama/Tanım:
Çinko L -pidolat karakteristik kokuya sahip olan beyazdan kirli beyaza rengi değişen bir tozdur.
Uluslararası tescilli olmayan adı (INN): L -piroglutamik asit, çinko tuzu
Eşanlamlısı: Çinko 5 -oksoprolin, Çinko piroglütamat, Çinko pirolidon karboksilat, Çin ko PCA, L -Çinko pidolat
CAS Numarası: 15454 -75-8
Molekül formülü: (C 5H6N03)2 Zn
Bağıl susuz moleküler ağırlığı : 321,4
Görünüm : Beyazdan hafif beyaza rengi değişen toz
Saflık:
Çinko L -pidolat (saflık): ≥ % 98,0
pH (% 10 sulu çözelti): 5,0 – 6,0
Spesifik rotasyon : 19,6 ° - 22,8°
Su: ≤ % 10,0
Glutamik asit: < % 2,0
Ağır Metaller :
Kurşun: ≤ 3 ppm
Arsenik: ≤ 2 ppm
Kadmiyum: ≤ 1 ppm
Civa: ≤ 0,1 ppm
94
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam canlı mezofilik sayısı: ≤ 1000 kob/g
Mayalar ve küfler: ≤ 100 kob/g
Patojen: Bulunmayacak
D-riboz
Açıklama/Tanım: D-riboz, Bacillus subtilis ’in transketolaz -eksik suşu (transketolase -deficient strain) kullanılarak
fermentasyon yoluyla üretilen bir aldopentoz monosakkarittir.
Kimyasal formül: C₅H₁₀O₅
CAS No: 50 -69-1
Molekül ağırlığı: 150,13 Da
Karakteristik özellikler /Bileşim
Görünüm: tozlu yapıda kuru, beyazdan sarıya değişen renkte
Spesifik rotasyon [α]D25: (– 19,0°) - (– 21,0°)
D-riboz saflık (% kuru formda): -HPLC/RI (*) Metot 98,0 –102,0 %
Kül: < 0,2 %
Kurutma kaybı (nem): < 0,5 %
Çözeltinin berraklığı: ≥ 95 % geçirgen
Ağır Metaller
Kurşun: ≤ 0,1 mg/kg
Arsenik: ≤ 0,1 mg/kg
Kadmiyum: ≤ 0,1 mg/kg
Civa: ≤ 0,1 mg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik krite rler
Toplam koloni sayısı: ≤ 100 kob (**)/g
Maya: ≤ 100 kob/g
Küf: ≤ 100 kob/g
Koliform: ≤ 10 kob/g
Salmonella sp: Bulunmayacak /25 g
*Refraktif indeks tespit edebilen HPLC
** kob: Koloni oluşturan birim
D-Tagatoz
Açıklama/Tanım:
Tagatoz, galaktozun kimyasal veya enzimatik dönüşüm yoluyla izomerleştirilmesiyle veya fruktozun enzimatik dönüşüm
yoluyla epimerizasyonuyla üretilir. Bunlar tek basamaklı dönüşümlerdir.
95
Görünüm : Beyaz veya hemen hemen beyaz kristaller
Kimyasal ad: D -tagatoz
Sinonimi: D -lyxo-Hexulose
CAS numarası: 87 -81-0
Kimyasal formül: C 6H12O6
Folmül ağırlığı: 180,16 (g/mol)
Saflık:
Analiz: ≥ % 98 (Kuru ağırlık bazında)
Kurutma kaybı: ≤ % 0,5 (102°C, 2 saat)
Kurşun: ≤ 1 mg/kg*
Spesifik rotasyon : [α] D20: (-4°)- (-5.6°) (% 1 sulu çözelti)1
Erime aralığı: 133 – 137°C
Ağır metaller:
Kurşun: ≤ 1 mg/kg (*)
* Belirli bir seviyeye uygun bir atomik absorpsiyon tekniği kullanarak belirlenir. Örneklerin büyüklüğünün seçimi ve numune
hazırlama yöntemi, FNP 5**’ de belirtilen ‘Ens trümental Yöntemlerin’ ilkelerine göre belirlenir.
** Gıda ve Beslenme makalesi 5 Rev. 2 —Genel Bildirimler, genel analitik teknikler, tanımlama testleri, test çözümleri ve referans
materyallerinin tanımlanması için rehber doküman (JECFA), 1991, 322p. — ISBN 92-5-102991 -1.
Demir -II
amonyum
fosfat
Açıklama/Tanım: Demir -II amonyum fosfat, gri/yeşil ince toz olup pratik olarak suda çözünmez ve seyreltik mineral asitlerde
çözünür.
CAS No.: 10101 -60-7
Kimyasal formülü: FeNH 4PO 4
Kimyasal özellikler:
% 5 lik su süspansiyonu içinde pH’ı: 6,8 -7,8
Demir (toplam): ≥ % 28
Demir (II): % 22 -30 (g/g)
Demir (III): ≤ % 7,0 (g/g)
Amonyak: % 5 -9 (g/g)
Su: ≤ % 3
Demir -III
sodyum
EDTA Açıklama/Tanım: Demir -III sodyum EDTA (etilendiaminetetraasetik asit), kimyasal saflığı ağırlıkça % 99 (g/g)'dan fazla olan
kokusuz, serbest akışlı ve rengi sarıdan kahverengiye değişen bir tozdur. Suda serbestçe çözünür.
Kimyasal formülü: C 10H12FeN 2NaO 8 * 3H 2O
96
Kimyasal özellikler:
% 1 solüsyonun pH’ı: 3,5 -5,5
Demir: % 12,5 -13,5
Sodyu m: % 5,5
Su: % 12,8
Organik madde (CHNO): % 68,4
EDTA: % 65,5 -70,5
Suda çözünemeyen madde: ≤ % 0,1
Nitrilo -triasetik asit: ≤ % 0,1
Dihidrokapsi
at (DHK)
Açıklama/Tanım: Dihidrokapsiat, vanilil alkol ve 8 -metilnonanoik asitin enzim -katalizli esterifikasyonu ile sentezlenir.
Esterifikasyon işlemini takiben dihidrokapsiat, n -heksan ile ekstrakte edilir.
Viskoz, renksizden sarıya rengi değişen sıvı
Kimyasal formül: C 18H28O4
CAS Numarası: 205687 -03-2
Fiziksel -kimyasal özellikleri:
Dihidrokapsiat: > % 94
8-Metilnonanoik asit: < % 6,0
Vanilil alkol: < % 1,0
Sentezle ilgili diğer maddeler: < % 2,0
D2 Vitamin i
içeren mantar
tozu
(Oakshire
Naturals, LP .
tarafından
piyasaya arz
edilen) Açıklama/Tanım:
D2 vitamin i içeren mantar tozu ; UV ışığı uygulanmış homojenize Agaricus bisporus mantarının granül tozudur.
Mantarlar yıkanır, homojenize edilir ve bir mantar bulamacı üretmek için su ile karıştırılır. Mantar bulamacı bir UV lambası
altından geçirilir. Bulamaç daha sonra D2 vitamin i içeren mantar tozu üretmek için filtre edilir, kurutulur ve öğütülür.
UV radyasyonu: Bu Yönetmeliğe göre izin verilen UV ile işlenmiş yeni gıdalara benzer bir dalga boyu aralığında ultraviyole
ışıkta uygulanan radyasyon sürecidir.
Karakteristik özellikler /Bileşimi
D2 vitamin i içeriği: 1 000 –1 300 μg/g mantar tozu (*1)
Nem: ≤ %10,0
Kül: ≤ %13,5
Ağır metaller
97
Kurşun (Pb): ≤ 0,5 mg/kg
Kadmiyum: ≤ 0,5 mg/kg
Civa: ≤ 0,1 mg/kg
Arsenik: ≤ 0,3 mg/kg
Mikotoksin:
Aflatoksinler (B1+B2+G1+G2 toplamı): < 4 μg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam canlı sayısı : ≤ 5 000 Kob/g
Maya ve Küf : ≤ 100 CFU/g
Salmonella sp.: 25 g’da bulunmayacak
Staphylococcus aureus : ≤ 10 Kob/g
Escherichia coli : ≤ 10 Kob/g
Koliform : ≤ 10 Kob/g
Enterobacteriaceae : ≤ 10 Kob/g
Listeria monocytogenes : 25 g’da bulunmayacak
(1) 1 000 μg D2 vitamin i / gram mantar tozu içeren D2 vitamin i içeren mantar tozundaki D vitamini içeriği için minimum
spesifikasyon
(*1) Çevrim faktörü kullanılarak heasplanmıştır. 0,025 μg = 1 IU.
D2 Vitamini
içeren mantar
tozu
(MBio,
Monaghan
Mushrooms
tarafından Açıklama/Tanım:
Yeni gıda, kurutulmuş bütün Agaricus bisporus mantarından üretilen mantar tozudur. İşlem, kurutma, öğütme ve mantar tozunun
UV ışığına kontrollü maruz tutulmasını içerir.
UV radyasyonu: Bu Yönetmeliğe göre izin verilen UV ile işlenmiş yeni gıdalara benzer bir dalga boyu aralığında ultraviyole
ışıkta uygulanan radyasyon sürecidir.
98
piyasaya arz
edilen) Karakteristik özellikler /Bileşimi
D2 vitamin i içeriği: 580-595 μg/g mantar tozu
Kül: ≤ %13,5
Kül: ≤%13,5
Su aktivitesi : < 0,5
Nem içeriği : ≤%7,5
Karbonhidrat : ≤%35,0
Toplam diyet lif ≥%15
Ham protein (N × 6,25): ≥%22
Yağ: ≤%4,5
Ağır metaller :
Kurşun : ≤ 0,5 mg/kg
Kadmiyum : ≤ 0,5 mg/kg
Civa : ≤ 0,1 mg/kg
Arsenik : ≤ 0,3 mg/kg
Mikotoksinler :
Aflatoks in B1: ≤ 0,10 μg/kg
Aflatoks ins (B1 + B2 + G1 + G2): < 4 μg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik kiterler:
Toplam canlı sayısı : ≤ 5 000 Kob
Toplam maya ve küf: < 100 Kob/g
E. coli : < 10 Kob/g
Salmonella spp.: 25 g’da bulunmayacak
Staphylococcus aureus : ≤ 10 Kob/g
Koliformlar : ≤ 10 Kob/g
Listeria spp.: 25 g’da bulunmayacak
Enterobacteriaceae: < 10 Kob/g
Eşit
miktar larda Açıklama/Tanım: Ürün, soya lesitininin enzimatik dönüşümü ile üretilir. Fosfolipid ürünü, eşit seviyede fosfatidilserin ve
fosfatidik asitten oluşan yoğun konsantre sarı-kahverengi bir toz formdadır.
99
fosfatidilserin
ve fosfatidik
asit içeren
fosfolipid
ürünü
Ürünün spesifikasyonları:
Nem: ≤ % 2,0
Toplam fosfolipidler: ≥ % 70
Fosfatidilserin: ≥ % 20
Fosfatidik asit: ≥ % 20
Gliseritler: ≤ % 1,0
Serbest L -serin: ≤ % 1,0
Tokoferoller: ≤ % 0,3
Fitosteroller: ≤ % 2,0
Silisyum dio ksit, en fazla % 1,0 kullanılır.
Euphausia
superba ’dan
elde edilen
Antarktik
Krill yağı
Açıklama/Tanım: Antarktik Krill (Euphausia superba) ’den lipid ekstraktı üretmek için, derin dondurulmuş ezilmiş krill veya
kurutulmuş krill küspesi izinli ekstraksiyon çözücüleriyle (18.08.2013 tarihli ve 28739 say ılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan
Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıda Maddelerinin ve Gıda Bileşenlerinin Üretiminde Kullanılan Ekstraksiyon Çözücüleri Tebliği
kapsamında kullanımına izin verilen çözücülerle) lipi d ekstraksiyonuna tabi tutulur. Proteinler ve krill maddesi filtrasyonla
lipid ekstraktından ayrılır. Ekstraksiyon çözücüleri ve kalıntı su evaporasyon işlemi ile uzaklaştırılır.
Sabunlaşma değeri: ≤ 230 mg KOH/g
Peroksit değeri (PD): ≤ 3 meq O 2/kg yağ
Oksidatatif stabilite: Euphausia superba 'dan elde edilen Antarktik Krill yağı içeren tüm gıda ürünlerinin oksidatif stabilitesi
standartlara uygun ve geçerliliği kabul edilmiş ulusal/uluslararası test yöntemlerine göre (örneğin AOAC) kanıtlanır.
Nem ve uçucu maddeler: ≤ %3 veya 25 °C’de su aktivitesi 0,6
Fosfolipidler: ≥ %35 ile < %60
Trans -yağ asitleri: ≤ % 1
EPA (eikosapentaenoik asit): ≥ % 9
DHA (dokosaheksaenoik asit): ≥ % 5
Euphausia
superba’ dan
elde edilen
fosfolipidçe
zengin
Antarktik
Krill yağı
Açıklama/Tanım: Antarktik Krill (Euphausia superba) ’den fosfolipidçe zengin yağ üretiminde, yağın fosfolipid içeriğini
artırmak için, izinli ekstraksiyon çözücüleriyle (18.08.2013 tarihli ve 28739 sa yılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda
Kodeksi Gıda Ma ddelerinin ve Gıda Bileşenlerinin Üretiminde Kullanılan Ekstraksiyon Çözücüleri Tebliği kapsamında
kullanımına izin verilen çözücüler) tekrarlanan çözücü yıkamaları yapılır. Çözücüler evaporasyon yoluyla nihai üründen
uzaklaştırılır.
Sabunlaşma değeri: ≤ 2 30 mg KOH/g
Peroksit değeri (PD): ≤ 3 meq O 2/kg yağ
Nem ve uçucu maddeler: ≤ 3% veya 25 °C’de su aktivitesi 0,6
100
Fosfolipidler: ≥ % 60
Trans -yağ asitleri: ≤ % 1
EPA (eikosapentaenoik asit): ≥ % 9
DHA (dokosaheksaenoik asit): ≥ % 5
Fenilkapsaisi
n Açıklama/Tanım: Fenilkapsaisin (N-[(4-hidroksi -3-metoksifenil)metil] -7-fenilhept -6-ynamid, C₂₁ H₂₃NO₃, CAS no: 848127 -
67-3) birinci aşamada asetilenik asit ara maddesinin bir karboksilik asit türevi ile fenil asetilen reaksiyonu ve ikinci aşamada
asetilen ik asit ara maddesinin vanililamin türevi ile reaksiyonunu içeren iki aşamalı bir sentez işlemi vasıtasıyla kimyasal
olarak sentezlenir.
Karakteristik özellikler / Bileşim
Saflık (% kuru maddede): ≥ % 98
Nem: ≤ %0,5
Toplam sentezle ilgili üretim yan ürünleri: ≤ %1,0
N,N-dimetil formamid: ≤ 880 mg/kg
Diklorometan: ≤ 600 mg/kg
Dimetoksietan: ≤ 100 mg/kg
Etil asetat: ≤ % 0,5
Diğer çözücüler: ≤ % 0,5
Ağır Metaller:
Kurşun: ≤ 1,0 mg/kg
Kadmiyum: ≤ 1,0 mg/kg
Civa: ≤ 0,1 mg/kg
Arsenik: ≤ 1,0 mg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam koloni sayısı: ≤ 10 kob/g
Koliformlar: ≤ 10 kob/g
Escherichia coli : Bulunmayacak /10 g
Salmonella sp.: Bulunmayacak /10 g
Maya ve Küf: ≤ 10 kob/g
kob: Koloni oluşturan birim
101
Fermente
siyah fasu lye
ekstraktı
Açıklama/Tanım: Fermente siyah fasu lye ekstraktı (Touchi ekstraktı) Aspergillus oryzae ile fermente edilmiş küçük soya
fasulyelerinin (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) suyla ekstraksiyonu ile elde edilen ince açık kahverengi, proteince zengin bir to zdur.
Ekstrakt, α -glukosidaz inhibitörü içerir.
Karakteristik özellikler:
Yağ: ≤ % 1
Protein: ≥ % 55
Su: ≤ % 7
Kül: ≤ % 10
Karbonhidrat: ≥ % 20
α-glukosidaz inhibitörü aktivitesi: IC50 en az 0,025 mg/mL
Soya izoflavonları: ≤ % 0,3 g/100g
Ferme nte
soya fasulyesi
ekstraktı
Açıklama/Tanım: Fermente soya fasulyesi ekstraktı; kokusuz, süt beyazı renginde bir tozdur. % 30 fermente soya fasulyesi
ekstraktı tozu ile % 70 dirençli dekstrinden (mısır nişastasından elde edilen ve işlem sırasında taşıyıcı olarak ilave edilen )
oluşmaktadır. K₂ vitamin i üretim prosesi sırasında uzaklaştırılır.
Fermente soya fasulyesi ekstraktı, genetiği değiştirilmemiş soya fasulyesinin ( Glycine max (L.)) Bacillus subtilis var. natto’nun
seçilmiş bir suşu ile fermentasyonu ile üretilen bir gıda maddesi olan nattodan izo le edilen nattokinaz içerir.
Nattokinaz aktivitesi: 20 000 -28 000 FU (1)/ g(2)
Kimlik: Doğrulanabilir
Koşul: Hoşa gitmeyen tat veya koku içermemeli
Kurutma kaybı : ≤ %10
K₂ Vitamini: ≤ 0,1 mg/kg
Ağır metaller:
Kurşun: ≤ 5,0 mg/kg
Arsenik: ≤ 3,0 mg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler:
Toplam canlı aerobik sayısı: ≤ 103 kob(3)/g
Maya ve küf: ≤ 102 kob/g
Koliformlar: ≤ 30 kob/g
Spor oluşturan bakteriler: ≤ 10 kob/g
Escherichia coli : 25 g'da bulunmayacak
Salmonella : 25 g'da bulunmayacak
102
Listeria : 25 g'da bulunmayacak
(1) FU: fibrin bozunma birimi
(2) Deney metodu Takaoka et al. (2010)
(3) kob: Koloni oluşturan birim
Fitosteroller/f
itostanoller
ile
zenginleştiril
miş yağ
Açıklama/Tanım: Fitosteroller/fitostanoller ile zenginleştirilmiş yağ, bir yağ fraksiyonu ve bir fitosterol fraksiyonundan
oluşmaktadır.
Açilgliserol Dağılımı:
Serbest yağ asitleri (oleik asit olarak ifade edilir): ≤ % 2,0
Monoaçilgliseroller (MAG): ≤ % 10
Diaçilgliseroller (DAG): ≤ % 25
Triaçilgliseroller (TAG): Denge sağlanana kad ar
Fitosterol Fraksiyonu:
β-sitosterol: ≤ % 80
β-sitostanol: ≤ % 15
Kampesterol: ≤ % 40
Kampestanol: ≤ % 5,0
Stigmasterol: ≤ % 30
Brassicastero: ≤ % 3,0
Diğer steroller/stanoller: ≤ % 3,0
Diğerleri:
Nem ve uçucu madde: ≤ % 0,5
Peroksit değeri (PD): < 5,0 meq/kg
Trans yağ asitleri: ≤ % 1
Bulaşma/Saflık (GC -FID veya eşdeğer yöntem): Gıda için uygun bitkisel yağ dışındaki kaynaklardan ekstrakte edilen
fitosteroller ve fitostanoller bulaşanları içermemelidir, fitosterol/fitostanol bileşeninin saflığı % 99 ’dan fazla olmalıdır.
Fosfatlanmış
Mısır
Nişastası
Açıklama/Tanım: Fosfatlanmış mısır nişastası (fosfatlanmış dinişasta fosfat), karbonhidrat kalıntıları ile esterleşmiş hidroksil
grupları arasında fosfat çapraz bağları oluşturmak için kimyasal işlemler i birleştirerek, yüksek amilozlu nişastadan elde edilen
kimyasal olarak modifiye edilmiş dirençli bir nişastadır.
Yeni gıda bileşeni beyaz ya da neredeyse beyazımsı bir tozdur.
CAS Numarası: 11120 -02-8
Kimyasal Formül: (C 6H10O5)n [(C 6H9O5)2PO 2H]x [(C 6H9O5)PO 3H2]y
n= Glukoz birimi sayısı; x, y= Yer değiştirme derecesi
103
Fosfatlanmış dinişasta fosfatın kimyasal özellikleri:
Kurutma kaybı: % 10 -14
pH: 4,5 -7,5
Diyet lifi: ≥ % 70
Nişasta: % 7 -14
Protein: ≤ % 0,8
Yağ: ≤ % 0,8
Bağlı fosfor kalıntısı : ≤ % 0,4 (fosfor olarak), kaynak olarak ‘yüksek amilozlu mısır’
2'-
Fukozillaktoz
(sentetik)
Tanım:
Kimyasal ad: α -L-Fukopiranozil -(1→2) -β-D -galaktopiranozil -(1→4) -D-glukopiranoz
Kimyasal formül: C 18H32O15
CAS Numarası: 41263 -94-9
Molekül ağırlığı: 488,44 g/mol
Açıklama: 2'-fukozillaktoz kimyasal sentez işlemiyle elde edilen beyazdan kirli beyaza rengi değişen bir tozdur.
Saflık:
2'-Fukozillaktoz: ≥ % 95
D-Laktoz: ≤ % 1,0 (g/g)
L-Fukoz: ≤ % 1,0 (g/g)
Difukozil -D-laktoz izomerleri: ≤ % 1,0 (g/g)
2'-Fukozil -D-laktuloz: ≤ % 0,6 (g/g)
pH (20 °C, % 5’lik çözelti): 3,2 -7,0
Su (%): ≤ % 9,0
Sülfatlı kül: ≤ % 0,2
Asetik asit: ≤ % 0,3
Çözücü kalıntısı (metanol, 2 -propanol, metil asetat, aseton): ≤ 50 mg/kg tek başına, ≤ 200 mg/kg kombinasyon halinde
Protein kalıntısı: ≤ % 0,01
Ağır metaller:
Paladyum: ≤ 0,1 mg/kg
Nikel: ≤ 3,0 mg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam aerobik mezofilik bakteri sayısı: ≤ 500 kob/g
Maya ve Küfler: ≤ 10 kob/g
104
Endotoksin kalıntısı: ≤ 10 EU/mg
Galakto -
oligosakkarit
Açıklama/Tanım: Galakto -oligosakkarit; Aspergillus oryzae, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Pichia pastoris, Sprorobolomyces
singularis, Kluyveromyces lactis, Bacillus circulans ve Papiliotrema terrestris ’ten elde edilen β -galaktosidaz kullanılarak
enzimatik bir işlemle süt laktozundan üretilir.
GOS: En az % 46 kuru madde (KM)
Laktoz: En fazla % 40 KM
Glukoz: En fazla % 27 KM
Galaktoz: En az 0,8 KM
Kül: En fazla % 4 KM
Protein: En fazla % 4,5 KM
Nitrit: En fazla 2 mg/kg
Aspergillus
niger ’den
elde edilen
glukozamin
HCl
Beyaz kristalize kokusuz toz
Molekül formül ü: C6H13NO 5•HC1
Bağıl molekül ağırlığı: 215,63 g/mol
D-Glukozamin HC1: % 98,0 -102,0 referans standart (HPLC)
Spesifik rotasyon : + 70.0º - + 73.0º
Aspergillus
niger ’den
elde edilen
glukozamin
sülfat KCl
Beyaz kristalize kokusuz toz
Molekül formül ü: (C 6H14N05)2SO 4•2KCl
Bağıl molekül ağırlığı: 605,52 g/mol
D-Glucosamine Sulfat 2KCl referans standardının % 98,0 -102,0'ı (HPLC)
Spesifik rotasyon : + 50.0º - + 52.0º
Aspergillus
niger ’den
elde edilen
glukozamin
sülfat NaCl
Beyaz kristalize kokusuz toz
Molekül formül ü: (C 6H14N05)2SO4•2NaCL
Bağıl molekül ağırlığı: 573,31 g/mol
D-Glukozamin HC1: Referans standardının% 98 -102'si (HPLC)
Spesifik rotasyon : + 52 ° - + 54 °
105
Hidroksitiros
ol
Açıklama/Tanım: Hidroksitirosol kimyasal sentezle elde edilen açık sarı viskoz sıvıdır.
Moleküler formül: C 8H10O3
Molekül ağırlığı: 154,6 g/mol
CAS Numarası: 10597 -60-1
Nem: ≤ % 0,4
Koku: Karakteristik
Tat: Hafif acı
Çözünürlük (su): Su ile karışabilir.
pH: 3,5 -4,5
Reflaktif index: 1,571 -1,575
Saflık:
Hidroksitirosol: ≥ % 99
Asetik asit: ≤ % 0,4
Hidroksitirosol asetat: ≤ % 0,3
Homovanillik asit, iso -homovanilik asit ve 3 -metoksi -4-hidroksifenilglikolün toplamı: ≤ % 0,3
Ağır metaller:
Kurşun: ≤ 0,03 mg/kg
Kadmium: ≤ 0,01 mg/kg
Civa: ≤ 0,01 mg/kg
Çözü cü kalıntısı:
Etil asetat: ≤ 25 mg/kg
Isopropanol: ≤ 2,5 mg/kg
Methanol: ≤ 2 mg/kg
Tetrahidrofuran: ≤ 0,01 mg/kg
Horoz İbiği
Ekstraktı
Açıklama/Tanım: Horoz ibiği ekstraktı, Gallus gallus 'dan horoz ibiğinin enzimatik hidrolizi ve takiben filtrasyon,
konsantrasyon ve çöktürme adımlarıyla elde edilir. Horoz ibiği ekstraktının başlıca bileşenleri glikozaminoglikanlar
hiyalüronik asit, kondroitin sülfat A ve dermatan sülfattır (kondroitin sülfat B). Beyaz veya neredeyse beyaz higroskopik toz.
Hiyalüronik asit: % 60 -80
Kondroitin sülfat A: ≤ % 5
Dermatan sülfat (kondroitin sülfat B): ≤ % 25
pH: 5,0 -8,5
Saflık:
106
Klorürler: ≤ % 1
Azot: ≤ % 8
Kuruma kaybı (105 ° C, 6 saat için): ≤ % 10
Ağır metaller:
Civa: ≤ 0,1 mg/kg
Arsenik: ≤ 1 mg/kg
Kadmiyum: ≤ 1 mg/kg
Krom: ≤ 10 mg/kg
Kurşun: ≤ 0,5 mg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam canlı aerobik sayı : ≤ 102 kob/g
Escherichia coli : 1 g'da bulunmayacak
Salmonella : 1 g'da bulunmayacak
Staphylococcus aureus : 1 g'da bulunmayacak
Pseudomonas aeruginosa : 1 g'da bulunmay acak
İzomalto -
oligosakkarit
Toz form:
Çözünürlük (su) (%): > 99
Glukoz (%, kuru madde bazında): ≤ 5,0
İzomaltoz + DP3’dan DP9’a kadar (% kuru madde bazında): ≥ 90
Nem (%): ≤ 4,0
Sülfatlı kül (g/100g): ≤ 0,3
Ağır metaller:
Kurşun (mg/kg): ≤ 0,5
Arsenik (mg/kg): ≤ 0,5
Şurup form:
Kurutulmuş katılar (g/100 g): > 75
Glukoz (% kuru madde bazında): ≤ 5,0
İzomaltoz + DP3’dan DP9’a kadar (%, kuru madde bazında): ≥ 90
pH: 4 -6
Sülfatlı kül (g/100g): ≤ 0,3
Ağır metaller:
Kurşun (mg/kg): ≤ 0,5
107
Arsenik (mg/kg): ≤ 0,5
İzomaltuloz
Açıklama/Tanım: Bir α -1,6- glikozidik bağ ile bağlanmış bir glukoz ve bir fruktoz parçasını içeren indirgen bir disakkarittir.
Enzimatik bir işlem ile sukrozdan elde edilir. Bu ticari ürün, bir monohidrattır.
Görünüm: Hemen hemen kokusuz, tatlı bir tada sahip, beyaz veya hemen hemen beyaz kristaller.
Kimyasal ad: 6 -O- α -D-glukopiranosil -D-fruktofuranoz, monohidrat.
CAS No: 13718 -94-0
Kimyasal formül: C 12H22O11.H2O
Yapısal formül:
Folmül ağırlığı: 360,3 (monohidrat)
Saflık:
Analiz: Kuru maddede ağırlıkça ≥ % 98
Kurutma kaybı: ≤ % 6,5 ( 60°C, 5 saat)
Ağır Metaller
Kurşun: ≤ 0,1 mg/kg
Belirli bir seviyeye uygun bir atomik absorpsiyon tekniği kullanarak belirlenir. Örneklerin büyüklüğünün seçimi ve numune
hazırlama yö ntemi, FNP 5*’ de belirtilen ‘Enstrümental Yöntemler’in ilkelerine göre belirlenir.
*Gıda ve Beslenme makalesi 5 Rev. 2 —Genel Bildirimler, genel analitik teknikler, tanımlama testleri, test çözümleri ve referans
materyallerinin tanımlanması için rehber dok üman (JECFA), 1991, 322p. — ISBN 92 -5-102991 -1. Rehber dokuman
Kalamardan
ekstrakte
edilen yağ Asit değeri: ≤ 0,5 KOH/g yağ
Peroksit değeri (PD): ≤ 5 meq O₂/kg yağ
p-Anisidin değeri: ≤ 20
108
0 °C de soğuk test: ≤ 3 saat
Nem: ≤ 0,1 % (g/g)
Sabunlaşmayan madde: ≤ 5,0 %
Trans yağ asitleri: ≤ 1,0 %
Dokosahekzaeonik asit: ≥ 20 %
Eikosapentaenoik asit: ≥ 10 %
Kondroitin
sülfat
Açıklama/Tanım: Kondroitin sülfat (sodyum tuzu) bir biyosentetik üründür. Escherichia coli O5: K4: H4 bakterisinin U1 -41
suşunun (ATCC 23502) fermentasyonundan elde edilen kondroitinin kimyasal olarak sülfatlanmasıyla elde edilir.
Kondroitin sülfat (sodyum tuzu) (% kuru maddede): 95 -105
MWw (ağırlık ortalaması) (kDa): 5 -12
MWn (sayı ortalama sı) (kDa): 4 -11
Dispersite (w h/w0,05): ≤ 0,7
Sülfatlanma paterni (ΔDi -6S) (%): ≤ 85
Kurutma kaybı (%) (sabit ağırlığa göre 105 ° C): ≤ 10,0
Yakma kalıntısı (kuru maddede %): 20 -30
Protein ( % kuru maddede): ≤ 0,5
Endotoksinler (EU/mg): ≤ 100
Toplam o rganik safsızlık (mg/kg): ≤ 50
Krom
Pikolinat
Açıklama/Tanım: Krom Pikolinat, pH 7’lik suda hafifçe çözünebilen kırmızımsı, serbest akışlı bir tozdur. Krom pikolinat
tuzu aynı zamanda polar organik çözücülerde çözünür.
Kimyasal adı: tris (2-piridinkarboksilato -N,O) krom (III) veya 2 -piridinkarboksilik asit krom (III) tuzu
CAS No: 14639 -25-9
Kimyasal Formül: Cr(C 6H4NO 2)3
Kimyasal özellikler:
Krom Pikolinat: ≥ % 95
Krom (III): % 12 -13
Krom (VI): Tespit edilmemeli
Su: ≤ % 4
Ksilo -
oligosakkaritl
er
Açıklama: Ksilo -oligosakkaritler Zea mays subsp. mays türüne ait mısır koçanlarının Trichoderma reesei kaynaklı bir ksilanaz
enzimi ile hidrolizini takiben yapılan bir saflaştırma işlemi ile elde edilen bir Ksilo -oligosakkaritler k arışımıdır.
Özellikleri/Bileşimi
109
Parametre Toz form 1 Toz form 2 Şurup form
Nem (%) ≤ 5,0 ≤ 5,0 70-75
Protein (g/100 g) < 0,2
Kül (%) ≤ 0,3
pH 3,5-5,0
Toplam karbonhidrat içeriği (g/100 g) ≥ 97 ≥ 95 ≥ 70
XOS( ksilo-oligosakkaritler) içeriği (kuru maddede) (g/100 g) ≥ 95 ≥ 70 ≥ 70
Diğer karbonhidratlar (g/100 g) (a) 2,5-7,5 2-16 1,5-31,5
Toplam monosakkaritler (g/100 g) 0-4,5 0-13 0-29
Glucose (g/100 g) 0-2 0-5 0-4
Arabinose (g/100 g) 0-1,5 0-3 0-10
Ksiloz (g/100 g) 0-1,0 0-5 0-15
Toplam disakkaritler (g/100 g) 27,5-48 25-43 26,5-42,5
Ksilobioz (XOS DP2) (g/100 g) 25-45 23-40 25-40
Sellobioz (g/100 g) 2,5-3 2-3 1,5-2,5
Toplam oligosakkaritler (g/100 g) 41-77 36-72 32-71
Ksilotrioz (XOS DP3) (g/100 g) 27-35 18-30 18-30
Ksilotetraoz (XOS DP4) (g/100 g) 10-20 10-20 8-20
Ksilopentaoz (XOS DP5) (g/100 g) 3-10 5-10 3-10
Ksilohexaoz (XOS DP6) (g/100 g) 1-5 1-5 1-5
Ksiloheptaoz (XOS DP7) (g/100 g) 0-7 2-7 2-6
Maltodekstrin (g/100 g) (b) 0 20-25 0
Bakır (mg/kg) < 5,0
Kurşun (mg/kg) < 0,5
Arsenik (mg/kg) < 0,3
Salmonella ( kob (c)/25 g) Bulunmayacak
E. coli (MPN (d)/100 g) Bulunmayacak
Maya ( kob/g) < 10
Küf ( kob/g) < 10
110
DP: Polimerizasyon derecesi
(a) Monosakkaritleri (glukoz, ksiloz and arabinoz) ve sellobioz içeren diğer karbonhidratlar.
(b) Maltodekstrin içeriği işlem sırasında eklenen miktara göre hesaplanır.
(c) kob: Koloni oluşturan birim
(d) MPN: En muhtemel sayı
Kalsiyum L-
Metilfolat
Açıklama:
Folik asitten kimyasal sentezle elde edililir.
Beyazdan açık sarıya rekte, genellikle kokusuz, kristalize toz haldedir, suda çözünebilir, birçok organik çözücüde az çözünür
veya hiç çözünmez.
Tanım:
Kimyasal Formül : C20H23CaN 7O6
Systemati k ad: N-{4-[[((6S) -2-amino -1,4,5,6,7,8 -hexahydro -5-methyl -4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]benzoyl} -L-glutamik
asit, kalsiyum tuzu.
CAS Num arası : 129025 -21-4 (L-5-MTHF/Ca2+ oranı belirtilmemiş kalsium tuzu) ve 151533 -22-1 (L-5-MTHF/Ca2+ oranı 1:1
olan kalsiyum tuzu)
Molekül ağırlığı: 497,5 Dalton
Sinonimleri : L-metilfolat , kalsiyum; L -5-metiltetrahidrofolik asit, kalsium tuzu [(L-5-MTHF -Ca)]; (6S) -5-metiltetrahidrofolik
asit, kalsiyum tuzu [(6S) -5-MTHF -Ca]; (6S) -5-metil -5,6,7,8 -tetrahidropteroi l-L-glutam ik asit, kalsiyum tuzu, and L -5-metil -
tetrahi drofoli k asit (L-5-MTHF)
Yapısal formül:
111
Karakteristik Özellikler:
Saflık : > % 95 (Kuru madde bazında )
Su: ≤ %17, 0
Kalsiyum (susuz ve çözücüsüz bazda ): % 7,0 – 8,5
Kalsiyum D -metilfolat (6R, αS izomer ): ≤ % 1,0
Diğer folatlar ve ilişkili bileşikler : ≤ % 2,5
Etanol: ≤ % 0,5
Bulaşanlar:
Bebek ve Küçük Çocuklar Genel popülasyon (Bebek ve Küçük Çocuklar)
Kurşun : ≤ 1 mg/kg
Kurşun : ≤ 1 mg/kg
Bor: ≤ 10 mg/kg
Bor: ≤ 10 mg/kg
Kadmiyum ≤ 0,5 mg/kg
Kadmiyum ≤ 0,5 mg/kg
Civa ≤ 1,0 mg/kg Civa ≤ 1,5 mg/kg
112
Arsenik ≤ 1,5 mg/kg
Arsenik ≤ 1,5 mg/kg
Platin yum ≤ 2 mg/k g
Platin yum ≤ 10 mg/k g
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam aerobik canlı sayısı: ≤ 1 000 Kob /g
Toplam maya ve küf sayısı: ≤ 100 Kob /g
Kalsiyum
fruktoborat Açıklama/Tanım
Kalsiyum fruktoborat, toz formdaki borik asitin bis( fruktoz) esterlerinin kalsiyum tuzu tetrahidratıdır,
Ca[(C 6H10O6)2B] 2•4H 2O, molekül ağırlığı 846 Da.
Yeni gıda, fruktozun borik asitle borik asitin bis(fruktoz) esterini üretmek için su içinde ısıtma ve karıştırma işlemleri ile
kimyasal sentez ile üretilir.
Bu yeni gıda, çeşitli ısıtma ve karıştırma işlemleri yoluyla bis(fruktoz) borik asit esteri üretmek için fruktozun su içinde borik
asit ile birleş tirildiği kimyasal sentez ile üretilir. Daha sonra fruktoboratın (tetrahidrat) kalsiyum tuzunu içeren bir çözelti
üretmek için kalsiyum karbonat eklenir. Çözelti dondurularak kurutulur, toz ürünü üretmek için öğütülür ve ardından
karaktaristik depolama koş ulları altında (22 ± 1°C RH 55 -60 %) paketlenir ve saklanır.
Karakteristik özellikler/Bileşim
Serbest nem: <% 5,0
Kalsiyum: %4,5 -5
Bor: %2,5 -2,9
Fruktoz: %80 -85
Kül: %15 -16
Ağır metaller:
Arsenik: ≤ 1 mg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam canlı sayısı: ≤1000 kob/g
Küf ve maya: <100 kob/g
113
Koliform: <10 kob/g
Escherichia coli : < 10 kob/g
Salmonella spp: 25 g’da bulunmayacak
Koagulaz pozitif staphylococci: 1 g’da bulunma yacak
Agaricus
bisporus veya
Aspergillus
niger ’den
ekstrakte
edilen kitosan
Açıklama/Tanım: Esas olarak poli -D-glukozamin’den oluşan kitosan ekstraktı, Agaricus bisporus 'un saplarından veya
Aspergillus niger ’in miselyumundan elde edilir .
Patentli üretim prosesi, alkali ortamda ekstraksiyon ve alkali ortamda deasetilasyon (hidroli z), asidik ortamda çözündürme,
alkali ortamda çökeltme, yıkama ve kurutma gibi birkaç aşamadan oluşur.
Eşanlamlısı: Poli -D-glukozamin
Kitosanın CAS numarası: 9012 -76-4
Kitosanın kimyasal formülü: (C 6H11NO 4)n
Görünüm: İnce serbest akışlı toz
Renk: Kirli beyazdan açık kahverengiye değişen
Koku: Kokusuz
Saflık:
Kitosan içeriği (%g/g kuru ağırlık): ≥ 85
Glukan içeriği (% g/g kuru ağırlık): ≤ 15
Kurutma kaybı (% g/g kuru ağırlık): ≤ 10
Viskozite (%1 asetik asitte %1 ): 1-15
Asetilasyon derecesi (% mol/yaş ağırlıkta): 0 -30
Viskozite (% 1’lik asetik asitte % 1) (mPa.s): Aspergillus niger ’den elde edilen kitosan için 1 -14; Agaricus bisporus’dan elde
edilen kitin için 12-25
Kül (% g/g kuru ağırlık): ≤ 3
Protein (% g/g kuru ağır lık): ≤ 2
Partikül büyüklüğü: > 100 nm
Sıkıştırılmış yoğunluk (g/cm3): 0,7 -1,0
Yağ bağlama kapasitesi 800 x (g/g yaş ağırlık): pass
Ağır metaller:
Civa (ppm): ≤ 0,1
Kurşun (ppm): ≤ 1,0
Arsenik (ppm): ≤ 1,0
114
Kadmium (ppm): ≤ 0,5
Mikrobiyolojik Kriterle r
Aerobic sayısı ( kob/g): ≤ 103
Maya ve küf sayısı ( kob/g): ≤ 103
Escherichia coli (kob/g): ≤ 10
Enterobacteriaceae ( kob/g): ≤ 10
Salmonella : 25g ’da bulunmayacak
Listeria monocytogenes : 25g ’da bulunmayacak
Laktitol
Açıklama/Tanım: Laktozun katalitik hidrojenasyonu ile üretilen kristalize toz veya renksiz çözelti. Kristalize ürün, susuz,
monohidrat ve dihidrat formlarında oluşabilir. Katalizör olarak nikel kullanılır.
Kimyasal ad: 4 -O-β-D-Galaktopiranosil -D-glusitol
Kimyasal formü l: C 12H24O11
Molekül ağırlığı: 344,31 g/mol
CAS No: 585 -86-4
Saflık:
Çözünebilirlik (suda) : Suda çözünürlüğü yüksektir.
Spesifik rotasyon : [α] D20 = +13° - +16°
Analiz: ≥ % 95 (kuru ağırlık bazında)
Su: ≤ % 10,5
Diğer polioller: ≤ % 2,5 (kuru ağırlık b azında)
İndirgen şekerler: ≤ % 0,2 (kuru ağırlık bazında)
Klotritler: ≤ 100 mg/kg (kuru ağırlık bazında)
Sülfatlar : ≤ 200 mg/kg (kuru ağırlık bazında)
Sülfatlı kül: ≤ % 0,1 (kuru ağırlık bazında)
Nikel: ≤ 2 mg/kg (kuru ağırlık bazında)
Arsenik: ≤ 3 mg/kg (kuru ağırlık bazında)
Kurşun: ≤ 1 mg/kg (kuru ağırlık bazında)
Lakto -N-
neotetraoz
(sentetik)
Tanım: Kimyasal ad: β -D -Galaktopiranosil -(1 →4) -2-asetamido -2-deoksi -β-D-glukopiranozil -(l→3) -β-D-galaktopiranosil -
(l→4) -D-glukopiranoz
Kimyasal formül C26H45NO 21
CAS No: 13007 -32-4
Molekül ağırlığı: 707,63 g/mol
115
Açıklama: Lakto -N-neotetraoz beyazdan kirli bey aza rengi değişen bir tozdur. Kimyasal sentez ile üretilir ve kristalizasyonla
izole edilir.
Saflık:
Analiz (susuz): ≥ % 96
D-Laktoz: ≤ % 1
Lakto -N-trioz II: ≤ % 0,3
Lakto -N-neotetraoz fruktoz izomeri: ≤ % 0,6
pH (20 ° C de,% 5 lik çözelti): 5,0 -7,0
Su: ≤ % 9,0
Sülfatlı kül: ≤ % 0,4
Asetik asit: ≤ % 0,3
Çözücü kalıntısı (metanol, 2 -propanol, metil asetat, aseton): ≤ 50 mg/kg tek başına; ≤ 200 mg/kg kombinasyon için.
Protein kalıntısı: ≤ % 0,01
Paladyum: ≤ 0,1 mg/kg
Nikel: ≤ 3.0 mg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam aerobik mezofilik bakteri sayısı: ≤ 500 kob/g
Maya: ≤ 10 kob/g
Küf: ≤ 10 kob/g
Endotoksin kalıntısı: ≤ 10 EU/mg
L-
ergotiyonein Tanım:
Kimyasal ad (IUPAC, International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry): (2S)-3-(2-tiokso -2,3-dihidro -lH-imidazol -4-il)-2-
(trimetilamonyo) -propanoat
Kimyasal formül: C 9H15N3O2S
Molekül ağırlığı: 229,3 Da
CAS numarası: 497 -30-3
Parametreler Spesifikasyon Değeri Method
Görünüm Beyaz toz Görsel
Optik rotasyon [α]ᴅ ≥ (+) 122 ° (c = 1, H₂0) (ª) Polarimetre
Kimyasal saflık ≥ % 99,5 HPLC [Eur. Ph. 2,2.29]
≥ % 99 1H-NMR
Kimlik Yapı ile uyumlu 1H-NMR
116
C: %47,14 ± 0,4 Elemental analiz
H: %6,59 ± 0,4
N: %18,32 ± 0,4
Toplam çözücü kalıntıları (metanol, [Eur. Ph. 01/2008:50400] Gaz kromatografisi
etil asetat, izopropanol, etanol) < 1 000 ppm [Eur. Ph. 01/2008:20424]
Kurutma kaybı İç standart < % 0,5 [Eur. Ph. 01/2008:20232]
Safsızlık < % 0,8 HPLC/GPC veya 1H -NMR
Ağır metaller(b)(c)
Kurşun < 3 ppm ICP/AES
Kadmiyum < 1 ppm (Pb, Cd)
Civa < 0,1 ppm Atomik floresan (Hg)
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler(b)
Toplam canlı aerobik sayı (TVAC) ≤ 1 × 103 kob/g [Eur. Ph. 01/2011:50104]
Toplam maya ve küf sayısı (TYMC) ≤ 1 × 102 kob/g
Escherichia coli 1 g'da bulunmayacak
Eur. Ph.: European Pharmacopoeia; 1H -NMR: Proton nükleer manyetik rezonans; HPLC: Yüksek performanslı sıvı
kromatografisi; GPC: Jel permeasyon kromatografisi; ICP/AES: İndüktif olarak bağlanmış plazma atomik emisyon
spektroskopisi;
kob: Koloni oluşturan birim .
(a) Lit. [α] D = (+) 126,6° (c = 1, H 20)
(b) Her parti üzerinde yapılan analizler
(c) Resmi Gazatede yayımlanan 29/12/2011 tarihli ve 28157 sayılı Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliğine uygun olarak
izin verilen en fazla seviyeleri
Leuconostoc
mesenteroide
s’den üretilen 1. Toz formda:
Karbonhidrat: % 60 (Dekstran: % 50, Mannitol: % 0,5, Fruktoz: % 0,3, Leucrose: % 9,2)
Protein: % 6,5
Lipid: % 0,5
117
dekstran
preparatı
Laktik asit: % 10
Ethanol: iz miktarda
Kül: % 13
Nem: % 10
2. Sıvı formda:
Karbonhidrat: % 12 (Dekstran: % 6,9, Mannitol: % 1,1, Fruktoz: % 1,9, Leucrose: % 2,2)
Protein: % 2
Lipid: % 0,1
Laktik asit: % 2
Ethanol: % 0,5
Kül: % 3,4
Nem: % 80
Likopen
(sentetik)
Açıklama/Tanım: Sentetik likopen, gıdalarda kullanılan diğer karotenoitlerin üretiminde yaygın olarak kullanılan sentetik ara
ürünlerin Wittig yoğunlaştırmasıyla elde edilir. Sentetik likopen, en az %96 likopen ve az miktarda diğer ilgili karotenoit
bileşenlerinden oluşur. Likopen, uygun bir matriks içerisinde toz olarak veya yağlı dispersiyon olarak sunulur. Rengi koyu
kırmızı veya kırmızı -mordur. Antioksidatif korumanın sağlanması gerekir.
Kimyasal ad: Likopen
CAS numarası: 502 -65-8 (bütün trans likopen)
Kimyasal formülü: C 40H56
Formül ağırlığı: 536,85 Da
Likope n
(Blakeslea
trispora ’dan
elde edilen)
Açıklama/Tanım: Blakeslea trispora ’dan elde edilen saflaştırılmış likopen, en az %95 likopen ve en çok %5 diğer
karotenoitlerden oluşur. Likopen, uygun bir matriks içerisinde toz olarak veya yağlı dispersiyon olarak sunulur. Rengi koyu
kırmızı veya kırmızı -mordur. Antioksidatif korumanın sağlanması gerekir.
Kimyasal ad: Likopen
CAS numarası: 502 -65-8 (bütün trans likopen)
Kimyasal formülü: C 40H56
Formül ağırlığı: 536,85 Da
Magnezyum
sitrat malat Açıklama/Tanım : Magnezyum sitrat malat beyazdan sarımsı beyaza değişen renkte, amorf tozdur.
Kimyasal formül: Mg 5 (C 6 H 5 O 7 ) 2 (C 4 H 4 O 5 ) 2
Chemical name: Pentamagnezyum di -(2-hidroksibutandioat) -di-(2- hidroksipropan -1,2,3 -trikarboksilat)
118
CAS No.: 1259381 -40-2
Molekül ağırlığı: 763,99 Dalton (susuz)
Çözünürlük: Suda serbestçe çözünür (100 mL’de yaklaşık 20g)
Fiziksel durum: Amorf toz
Magnezyum analizi: % 12,0 -15,0
Kurutma kaybı (120 °C/4 saat): ≤ % 15
Renk (Katı): Beyaz - sarımsı beyaz
Renk (%20 sulu çözelti): Renksiz - sarımsı
Görünüm (%20 sulu çözelti): Berrak çözelti
pH (%20 sulu çözelti): Yaklaşık 6,0
Safsızlıklar:
Klor: ≤ % 0,05
Sulfat: ≤ %0,05
Arsenik: ≤ 3,0 ppm
Kurşun: ≤ 2,0 ppm
Kadmiyum: ≤ 1 ppm
Civa: ≤ 0,1 ppm
Mortierell a
alpina ’dan
elde edilen
araşidonik
asitçe zengin
yağ
Açıklama/Tanım: Araşidonik asitçe zengin, berrak sarı yağ, Mortierella alpina ’dan genetik olarak modifiye edilmemiş
suşlarının (IS -4, I49 -N18, FJRK -MA01 ve CBS 210.32) uygun bir sıvı kullanılarak fermantasyonu ile elde edilir. Yağ daha
sonra biyokütleden ekstrakte edilir ve saflaştırılır.
Araşidonik asit: ≥ Toplam yağ asidi içeriği ağırlığının % 40’ı
Serbest yağ asitleri: ≤ Toplam yağ asidi içeriğinin % 0,45’i
Trans yağ asitleri: ≤ Toplam yağ asidi içeriğinin % 0,5’i
Sabunlaşmayan madde: ≤ % 1,5
Peroksit değeri: ≤ 5 meq/kg
Anisidin değeri: ≤ 20
Asit değeri: ≤ 1,0 KOH/g
Nem: ≤ % 0,5
Maya Beta -
Glukanları
Açıklama/Tanım:
Beta-glukanlar, birçok mayanın ve tahılın hücre duvarında bulunan kompleks, yüksek molekül ağırlıklı (100 -200 kDa)
polisakkaritlerdir. ‘Maya beta -glukanları’ için kimyasal ad (1 -3), (1 -6)-β-D-glukanlardır.
119
Beta-glukanlar , ß-1-6-bağlantıları ile dallanmış, ß -1-3 bağlı glikoz kalıntılarının bir omurgasından oluşur; bunlara, kitin ve
mannoproteinler ß -1-4-bağı ile bağlanır.
Beta-glukanlar Saccharomyces cerevisiae 'dan izole edilir.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 'nın glukan hücre du varının üçüncül yapısı, ß -1,4-bağları, ß -1,6-glukanlar ve bazı mannoproteinler
ile bağlı kitin omurgasını oluşturan ß -1,6-bağlarıyla dallanan ß -1,3 bağlı glikoz kalıntıları zincirlerinden oluşmaktadır.
Bu yeni gıda; çözünebilen, çözünmeyen ve suda çözünme yen, fakat birçok sıvı matriste dağılabilen üç farklı formda
bulunabilir.
Maya ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) beta -glukanlarının kimyasal özellikleri:
Çözünür form:
Toplam karbonhidratlar: > % 75
Beta-glukanları (1,3/1,6): > % 75
Kül: < % 4
Nem: < % 8
Protein: < % 3,5
Yağ: < % 10
Çözünemeyen form:
Toplam karbonhidratlar: > % 70
Beta-glukanları (1,3/1,6): > % 70
Kül: ≤ % 12
Nem: < % 8
Protein: < % 10
Yağ: < % 20
Suda çözünmeyen fakat birçok sıvı matriste dağılabilen form:
(1,3) - (1,6) –D-β-Glukan lar: > % 80
Kül: < % 2
Nem: < % 6
Protein: < % 4
Toplam yağ: < % 3
Suda çözünmeyen fakat birçok sıvı matriste dağılabilen form için mikrobiyal veriler:
Toplam plaka sayısı: < 1000 kob/g
Enterobacteriaceae : < 100 kob/g
Toplam koliformlar: < 10 kob/g
120
Maya: < 25 kob/g
Küf: < 25 kob/g
Salmonella ssp .: 25 g'da bulunmayacak
Escherichia coli : 1 g'da bulunmayacak
Bacillus cereus : < 100 kob/g
Staphylococcus aureus : 1 g'da bulunmayacak
Suda çözünmeyen fakat birçok sıvı matriste dağılabilen form için ağır metaller:
Kurşun: < 0,2 mg/kg
Arsenik: < 0,2 mg/kg
Cıva: < 0,1 mg/kg
Kadmiyum: < 0,1 mg/kg
Metilselüloz
Açıklama/Tanım: Metil selüloz, doğrudan lifli bitki materyalinin doğal türlerinden elde edilen ve metil grupları ile kısmen
eterleştirilen selülozdur.
Kimyasal adı: Selülozun metil eteri
Kimyasal formülü: Polimerler, aşağıdaki genel formüle sahip, yer değiştirmiş anhidroglukoz birimleri içerir:
C6H7O2(OR 1)(OR 2)(OR 3)
R1, R2, R3’un herbiri aşağıdakilerden biri olabilir;
-H
-CH 3 veya
-CH 2CH 3
Molekül ağırlığı: Makromoleküller: yaklaşık 20000 (n yaklaşık 100) ile 380000 g/mol (n yaklaşık 2000) arasında
Analiz: Metoksil gruplarını ( -OCH 3) en az %25 ve en fazla %33 ve hidroksietoksil gruplarını ( -OCH 2CH 2OH) en fazla %5
içerir.
Hafif higroskopik, beyaz veya hafif sarımsı ve grimsi, kokusuz ve tatsız, granüllü veya lifli toz.
Çözünürlüğü: Suda şişer, şeffaftan yanar dönere değişen, viskoz, kolloidal bir çözelti. Etanol, eter ve kloroformda çözünmez.
Buzlu asetik asitte çözünür.
Saflık:
Kurutma Kayb ı: ≤ % 10 (105 °C, 3 saat)
Sülfatlı Kül: 800 ± 25 °C'de ≤ % 1,5
pH: ≥ 5,0 ve en fazla 8,0 (% 1 kolloidal çözelti)
Ağır metaller:
121
Arsenik: ≤ 3 mg/kg
Kurşun: ≤ 2 mg/kg
Civa: ≤ 1 mg/kg
Kadmiyum: ≤ 1 mg/kg
1-
Metilnikotina
mid klorür
Tanım:
Kimyasal adı: 3 -karbamoil -1-metil -piridinyum klorür
Kimyasal formül: C 7H9N2OCl
CAS Nn: 1005 -24-9
Molekül ağırlık: 172,61 Da
Açıklama:
1-metilnikotinamid klorür beyaz veya kirli beyaza rengi değişen; kimyasal sentezle elde edilen kristalize bir katıdır.
Özellikler/ Bileşim:
Görünüm : Beyaz -kirli beyaz kristalimsi bir katı
Saflık: ≥ % 98,5
Trigonellin: ≤ % 0,05
Nikotinik asit: ≤ % 0,10
Nikotinamid: ≤ % 0,10
Bilinmeyen en büyük safsızlık: ≤ % 0,05
Bilinmeyen safsızlıkların toplamı: ≤ % 0,20
Tüm safsızlıkların toplamı: ≤ % 0,50
Çözünürlük: Suda ve metanolde çözünür. 2 -propanol ve diklorometanda pratik olarak çözünmez.
Nem: ≤ % 0,3
Kurutma kaybı: ≤ % 1,0
Yakma kalıntısı: ≤ % 0,1
Çözücü kalıntısı ve Ağır Metaller:
Metanol: ≤ % 0,3
Ağır metaller: ≤ % 0,002
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam aerobik mikrobiyal sayısı: ≤ 100 kob/g
Küf/maya: ≤ 10 kob/g
Enterobacteriaceae: 1 g'da bulunmayacak
Pseudomonas aeruginosa : 1 g'da bulunmayacak
122
Staphylococcus aureus : 1 g'da bulunmayacak
kob: Koloni oluşturan birim
(6S)-5-
metiltetrahidr
ofolik asit,
glukozamin
tuzu
Açıklama/Tanım:
Kimyasal ad: N -[4-[[[(6S) -2-amino -1,4,5,6,7,8 -heksahidro -5-metil -4-okso -6-pteridinil] metil] amino] benzoil] -L-glutamik
asit, glukozamin tuzu.
Kimyasal formül: C 32H51N9O16
Molekül ağırlı ğı: 817,80 g/mol (susuz)
CAS No: 1181972 -37-1
Görünüm : Kremden açık kahverengiye değişen renkte toz
Saflık:
Diastereoizomerik saflık: En az %99 (6S) -5-metiltetrahidrofolik asit
Glukozamin analizi: % 34 -46 (Kuru madde bazında)
5-Metiltetrahidrofolik asit analizi: % 54 -59 (Kuru madde bazında)
Su: ≤ % 8,0
Ağır metaller:
Kurşun: ≤ 2,0 ppm
Kadmiyum: ≤ 1,0 ppm
Civa: ≤ 0,1 ppm
Arsenik: ≤ 2,0 ppm
Bor: ≤ 10 ppm
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam aerobik mikrobiyal sayısı: ≤ 100 kob/g
Mayalar ve küfler: ≤ 100 kob/g
Escherichia coli : 10 g'da bulunmayacak
Monometilsil
anetriol
(Organi k
Silikon)
Açıklama/Tanım:
Kimyasal ad: Silanetriol, 1 -metil -
Kimyasal formül: CH 6O3Si
Molekül ağırlığı: 94,14 g/mol
CAS No: 2445 -53-6
Saflık:
Organik silikon (monometilsilanetriol) preparatı (sulu çözelti):
Asitlik (pH): 6,4 -6,8
123
Silikon: 100 -150 mg Si/L
Ağır metaller:
Kurşun: ≤ 1 μg/L
Civa: ≤ 1 μg/L
Kadmiyum: ≤ 1 μg/L
Arsenik: ≤ 3 μg/L
Çözücüler:
Metanol: ≤ 5 mg/kg (kalıntı varlığı)
N-Asetil -D-
nöraminik
asit
Açıklama:
N-Asetil -D-nöraminik asit beyazdan kirli beyaza değişen renklerde kristalize bir tozdur.
Tanım:
Kimyasal ad:
IUPAC isimleri:
N-Asetil -D-nöraminik asit (dihidrat)
5-Asetamido -3,5-dideoksi -D-glisero -D-galakto -non-2-ulopiranosonik asit (dihidrat)
Eşanlamlıs ı:
Sialik asit (dihidrat)
Kimyasal formül:
C11H19NO 9 (asit)
C11H23NO 11 (C11H19NO 9 * 2H 2O) (dihidrat)
Molekül ağırlığı:
309,3 Da (asit)
345,3 (309,3 + 36,0) (dihidrat)
CAS No.:
131-48-6 (serbest asit)
50795 -27-2 (dihidrat)
Özellikler:
Tanımı: Be yazdan kirli beyaza kadar değişen renklerde kristalize toz
pH (20 °C,% 5'lik çözelti): 1,7 - 2,5
N-Asetil -D-nöraminik asit (dihidrat): > % 97,0
Su (dihidrat % 10,4'ü hesaplanır): ≤ % 12,5 (g/g)
Sülfatlı kül: < % 0,2 (g/g)
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Asetik asit (serbest asit ve/veya sodyum asetat olarak): < % 0,5 (g/g)
Ağır Metaller:
Demir: < 20,0 mg/kg
Kurşun: < 0,1 mg/kg
Protein kalıntısı: <% 0,01 (g/g)
Çözücü Kalıntısı:
2-Propanol: < % 0,1 (g/g)
Aseton: < % 0,1 (g/g)
Etil asetat: < % 0,1 (g/ g)
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Salmonella : 25 g'da bulunmayacak
Toplam aerobik mezofilik sayısı: < 500 kob/g
Enterobacteriaceae: 10 g'da bulunmayacak
Cronobacter (Enterobacter) sakazakii : 10 g'da bulunmayacak
Listeria monocytogene: 25 g'da bulunmayacak
Bacillus cereus : < 50 kob/g
Mayalar: < 10 kob/g
Küfler: < 10 kob/g
Endotoksin kalıntısı: <10 EU/mg
kob: Kolon Oluşturma Birimi
EU: Endotoksin Birimi
Nikotinamid
ribosit klorür Açıklama/Tanım:
Nikotinamid ribosit’in sentetik formudur.
Yeni gıda, ağırlıklı olarak β formunda ≥ % 90 nikotinamid ribosit klorür içerir, geri kalan bileşenler çözücü kalıntıları, reaksiyon
yan ürünleri ve bozunma ürünleridir.
Nikotinamid ribosit klorür
CAS No: 23111 -00-4
EC No: 807 -820-5
IUPAC adı: 1 -[(2R,3R,4S,5R) -3,4-dihidroksi -5-(hidroksimetil)okzolan -2-yl]piridin -1-ium-3-karboksamid;klorür
Kimyasal formül: C 11H15N2O5Cl
Molekül ağırlığı: 290,7 g/mol
125
Özellikler/Bileşim:
Renk: Beyazdan açık kahveye değişen renkte
Form: Toz
Tanımlama: NMR (nükleer manyetik rezonans) ile uyumlu
Nikotinamid ribosit klorür : ≥ % 90
Su içeriği : ≤ % 2
Çözücü kalıntısı:
Aseton: ≤ 5 000 mg/kg
Metanol: ≤ 1 000 mg/kg
Asetonitril: ≤ 50 mg/kg
Metil tert -bütil eter: ≤ 500 mg/kg
Reaksiyon yan ürünleri:
Metil asetat: ≤ 1 000 mg/kg
Asetamid: ≤ 27 mg/kg
Asetik asit: ≤ 5 000 mg/kg
Ağır metaller:
Arsenik: ≤ 1 mg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam canlı sayısı: ≤ 1 000 kob/g
Maya ve Küf: ≤ 100 kob/g
Escherichia coli : 10 g tespit edilmez
Patates
proteinlerinin
hidrolizatları
Kuru madde: ≥ 800 mg/g
Protein (N*6,25): ≥ 600 mg/g (kuru madde bazında)
Kül: ≤ 400 mg/g (kuru madde bazında)
Glikoalkaloid (toplam): ≤ 150 mg/g
Lisinoalanin (toplam): ≤ 500 mg/kg
Lisinoalanin (serbest): ≤ 10 mg/kg
Pirolokuinoli
n kinon
disodyum
tuzu
Tanım:
Kimyasal ad: Disod yum 9 -karboksi -4,5-diokso -lH-pirolo [5,4 -f] kuinolin -2,7-dikarboksilat
Kimyasal formülü: C 14H4N2Na2O8
CAS No: 122628 -50-6
Molekül ağırlığı: 374,17 Da
126
Açıklama:
Pirolokinolin kinon disodyum tuzu, genetik olarak modifiye edilmemiş Hyphomicrobium denitrificans bakterisinin CK -275
suşu tarafından üretilen kırmızımsı kahverengi bir tozdur .
Özellikler/Bileşim:
Görünüm: Kırmızımsı -kahverengi toz
Saflık: ≥ % 99,0 (kuru ağırlık)
UV absorbansı (A322 / A259): 0,56 ± 0,03
UV absorbansı (A233 / A259): 0,90 ± 0,09
Nem: ≤ % 12,0
Çözücü kalıntısı:
Etanol: ≤ % 0,05
Ağır metaller:
Kurşun: < 3 mg / kg
Arsenik: < 2 mg / kg
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam canlı hücre sayısı: ≤ 300 kob/g
Küf/maya: ≤ 12 kob/g
Koliformlar: 1 g'da bulunmayacak
Hiphomicrobium denitrificans: ≤ 25 kob/g
kob: Koloni oluşturan birim
Rafine
edilmiş
karides
peptidi
konsantratı
Açıklama: Rafine edilmiş karides peptidi konsantratı; kuzeye ait bir karides türünün (Pandalus borealis ) kabuğundan ve
kafasından, Bacillus licheniformis ve/veya Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bakterilerine ait bir proteaz enzimi kullanılarak
gerçekleştirilen enzimatik proteoliz uygulanmasını takiben bir seri saflaştırma aşamaları vasıtasıyla elde edilen bir peptid
karışımıdır.
Özellikler/Bileşim
Toplam kuru madde (%): ≥ %95,0
Peptidler (g/g kuru madde): ≥ % 87,0 (molekül ağırlığı < 2 kDa olan peptidler için: ≥ %99,9 )
Yağ (g/g): ≤ %1,0
Karbonhidratlar (g/g): ≤ 1,0 %
Kül (g/g): ≤ 15,0 %
Kalsiyum: ≤ 2,0 %
Potasyum: ≤ 0,15 %
127
Sodyum: ≤ 3,5 %
Ağır me taller:
Arsenik (inorganik): ≤ 0,22 mg/kg
Arsenik (organik): ≤ 51,0 mg/kg
Kadmiyum: ≤ 0,09 mg/kg
Kurşun: ≤ 0,18 mg/kg
Toplam civa: ≤ 0,03 mg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler:
Toplam canlı hücre sayısı: ≤ 20 000 kob/g
Salmonella : Bulunmayacak /25g
Listeria monocytogenes : Bulunmayacak /25g
Escherichia coli : ≤ 20 kob/g
Koagulaz pozitif Staphylococcus aureus : ≤ 200 kob/g
Pseudomonas aeruginosa : Bulunmayacak /25g
Küf/maya: ≤ 20 kob/g
kob: Koloni oluşturan birim
Sakız bazı
(metil vinil
eter-maleik
anhidrit
kopolimer i)
Açıklama/Tanım: Metil vinil eter -maleik anhidrit kopolimeri, metil vinil eter ve maleik anhidritin susuz bir kopolimeridir.
Serbest akışlı, beyazdan kirli beyaza rengi değişen toz.
CAS numarası: 9011 -16-9
Saflık:
Analiz değeri: ≥ Kuru maddede % 99,5
Spesifik viskozite ( % 1 MEK): 2 -10
Metil vinil eter kalıntısı: ≤ 150 ppm
Maleik anhidrit kalıntısı: ≤ 250 ppm
Asetaldehid: ≤ 500 ppm
Metanol: ≤ 500 ppm
Dilauroil peroksit: ≤ 15 ppm
Toplam ağır metaller: ≤ 10 ppm
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam aerobik petri sayısı: ≤ 500 kob/g
Küf/maya : ≤ 500 kob/g
Escherichia coli : Bulunmayacak
128
Salmonella : Bulunmayacak
Staphylococcus aureus : Bulunmayacak
Pseudomonas aeruginosa : Bulunmayacak
Sakız bazı
(monometoks
ipolietilen
glikol)
Açıklama/Tanım: Bu yeni gıda bileşeni sentetik bir polimerdir (patent numarası WO2006016179). Poliizopren -graft -maleik
anhidrit (PIP -g-MA) üzerine graftlanmış monometoksipolietilen glikol (MPEG)’ün dallanmış polimerleri ve reaksiyona
girmemiş MPEG (ağırlık ça % 35'ten az)’den oluşur. Beyazdan kirli beyaza kadar değişen renge sahiptir.
CAS No:1246080 -53-4
Karakteristik özellikler:
Nem: < % 5
Alüminyum: < 3 mg/kg
Lityum: < 0,5 mg/kg
Nikel: < 0,5 mg/kg
Anhidrit kalıntısı: < 15 μmol/g
Polidispersite indeksi: < 1,4
İzopren:< 0,05 mg/kg
Etilen oksit: < 0,2 mg/kg
Serbest maleik anhidrit: < % 0,1
Toplam oligomer (1000 Daltondan az): ≤ 50 mg/kg
Etilen glikol: < 200 mg/kg
Dietilen glikol: < 30 mg/kg
Monoetilen glikol metil eter: < 3 mg/kg
Dietilen glikol metil eter: < 4 mg/kg
Trietilen glikol metil eter: < 7 mg/kg
1,4-Dioksan: < 2 mg/kg
Formaldehit: < 10 mg/kg
Salatrimler
Açıklama/Tanım:
Açıklama/Tanım: Salatrim, kısa ve uzun zincirli açiltrigliserid moleküllerinin uluslararası olarak tanınan bir kısaltmasıdır.
Salatrim; triasetin, tripropionin ve tribütirinin veya bunların hidrojene kanola, soya fasulyesi, pamuk tohumu veya ayçiçeği yağı
ile karışımlarının enzimatik olmayan inter -esterifikasyonu ile hazırlanır.
Açıklama: Oda sıcaklığında berrak, hafif amber reng i sıvıdan, açık renkli mumsu katıya doğru değişen renk ve yapıda. Partikül
madde ve yabancı veya kötü koku içermez.
Gliserol Ester Dağılımı:
129
Triaçilgliseroller: > 87 %
Diaçilgliseroller: ≤ 10 %
Monoaçilgliseroller: ≤ 2 %
Yağ asiti bileşimi:
MOLE % LCFA (u zun zincirli yağ asitleri) : % 33 -70
MOLE % SCFA (kısa zincirli yağ asitleri): % 30 -67
Uzun zincirli doymuş yağ asitleri: < % 70, ağırlıkça
Trans yağ asitleri : ≤ % 1
Oleik asit olarak serbest yağ asitleri: ≤ % 0,5
Triaçilgliserol Profili:
Triesterler (kısa/uzun = 0,5 -2,0): ≥ % 90
Triesterler (kısa/uzun = 0): ≤ % 10
Sabunlaşmayan madde: ≤ % 1
Nem: ≤ 0,3 %
Kül: ≤ 0,1 %
Renk: ≤ 3,5 Kırmızı (Lovibond)
Peroksit değeri (PD): ≤ 2,0 meq/kg
Sardinops
Sagax ’dan
balık
peptitleri
Açıklama/Tanım: Yeni gıda bileşeni, balık ( Sardinops sagax ) etinin alkali proteaz katalizli hidrolizini takiben peptit
fraksiyonunun kolon kromatografisiyle izole edilmesi, vakum ve sprey kurutma ile konsantre edilmesi sonucunda elde edilen
bir peptit karışımıdır.
Sarımsı beyaz bir tozdur.
Peptitler (*) (Kısa zincirli peptitler, dipeptitler ve molekül ağırlığı 2 kDa'nın altında olan tripeptitler): ≥ 85 g/100 g
Val-Tyr (dipeptitler): 0,1 -0,16 g/100 g
Kül: ≤ 10 g/100 g
Nem: ≤ 8 g/100 g
(*) Kjeldahl metodu
Setillenmiş
yağ asitleri
Açıklama/Tanım:
Setillenmiş yağ asitleri, esas olarak, setil alkol, miristik asit ve oleik asitten sentezlenen setillenmiş miristik asit ve s etillenmiş
oleik asidin ve daha az derecede, diğer setillenmiş yağ asitlerinin ve zeytinyağından elde edi len diğer bileşiklerin bir
karışımıdır.
Karakteristik özellikler/bileşim:
130
Ester içeriği: %70 -80 Setil oleat: %22 -30, Setil miristat: %41 -56
Trigliseritler: % 22 -25
Asit değeri (mg KOH/: ≤ 5
Sabunlaşma sayısı (mg KOH/g): 130 -150
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler :
Toplam Aerobik mikrobiyal sayısı: ≤ 1000 Kob/g
Küf ve maya: ≤100 Kob/g
Sığır
Laktoferrin
Açıklama/Tanım: Sığır laktoferrini, inek sütünde doğal olarak bulunan bir proteindir. Yaklaşık olarak 77 kDa'lık demir
bağlayıcı bir glikoproteindir ve 689 amino asitten oluşan tek bir polipeptit zincirinden oluşur.
Üretim prosesi: Sığır laktoferrini, yağsız sütten veya peyniraltı suyundan iyon değişimi ve daha sonra ultra -filtrasyon
basamakları ile izole edilir. Sonunda, dondurarak kurutma veya püskürtmeli kurutma uygulanır ve büyük parçacıklar elenir.
Hemen hemen kokusuz, açık pem bemsi tozdur.
Sığır laktoferrininin fiziko -kimyasal özellikleri:
Nem: < % 4,5
Kül: < % 1,5
Arsenik: < 2 mg/kg
Demir: < 350 mg/kg
Protein: > % 93
Sığır laktoferrinin proteini: > % 95
Diğer proteinler: < % 5
pH (% 2 solüsyon, 20 °C): 5,2 -7,2
Çözünürlük (% 2 solüsyon, 20 °C): Tamamlanmış
Sığır Sütü
Bazlı Peynir
Altı Suyu Açıklama: Sığır Sütü Bazlı Peynir Altı Suyu proteini izolatı yağsız sığır sütünden bir seri izolasyon ve saflaştırma
basamaklarıyla elde edilen sarımsı gri bir tozdur.
131
proteini
izolatı
Özellikler/Bileşim
Toplam protein (ağırlık/ürün ağırlığı): ≥ % 90
Laktoferrin (ağırlık / ürün ağırlığı): %25 -75
Laktoperoksidaz (ağırlık / ürün ağırlığı): %10 -40
Diğer proteinler (ağırlık / ürün ağırlığı): % ≤ 30
TGF -β2: 12 -18 mg/100 g
Moisture: ≤ %6,0
pH (%5 lik çözelti ağırlık/hacim): 5,5 – 7,6
Laktoz: ≤ %3,0
Yağ: ≤ %4,5
Kül: ≤ %3,5
Demir: ≤ 25 mg/100 g
Ağır Metaller
Kurşun: < 0,1 mg/kg
Kadmiyum: < 0,2 mg/kg
Civa: < 0,6 mg/kg
Arsenik: < 0,1 mg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler:
Aerobik mezofilik sayısı: ≤ 10 000 kob/g
Enterobacteriaceae : ≤ 10 kob/g
Escherichia coli : Bulunmayacak g
Koagulaz pozitif Staphylococci : Bulunmayacak /g
Salmonella : Bulunmayacak /25 g
Listeria : Bulunmayacak /25 g
Cronobacter spp.: Bulunmayacak /25 g
Küf: ≤ 50 kob/g
Maya: ≤ 50 kob/g
kob: Koloni oluşturan birim
α-
siklodekstrin
Açıklama/Tanım: Hidrolize nişastanın siklodekstrin glukosiltransferaz (CGTase, EC 2.4.1.19) enzimi ile reaksiyonu ile oluşan;
altı adet α -1,4-bağlı D -glukopiranosil birimlerinden oluşan; indirgen olmayan bir siklik sakarittir. α-siklodekstrinin geri
kazanımı ve saflaştırı lması şu işlemlerden biri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilebilir: α -siklodekstrin kompleksinin 1 –dekanol ile
çöktürülmesi, yüksek sıcaklıktaki suda çözdürme ve yeniden çökeltme, kompleksten buharla ayırma ve çözeltiden α -
132
siklodekstrin kristalizasyonu; veya iy on değiştirme ya da jel filtrasyonu ile kromatografiyi takiben saflaştırılmış ana sıvıdan α -
siklodekstrinin kristalizasyonu; veya ultra -filtrasyon ve ters ozmos gibi membran ayırma yöntemleri.
Açıklama: Hemen hemen kokusuz, beyaz veya hemen hemen beyaz kri stalize katı.
Eşanlamlısı: α - siklodekstrin, α -dekstrin, siklohekzaamiloz, siklomaltoheksaoz, α -sikloamilaz
Kimyasal adı: Siklohekzaamiloz
CAS Numarası: 10016 -20-3
Kimyasal formül: (C 6H10O5)6
Formül ağırlığı: 972,85
Analiz: ≥ % 98 (Kuru madde bazında)
Kimlik:
Erime aralığı: 278 °C' nin üzerinde ayrışır.
Çözünürlük: Su içinde serbestçe çözünebilir, etanol içinde çok az çözünür.
Spesifik rotasyon : [α] D25 : +145° ile +151° arasında (% 1 çözelti)
Kromatografi: Analiz yönteminde tarif edilen koşullar al tında, numunenin bir sıvı kromatogramında ana pik için kalma süresi,
α-siklodekstrin için bir referansın kromatogramına denk gelir (Elektrochemische Industrie GmbH, München, Germany or
Wacker Biochem Group, Adrian, MI, USA)
Saflık:
Su: ≤ % 11 (Karl Fisch er Methodu)
Kalıntı kompleksi (1 -decanol): ≤ 20 mg/kg
İndirgeyici maddeler: ≤ % 0,5 (glukoz olarak)
Sülfatlı kül: ≤ % 0,1
Kurşun: ≤ 0,5 mg/kg
Analiz Yöntemi:
Sıvı kromatografisi ile aşağıda belirtilen koşullarda belirlenir:
Örnek çözeltisi: Yaklaşık 100 m g test numunesi 10 mL'lik volumetrik şişeye konulur ve 8 mL deiyonize su ilave edilir. Bir
ultrasonik banyo kullanılarak (10 -15 dak) örnek çözündürülür ve saflaştırılmış deiyonize su ile işaret çizgisine kadar seyreltilir.
0,45-mikrometrelik filtre yardımı yla filtre edilir.
Referans çözelti: Yaklaşık 100 mg α - siklodekstrin 10 mL'lik volumetrik şişeye konulur ve 8 mL deiyonize su ilave edilir. Bir
ultrasonik banyo kullanılarak örnek çözündürülür ve saflaştırılmış deiyonize su ile işaret çizgisine kadar sey reltilir.
Kromatografi: Bir refraktif indeks detektörü ve entegre kaydedici içeren sıvı kromatografi
Kolon ve dolgu malzemesi: Nucleosil -100-NH 2 (10 μm) (Macherey & Nagel Co. Düren, Germany) ya da eşdeğer nitelikte
- Uzunluk: 250 mm
133
- Çap: 4 mm
- Sıcaklık: 40 ° C
Hareketli Faz: asetonitril/su (67/33, v/v)
Akış hızı: 2 mL/dak
Enjeksiyon hacmi: 10 μL
Prosedür: Örnek solüsyon kromatografa enjekte edilir, kromatogramlar kaydedilir ve α -siklodekstrin pikinin alanı ölçülür.
Örnekdeki α -siklodekstrin yüzdesi aşağı daki formül yardımı ile hesaplanır.
% α- siklodekstrin (kuru madde bazında) = 100 × (A S/AR) (W R/WS)
AS: Hazırlanan örnek solüsyondaki α -siklodekstrin pik alanı
AR: Hazırlanan referans solüsyondaki α - siklodekstrin pik alanı
WS: Test örneğinin ağırlğı (mg), su içeriğine göre düzeltme yapıldıktan sonra
WR: Hazırlanan referans α - siklodekstrinin ağırlığı (mg), su miktarıyla düzeltme (ayarlama) yapıldıktan sonra
γ-
siklodekstrin
Açıklama/Tanım: Hidrolize nişasta üzerine siklod ekstrin glukosiltransferaz (CGTase, EC 2.4.1.19) enziminin etkisi sonucunda
üretilen sekiz α -1,4-bağlı D -glukopiranosil biriminden oluşan, indirgen olmayan siklik sakkarittir. γ -siklodekstrinin geri
kazanımı ve saflaştırılması, γ -siklodekstrin kompleksinin 8–siklohekzadeken -1-bir ile çöktürülmesi, kompleksin su ve n -dekan
ile çözündürülmesi ve sulu fazın buharla ayrılması ve γ -siklodekstrinin kristalizasyon ile çözeltiden geri kazanımı yoluyla
gerçekleşir.
Hemen hemen kokusuz, beyaz veya hemen hemen beyaz kristalize katı
Eşanlamlıları: γ -siklodekstrin, γ -dekstrin, siklooktaamiloz, siklomaltooktaoz, γ -sikloamilaz
Kimyasal ad: Siklooktaamiloz
CAS Numarası:17465 -86-0
Kimyasal formül: (C 6H10O5)8
Analiz: ≥ % 98 (Kuru madde bazında )
Kimlik:
Erime aralığı: 286 °C' nin üzerinde ayrışır.
Çözünürlük: Su içinde serbestçe çözünebilir, etanol içinde çok az çözünür.
Spesifik rotasyon : [α] D25 : +174° ile +180° arasında (% 1 sulu çözelti)
Saflık:
Su: ≤ % 11 (Karl Fischer Methodu)
Kalıntı kompleksi (8 -siklohekzadeken -1-bir (CHDC): ≤ 4 mg/kg
Çözücü kalıntısı (n -dekan): ≤ 6 mg/kg
İndirgeyici maddeler: ≤ % 0,5 (glukoz olarak)
134
Sülfatlı kül: ≤ % 0,1
Sitikolin
Açıklama/Tanım: Sitikolin; mikrobiyal proses ile elde edilir.
Sitikolin; sitozin, riboz, pirofosfat ve kolinden oluşur.
Beyaz renkli kristalize toz
Kimyasal ad: Kolin sitidin 5' -pirofosfat, Sitidin 5 ' -(trihidrojen difosfat) P' - [2-(trimetilamonyo)etil]ester içindeki tuz
Kimyasal formül: C 14H26N4O11P2
Molekül ağı rlığı: 488,32 g/mol
CAS No.: 987 -78-0
pH (örnek solüsyonun % 1 ): 2,5 -3,5
Saflık:
Analiz değeri: ≥ % 98 kuru maddede
Kurutma kaybı (100 ° C, 4 saat için): ≤ % 5,0
Amonyum: ≤ % 0,05
Arsenik: ≤ 2 ppm
Serbest fosforik asitler: ≤ % 0,1
5'-Sitidilik asit: ≤ % 1,0
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam petri sayısı: ≤ 103 kob/g
Maya ve küf: ≤ 102 kob/g
Escherichia coli: 1 g'da bulunmayacak
Soya
fosfolipidleri
nden elde
edilen
fosfatidilserin
Açıklama/Tanım: Yeni gıda bileşeni, rengi kirli beyazdan açık sarıya değişen tozdur. Ayrıca, sıvı halde rengi açık
kahverengiden turuncuya değişen şekilde bulunur. Sıvı form, taşıyıcı olarak orta zincirli triaçilgliseritler (MCT) içerir. Ön emli
miktarlarda yağ (MCT) içer diği için düşük miktarda fosfatidilserin içerir. Soya fosfolipidlerinden elde edilen fosfatidilserin,
amino asit L -serin ile yüksek fosfatidilkolin soya fasulyesi lesitininin enzimatik transfosfatidilasyonu yoluyla elde edilir.
Fosfatidilserin, iki yağ asi di ve L -serin’in bir fosfodiester bağı vasıtasıyla bir gliserofosfat iskeletine konjuge edilmesi sonucu
oluşur.
Soya fosfolipidlerinden elde edilen fosfatidilserinin karakteristik özellikleri:
Toz formu:
Nem: < % 2
Fosfolipidler: ≥ % 85
135
Fosfatidilserinler: ≥ % 61
Gliseritler: < % 2
Serbest L -serin: < % 1
Tokoferoller: < % 0,3
Fitosteroller: < % 0,2
Sıvı formu:
Nem: < % 2
Fosfolipidler: ≥ % 25
Fosfatidilserinler: ≥ % 20
Gliseritler: uygulanamaz
Serbest L -serin: < % 1
Tokoferoller: < % 0,3
Fitosteroller: < % 0,2
Sukromalt
Açıklama/Tanım: Sukromalt, sukroz ve nişasta hidrolizatından enzimatik reaksiyon aracılığıyla elde edilen, sakkaridlerin
kompleks bir karışımıdır. Bu işlemde; glukoz birimleri, Leuconostoc citreum bakterisinin bir enzimi ile veya Bacillus
licheniformis ’in rekombinant bir suşu aracılığıyla üretilen nişasta hidrolizatından elde edilen sakkaritlere bağlanır. Ortaya
çıkan oligosakkaritler, α -(1→6) ve α -(l→3) glikosidik bileşiklerinin varlığı ile karakterize edilir. Son ürün, oligosakkaritlerin
yanında fruktoz başta olmak üzere leukrose dissakkaritini ve diğer disakkaritleri içeren bir şuruptur.
Toplam katı: % 75 -80
Nem: % 20 -25
Sülfataz: en fazla % 0,05
pH: 3,5 -6,0
İletkenlik: < 200 (% 30)
Azot: < 10 ppm
Fruktoz: % 35 -45 (kuru madde bazında)
Leucrose: % 7 -15 (kuru madde bazında)
Diğer disakkaritler: En fazla % 3
Daha yüksek sakkaritler: % 40 -60 (kuru madde bazında)
Tavuk
yumurtası
beyazı
lizozim Açıklama/Tanım:
Açıklama/Tanım: Tavuk yumurtası beyazı lizozim hidrolizatı, tavuk yumurtası beyazı lizoziminden, Bacillus licheniformis'den
elde edilen subtilisin kullanılarak, enzimatik bir işlemle elde edilir.
Ürün; rengi beyazdan açık sarıya değişen bir tozdur.
136
hidrolizatı
Spesifikasyon:
Protein (TN (*) × 5,30): % 80 -90
Triptofan:% 5 -7
Triptofan/BNAA (**) Oranı: 0,18 -0,25
Hidroliz derecesi: % 19 -25
Nem: < % 5
Kül: < 10%
Sodyum: < % 6
Ağır metaller:
Arsenik: < 1 ppm
Kurşun: < 1 ppm
Kadmiyum: < 0,5 ppm
Civa: < 0,1 ppm
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam ae robik sayısı: < 103 kob / g
Toplam maya/küf kombinasyon sayısı: < 102 kob/g
Enterobacteria: < 10 kob/g
Salmonella spp: 25 g'da bulunmayacak
Escherichia coli : 10 g'da bulunmayacak
Staphylococcus aureus : 10 g'da bulunmayacak
Pseudomonas aeruginosa : 10 g'da bulunmayacak
(*) TN: toplam azot
(**) BNAA: büyük nötr amino asitler
Therapon
barcoo /
Scortum
Açıklama/Tanım: Scortum / Therapon barcoo , Terapontidae familyasından bir tür balıktır. Avustralya'dan gelen endemik bir
tatlısu türüdür. Şimdi balık çiftliklerinde yetiştirilmektedir.
Taksonomik Kimlik: Sınıf: Actinopterygii > Takım: Perciformes > Familya: Terapontidae > Cins: Therapon veya Scortum
Barcoo
Balık etinin bileşimi:
Protein (%): 18 -25
Nem (%): 65 -75
Kül (%): 0,5 -2
Enerji (KJ/kg): 6000 -1150 0
137
Karbonhidratlar (%): 0
Yağ (%): 5 -15
Yağ asitleri (mg FA/g fileto):
Σ PUFA n -3: 1,2 -20,0
Σ PUFA n -6: 0,3 -2,0
PUFA n -3/n-6: 1,5 -15,0
Toplam omega 3 yağ asitleri: 1,6 -40,0
Toplam omega 6 yağ asitleri: 2,6 -10,0
Trans -
Resveratrol
Açıklama/Tanım:
Sentetik: Trans -resveratrol, kirli beyazdan beje rengi değişen kristallerdir.
Kimyasal ad: 5 - [(E) -2- (4-hidroksifenil) etenil] benzen -l, 3-diol
Kimyasal formül: C 14H12O3
Molekül ağırlığı: 228,25 Da
CAS No: 501 -36-0
Saflık:
Trans -resvera trol : ≥ % 98 -99
Toplam yan ürünler (ilişkili maddeler): ≤ % 0,5
Herhangi bir ilişkili tek madde: ≤ % 0,1
Sülfatlı kül: ≤ % 0,1
Kurutma kaybı: ≤ % 0,5
Ağır metaller:
Kurşun: ≤ 1 ,0 ppm
Civa: ≤ 0,1 ppm
Arsenik: ≤ 1 ppm
Safsızlık:
Diizopropilamin: ≤ 50 mg / kg
Trehaloz
Açıklama/Tanım: Trehaloz; α -1,1- glikosidik bağı ile bağlanan iki glukoz parçasını içeren indirgen olmayan bir disakkarittir.
Sıvılaştırılmış nişastadan veya sukrozdan çok aşamalı enzimatik bir yöntem ile elde edilir. Bu ticari ürün, bir dihidrattır.
Hemen hemen kokusuz, beyaz veya hemen hemen beyaz renkte, tatlı bir tatta kristaldir.
Eşanlamlısı: α,α -trehaloz
Kimyasal ad: α -D-glukopiranosil -α-D-glukopiranozid, dihidrat
138
CAS No: 6138 -23-4 (dihidrat)
Kimyasal formül: C 12H22O11 · 2H 2O (dihid rat)
Formül ağırlığı: 378,33 (dihidrat)
Analiz: ≥ % 98 (Kuru madde bazında)
Belirli bir seviyeye uygun bir atomik absorpsiyon tekniği kullanarak belirlenir. Numune büyüklüğünün seçimi ve numune
hazırlama yöntemi, FNP 5*’ de belirtilen enstrümantal yöntemle rin ilkelerine göre belirlenebilir.
Analiz methodu:
Prensip: Trehaloz, sıvı kromatografisi ile belirlenir ve standart trehaloz içeren bir referans standardı ile karşılaştırma yö ntemi
ile miktarı tespit edilir.
Örnek solüsyonunun hazırlanması: 100 mL'lik vo lumetrik bir şişeye yaklaşık 3 g ağırlığında kuru numune tartılır ve yaklaşık
80 mL saflaştırılmış, deiyonize su eklenir. Örnek, çözünme işlemini tamamlanır ve saflaştırılmış deiyonize su ile işaret
çizgisine kadar seyreltilir. 0,45 mikronluk bir filtre ya rdımıyla filtre edilir.
Standart solüsyon hazırlanması: Yaklaşık 30 mg trehaloz/mL’lik bilinen bir konsantrasyonu elde etmek için belirli miktarda
kuru standart referans trehaloz suda çözülür.
Cihaz: Bir refraktif indeks detektörü ve entegre kaydedici içer en sıvı kromatografi
Koşullar:
Kolon: Shodex Ionpak KS -801 (Showa Denko Co.) ya da eşdeğer nitelikte
- Uzunluk: 300 mm
- Çap: 10 mm
- Sıcaklık: 50 °C
Hareketli Faz: su
Akış hızı: 0,4 mL/dk
Enjeksiyon hacmi: 8 μL
Prosedür: Eşit hacimlerde örnek solüsyon ve standart solüsyon ayrı ayrı kromatografa enjekte edilir. Kromatogramlar
kaydedilir ve trehaloz pikinin yanıt boyutunu ölçülür.
Aşağıdaki formül yardımı ile 1 mL’lik ürün çözeltisindeki trehaloz miktarı mg olarak hesaplanır.
% trehaloz = 100 × (R U/RS) (W S /WU)
RS = Hazırlanan standartdaki trehalozun pik alanı
RU = Hazırlanan örnekteki trehalozun pik alanı
WS = Hazırlanan standartdaki trehalozun mg olarak miktarı
WU = mg olarak kuru örnek miktarı
Özellikler:
139
Tanımlama:
Çözünürlük: Su içinde serbestçe çöz ünebilir, etanol içinde çok az çözünür.
Spesifik rotasyon : [α] D 20 = + 179° (% 5 sulu çözelti, dihitrat), + 199° (% 5 sulu çözelti, susuz madde)
Erime noktası: 97 °C (dihidrat)
Saflık:
Kurutma kaybı: ≤ % 1,5 ( 60°, 5 saat)
Toplam kül miktarı: ≤ % 0,05
Ağır Metaller
Kurşun: ≤ 1 mg / kg
UV işlemine
tabi tutulmuş
ekmek
mayası
(Saccharomy
ces
cerevisiae)
Açıklama/Tanım: Ekmek mayası (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), ergosterolün D 2 vitaminine (ergokalsiferol) dönüşmesini
sağlamak amacıyla ultraviyole ışık ile muamele edilir. Maya konsantresindeki D 2 vitamini içeriği 800.000 -3.500.000 IU D
vitamin i /100 g (200 -875 µg/g)’dır.
Maya, bebek formülleri, devam formülleri ve tahıl bazlı be bek ve küçük çocuk ek gıdalarında kullanımı için inaktive edilirken,
diğer gıdalarda kullanımında inaktive edilerek veya edilmeden kullanılabilir.
Maya konsantresi, evde kullanıma yönelik önceden paketlenmiş yaş veya kuru mayadaki maksimum seviyeyi aşmamak için
normal ekmek mayası ile karıştırılır.
Ten renkli, serbest akışlı granüller
D2Vitamini:
Kimyasal ad: (5Z, 7E, 22E) -3S-9,10-sekoergosta -5,7,10 (19), 22 -tetraen -3-ol
Eşanlamlısı : Ergokalsiferol
CAS Numarası: 50 -14-6
Molekül ağırlığı: 396,65 g/mol
Maya konsantresinin mikrobiyolojik kriterleri:
Koliformlar: ≤ 103/g
Escherichia coli : ≤ 10/g
Salmonella : 25 g'da bulunmayacak
UV işlemine
tabi tutulmuş
ekmek
Açıklama/Tanım: UV işlemine tabi tutulmuş ekmek, ergosterolü D 2 vitaminine (ergokalsiferol) dönüştürmek için
fırınlamadan sonra ultraviyole ışığa maruz tutulan mayalanmış ekmek ve rulolardır (süslemeler olmadan).
UV radyasyonu: 10 -50 mJ /cm2 enerji girişiyle ve en fazla 5 saniye boyunca 240 -315 nm dalga boyunda ultravi yole ışıkta bir
radyasyon uygulamasıdır.
140
D2 Vitamini:
Kimyasal ad: (5Z, 7E, 22E) -3S-9,10-sekoergosta -5,7,10 (19), 22 -tetraen -3-ol
Eşanlamlısı: Ergokalsiferol
CAS No.: 50 -14-6
Molekül ağırlığı: 396,65 g/mol
Bileşenler:
Son üründeki D 2 Vitamini (ergokalsi ferol): 0,75 -3 μg /100 g(1)
Hamurdaki maya: 1 -5 g /100 g(2)
(1) EN 12821, 2009, Avrupa Standardı.
(2) Tarif hesaplama
UV işlemine
tabi tutulmuş
süt
Açıklama/Tanım: UV işlemine tabi tutulmuş süt, pastörizasyon sonrası türbülent akış yoluyla ultraviyole (UV) radyasyon
uygulanan tam yağlı veya yarım yağlı inek sütüdür. Pastörize sütlerin UV ışınlarıyla muamele edilmesi 7 -dehidrokolesterolün
D3 vitaminine dönüştürülmesiyle D 3 vitamini (kolkalsif erol) konsantrasyonlarında artışa neden olur.
UV radyasyonu: 1045 J/L enerji girişiyle 200 -310 nm dalga boyunda ultraviyole ışıkta bir radyasyon uygulamasıdır.
D3Vitamini:
Kimyasal ad: (1S, 3Z) -3 - [(2E) -2 - [(1R, 3aS, 7aR) -7a-metil -1 - [(2R) -6-metilheptan -2-yl]-2, 3, 3a, 5, 6, 7 -heksahidro -lH-
inden -4-iliden] etiliden] -4-metilidenesikloheksan -l-ol
Eşanlamlısı : Kolekalsiferol
CAS No.: 67 -97-0
Molekül ağırlığı: 384,6377 g/mol
Bileşenler:
Son üründeki D 3 vitamini
Tam yağlı süt (1): 0,5-3,2 μg /100 g (2)
Yarım yağlı süt (1): 0,1-1,5 μg/100 g (2)
(1) 27.02.2019 tarihli ve 30699 sayılı Resmî Gazete’de yayımlanan Türk Gıda Kodeksi İçme Sütleri Tebliğinde tanımlanan.
(2) HPLC
UV işlemine
tabi tutulmuş
Agaricus
bisporus Açıklama / Tanım:
UV ışınları, ticari olarak yetiştirilen ve hasat edilen Agaricus bisporus ’a uygulanır.
UV radyasyonu: 200 -800 nm dalga boyunda ultraviyole ışıkta radyasyon prosesi.
D2 Vitamin i:
141
Kimyasal ad: (3β, 5Z, 7E, 22E) -9,10-sekoergosta -5,7,10 (19), 22 -tetraen -3-ol
Eşanlamlısı: Ergokalsiferol
CAS No.: 50 -14-6
Molekül ağırlığı: 396,65 g/mol
Bileşen:
Son üründe D 2 vitamini: Raf ömrü sonunda 5 -20 μg/100 g taze ağırlık
K2 vitamini
(menak inon)
Bu yeni gıda, sentetik veya mikrobiyolojik işlemle üretilir. K 2 vitamini (2-metil -3-all-trans -poliprenil -1,4-naftokuinonlar) veya
menak inon serisi bir grup prenillenmiş naftokuinon türevleridir. Bir izoprenin yan dallara sahip 5 karbondan oluştuğu izopren
kalıntıları sayısı, MK -7 ve az miktarda MK -6 içeren menak inon homologlarını tanımlamak için kullanılır.
C46H64O2 olan Menak inon-7 (MK -7) (n = 6), C 41H56O2 olan Menak inon-6 (MK -6) (n = 5) ve C 31H40O2 olan Menak inon-4
(MK -4) (n = 3) olan K 2 vitamini (menakinon) serisi.
Kimyasal Ad: (bütün -E) -2- (3,7,11,15,19,23,27 -Heptametil -2,6,10,14,18,22,26 -oktakosaheptaenil) -3-metil -1,4-
naphtalenedione
CAS No: 2124 -57-4
Molekül formülü: C 46H64O2
Molekül ağırlığı: 649 g/mol
Sentetik K 2 vitamini (Menakinon -7)’nin spesifik özellikleri
Görünüm : Sarı toz
Saflık: % 6 cis -izomer, en fazla % 2 diğer safsızlıklar
Bileşen:% 97 -102 Menaquinone -7 (en az % 92 bütün -trans Menaquinone -7 içeren)
Mikrobiyal olarak üretilen K 2 vitamini (Menakinon -7)’nin spesifi k özellikleri
Kaynak: Bacillus subtilis spp. natto ve Bacillus lickeniformis
Görünüm : Sarı toz veya yağ süspansiyonu
142
Yarrowia
lipolytica
maya
biyokütlesi
Açıklama/Tanım:
Yeni gıda, Yarrowia lipolytica ’nın kurutulmuş ve ısı ile öldürülen maya biyokütlesidir.
Karakteristik özellikler /Bileşimi
Protein : 45 -55 g/100 g
Diyet Lifi: 24 -30 g/100 g
Şekerler: < 1,0 g/100 g
Yağ: 7 -10 g/100 g
Toplam kül: ≤ %12
Su içeriği : ≤ % 5
Kuru madde içeriği : ≥ % 95
Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler:
Toplam Aerobik Koloni sayısı: ≤ 5 × 103 kob/g
Toplam Maya ve Küf : ≤ 102 kob/g
Canlı Yarrowia lipolytica hücreleri (1): < 10 kob/g (tespit limiti)
Koliform: ≤ 10 kob/g
Salmonella spp.: 25 gramda bulunmayacak.
(1): Isıl işlem basamağından hemen sonra test etmek için. Ölçümler depolama veya paketleme aşamasında canlı Yarrowia
lipolytica hücreleri ile çapraz bulaşmanın engellendiği uygun yerlerden alınmalıdır.
Krom içeren
maya
(Yarrowia
lipolytica )
biyokütlesi Açıkl ama/Tanım:
Yeni gıda , kurutulmuş ve ısı ile öldürülmüş krom içeren maya Yarrowia lipolytica biyokütlesidir .
Krom klorür varlığında fermentasyonu takip eden saflaştırma ve yeni gıdada canlı Yarrowia lipolytica hücrelerinin
bulunmamasını sağlamak için uygulanan ısı ile öldürme adımları ile üretilir.
Karakteristik özellikler/Bileşim:
Toplam krom : 18–23 μg/g
Krom (VI): < 10 μg/kg ( Tespit limiti )
Protein: 40 –50 g/100 g
Diyet lif : 24–32 g/100 g
Şekerler : < 2 g/100 g
Yağ: 6–12 g/100 g
143
Toplam kül : ≤ % 15
Su: ≤ % 5
Kuru madde : ≥ % 95
Ağır metaller :
Kurşun : ≤ 3,0 mg/kg
Kadmiyum : ≤ 1,0 mg/kg
Civa : ≤ 0,1 mg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler :
Toplam aerobik canlı sayısı : ≤ 5 × 103 kob/g
Toplam maya ve küf sayısı : ≤ 102 kob/g
Canlı Yarrowia lipolytica hücreleri (*): < 10 kob/g (tespit limiti )
Koliformlar : ≤ 10 kob/g
Salmonella spp.: 25 g’da bulunmayacak
*Canlı Yarrowia lipolytica hücrelerinin yokluğunu garanti etmek ve ilk olarak ısıl işlem aşamasından hemen sonra olmak üzere ısıl işlem
aşamasından sonraki tüm aşamalarda uygulanabilir. Yeni gıdanın paketlenmesi ve / veya depolanması sırasında canlı Yarrowia li polytica
hücreleri ile çapraz kontaminasyonu önlemek için önlemler alınmalıdır.
Selenyum
içeren maya
(Yarrowia
lipolytica )
biyokütlesi Açıklama/Tanım:
Bu yeni gıda , kurutulmuş ve ısı ile öldürülmüş selenyum içeren maya Yarrowia lipolytica biyokütlesidir .
Sodyum selenit varlığında fermentasyonu takip eden saflaştırma ve yeni gıdada canlı Yarrowia lipolytica hücrelerinin
bulunmamasını sağlamak için uygulanan ısı ile öldürme adımları ile üretilir.
Karakteristik özellikler/Bileşim:
Toplam selenyum: 165 –200 μg/g
Se-metionin ( *): 100 –140 μg/g
Protein: 40 –50 g/100 g
144
Diyet lif: 24 –32 g/100 g
Şekerler: < 1 g/100 g
Yağ: 6 –12 g/100 g
Toplam kül: ≤ % 15
Su: ≤ % 5
Kuru madde: ≥ % 95
Ağır metaller:
Kurşun: ≤ 3,0 mg/kg
Kadmiyum: ≤ 1,0 mg/kg
Civa: ≤ 0,1 mg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik kriterler:
Toplam aerobik canlı sayısı: ≤ 5 × 103 kob/g
Toplam maya ve küf sayısı: ≤ 102 kob/g
Canlı Yarrowia lipolytica hücreleri (**): < 10 kob/g (tespit limiti)
Coliforms: ≤ 10 kob/g
Salmonella spp.: 25 g’da bulunmayacak
*Selen yum olarak ifade edilir.
**Canlı Yarrowia lipolytica hücrelerinin yokluğunu garanti etmek ve ilk olarak ısıl işlem aşamasından hemen sonra olmak üzere ısıl işlem
aşamasından sonraki tüm aşamalarda uygulanabilir. Yeni gıdanın paketlenmesi ve / veya depolanması sırasında canlı Yarrowia li polytica
hücreleri il e çapraz kontaminasyonu önlemek için önle mler alınmalıdır.
Yumurta
sarısından
elde edilen
fosfolipidler Yumurta sarısı ndan elde edilen % 85 ve % 100 saflıkta fosfolipidler
145
Yüksek
Basınçlı
Pastörizasyon
Uygulanarak
Üretilen
Pastörize
Meyve Esaslı
Prepa ratlar
Parametre Hedef Açıklama
Yüksek basınç uygulaması
öncesi meyvenin
depolanması – 20 °C de en az 15 gün Meyveler iyi / hijyenik
tarım ve üretim
uygulamalarıyla birlikte
hasat edilir ve depolanır.
Eklenen meyve % 40 -% 60
çözündürülmüş meyve Meyve homojenize edilir
ve diğer bileşenlere
eklenir.
pH 3,2 - 4,2
° Brix 7 - 42 İlave şekerle sağlanmış.
aw < 0,95 İlave şekerle sağlanmış.
Son depolama En fazla + 5 °C de en fazla
60 gün Geleneksel olarak
işlenmiş üründeki
depolama rejimine
eşdeğer olacak şekilde.
Yumurta
Membranı
Hidrolizatı
Yumurta membranı hidrolizatı, tavuk yumurtasının kabuğunun membranından elde edilir. Yumurta kabukları, yumurta kabuğu
membranlarını elde etmek amacıyla hidro -mekanik ayırma işleminden geçirilir. Daha sonra, yumurta kabuğu membranları,
patentli çözündürme metodu kullanılarak ileri işleme tabi tutulur. Çözündürme işlemini takiben çözelti filtre edilir, konsantre
edilir, püskürtülerek kurutulur ve paketlenir.
Özellikler/Bileşimi
146
Kimyasal parametreler Metotlar
Toplam Azotlu Madde (% g/g): ≥ 88 AOAC 990.03 ve AOAC 992.15 e göre yanma
testi
Kollajen (% g/g): ≥ 15 SircolTM Çözünür Kollajen Analizi
Elastin (% g/g): ≥ 20 FastinTM Elastin Analizi
Toplam glikozaminoglikanlar (% g/g): ≥ 5 USP26 (Kondroitin sülfat K0032 metodu)
Kalsiyum: %≤ 1
Fiziksel Paramet reler
pH: 6,5 – 7,6
Kül (% g/g): ≤ 8
Nem (% g/g): ≤ 9
Su aktivitesi: ≤ 0,3
Çözünürlük (suda): çözünür
Özkütle: ≥ 0,6 g/cc
Ağır metaller
Arsenik ≤ 0,5 mg/kg
Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler
Aerobik canlı sayısı: ≤ 2 500 kob/g
Escherichia coli : ≤ 5 MPN/g
Salmonella : 25 g'da bulunmayacak
Koliformlar: ≤ 10 MPN/g
Staphylococcus aureus : ≤ 10 kob/g
Mezofilik spor sayısı: ≤ 25 kob/g
Termofilik spor sayısı: ≤ 10 kob/10 g
Maya: ≤ 10 kob/g
Küf: ≤ 200 kob/g
kob: Koloni oluşturan birim ; MPN = En muhtemel sayı; USP: Amerika Bir leşik Devletleri
farmakopesi.’
Zeaksantin
Açıklama/Tanım: Zeaksantin, doğal olarak oluşan bir ksantofil pigmentidir, oksijenli bir karotenoidtir.
147
Sentetik zeaksantin, püskürtülerek kurutulmuş jelatin tozu veya α -tokoferol ve askorbil palmitat eklenmiş nişasta bazı (küreler)
veya α -tokoferol ilave edilmiş mısır yağı süspansiyonu olarak sunulur. Sentetik zeaksantin, küçük moleküllerden çok adımlı
bir kimyasal sentezle üretilir.
Az kokulu veya kokusuz portakal -kırmızı kristalize toz.
Kimyasal formül: C 40H56O2
CAS No.: 144 -68-3
Molekül ağırlığı: 568,9 dalton
Fiziko -kimyasal özellikler:
Kurutma kaybı: < % 0,2
Bütün -trans zeaksantin: > % 96
Cis-zeaksantin : < % 2
Diğer karotenoidler: < % 1,5
Trifenilfosfin oksit (CAS No: 791 -28-6): < 50 mg/kg
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Comité de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
1. Miembro que notifica : JAPÓN
Si procede, nombre del gobierno local de que se trate:
2. Organismo responsable : Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) (Ministerio de
Salud, Trabajo y Bienestar Social)
3. Productos abarcados (número de la(s) partida(s) arancelaria(s) según se
especifica en las listas nacionales depositadas en la OMC ; deberá indicarse
además, cuando proceda, el número de partida de la ICS):
• Hortalizas, plantas, raíces y tubérculos alimenticios (SA : 07.01, 07.02, 07.03,
07.04, 07.05, 07.06, 07.07, 07.08, 07.09, 07.10, 07.13 y 07.14).
• Frutas y frutos comestibles (SA : 08.03, 08.07, 08.10 y 08.11).
• Yerba mate y especias (SA : 09.03, 09.10).
4. Regiones o países que podrían verse afectados, en la medida en que sea
procedente o factible:
[X] Todos los interlocutores comerciales
[ ] Regiones o países específicos:
5. Título del documento notificado : Revision of the Specifications and Standards for
Foods, Food Additives, Etc. under the Food Sanitation Act (revision of agricultural
chemical residue standards) (Revisión de las especificaciones y las normas para productos
alimenticios, aditivos alimentarios y otros produ ctos previstas en la Ley de Higiene
Alimentaria . Revisión de las normas relativas a los residuos de productos agroquímicos) .
Idioma(s) : inglés . Número de páginas : 2.
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2022/SPS/JPN/22_7326_00_e.pdf
6. Descripción del contenido : Propuesta de límites máximos de residuos (LMR) del
siguiente producto agroquímico:
Plaguicida : fostiazato
7. Objetivo y razón de ser : [X] inocuidad de los alimentos, [ ] sanidad animal,
[ ] preservación de los vegetales, [ ] protección de la salud humana contra las
enfermedades o plagas animales o vegetales, [ ] protección del territorio contra
otros daños causados por plagas. G/SPS/N/JPN/1125
- 2 -
8. ¿Existe una norma internacional pertinente ? De ser así, indíquese la norma:
[ ] de la Comisión d el Codex Alimentarius (por ejemplo, título o número de
serie de la norma del Codex o texto conexo) :
[ ] de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) (por ejemplo,
número de capítulo del Código Sanitario para los Animales Terrestres o
del Código Sanitario para los Animales Acuáticos) :
[ ] de la Convención Internacional de Protección Fitosanitaria (por ejemplo,
número de NIMF) :
[X] Ninguna
¿Se ajusta la reglamentación que se propone a la norma internacional
pertinente?
[ ] Sí [ ] No
En caso negativ o, indíquese, cuando sea posible, en qué medida y por qué razón
se aparta de la norma internacional:
9. Otros documentos pertinentes e idioma(s) en que están disponibles : Food
Sanitation Act (disponible en inglés) . Una vez adoptados, los LMR se publicarán en el
Kanpo (Boletín Oficial del Gobierno) (disponible en japonés).
10. Fecha propuesta de adopción (día/mes/año) : No se ha determinado.
Fecha propuesta de publicación (día/mes/año) : No se ha determinado.
11. Fecha propuesta de entrada en vigor : [ ] Seis meses a partir de la fecha de
publicación, y/o (día/mes/año) : Las normas propuestas entrarán en vigor después
de un determinado período.
[X] Medida de facilitación del comercio
12. Fecha límite para la presentación de observaciones : [ ] Sesenta días a partir de
la fecha de distribución de la notificación y/o (día/mes/año) : No se aplica.
Organismo o autoridad encargado de tramitar las observaciones : [ ] Organismo
nacional encargado de la notificación, [X] Servicio nacional de información .
Dirección, número de fax y dirección de correo electrónico (en su caso) de otra
institución:
13. Texto(s) disponible(s) en : [ ] Organismo nacional encargado de la noti ficación,
[X] Servicio nacional de información . Dirección, número de fax y dirección de
correo electrónico (en su caso) de otra institución:
Japan Enquiry Point (Servicio de Información del Japón)
International Trade Division (División de Comercio Internacional)
Economic Affairs Bureau (Oficina de Asuntos Económicos)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores)
Fax: +(81 3) 5501 8343
Correo electrónico: [email protected]
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Consejo de los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad
Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio Original: inglés
LISTA DE CUESTIONES SOBRE LA OBSERVANCIA1
RESPUESTAS DE BOTSWANA
Procedimientos y recursos civiles y administrativos
a) Procedimientos y recursos judiciales civiles
1. Sírvanse indicar los tribunales que tienen competencia en casos de infracción de los
derechos de propiedad intelectual.
Los tribunales que se encargan de resolver los casos en materia de DPI en Botswana son los
siguientes:
a) el Tribunal de Primera Instancia e Instrucción;
b) los Tribunales Superiores;
c) el Tribunal de A pelación (para los casos en materia de DPI después de apelación).
Si bien los Tribunales de Primera Instancia e Instrucción tienen competencia para resolver los
asuntos en materia de DPI, un gran número de casos son vistos por los Tribunales Superiores, dado
que la competencia de los Tribunales de Primera Instancia e Instrucción es limitada, a saber, solo
pueden ordenar el resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios hasta un monto máximo de sesenta mil pula
(BWP 60.000). El Tribunal Superior ve la ma yoría de los casos, pues su competencia es ilimitada.
2. ¿Qué personas están legitimadas para hacer valer derechos de propiedad
intelectual? ¿Cómo pueden estar representadas esas personas? ¿Hay disposiciones que
prescriban la comparecencia personal obliga toria del titular del derecho ante el tribunal?
Los titulares de derechos y los titulares de licencias, como codemandantes, están legitimados para
hacer valer los DPI. Por regla general, todos deben comparecer ante los tribunales. Sin embargo,
existe la e xcepción de que los titulares de derechos pueden nombrar procuradores que lleven
adelante el caso sin la presencia de los titulares de los derechos.
3. ¿Qué facultades tienen las autoridades judiciales para ordenar a una parte en un
procedimiento, a petic ión de la parte contraria, que aporte pruebas que estén bajo su
control?
En los procedimientos por infracción de una patente, el artículo 27 6) de la Ley de Propiedad
Industrial de 2010 trata de la presentación de pruebas que están bajo el control de la pa rte contraria.
El artículo dice: "Al requerir la presentación de pruebas en los procedimientos por infracción, el
Tribunal tomará en cuenta los intereses legítimos del demandado para no divulgar sus secretos de
fabricación ".
En virtud del artículo 29 de la Ley de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos, capítulo 68:02, las
autoridades judiciales están facultadas para ordenar la confiscación de las mercancías y equipos
infractores u otros dispositivos específicamente diseñados o adaptados para eludir cualquier
dispositivo o medio pensado para impedir o restringir la reproducción de una obra o para dañar la
1 Documento IP/C/5 . IP/N/6/BWA/1
- 2 -
calidad de las copias efectuadas. Ello es así para proteger las pruebas que se necesitarán durante el
juicio.
La Ley de Derecho de Autor faculta a los funcionarios de justicia para dictar o pronunciar una orden
que obligue al infractor a informar al titular del derecho sobre cualquier tercero participante. Sin
embargo, para que se dicte una medida correctiva en el marco de un mandato judicial Anton Piller
se debe presentar una solicitud ante el Tribunal Superior con arreglo al derecho común. El mandato
judicial Anton Piller precisa que el demandado proporcione información sobre sus fuentes de
suministro, así como l a descripción y el destino de las existencias que haya producido. Además, se
puede incluir en él un mandato judicial contra la infracción.
El mandato judicial Anton Piller se concederá en el caso de que el demandante:
a) presente muy fuertes indicios prima facie de infracción;
b) demuestre que el daño, real o potencial, que se le ha causado es muy grave; y
c) presente pruebas evidentes de que el demandado posee documentos u objetos
inculpatorios y que existe la posibilidad real de que se destruyan las prueb as antes de que se
presente una solicitud inter partes .
4. ¿Qué medios se prevén para identificar y proteger la información confidencial
aportada como prueba?
El Servicio de Policía de Botswana es en gran medida el custodio de los elementos que se deben
presentar al tribunal como prueba. El Servicio de Policía de Botswana salvaguarda las pruebas que
se utilizan principalmente en los asuntos penales.
En los asuntos civiles, son las partes quienes mantienen las pruebas documentales durante el
procedimiento j udicial, y después de ser admitidas y marcadas como pruebas documentales el
registrador las custodia hasta que finaliza el juicio. Esto se refiere a los asuntos sometidos a los
Tribunales Superiores. En el Tribunal de Primera Instancia e Instrucción, todas las pruebas
documentales quedan bajo la custodia del secretario principal del juzgado, como establecen las leyes
de los Tribunales de Primera Instancia e Instrucción.
Todas las pruebas documentales se etiquetan o marcan debidamente y por orden cronológico en
presencia de todas las partes comparecientes ante el Tribunal y se guarda constancia de la cadena
de custodia. Se conserva una traza adecuado de la secuencia de la custodia, el control, la
transferencia y la disposición de las pruebas, tanto eléctricas como físicas.
Con respecto a la identificación de las pruebas documentales, el artículo 92 de la Ley de
Procedimientos y Pruebas Penales dispone que el funcionario judicial que lleve a cabo el examen
preparatorio velará por que se marquen y etiqueten en p resencia de todas las partes todos los
documentos y demás artículos presentados por los testigos en el curso del examen preparatorio y
que probablemente vayan a utilizarse como prueba, y por que se recojan y se guarden en lugar
seguro las pruebas documenta les.
De conformidad con el artículo 27 6) de la Ley de Propiedad Industrial, que trata de las acciones en
caso de infracción de una patente, "Al requerir la presentación de pruebas en los procedimientos por
infracción, el Tribunal tomará en cuenta los inte reses legítimos del demandado para no divulgar sus
secretos de fabricación ".
El artículo 114 4) de la Ley de Propiedad Industrial, que trata de los actos de competencia desleal,
también protege la información confidencial. El artículo dispone que "cuando, como condición para
aprobar la comercialización de un producto farmacéutico o un producto químico agrícola en que se
utilicen sustancias químicas nuevas, una autoridad de Botswana exija la presentación de pruebas u
otros datos no divulgados cuya elaboració n suponga un esfuerzo considerable, esos datos estarán
protegidos contra todo uso comercial o divulgación desleales y, cuando sea necesario para proteger
al público, esos datos se divulgarán a condición de que se adopten medidas para protegerlos contra
todo uso comercial desleal". IP/N/6/BWA/1
- 3 -
De conformidad con el artículo 45 de la Ley de Aduanas "sin perjuicio de la protección de la
información confidencial, el Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales podrá permitir que el titular de un derecho
de propiedad intelectual y el decl arante inspeccionen las mercancías con el fin de determinar el fondo
de sus respectivas alegaciones".
5. Sírvanse describir las medidas cuya adopción puede ser ordenada por las
autoridades judiciales y los criterios, legislativos o jurisprudenciales, sobr e su utilización:
- mandamientos judiciales;
- órdenes de resarcimiento de daños y perjuicios, con inclusión de la reparación
por concepto de beneficios y los gastos, comprendidos los honorarios de los
abogados;
- destrucción o apartamiento por cualquier otro medio de los circuitos
comerciales de las mercancías infractoras y de los materiales e instrumentos
utilizados para su producción;
- otras medidas.
MEDIDAS CORRECTIVAS EN VIRTUD DE LA LEY DE DERECHO DE AUTOR Y DERECHOS CONEXOS
Las medidas p revistas en la Ley de Derecho de Autor figuran en los artículos 29 a 33, que abarcan
las medidas provisionales, las sanciones civiles, sanciones penales, las facultades de los funcionarios
de aduana, las medidas, recursos y sanciones frente a los abusos re specto de medios técnicos de
protección y de información sobre gestión de derechos. A continuación se exponen esas disposiciones
y sus criterios.
Artículo 29 1) - A reserva de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 2), cuando se hace una reclamación por
una contravenc ión de las disposiciones de esta Ley y se considera que un documento, libro u otro
objeto vinculado a cualquier investigación con respecto a esa reclamación es objeto de ocultación
en el interior de los locales especificados, un agente de policía o alguna otra persona a quien el
Ministro mediante una orden designe y otorgue facultades de investigación entrará en los locales
para efectuar un registro y confiscar cualquier artículo hallado en el interior de los locales.
Artículo 29 2) - El agente de policía o la persona designada por el Ministro en virtud del párrafo 1)
(en adelante denominado "funcionario de investigación") no debe entrar, ni efectuar un registro, ni
confiscar ningún artículo en relación con el párrafo 1) a menos que haya obtenido -
a) el con sentimiento por escrito del propietario o la persona a cargo de los locales; o
b) un mandamiento de registro.
Artículo 29 3) - El Tribunal hará lugar a la solicitud de un mandamiento de registro si considera,
de acuerdo con información suministrada bajo ju ramento o promesa solemne, que existen motivos
razonables para sospechar que -
a) hay en los locales obras que infringen los derechos protegidos en esta Ley;
b) hay en los locales equipos u otros dispositivos específicamente diseñados o adaptados
para elud ir cualquier dispositivo o medio pensado para impedir o restringir la reproducción de
una obra o para dañar la calidad de las copias efectuadas (este último dispositivo o medio se
denomina en adelante "dispositivo o medio de protección o administración de copias"); o
c) hay en los locales un documento, libro u otro objeto que puede proporcionar pruebas
de esa contravención de las disposiciones de esta Ley.
Artículo 29 4) - Cuando un magistrado competente (Chief or Senior Magistrate ) estime suficiente
la información suministrada bajo juramento o promesa formal por el funcionario de investigación,
para considerar que se requiere acción urgente para obtener las pruebas pertinentes a la
contravención de las disposiciones de esta Ley, pr uebas que probablemente sean ocultadas o IP/N/6/BWA/1
- 4 -
destruidas, el magistrado puede exonerar de todos los requisitos de procedimiento y conceder un
mandamiento de registro al funcionario de investigación en el tiempo y lugar y bajo las condiciones
que la urgencia del asunto requiera.
Artículo 29 5) - Un mandamiento de registro concedido por el Tribunal -
a) autorizará al funcionario de investigación mencionado en la orden a entrar en los locales
identificados en el mandamiento, efectuar registros e inspecciones, tomar extractos o hacer
copias, confiscar cualquier artículo, o realizar cualquier otro acto que pueda contribuir a la
investigación;
b) se ejecutará durante el día, a menos que el Tribunal autorice su ejecución durante la
noche; y
c) estará en vigor hasta su ejecución, su cancelación por el Tribunal o hasta que
transcurra un período de un mes desde la fecha de su expedición, según lo que ocurra primero.
Artículo 29 6) - El funcionario de la investigación que ejecuta un mandamiento de registro en virtud
de este artículo, antes de la ejecución o a solicitud de cualquier persona cuyos derechos pueden ser
afectados -
a) presentará su tarjeta de identificación; y
b) entregará a esa persona una copia del mandamiento.
Artículo 29 7) - Un funcionario de investigación no confiscará ningún artículo hallado en el interior
de los locales registrados de conformidad con las disposiciones de este artículo a menos que haya
entregado a la persona propietaria o a cargo del artículo que se está incautando un comprobante de
la incautación en la forma prescrita.
Artículo 29 8) - Se permitirá a una persona que haya estado en posesión o a cargo de un
documento, libro u otro objeto que ha sido incautado, hacer copias o tomar extractos de éste,
mientra s esté en posesión o a cargo del funcionario de investigación involucrado, en cualquier
momento razonable a su propia costa y bajo la supervisión de dicho funcionario de investigación u
otra persona autorizada, en funciones en el Ministerio.
Artículo 29 9) - Nadie tendrá derecho a negarse a responder ninguna pregunta ni a negarse a
presentar ningún documento, libro u otro objeto por el motivo de que tal respuesta, documento,
libro u otro objeto lo incriminaría.
Artículo 29 10) - A reserva de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 11), las pruebas incriminadoras que surjan
de cualquier respuesta, documento, libro u otro objeto que una persona pueda presentar a un
funcionario de investigación en respuesta a una pregunta hecha por el funcionario de investigación,
no serán admisibles en ningún procedimiento penal contra esa persona.
Artículo 29 11) - Toda persona que:
a) estorbe u obstaculice al funcionario de investigación en el desempeño de sus funciones
en relación con este artículo; o
b) a sabiendas realice una declaraci ón falsa o proporcione una respuesta falsa a cualquier
pregunta,
será culpable de un delito y será pasible, bajo condena, de una multa de BWP 2.000 como máximo
o de una pena de prisión de 12 meses como máximo, o de ambas sanciones.
Artículo 30 1) - El Trib unal, a reserva de lo dispuesto en cualquier otra ley del Parlamento, y en
los términos que éste considere razonables, tendrá competencia para - IP/N/6/BWA/1
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a) conceder mandamientos para prohibir que se cometan, o se continúen cometiendo,
infracciones de cualquier der echo protegido en virtud de la Ley de Derecho de Autor;
b) ordenar la confiscación de copias de obras o grabaciones de sonido de las que se
sospeche que se han fabricado o importado sin la autorización del titular de cualquier derecho
protegido por la Ley de Derecho de Autor, en los casos en que el que realiza la importación
de copias está sujeto a tal autorización, así como la confiscación de los envases de tales obras,
los accesorios que pudieran utilizarse para su fabricación, y los documentos, cuentas o
documentos comerciales que hagan referencia a esas obras;
c) ordenar el pago de los daños sufridos como consecuencia de la infracción, con inclusión
de los beneficios obtenidos por la parte infractora que sean atribuibles a la infracción; y
d) imponer in demnizaciones ejemplares por daños y perjuicios cuando constate que la
infracción perjudica al honor o la reputación de la persona cuyos derechos han sido infringidos.
Artículo 30 2) - Además de cualquier recurso civil que pueda ordenar el Tribunal contra toda
persona que haya infringido cualquier derecho protegido por esta Ley, el Tribunal tendrá
competencia para ordenar la destrucción u otra disposición razonable de las copias infractoras, en
caso de existir, y sus envases fuera de los circuitos comercial es de manera de evitar perjuicio al
titular del derecho, a menos que éste solicite otra cosa; siempre y cuando no se destruyan las copias
y sus envases que hayan sido adquiridos por un tercero de buena fe.
Artículo 30 3) - Donde exista peligro de que pueda n utilizarse accesorios para realizar o seguir
realizando actos infractores, el Tribunal, en el momento y en la medida razonables, ordenará su
destrucción u otra disposición razonable fuera de los circuitos comerciales de manera de reducir al
mínimo el rie sgo de que se produzcan nuevas infracciones.
Artículo 30 4) - Toda persona que en contravención de las disposiciones de los párrafos 2) y 3) no
cumpla un mandamiento del Tribunal relativo a la destrucción u otra disposición razonable de las
copias o acceso rios infractores, será culpable de un delito y bajo condena será pasible de una multa
de BWP 10.000 como máximo o de una pena de prisión de cinco años como máximo, o de ambas
sanciones.
El artículo 31 prevé las sanciones penales siguientes:
1) Toda persona que contravenga las disposiciones de esta Ley de manera de infringir un
derecho protegido en la Ley de Derecho de Autor con fines de lucro, será culpable de un delito
y bajo condena será pasible de una multa de BWP 20.000 como máximo, o de una pena de
prisión de 10 años como máximo, o de ambas sanciones.
2) Toda persona condenada por un segundo o consecuente delito será pasible de una multa
de BWP 30.000 como mínimo o BWP 5.000.000 como máximo o de una pena de prisión de
10 años como máximo, o de ambas sanciones.
El artículo 32 otorga a los funcionarios de aduana las facultades siguientes:
Toda mercancía importada al país que esté en contravención de las disposiciones de la Ley de
Derecho de Autor puede ser objeto de un embargo, destruida o dispuesta de otra manera
según se prevé en los artículos 119 y 120 de la Ley sobre Derechos de Aduanas e Impuestos
Especiales sobre el Consumo.
El artículo 33 establece las medidas, recursos y sanciones frente a los abusos respecto de
medios técnicos de pr otección y de información sobre gestión de derechos
1) Los siguientes actos se considerarán ilícitos y, en la aplicación de recursos civiles y
penales en virtud de la presente parte, se asimilarán a las infracciones de los derechos
protegidos por esta Ley -
a) la fabricación o importación para la venta o arrendamiento de cualquier
dispositivo o medio específicamente diseñado o adaptado para eludir cualquier IP/N/6/BWA/1
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dispositivo o medio pensado para impedir o restringir la reproducción de una obra,
grabación de sonid o o radiodifusión, o para dañar la calidad de las copias
efectuadas (este último dispositivo o medio se denomina en adelante "dispositivo
o medio de protección o administración de copias"); o
b) la fabricación o importación para la venta o arrendamiento de todo dispositivo o
medio susceptible de permitir o ayudar a la recepción de un programa codificado,
que se comunica al público por radiodifusión u otra vía; incluido el satélite, por
aquellos que no tengan derecho a la recepción del programa;
c) la supres ión o alteración de toda información electrónica sobre gestión de
derechos sin autorización;
d) la distribución, importación con fines de distribución, comunicación radial al
público o puesta a disposición del público sin autorización de obras,
interpretac iones o ejecuciones, grabaciones de sonido o radiodifusiones, sabiendo
o con motivos para saber que la información electrónica sobre gestión de derechos
se ha suprimido u alterado sin autorización.
2) En la aplicación de recursos civiles o penales en virtu d de esta parte, todo dispositivo y
medio ilícito a que se hace referencia en el párrafo 1) y toda copia de la cual se haya
suprimido información sobre gestión de derechos o, en la cual se haya alterado esa
información, se asimilará a las copias infractora s de obras, y cualquier acto ilícito a que
se hace referencia en el párrafo 1) se tratará como una infracción de los derechos de
autor o derechos conexos para los cuales son aplicables los recursos civiles y sanciones
penales previstos en esta parte.
3) En este artículo, por "información sobre gestión de derechos" se entiende cualquier
información que identifique al autor, la obra, el productor de la grabación de sonido, el
radiodifusor, el intérprete o ejecutor, la interpretación o ejecución o cualquier ti tular de
un derecho en virtud de la presente Ley, cualquier información sobre las condiciones de
utilización de la obra o la interpretación o ejecución, y cualquier número o código que
represente tal información, cuando alguno de estos artículos de una obr a o
interpretación o ejecución fijada aparece en conexión con la radiodifusión, comunicación
al público o puesta a disposición del público de una obra o de una interpretación o
ejecución fijada.
A la discreción del juez, se podrá imponer el pago de los hon orarios de abogado.
MEDIDAS CORRECTIVAS EN VIRTUD DE LA LEY DE PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL
La Ley de Propiedad Industrial prevé medidas correctivas y criterios específicos para la protección
de las patentes, los dibujos y modelos industriales, las marcas de fábri ca o de comercio, los
conocimientos tradicionales y los productos de artesanía. También establece delitos generales y
sanciones aplicables a cualquier otro delito que constituya una infracción en virtud de la Ley. A
continuación se exponen las medidas corr ectivas descritas supra .
El artículo 27 establece los procedimientos judiciales por infracción de una patente
Artículo 27 1) - El titular de una patente, además de cualesquiera otros derechos, recursos o
acciones a su disposición, tendrá derecho a entablar procedimientos judiciales contra toda persona
que infrinja la patente mediante la ejecución, sin el consentimiento o la autorización del titular de la
patente, de cualquiera de los actos a que se hace referencia en el artículo 24 2), o que realice
cualqui er acto que haga probable que se produzca esa infracción.
Artículo 27 2) - El titular de la patente que haya incoado una acción judicial por infracción de
patente podrá solicitar una reparación en forma de lo siguiente -
a) un interdicto o mandamiento judi cial; IP/N/6/BWA/1
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b) la entrega o destrucción de cualquier producto o artículo infractor o de cualquier
producto del cual el producto infractor forme parte integrante;
c) el resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios; o
d) una rendición de cuentas con respecto a los beneficios obtenidos de la infracción.
Artículo 27 3) - En todo procedimiento relativo a una infracción, el demandado puede reconvenir
por la invalidación de la patente y puede invocar en las alegaciones cualquier motivo por el cual una
patente puede ser i nvalidada.
Artículo 27 4) - El titular de la patente, antes de iniciar el procedimiento, deberá dar noticia a cada
titular de una licencia de la patente en cuestión cuyo nombre figure en el registro de la patente, y
todo titular de licencia tendrá derecho a intervenir como codemandante.
Artículo 27 5) - En todo procedimiento por infracción, que no sea de índole penal, donde el objeto
de la patente es un procedimiento para obtener un producto, la obligación de establecer que el
producto no ha sido fabricado mediante ese procedimiento recaerá sobre el de mandado si el
producto obtenido mediante el proceso patentado es nuevo con arreglo al artículo 8 3).
Artículo 27 6) - Al requerir la presentación de pruebas en los procedimientos por infracción, el
Tribunal tomará en cuenta los intereses legítimos del dema ndado para no divulgar sus secretos de
fabricación.
Artículo 27 7) - El Tribunal, al ordenar un resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios calculará el importe
de esos daños teniendo en cuenta el monto de una regalía razonable que hubiera correspondido
pagar a u n titular o subtitular de una licencia respecto de la patente en cuestión.
Artículo 27 8) - Al ordenar el resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios de conformidad con este artículo,
el Tribunal no ordenará también, con respecto a la misma infracción, un rendimi ento de cuentas a
efectos de restitución al demandado de los beneficios derivados de dicha infracción.
Artículo 55 de la Ley de Propiedad Industrial - Procedimientos por infracción de dibujos o
modelos industriales
Artículo 55 1) - El titular de un dibujo o modelo registrado, además de cualesquiera otros derechos,
recursos o acciones a su disposición, tendrá derecho a entablar procedimientos judiciales contra
toda persona que ejecute, sin su acuerdo o autorización, cualquiera de los actos a que se hace
referencia en el artículo 53, o que realice cualquier acto que haga probable que se produzca esa
infracción.
Artículo 55 2) - En cualquier procedimiento de conformidad con este artículo, el Tribunal puede
conceder reparación en forma de resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios, prohibición, entrega o
destrucción de cualquier producto o artículo infractor, o producto del cual el producto infractor forme
parte integrante, o una rendición de cuentas con respecto a los beneficios obtenidos de dicha
infracción, o dictan do cualquier otra medida que considere necesaria.
Artículo 55 3) - Al ordenar el resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios de conformidad con este artículo,
el Tribunal no ordenará también, con respecto a la misma infracción, un rendimiento de cuentas a
efectos de restitución al demandado de los beneficios derivados de dicha infracción.
Artículo 55 4) - En cualquier procedimiento de conformidad con este artículo, el Tribunal tendrá
competencia para ordenar la revocación del registro de un diseño sobre la base de cualquiera de los
motivos enumerados en el artículo 59, pudiéndose invocar cualquiera de dichos motivos en las
alegaciones.
El artículo 83 establece los procedimientos judiciales por infracción de una marca
Artículo 83 1) - El titular de una marca, además de cualesquiera otros derechos, recursos o
acciones a su disposición, tendrá derecho a entablar procedimientos judiciales contra toda persona IP/N/6/BWA/1
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que infrinja la marca utilizándola sin su autorización o mediante la realización de actos que hagan
probable que se produzca esa infracción.
Artículo 83 2) - El derecho conferido en virtud de este artículo se extenderá al uso de un signo
similar al de la marca registrada en relación con bienes y servicios similares a aquellos para los
cuales se ha registrado la marca , cuando pueda generarse confusión en el público.
Artículo 83 3) - El derecho conferido en virtud de este artículo se extenderá al uso de un signo que
constituya una reproducción, una imitación o una traducción de una marca registrada que sea bien
conocida en Botswana en relación con los bienes o servicios que no sean similares a aquéllos por los
cuales se ha registrado la marca cuando -
a) la utilización de la marca en relación con aquellos bienes o servicios indique una
conexión entre esos bienes o servic ios y el titular de la marca registrada, y
b) sea probable que se perjudique por tal utilización el interés del titular de la marca
registrada.
Artículo 83 4) - Un demandante en procedimientos por infracción podrá recibir reparación mediante
la prohibición , entrega o destrucción de cualquier producto o artículo infractor, o producto del cual
el producto infractor forme parte integrante, el resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios, o una rendición
de cuentas con respecto a los beneficios obtenidos de la infracci ón.
Artículo 83 5) - Al ordenar el resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios de conformidad con este artículo,
el Tribunal no ordenará también, con respecto a la misma infracción, un rendimiento de cuentas a
efectos de restitución al demandado de los beneficios derivados de dicha infracción.
Artículo 122 - Derecho a entablar procedimientos judiciales por infracción relativa a los
conocimientos tradicionales o productos de artesanía
Artículo 122 1) - Los procedimientos judiciales relativos a la protección o la in fracción de los
derechos respecto de los conocimientos tradicionales serán entablados por la comunidad local o por
cualquier otro propietario de esos conocimientos.
Artículo 122 2) - El Tribunal puede obligar a la parte infractora a pagar a la comunidad local una
cuantía por determinar.
Artículo 134 - Delitos y sanciones
Artículo 134 1) - Toda persona que, conociendo la falsedad de su acción -
a) realice o intervenga para que se re alice una falsa inscripción en un registro mantenido
de conformidad con la presente Ley;
b) elabore o intervenga para que se elabore cualquier documento que se haga pasar
falsamente por una copia de un registro de esta índole; o
c) elabore, presente o inte rvenga para que se elabore o presente como prueba cualquier
inscripción obtenida según el párrafo b) o copia de ella,
incurre en delito y será sancionado, bajo condena, con una multa no inferior a BWP 5.000 pero no
superior a BWP 10.000, o una pena de pris ión de no menos de 1 año pero no superior a 3 años, o
con ambas sanciones.
Artículo 134 2) - Toda persona que -
a) con el fin de engañar al Registrador o a cualquier otro funcionario en la ejecución de
sus funciones en virtud de la presente Ley; o IP/N/6/BWA/1
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b) con e l fin de adquirir o influir en la acción u omisión de cualquier acto en virtud de la
presente Ley,
realice una falsa declaración o exposición conociendo la falsedad de su acción, incurre en delito y
será sancionado, bajo condena, con una multa no inferior a BWP 5.000 pero no superior a
BWP 10.000, o una pena de prisión de no menos de 1 año pero no superior a 3 años, o con ambas
sanciones.
Artículo 134 3) - Toda persona que, conociendo la falsedad de su acción, realice una falsa
declaración o exposi ción según la cual -
a) a esa o a otra persona se le ha concedido una patente respecto de una invención;
b) esa persona u otra son titulares de un dibujo o modelo registrado, marca registrada o
marca colectiva o nombre comercial; o
c) a esa o a otra person a se le ha concedido una licencia exclusiva u obligatoria para
utilizar una patente, dibujo o modelo registrado, marca registrada o marca colectiva o nombre
comercial,
siendo así que la declaración o exposición tenga la finalidad de inducir a otra persona a actuar en
ese sentido, incurre en delito y será sancionado, bajo condena, con una multa no inferior a
BWP 2.000 pero no superior a BWP 5.000, o una pena de prisión de no menos de seis meses pero
no superior a 2 años, o con ambas sanciones.
Artículo 134 4 ) - A reserva de lo dispuesto en los artículos 25 1), 31, 32, 33, 55 4), 81 2) y 111 2),
la realización de alguno de los actos enumerados en los artículo 25, 55, 81 y 111 por una persona
distinta del titular del título de protección y sin el acuerdo de ese propietario constituirá una
infracción.
Según lo dispuesto en el artículo 134 5) , el tribunal, a solicitud del titular del título de protección,
o de un concesionario que haya solicitado al titular que inicie un procedimiento judicial con respecto
a una m edida de reparación específica, habiéndose negado el titular a hacerlo o no habiéndolo hecho,
podrá concederá un interdicto para impedir una infracción o un acto ilícito previsto en los
artículos 93 3), 111 2) y 114 2).
El artículo 134 6) dispone que "quie n intencionada o deliberadamente realice cualquier acto que
constituya una infracción según lo definido en el párrafo 4) del presente artículo, o un acto ilícito
según lo definido en los artículos 93 3), 111 2) y 114 2), incurre en delito y será sancionado , bajo
condena, con una multa no inferior a BWP 2.000 pero no superior a BWP 5.000 , o una pena de
prisión de no menos de 6 meses pero no superior a 2 años, o con ambas sanciones."
El artículo 134 7) dispone que "quien cometa un delito o un acto ilegal para los que no se haya
especificado una sanción concreta será sancionado con una multa no inferior a BWP 2.000 pero no
superior a BWP 5.000, o a una pena de prisión de no menos de 6 meses pero no superior a 2 años,
o a ambas sanciones."
6. ¿En qué circunstan cias están, en su caso, las autoridades judiciales facultadas para
ordenar al infractor que informe al titular del derecho sobre la identidad de los terceros
que hayan participado en la producción y distribución de los bienes o servicios respecto
de los cu ales se haya determinado que se trata de bienes o servicios infractores, y sobre
sus circuitos de distribución?
La Ley de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos faculta a los funcionarios de justicia para dictar o
pronunciar una orden que obligue al infractor a informar al titular del derecho sobre cualquier tercero
participante. Sin embargo, para que se dicte una medida correctiva en el marco de un mandato
judicial Anton Piller se debe presentar una solicitud ante el Tribunal Superior con arreglo al derecho
común. El mandato judicial Anton Piller precisa que el demandado proporcione información sobre
sus fuentes de suministro, así como la descripción y el destino de las existencias que haya producido.
Además, se puede incluir en él un mandato judicial contra l a infracción. IP/N/6/BWA/1
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El mandato judicial Anton Piller se concederá en el caso de que el demandante:
a) presente muy fuertes indicios prima facie de infracción;
b) demuestre que el daño, real o potencial, que se le ha causado es muy grave; y
c) presente pruebas evidentes de que el demandado posee documentos u objetos
inculpatorios y que existe la posibilidad real de que éste pueda destruir ese material antes de
que se presente una solicitud inter partes .
7. Sírvanse describir las disposiciones r elativas a la indemnización a los demandados
a los que se haya impuesto indebidamente una obligación. ¿En qué medida son
responsables las autoridades y/o funcionarios públicos en tal caso y qué "medidas
correctivas" les son aplicables?
Las disposiciones re lativas a la indemnización a los demandados a los que se les haya impuesto
indebidamente una obligación figuran en el artículo 42 de la Ley de Aduanas, de 2018, que trata de
la aportación de garantías para la suspensión de las mercancías.
El artículo 42 de la Ley de Aduanas establece que "el Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales exigirá al titular
del derecho de propiedad intelectual, en el momento de presentar la solicitud de suspensión del
despacho de las mercancías sospechosas de conformidad con el artículo 40, -
a) que compense al Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales contra por toda obligación que pueda
derivarse de las medidas, actuaciones judiciales, reclamaciones o demandas que se puedan
llevar a cabo o interponer contra el Comisario General en la prestación de la a sistencia
requerida; y
b) que proporcione una garantía suficiente para pagar los costos o gastos en que incurra
el Comisario General en la prestación de la asistencia requerida o las sumas que se le deban".
De conformidad con el artículo 48 de la Ley de Ad uanas, "el Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales no será
responsable de ninguna medida adoptada u omitida de buena fe con respecto a la suspensión del
despacho de las mercancías sospechosas de infracción".
8. Sírvanse describir las disposiciones que regulan la du ración y costo de los
procedimientos . ¿Cuáles son normalmente la duración y el costo del procedimiento?
Botswana no cuenta con tribunales especializados en los casos de derechos de propiedad intelectual,
lo que en parte se debe principalmente a que estos c asos no abundan. El Tribunal Superior y el
Tribunal de Primera Instancia e Instrucción tienen competencia en todas los asuntos penales y
civiles, también los de DPI. El Tribunal de Apelación los ve en caso de apelación.
La Administración de Justicia introd ujo una reforma, la Gestión Judicial de Casos, que insta a aplicar
una gestión judicial eficaz, eficiente y conforme de los casos para lograr que las diferencias se
resuelvan de forma oportuna y cualitativa. En otras palabras, el funcionario de justicia qu e preside
un caso determina el ritmo de avance del asunto en la mayor medida en que le sea posible. Además,
se han establecido normas de resolución de casos para supervisar el cumplimiento de la Gestión
Judicial de Casos. Véase el anexo A (en inglés solamente) .
En cuanto a las costas, cada caso tiene sus hechos, complejidades y circunstancias propias y, por
consiguiente, las costas procesales siempre varían.
El 8 de enero de 2021 se modi ficaron las Normas del Tribunal Superior, aumentándose las costas
procesales tanto en asuntos civiles como penales. La Ley del Tribunal de Primera Instancia e
Instrucción, la Ley del Tribunal Superior y el Reglamento del Tribunal de Apelación establecen la s
cuantías que debe imponer la Oficina de Costas Judiciales (Taxing Master) al término de cada caso.
Véanse el anexo A (en inglés solamente) y el anexo B . (en inglés solamente) .
b) Procedimientos y remedios administrativos IP/N/6/BWA/1
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9. Sírvanse facilitar los datos solicitados en las respuestas anteriores en relación con
los procedimientos administrativos referentes al fondo de un caso y con los remedios que
puedan ordenarse a resultas de esos procedimientos.
Botswana no cuenta con tribunales especializados en los casos de derechos de propiedad intelectual,
lo que en parte se debe principalmente a que estos casos no abundan. El Tribunal Superior y el
Tribunal de Primera Instancia e Instrucción tienen competencia en todas los asuntos penales y
civiles, también los de DPI. El Tribunal de Apelación los ve en caso de apelación.
La Administración de Justicia introdujo una reforma, la Gestión Judicial de Casos, que insta a aplicar
una gestión judicial eficaz, eficiente y conforme de los casos para lograr que las diferencias se
resuelvan de forma oportuna y cualitativa. En otras pal abras, el funcionario de justicia que preside
un caso determina el ritmo de avance del asunto en la mayor medida en que le sea posible. Además,
se han establecido normas de resolución de casos para supervisar el cumplimiento de la Gestión
Judicial de Casos . Véase el anexo A (en inglés solamente) .
En cuanto a las costas, cada caso tiene sus hechos, complejidades y circunstancias propias y, por
consiguiente, las costas procesales siempre v arían.
El 8 de enero de 2021 se modificaron las Normas del Tribunal Superior, aumentándose las costas
procesales tanto en asuntos civiles como penales. La Ley del Tribunal de Primera Instancia e
Instrucción, la Ley del Tribunal Superior y el Reglamento del Tribunal de Apelación establecen las
cuantías que debe imponer la Oficina de Costas Judiciales (Taxing Master) al término de cada caso.
Véanse el anexo B (en inglés solamente) y el anexo C . (en inglés solamente) .
Medidas provisionales
a) Medidas judiciales
10. Sírvanse describir los tipos de medidas provisionales cuya adopción puede ser
ordenada por las autoridades judiciales, así como el fundamento jurídico de esa facultad.
Las autoridades judiciales están facultadas para ordenar medidas provisionales durante la audiencia
de los casos relativos a DPI. La medida provisional más común es la que permite el registro de los
locales del supuesto infractor y la confiscación de las mercancías supuestamente infractoras, así
como del equipo utilizado para fabricarlas y de todos los documentos de interés y otras pruebas de
las actividades comerciales supuestamente i nfractoras. Se describe a continuación el procedimiento
aplicado.
MEDIDAS PROVISIONALES EN VIRTUD DE LA LEY DE DERECHO DE AUTOR Y DERECHOS CONEXOS
Artículo 29 3) - El Tribunal hará lugar a la solicitud de un mandamiento de registro si considera,
de acuerdo con información suministrada bajo juramento o promesa solemne, que existen motivos
razonables para sospechar que -
a) hay en los locales obras que infringen los derechos protegidos en esta Ley;
b) hay en los locales equipos u otros dispositivos específica mente diseñados o adaptados
para eludir cualquier dispositivo o medio pensado para impedir o restringir la reproducción de
una obra o para dañar la calidad de las copias efectuadas (este último dispositivo o medio se
denomina en adelante "dispositivo o med io de protección o administración de copias"); o
c) hay en los locales un documento, libro u otro objeto que puede proporcionar pruebas
de esa contravención de las disposiciones de esta Ley.
Artículo 29 4) - Cuando un magistrado competente (Chief or Senior Magistrate) estime suficiente
la información suministrada bajo juramento o promesa formal por el funcionario de investigación,
para considerar que se requiere acción urgente para obtener las pruebas pertinentes a la
contravención de las disposiciones de e sta Ley, pruebas que probablemente sean ocultadas o
destruidas, el magistrado puede exonerar de todos los requisitos de procedimiento y conceder un IP/N/6/BWA/1
- 12 -
mandamiento de registro al funcionario de investigación en el tiempo y lugar y bajo las condiciones
que la u rgencia del asunto requiera.
Artículo 29 5) - Un mandamiento de registro concedido por el Tribunal -
a) autorizará al funcionario de investigación mencionado en la orden a entrar en los locales
identificados en el mandamiento, efectuar registros e inspecci ones, tomar extractos o hacer
copias, confiscar cualquier artículo, o realizar cualquier otro acto que pueda contribuir a la
investigación;
b) se ejecutará durante el día, a menos que el Tribunal autorice su ejecución durante la
noche; y
c) estará en vigor hasta su ejecución, su cancelación por el Tribunal o hasta que transcurra
un período de un mes desde la fecha de su expedición, según lo que ocurra primero.
MEDIDAS PROVISIONALES EN VIRTUD DE LA LEY DE PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL
Artículo 27 2) - El titular de la patente que haya incoado una acción judicial por infracción de
patente podrá solicitar una reparación en forma de lo siguiente -
a) un interdicto o mandamiento judicial;
b) la entrega o destrucción de cualquier producto o artículo infra ctor o de cualquier
producto del cual el producto infractor forme parte integrante;
c) el resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios; o
d) una rendición de cuentas con respecto a los beneficios obtenidos de la infracción.
Artículo 55 2) - En cualquier procedimiento de conformidad con este artículo, el Tribunal puede
conceder reparación en forma de resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios, prohibición, entrega o
destrucción de cualquier producto o artículo infractor, o producto del cual el pr oducto infractor forme
parte integrante, o una rendición de cuentas con respecto a los beneficios obtenidos de dicha
infracción, o dictando cualquier otra medida que considere necesaria.
Artículo 83 4) - Un demandante en procedimientos por infracción podrá recibir reparación mediante
la prohibición, entrega o destrucción de cualquier producto o artículo infractor, o producto del cual
el producto infractor forme parte integrante, el resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios, o una rendición
de cuentas con respect o a los beneficios obtenidos de la infracción.
Según lo dispuesto en el artículo 134 5) , el tribunal, a solicitud del titular del título de protección
o de un concesionario que haya solicitado al titular que inicie un procedimiento judicial con respecto
a una medida de reparación específica, habiéndose negado el titular a hacerlo o no habiéndolo hecho,
podrá conceder un interdicto para impedir una infracción o un acto ilícito previsto en los
artículos 93 3), 111 2) y 114 2).
El fundamento jurídico de estas medidas provisionales es evitar que se produzca una infracción y
preservar las pruebas pertinentes relacionadas con la presunta infracción.
11. ¿En qué circunstancias puede ordenarse la adopción de esas medidas inaudita altera
parte ?
Se pide la adopción d e medidas provisionales cuando es probable que se oculten, destruyan o
distorsionen las pruebas antes de que pueda comenzar el juicio. En la mayoría de los casos, el
demandante presenta una solicitud urgente a los tribunales y el funcionario de investigaci ón sostiene
en comunicación jurada al tribunal que se conceda la orden de adopción de medidas provisionales.
De esta manera, se impide que el presunto infractor traslade los materiales sospechosos de
infracción para evitar que se localicen. IP/N/6/BWA/1
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12. Sírvanse d escribir el procedimiento principal para iniciar el proceso de adopción de
medidas provisionales, ordenar su adopción y mantenerlas en aplicación, y especialmente
los plazos pertinentes y las medidas de salvaguardia para proteger los intereses legítimos
del demandado.
A continuación se reproducen los artículos pertinentes de la Ley de Derecho de Autor y Derechos
Conexos y la Ley de Propiedad Industrial para su valoración.
MEDIDAS PROVISIONALES EN VIRTUD DE LA LEY DE DERECHO DE AUTOR Y DERECHOS CONEXOS
Artíc ulo 29 1) - A reserva de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 2), cuando se hace una reclamación por
una contravención de las disposiciones de esta Ley y se considera que un documento, libro u otro
objeto vinculado a cualquier investigación con respecto a esa reclam ación es objeto de ocultación
en el interior de los locales especificados, un agente de policía o alguna otra persona a quien el
Ministro mediante una orden designe y otorgue facultades de investigación entrará en los locales
para efectuar un registro y co nfiscar cualquier artículo hallado en el interior de los locales.
Artículo 29 2) - El agente de policía o la persona designada por el Ministro en virtud del párrafo 1)
(en adelante denominado "funcionario de investigación") no debe entrar, ni efectuar un r egistro, ni
confiscar ningún artículo en relación con el párrafo 1) a menos que haya obtenido:
a) el consentimiento por escrito del propietario o la persona a cargo de los locales; o
b) un mandamiento de registro.
Artículo 29 4) - Cuando un magistrado comp etente (Chief or Senior Magistrate) estime suficiente
la información suministrada bajo juramento o promesa formal por el funcionario de investigación,
para considerar que se requiere acción urgente para obtener las pruebas pertinentes a la
contravención de las disposiciones de esta Ley, pruebas que probablemente sean ocultadas o
destruidas, el magistrado puede exonerar de todos los requisitos de procedimiento y conceder un
mandamiento de registro al funcionario de investigación en el tiempo y lugar y bajo l as condiciones
que la urgencia del asunto requiera.
Artículo 29 5) - Un mandamiento de registro concedido por el Tribunal -
a) autorizará al funcionario de investigación mencionado en la orden a entrar en los locales
identificados en el mandamiento, efectu ar registros e inspecciones, tomar extractos o hacer
copias, confiscar cualquier artículo, o realizar cualquier otro acto que pueda contribuir a la
investigación;
b) se ejecutará durante el día, a menos que el Tribunal autorice su ejecución durante la
noche; y
c) estará en vigor hasta su ejecución, su cancelación por el Tribunal o hasta que transcurra
un período de un mes desde la fecha de su expedición, según lo que ocurra primero.
Artículo 29 6) - El funcionario de la investigación que ejecuta un mandamiento de registro en virtud
de este artículo, antes de la ejecución o a solicitud de cualquier persona cuyos derechos pueden ser
afectados:
a) presentará su tarjeta de identificación; y
b) entregar á a esa persona una copia del mandamiento.
Artículo 29 7) - Un funcionario de investigación no confiscará ningún artículo hallado en el interior
de los locales registrados de conformidad con las disposiciones de este artículo a menos que haya
entregado a l a persona propietaria o a cargo del artículo que se está incautando un comprobante de
la incautación en la forma prescrita.
Artículo 29 8) - Se permitirá a una persona que haya estado en posesión o a cargo de un
documento, libro u otro objeto que ha sido i ncautado, hacer copias o tomar extractos de éste, IP/N/6/BWA/1
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mientras esté en posesión o a cargo del funcionario de investigación involucrado, en cualquier
momento razonable a su propia costa y bajo la supervisión de dicho funcionario de investigación u
otra persona autorizada, en funciones en el Ministerio.
Artículo 29 9) - Nadie tendrá derecho a negarse a responder ninguna pregunta ni a negarse a
presentar ningún documento, libro u otro objeto por el motivo de que tal respuesta, documento,
libro u otro objeto lo inc riminaría.
Artículo 29 10) - A reserva de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 11), las pruebas incriminadoras que surjan
de cualquier respuesta, documento, libro u otro objeto que una persona pueda presentar a un
funcionario de investigación en respuesta a una preg unta hecha por el funcionario de investigación,
no serán admisibles en ningún procedimiento penal contra esa persona.
MEDIDAS PROVISIONALES EN VIRTUD DE LA LEY DE PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL
Artículo 27 1) - El titular de una patente, además de cualesquiera otros derechos, recursos o
acciones a su disposición, tendrá derecho a entablar procedimientos judiciales contra toda persona
que infrinja la patente mediante la ejecución, sin el consentimiento o la autorización del titular de la
patente, de cualquiera de los actos a que se hace referencia en el artículo 24 2), o que realice
cualquier acto que haga probable que se produzca esa infracción.
Artículo 27 3) - En todo procedimiento relativo a una infracción, el demandado puede reconvenir
por la invalidación de la pa tente y puede invocar en las alegaciones cualquier motivo por el cual una
patente puede ser invalidada.
Artículo 27 4) - El titular de la patente, antes de iniciar el procedimiento, deberá dar noticia a cada
titular de una licencia de la patente en cuestió n cuyo nombre figure en el registro de la patente, y
todo titular de licencia tendrá derecho a intervenir como codemandante.
Artículo 27 5) - En todo procedimiento por infracción, que no sea de índole penal, donde el objeto
de la patente es un procedimient o para obtener un producto, la obligación de establecer que el
producto no ha sido fabricado mediante ese procedimiento recaerá sobre el demandado si el
producto obtenido mediante el proceso patentado es nuevo con arreglo al artículo 8 3).
Artículo 27 6) - Al requerir la presentación de pruebas en los procedimientos por infracción, el
Tribunal tomará en cuenta los intereses legítimos del demandado para no divulgar sus secretos de
fabricación.
Artículo 27 7) - El Tribunal, al ordenar un resarcimiento por dañ os y perjuicios calculará el importe
de esos daños teniendo en cuenta el monto de una regalía razonable que hubiera correspondido
pagar a un titular o subtitular de una licencia respecto de la patente en cuestión.
Artículo 27 8) - Al ordenar el resarcimien to por daños y perjuicios de conformidad con este artículo,
el Tribunal no ordenará también, con respecto a la misma infracción, un rendimiento de cuentas a
efectos de restitución al demandado de los beneficios derivados de dicha infracción.
Artículo 55 3) - Al ordenar el resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios de conformidad con este artículo,
el Tribunal no ordenará también, con respecto a la misma infracción, un rendimiento de cuentas a
efectos de restitución al demandado de los beneficios derivados de dich a infracción.
Artículo 83 5) - Al ordenar el resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios de conformidad con este artículo,
el Tribunal no ordenará también, con respecto a la misma infracción, un rendimiento de cuentas a
efectos de restitución al demandado de los beneficios derivados de dicha infracción.
El Tribunal solo ha lugar a la solicitud de la orden si considera, de acuerdo con información
suministrada bajo juramento o promesa solemne, que existen motivos razonables para sospechar
que:
Previa solicitud, se p ermite también al demandado hacer copias de un documento incautado o tomar
extractos de este siempre y cuando este se encuentre bajo la supervisión del funcionario de
investigación. IP/N/6/BWA/1
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13. Sírvanse describir las disposiciones que regulan la duración y costo d e los
procedimientos. ¿Cuáles son normalmente la duración y el costo del procedimiento?
La Administración de Justicia introdujo una reforma, la Gestión Judicial de Casos, que insta a aplicar
una gestión judicial eficaz, eficiente y conforme de los casos pa ra lograr que las diferencias se
resuelvan de forma oportuna y cualitativa. En otras palabras, el funcionario de justicia que preside
un caso determina el ritmo de avance del asunto en la mayor medida en que le sea posible. Además,
se han establecido norma s de resolución de casos para supervisar el cumplimiento de la Gestión
Judicial de Casos. Véase el anexo A (en inglés solamente) .
En cuanto a las costas, cada caso tiene sus hechos, complejidades y circunstancias propias y, por
consiguiente, las costas procesales siempre varían.
El 8 de enero de 2021 se modificaron las Normas del Tribunal Superior, aumentándose las costas
procesales tanto en asuntos civiles como penales. La Le y del Tribunal de Primera Instancia e
Instrucción, la Ley del Tribunal Superior y el Reglamento del Tribunal de Apelación establecen las
cuantías que debe imponer la Oficina de Costas Judiciales (Taxing Master) al término de cada caso.
Véanse el anexo B (en inglés solamente) y el anexo C (en inglés solamente) .
b) Medidas administrativas
14. Sírvanse facilitar los dat os solicitados en las preguntas anteriores en relación con
las medidas provisionales administrativas.
El Servicio Unificado de Ingresos Fiscales de Botswana presta asistencia a ese respecto. Las medidas
en frontera permiten al titular de los derechos solicitar a las autoridades aduaneras que suspendan
el despacho para la puesta en circulación de mercancías sospechosas de ser infractoras. La finalidad
es propo rcionar al titular de los derechos un plazo razonable para iniciar procedimientos judiciales
contra el presunto infractor, sin el riesgo de que las mercancías presuntamente infractoras
desaparezcan en la circulación después del despacho de aduana. La prohi bición relativa a la
protección de los derechos de propiedad intelectual se establece en los artículos 40 a 49 de la Ley
de Aduanas.
Prescripciones especiales relacionadas con las medidas en frontera
15. Sírvanse indicar respecto de qué mercancías puede s olicitarse la suspensión por las
autoridades aduaneras de su despacho para libre circulación, y especialmente si cabe
también recurrir a ese procedimiento en relación con mercancías que entrañen
infracciones de los derechos de propiedad intelectual distint as de las que entrañan las
mercancías de marca de fábrica o de comercio falsificadas o las mercancías pirata que
lesionan el derecho de autor, en el sentido del Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC (nota a pie de
página al artículo 51). Sírvanse indicar, juntamente con los criterios pertinentes, las
importaciones a las que no es aplicable ese procedimiento (mercancías de otro Miembro,
una unión aduanera, mercancías en tránsito o importaciones de minimis ). ¿Es aplicable el
procedimiento a las importaciones de mercancías colocadas en el mercado de otro país
por el titular del derecho o con su consentimiento y a las mercancías destinadas a la
exportación?
La legislación relativa al Servicio Unificado de Ingresos Fiscales de Botswana (BURS) en lo que se
refiere a los derecho s de propiedad intelectual (DPI) figura en la Ley de Aduanas, de 2018,
artículos 40 a 49. El Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual
relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC), parte III, sección 4, desempeñó un importante papel en la
elaboración de esta legislación. La observancia abarca todos los derechos de propiedad intelectual y
no específicamente las marcas de fábrica o de comercio falsificadas o las mercancías pirata que
lesionan el derecho de autor según se define en el Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC. Las disposiciones de la
Ley de Aduanas son aplicables a las importaciones y exportaciones que presuntamente infringen los
derechos del titular de la propiedad intelectual.
Las importaciones excluidas de la suspensión del despacho de las m ercancías se denominan
importaciones de minimis , de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 49 de la Ley de Aduanas. IP/N/6/BWA/1
- 16 -
El artículo 49 dice "las disposiciones del presente artículo no se aplicarán a las pequeñas cantidades
de mercancías que no tengan cará cter comercial y que se encuentren en el equipaje personal de los
viajeros o hayan sido enviadas en pequeñas partidas ".
16. Sírvanse describir los principales elementos del procedimiento relativo a la
suspensión del despacho de aduana de las mercancías po r las autoridades aduaneras,
particularmente en lo que respecta a las autoridades competentes (artículo 51), los
requisitos que ha de reunir la solicitud a tal efecto (artículo 52) y las diversas
prescripciones relativas a la duración de la suspensión (art ículo 55). ¿Cómo se han
aplicado los artículos 53 (fianza o garantía equivalente), 56 (indemnización al importador
y al propietario de las mercancías) y 57 (derecho de inspección e información)?
La solicitud de suspensión de las mercancías presuntamente in fractoras se prevé en el artículo 40
de la Ley de Aduanas. Otorga al titular del derecho el derecho a dirigirse a la administración de
aduanas ante una sospecha de infracción de los DPI. El titular del derecho tiene que presentar
pruebas de que existe una infracción.
El artículo 44 permite al titular del derecho iniciar un procedimiento ante el tribunal y el tribunal
determina el plazo de la suspensión. El artículo también permite que los funcionarios de aduanas
prorroguen la suspensión del despacho de las mercancías por otros 14 días, o que despachen las
mercancías si, después de habérsele sido notificada la presunta infracción, el titular del derecho no
ha adoptado ninguna medida durante los 14 primeros días de suspensión.
Por otra parte, el declarante tam bién tiene derecho a solicitar el examen de las medidas (suspensión
del despacho de las mercancías o prórroga de la suspensión del despacho de las mercancías)
adoptadas por los funcionarios de aduanas (apelación). Los artículos pertinentes de la Ley de
Aduanas se exponen a continuación.
Artículo 40 1) - El titular de un derecho de propiedad intelectual que tenga razones válidas para
sospechar que la importación o exportación prevista o en curso de mercancías de marca de fábrica
o de comercio falsificada o p irata que infringen su derecho puede solicitar al Servicio de Ingresos
Fiscales la suspensión del despacho de las mercancías.
2) El declarante, en virtud del párrafo 1) -
a) presentará una solicitud al Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales;
b) presentará pruebas s uficientes que demuestren, a satisfacción del Servicio de Ingresos
Fiscales, que existe una presunción de infracción de su derecho de propiedad intelectual; y
c) facilitará una descripción suficientemente detallada de las mercancías en cuestión para
facilitar la determinación de la presunta infracción.
Artículo 41 2) - Si, tras la inspección de las mercancías objeto de una solicitud con arreglo al
artículo 40, el Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales estima que puede haber una infracción de la propiedad
intelectual del titular del derecho -
a) suspenderá el despacho de esas mercancías;
b) notificará la suspensión al titular del derecho de propiedad intelectual; y
c) notificará al solicitante las razones de la suspensión.
El artículo 42 dispone que el titular del derecho, en el momento de presentar la solicitud de
suspensión del despacho de las mercancías, compense al Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales por toda
obligación que pueda derivarse de las medidas, actuaciones judiciales, reclamacion es o demandas
que se puedan llevar a cabo o interponer contra el Comisario General. El artículo dice: "el Servicio
de Ingresos Fiscales exigirá al titular del derecho de propiedad intelectual, en el momento de
presentar la solicitud de suspensión del despa cho de las mercancías sospechosas de conformidad
con el artículo 40, - IP/N/6/BWA/1
- 17 -
a) que compense al Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales por toda obligación que pueda derivarse
de las medidas, actuaciones judiciales, reclamaciones o demandas que se puedan llevar a
cabo o i nterponer contra el Comisario General en la prestación de la asistencia requerida; y
b) que proporcione una garantía suficiente para pagar los costos o gastos en que incurra
el Comisario General en la prestación de la asistencia requerida o las sumas que s e le deban".
Artículo 43 1) - El Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales, por iniciativa propia, suspenderá el despacho de
las mercancías con respecto a las cuales tenga pruebas de que se pueda infringir un derecho de
propiedad intelectual.
Artículo 43 2) - Si, de c onformidad con el párrafo 1), el Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales suspende el
despacho de las mercancías presuntamente infractoras, el Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales lo
notificará -
a) al solicitante;
b) al titular del derecho; y
c) a la Autoridad de Empresas y Propiedad Intelectual establecida en virtud de la Ley de
la Autoridad de Empresas y Propiedad Intelectual.
Artículo 44 1) - El titular de un derecho de propiedad intelectual podrá entablar ante los tribunales
un procedimiento conducente a una de cisión sobre el fondo de la reclamación.
Artículo 44 2) - Si, dentro de los 14 días siguientes a la notificación de la suspensión al titular de
un derecho de propiedad intelectual, este no informa al Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales de que se haya
entablado u n procedimiento conducente a una decisión sobre el fondo del asunto, el Servicio de
Ingresos Fiscales podrá -
a) por razones que el Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales considere válidas, prorrogar el período
de suspensión del despacho de las mercancías; o
b) despachar las mercancías, siempre que se hayan cumplido las demás condiciones para
la importación o exportación.
Artículo 44 3) - No obstante lo dispuesto en el párrafo 2), cuando se trate de mercancías
perecederas que no se puedan almacenar durante un períod o prolongado, el período de suspensión
del despacho no será superior a tres días.
Artículo 44 4) - En los casos en que proceda, el Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales podrá prorrogar por
otros 14 días el plazo a que se hace referencia en el párrafo 2).
Artículo 44 5) - En caso de suspensión ordenada por un tribunal, el plazo a que se hace referencia
en los párrafos 2), 3) y 4) será determinado por ese tribunal.
Artículo 44 6) - Si se ha iniciado un procedimiento conducente a una decisión sobre el fondo del
asunto , el declarante podrá solicitar un examen, con inclusión del derecho de audiencia, con miras
a decidir, en un plazo razonable, si esas medidas se modificarán, revocarán o confirmarán.
Artículo 45 - Sin perjuicio de la protección de la información confidenc ial, el Servicio de Ingresos
Fiscales podrá permitir que el titular de un derecho de propiedad intelectual y el declarante
inspeccionen las mercancías con el fin de determinar el fondo de sus respectivas alegaciones.
Artículo 46 - Cuando el procedimiento e ntablado por el titular del derecho de propiedad intelectual
haya determinado que las mercancías en cuestión son mercancías infractoras, el Servicio de Ingresos
Fiscales, a petición del titular del derecho, informará al titular del derecho de los nombres y
direcciones del importador, el exportador, el destinatario y el expedidor de la cantidad de las
mercancías. IP/N/6/BWA/1
- 18 -
17. Sírvanse describir las disposiciones que regulan la duración y costo de los
procedimientos. ¿Cuáles son normalmente la duración y el costo del procedimiento? ¿Cuál
es el período de validez de las decisiones de las autoridades competentes por las que se
suspende el despacho de las mercancías para libre circulación?
El artículo 381 de la Ley de Aduanas prevé el plazo prescrito para la adopción de medidas por el
Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales. El artículo 381 2) establece que "Salvo disposición en contrario de la
presente Ley, el derecho a entablar procedimientos administrativos o judiciales con respecto a un
delito aduanero con arreglo a la presente Ley prescribirá, a menos que el procedimiento se haya
iniciado en un plazo de cinco años contados a partir de la fecha en que se descubrió el delito."
Los tribunales determinan las costas de los procedimientos.
Validez de las decisiones de las autoridades competentes por las que se suspende el
despacho de las mercancías
La validez de las decisiones de los funcionarios de aduanas por las que se suspende el despacho de
las mercancías para libre circulación se describe en los párrafos 44 2), 3) y 4) de la Ley de Aduanas,
que se reproducen a continuación.
Artículo 44 2) - Si, dentro de los 14 días siguientes a la notificación de la suspensión al titular de
un derecho de propiedad intelectual, este no informa al Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales de que se haya
entab lado un procedimiento conducente a una decisión sobre el fondo del asunto, el Servicio de
Ingresos Fiscales podrá -
a) por razones que el Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales considere válidas, prorrogar el período
de suspensión del despacho de las mercancías; o
b) despachar las mercancías, siempre que se hayan cumplido las demás condiciones para
la importación o exportación.
Artículo 44 3) - No obstante lo dispuesto en el párrafo 2), cuando se trate de mercancías
perecederas que no se puedan almacenar durante un período prolongado, el período de suspensión
del despacho no será superior a tres días.
Artículo 44 4) - En los casos en que proceda, el Servici o de Ingresos Fiscales podrá prorrogar por
otros 14 días el plazo a que se hace referencia en el párrafo 2).
18. ¿Están obligadas las autoridades competentes a actuar por propia iniciativa y, en tal
caso, en qué circunstancias? ¿Hay disposiciones especial es aplicables a la actuación de
oficio?
El BURS tiene derecho a actuar por propia iniciativa en virtud del artículo 43 de la Ley de Aduanas.
Los funcionarios de aduanas tienen derecho a suspender el despacho de las mercancías por propia
iniciativa si tienen pruebas de que las mercancías podrían estar infringiendo DPI. La presente
disposición se aplica a la actuación de oficio, ya que la medida se adopta sin que estén presentes
los exportadores ni los importadores. El artículo 43 1) dice: "el Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales, por
iniciativa propia, s uspenderá el despacho de las mercancías con respecto a las cuales tenga pruebas
de que se pueda infringir un derecho de propiedad intelectual ".
19. Sírvanse describir las medidas cuya adopción puede ser ordenada por las
autoridades competentes y los crite rios que regulen su aplicación.
El artículo 375 de la Ley de Aduanas permite a los funcionarios de aduanas retener, incautar y
decomisar las mercancías si la importación, posesión o exportación de las mercancías no está
autorizada con arreglo a la Ley de A duanas o alguna otra Ley.
Artículo 375 1) - El Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales podrá retener, incautar o decomisar las mercancías
o el medio de transporte a los que se aplique la presente Ley y, si las mercancías o el medio de
transporte consisten en informa ción, cuentas, documentos o registros, un funcionario de aduanas IP/N/6/BWA/1
- 19 -
podrá retener o incautar la información, las cuentas, los documentos o los registros a efectos de
investigación.
Artículo 375 2) - El Servicio de Ingresos Fiscales retendrá, incautará o decom isará las mercancías
cuya importación, posesión o exportación no esté autorizada en virtud de la presente Ley o de alguna
otra Ley.
El artículo 35 1) proporciona una guía de las mercancías prohibidas a cuyos derechos de propiedad
intelectual se refiere el apartado "f" infra. El artículo dice: se prohibirán las mercancías cuya
importación o exportación atente contra lo siguiente -
a) el orden público;
b) la seguridad pública;
c) la moral pública;
d) la salud pública;
e) la protección de los tesoros nacionale s;
f) la protección de la propiedad intelectual;
g) la protección de los consumidores;
h) la lucha contra el blanqueo de dinero, la financiación de un acto de terrorismo; y
i) cualquier otro interés que se pueda estipular.
Procedimientos penales
20. Sírva nse indicar los tribunales que tienen competencia en casos de infracción penal
de los derechos de propiedad intelectual.
Los tribunales que se encargan de resolver los casos en materia de DPI en Botswana son los
siguientes:
a) El Tribunal de Primera Instan cia e Instrucción;
b) Los Tribunales Superiores;
c) El Tribunal de Apelación (para los casos en materia de DPI después de apelación).
Si bien los Tribunales de Primera Instancia e Instrucción tienen competencia para resolver los
asuntos en materia de DPI, un gran número de casos son vistos por los Tribunales Superiores, dado
que la competencia de los Tribunales de Primera Instancia e Instrucción es limitada, a saber, solo
pueden ordenar el resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios hasta un monto máximo de sesent a mil pula
(BWP 60.000). El Tribunal Superior ve la mayoría de los casos, pues su competencia es ilimitada.
21. ¿En relación con qué infracciones de derechos de propiedad intelectual y de qué
derechos de esa naturaleza se prevé la aplicación de procedimie ntos y sanciones penales?
Se prevé la aplicación de procedimientos y sanciones penales para la infracción de todos derechos
de propiedad intelectual. Sin embargo, Botswana está modificando la Ley de Propiedad Industrial
para garantizar que las infracciones de patentes no se consideren de índole penal.
22. ¿Cuáles son las autoridades públicas competentes para la iniciación de
procedimientos penales? ¿Están obligadas a iniciarlos por propia iniciativa y a raíz de
reclamaciones? IP/N/6/BWA/1
- 20 -
El Servicio de Policía de Botswana y la Oficina del Fiscal General (DPP) son competentes para iniciar
procedimientos p enales. En la mayoría de los casos, los procedimientos penales se entablan en
respuesta a las demandas de esos órganos.
23. ¿Hay particulares que estén legitimados para entablar procedimientos penales y, de
ser así, quiénes están legitimados para hacerlo?
Los particulares no están legitimados para entablar procedimientos penales.
24. Sírvanse indicar, si es necesario por categorías de derechos de propiedad intelectual
y tipos de infracción, las sanciones y otras medidas correctivas que pueden imponerse:
- prisión;
- sanciones pecuniarias;
- confiscación, decomiso y destrucción de las mercancías infractoras y de los
materiales y accesorios utilizados para su producción;
- otras medidas.
Se describen a continuación los tipos de infracción, las sa nciones y otras medidas correctivas que
pueden imponerse.
MEDIDAS CORRECTIVAS EN VIRTUD DE LA LEY DE DERECHO DE AUTOR Y DERECHOS CONEXOS
Artículo 29 11) - Toda persona que:
a) estorbe u obstaculice al funcionario de investigación en el desempeño de sus fun ciones
en relación con este artículo; o
b) a sabiendas realice una declaración falsa o proporcione una respuesta falsa a cualquier
pregunta,
será culpable de un delito y será pasible, bajo condena, de una multa de BWP 2.000 como máximo
o de una pena de pri sión de 12 meses como máximo, o de ambas sanciones.
Artículo 30 1) - El Tribunal, a reserva de lo dispuesto en cualquier otra ley del Parlamento, y en
los términos que éste considere razonables, tendrá competencia para -
a) conceder mandamientos para prohi bir que se cometan, o se continúen cometiendo,
infracciones de cualquier derecho protegido en virtud de la Ley de Derecho de Autor;
b) ordenar la confiscación de copias de obras o grabaciones de sonido de las que se
sospeche que se han fabricado o importad o sin la autorización del titular de cualquier derecho
protegido por la Ley de Derecho de Autor, en los casos en que el que realiza la importación
de copias está sujeto a tal autorización, así como la confiscación de los envases de tales obras,
los accesor ios que pudieran utilizarse para su fabricación, y los documentos, cuentas o
documentos comerciales que hagan referencia a esas obras;
c) ordenar el pago de los daños sufridos como consecuencia de la infracción, con inclusión
de los beneficios obtenidos po r la parte infractora que sean atribuibles a la infracción; y
d) imponer indemnizaciones ejemplares por daños y perjuicios cuando constate que la
infracción perjudica al honor o la reputación de la persona cuyos derechos han sido infringidos.
Artículo 30 2 ) - Además de cualquier recurso civil que pueda ordenar el Tribunal contra toda
persona que haya infringido cualquier derecho protegido por esta Ley, el Tribunal tendrá
competencia para ordenar la destrucción u otra disposición razonable de las copias infr actoras, en
caso de existir, y sus envases fuera de los circuitos comerciales de manera de evitar perjuicio al IP/N/6/BWA/1
- 21 -
titular del derecho, a menos que éste solicite otra cosa; siempre y cuando no se destruyan las copias
y sus envases que hayan sido adquiridos por un tercero de buena fe.
Artículo 30 3) - Donde exista peligro de que puedan utilizarse accesorios para realizar o seguir
realizando actos infractores, el Tribunal, en el momento y en la medida razonables, ordenará su
destrucción u otra disposición razonab le fuera de los circuitos comerciales de manera de reducir al
mínimo el riesgo de que se produzcan nuevas infracciones.
Artículo 30 4) - Toda persona que en contravención de las disposiciones de los párrafos 2) y 3) no
cumpla un mandamiento del Tribunal relativo a la destrucción u otra disposición razonable de las
copias o accesorios infractores, será culpable de un delito y bajo condena será pasible de una multa
de BWP 10.000 como máximo o de una pena de prisión de cinco años como máximo, o de ambas
sanciones.
El artículo 31 prevé las sanciones penales siguientes:
1) Toda persona que contravenga las disposiciones de esta Ley de manera de infringir un
derecho protegido en la Ley de Derecho de Autor con fines de lucro, será culpable de un delito
y bajo condena será pasible de una multa de BWP 20.000 como máximo, o de una pena de
prisión de 10 años como máximo, o de ambas sanciones.
2) Toda persona condenada por un segundo o consecuente delito será pasible de una multa
de BWP 30.000 como mínimo o BWP 5.000.000 como máximo o de una pena de prisión de
10 años como máximo, o de ambas sanciones.
El artículo 32 otorga a los funcionarios de aduana las facultades siguientes:
Toda mercancía importada al país que esté en contravención de las disposiciones de la Ley de
Derecho de Autor puede ser objeto de un embargo, destruida o dispuesta de otra manera
según se prevé en los artículos 119 y 120 de la Le y sobre Derechos de Aduanas e Impuestos
Especiales sobre el Consumo.
MEDIDAS CORRECTIVAS EN VIRTUD DE LA LEY DE PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL
Artículo 27 2) - El titular de la patente que haya incoado una acción judicial por infracción de
patente podrá solicitar un a reparación en forma de lo siguiente -
a) un interdicto o mandamiento judicial;
b) la entrega o destrucción de cualquier producto o artículo infractor o de cualquier
producto del cual el producto infractor forme parte integrante;
c) el resarcimiento por d años y perjuicios; o
d) una rendición de cuentas con respecto a los beneficios obtenidos de la infracción.
El artículo 55 establece los procedimientos por infracción de dibujos o modelos
industriales
Artículo 55 2) - En cualquier procedimiento de conformidad con este artículo, el Tribunal puede
conceder reparación en forma de resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios, prohibición, entrega o
destrucción de cualquier producto o artículo infractor, o producto del cual el pr oducto infractor forme
parte integrante, o una rendición de cuentas con respecto a los beneficios obtenidos de dicha
infracción, o dictando cualquier otra medida que considere necesaria.
Artículo 55 4) - En cualquier procedimiento de conformidad con este a rtículo, el Tribunal tendrá
competencia para ordenar la revocación del registro de un diseño sobre la base de cualquiera de los
motivos enumerados en el artículo 59, pudiéndose invocar cualquiera de dichos motivos en las
alegaciones. IP/N/6/BWA/1
- 22 -
El artículo 83 estable ce los procedimientos judiciales por infracción de una marca
Artículo 83 4) - Un demandante en procedimientos por infracción podrá recibir reparación mediante
la prohibición, entrega o destrucción de cualquier producto o artículo infractor, o producto del cual
el producto infractor forme parte integrante, el resarcimiento por daños y perjuicios, o una rendición
de cuentas con respecto a los beneficios obtenidos de la infracción.
Artículo 122 - Derecho a entablar procedimientos judiciales por infracción rela tiva a los
conocimientos tradicionales o productos de artesanía
Artículo 122 2) - El Tribunal puede obligar a la parte infractora a pagar a la comunidad local una
cuantía por determinar.
Artículo 134 - Delitos y sanciones
Artículo 134 1) - Toda persona que , conociendo la falsedad de su acción -
a) realice o intervenga para que se realice una falsa inscripción en un registro mantenido
de conformidad con la presente Ley;
b) elabore o intervenga para que se elabore cualquier documento que se haga pasar
falsame nte por una copia de un registro de esta índole; o
c) elabore, presente o intervenga para que se elabore o presente como prueba cualquier
inscripción obtenida según el párrafo b) o copia de ella,
incurre en delito y será sancionado, bajo condena, con una multa no inferior a BWP 5.000 pero no
superior a BWP 10.000, o una pena de prisión de no menos de 1 año pero no superior a 3 años, o
con ambas sanciones.
Artículo 134 2) - Toda persona que -
a) con el fin de engañar al Registrador o a cualquier otro funcionario en la ejecución de
sus funciones en virtud de la presente Ley; o
b) con el fin de adquirir o influir en la acción u omisión de cualquier acto en virtud de la
presente Ley,
realice una falsa d eclaración o exposición conociendo la falsedad de su acción, incurre en delito y
será sancionado, bajo condena, con una multa no inferior a BWP 5.000 pero no superior a BWP
10.000, o una pena de prisión de no menos de 1 año pero no superior a 3 años, o con ambas
sanciones.
3) Toda persona que, conociendo la falsedad de su acción, realice una falsa declaración o
exposición según la cual -
a) a esa o a otra persona se le ha concedido una patente respecto de una invención;
b) esa persona u otra son titulares d e un dibujo o modelo registrado, marca registrada o
marca colectiva o nombre comercial; o
c) a esa o a otra persona se le ha concedido una licencia exclusiva u obligatoria para
utilizar una patente, dibujo o modelo registrado, marca registrada o marca cole ctiva o nombre
comercial,
siendo así que la declaración o exposición tenga la finalidad de inducir a otra persona a actuar en
ese sentido, incurre en delito y será sancionado, bajo condena, con una multa no inferior a BWP
2.000 pero no superior a BWP 5.000 , o una pena de prisión de no menos de seis meses pero no
superior a 2 años, o con ambas sanciones. IP/N/6/BWA/1
- 23 -
Artículo 134 3) - Toda persona que, conociendo la falsedad de su acción, realice una falsa
declaración o exposición según la cual -
a) a esa o a otra person a se le ha concedido una patente respecto de una invención;
b) esa persona u otra son titulares de un dibujo o modelo registrado, marca registrada o
marca colectiva o nombre comercial; o
c) a esa o a otra persona se le ha concedido una licencia exclusiva u obligatoria para
utilizar una patente, dibujo o modelo registrado, marca registrada o marca colectiva o nombre
comercial,
siendo así que la declaración o exposición tenga la finalidad de inducir a otra persona a actuar en
ese sentido, incurre en delito y será sancionado, bajo condena, con una multa no inferior a
BWP 2.000 pero no superior a BWP 5.000, o una pena de prisión de no menos de seis meses pero
no superior a 2 años, o con ambas sanciones.
Según lo dispuesto en el artículo 134 5) , el tribunal, a so licitud del titular del título de protección
o de un concesionario que haya solicitado al titular que inicie un procedimiento judicial con respecto
a una medida de reparación específica, habiéndose negado el titular a hacerlo o no habiéndolo hecho,
podrá c onceder un interdicto para impedir una infracción o un acto ilícito previsto en los
artículos 93 3), 111 2) y 114 2).
El artículo 134 6) dispone que "quien intencionada o deliberadamente realice cualquier acto que
constituya una infracción según lo definido en el subpárrafo 4) del presente artículo, o un acto ilícito
según lo definido en los artículos 93 3), 111 2) y 114 2), incurre en del ito y será sancionado, bajo
condena, con una multa no inferior a BWP 2.000 pero no superior a BWP 5.000, o una pena de
prisión de no menos de 6 meses pero no superior a 2 años, o con ambas sanciones."
El artículo 134 7) dispone que "quien cometa un delito o un acto ilegal para los que no se haya
especificado una sanción concreta será sancionado con una multa no inferior a BWP 2.000 pero no
superior a BWP 5.000, o a una pena de prisión de no menos de 6 meses pero no superior a 2 años,
o a ambas sanciones."
25. Sírvanse describir las disposiciones que regulan la duración y el costo del
procedimiento y facilitar los datos de que dispongan, en su caso, sobre la duración real
del procedimiento y su costo.
Botswana no cuenta con tribunales especializados en los c asos de derechos de propiedad intelectual,
lo que en parte se debe principalmente a que estos casos no abundan. El Tribunal Superior y el
Tribunal de Primera Instancia e Instrucción tienen competencia en todas los asuntos penales y
civiles, también los de DPI. El Tribunal de Apelación los ve en caso de apelación.
La Administración de Justicia introdujo una reforma, la Gestión Judicial de Casos, que insta a aplicar
una gestión judicial eficaz, eficiente y conforme de los casos para lograr que las diferencias se
resuelvan de forma oportuna y cualitativa. En otras palabras, el funcionario de justicia que preside
un caso determina el ritmo de avance del asunto en la mayor medida en que le sea posible. Además,
se han establecido normas de resolución de casos para supervisar el cumplimiento de la Gestión
Judicial de Casos. Véase el anexo A (en inglés solamente) .
En cuanto a las costas, cada caso tiene sus hechos, complejidades y circunstancias p ropias y, por
consiguiente, las costas procesales siempre varían.
El 8 de enero de 2021 se modificaron las Normas del Tribunal Superior, aumentándose las costas
procesales tanto en asuntos civiles como penales. La Ley del Tribunal de Primera Instancia e
Instrucción, la Ley del Tribunal Superior y el Reglamento del Tribunal de Apelación establecen las
cuantías que debe imponer la Oficina de Costas Judiciales (Taxing Master) al término de cada caso.
Véanse el anexo B (en inglés solamente) y el anexo C (en inglés solamente) .
__________
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2 octobre 2019
(19-6354) Page: 1/2
Comité des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION DE MESURES D'URGENCE
1. Membre notifiant : UNION EUROPÉENNE
Le cas échéant, pouvoirs publics locaux concernés:
2. Organisme responsable : Commission européenne, Direction générale Santé et sécurité
alimentaire
3. Produits visés (Prière d'indiquer le(s) numéro(s) du tarif figurant dans les listes
nationales déposées à l'OMC . Les numéros de l'ICS devraient aussi être indiqués,
le cas échéant) : Végétaux des espèces Capsicum annuum et Solanum lycopersicum , y
compris les semence s
4. Régions ou pays susceptibles d'être concernés, si cela est pertinent ou faisable:
[X] Tous les partenaires commerciaux
[ ] Régions ou pays spécifiques:
5. Intitulé du texte notifié : Décision d'exécution (UE) 2019/1615 de la Commission du 2 6
septembre 2 019 établissant des mesures d'urgence destinées à éviter l'introduction et la
propagation du virus du fruit rugueux de la tomate brune (ToBRFV) dans l'Union
Langue(s) : anglais, français et espagnol . Nombre de pages : 4
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2019/SPS/EEC/19_5395_00_e.pdf
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2019/SPS/EEC/19_5395_00_f.pdf
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2019/SPS/EEC/19_5395_00_s.pdf
6. Teneur : Établissement de prescriptions à l'importation et de mesures internes pour lutter
contre le virus du fruit rugueux de la tomate brune (ToBRFV).
7. Objectif et raison d'ê tre: [ ] innocuité des produits alimentaires, [ ] santé des
animaux, [X] préservation des végétaux, [ ] protection des personnes contre les
maladies ou les parasites des animaux/des plantes, [ ] protection du territoire
contre d'autres dommages attribuable s à des parasites.
8. Nature du (des) problème(s) urgent(s) et raison pour laquelle la mesure
d'urgence est prise : Cette mesure est prise en raison de la rapidité de la propagation
du virus dans les pays voisins et des incertitudes quant à sa répartition au niveau mondial.
9. Existe -t-il une norme internationale pertinente ? Dans l'affirmative, indiquer
laquelle:
[ ] Commission du Codex Alimentarius (par exemple, intitulé ou numéro de
série de la norme du Codex ou du texte apparenté) :
[ ] Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) (par exemple, numéro
de chapitre du Code sanitaire pour les animaux terrestres ou du Code
sanitaire pour les animaux aquatiques) :
[X] Convention internationale pour la protection des végétaux (par exemple,
numéro de la NIMP) : NIMP n° 1, 4, 5, 7, 12 et 29 G/SPS/N/EU/350
- 2 -
[ ] Néant
La réglementation projetée est -elle conforme à la norme internationale
pertinente?
[X] Oui [ ] Non
Dans la négative, indiquer, chaque fois que cela sera possible, en quoi et
pourquoi elle diffère de la norme internationale:
10. Autres documents pertinents et langue(s) dans laquelle (lesquelles) ils sont
disponibles:
11. Date d'entrée en vigueur ( jj/mm/aa )/période d'application (le cas échéant) :
1er novembre 2 019 au 3 1 mars 2 022
[ ] Mesure de facilitation du commerce
12. Organisme ou autorité désigné pour traiter les observations : [X] autorité
nationale responsable des notifications, [X] point d'information national .
Adresse, numéro de fax et adresse électronique (s'il y a lieu) d'un autre
organisme:
Commission européenne
DG Santé et sécurité alimentaire, Unité D2 - Relations internationales multilatérales
Rue Froissart 101
B-1049 Bruxelles
Téléphone : +(32 2) 29 54263
Fax: +(32 2) 29 98090
Courrier électronique : [email protected]
13. Texte(s) disponible(s) auprès de : [X] autorité nationale responsable des
notifications, [X] point d'information national . Adresse, numéro de fax et
adresse électronique (s'il y a lieu) d'un autre organisme:
Commission européenne
DG Santé et sécurité alimen taire, Unité D2 - Relations internationales multilatérales
Rue Froissart 101
B-1049 Bruxelles
Téléphone : +(32 2) 29 54263
Fax: +(32 2) 29 98090
Courrier électronique : [email protected]
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27 janvier 2021
(21-0751) Page: 1/2
Comité des obstacles techniques au commerce Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
Addendum
La communication ci -après, datée du 2 7 janvier 2021, est distribuée à la demande de la délégation
de l'Union européenne .
_______________
Intitulé : Draft Commission Implementing Regulation amending Implementing Regulation (EU)
2020/464 as regards its date of application and certain other dates that are relevant for the
application of Regulation (EU) 2018/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council on organic
production (Projet de règlement d'ex écution de la Commission modifiant le règlement d 'exécution
(UE) 2020/464 en ce qui concerne sa date d 'application et certaines autres dates pertinentes pour
l'application du règlement (UE) 2018/848 du Parlement européen et du Conseil relatif à la production
biologique)
Motif de l'addendum:
[ ] Modification du délai pour la présentation des observations - date:
[X] Adoption de la mesure notifiée - date: 11 décembre 2020
[X] Publication de la mesure notifiée - date: 14 décembre 2020
[X] Entrée en vigueur de la mesure notifiée - date: Le règlement entrera en vigueur le jour
suivant la date de publication au Journal Officiel de l'Union européenne.
[X] Accès au texte final de la mesure1:
https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -
content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32020R2042&qid=1610701210017
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2021/TBT/EEC/final_measure/21_0674_00_
e.pdf
Règlement d 'exécution (UE) 2020/2042 de la Commission du
11 décembre 2020modifiant le règlement d 'exécution (UE) 2020/464 en ce qui concerne
sa date d 'application et certaines autres dates pertinentes pour l 'application du
règlement (UE) 2018/848 du Parlement européen et du Conseil relatif à la production
biologique (Texte présentant de l'intérêt pour l'EEE)
Publié au Journal officiel de l'UE L 420 du 14 décembre 2020, p. 9 à 10 (BG, ES, CS,
DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV).
Texte également disponible sur le site Web de l'UE sur les OTC:
http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools -databases/tbt/
1 Il est possible d'indiquer une adresse de site Web, de joindre un fichier en format pdf ou de fournir
tout autre renseignement permettant d'accéder au texte de la mesure finale/modifiée et/ou des directives
d'interprétation. G/TBT/N/EU/755/Add.1
- 2 -
[ ] Retrait ou abrogation de la mesure notifiée - date:
Cote pertinente si la mesure fait l'objet d'une nouvelle notification:
[ ] Modification de la teneur ou du champ d'application de la mesure notifiée1:
Nouveau délai pour la présentation des observations (le cas échéant):
[ ] Publication de directives d'interprétation et accès au texte1:
[ ] Autres:
Teneur : - -
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G/TBT/N/USA/1556/Add.3
7 February 2022
(22-0914) Page: 1/2
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English
NOTIFICATION
Addendum
The following communication , dated 7 February 2022 , is being circulated at the request of the
delegation of the United States of America .
_______________
Title: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Miscellaneous Organic Chemical
Manufacturing Residual Risk and Technology Review
Reason for Addendum:
[ ] Comment period changed - date:
[ ] Notified measure adopted - date:
[ ] Notified measure published - date:
[ ] Notified measure enters into force - date:
[ ] Text of final measure available from1:
[ ] Notified measure withdrawn or revoked - date:
Relevant symbol if measure re -notified:
[X] Content or scope of notified measure changed and text available from1:
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2022-02-04/html/2022 -01923.htm
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2022-02-04/pdf/2022 -01923.pdf
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2022/TBT/USA/modification/22_1413_00_e.
pdf
New deadline for comments (if applicable): 24/03/2022
[ ] Interpretive guidance issued and text available from1:
[ ] Other:
Description: TITLE: Reconsideration of the 2020 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants: Miscellaneous Organic Chemical Manufacturing Residual Risk and Technology Review
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
ACTION: Proposed rule; reconsideration of final rule
SUMMARY: On 12 August 2020, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published the final
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP): Miscellaneous Organic Chemical
Manufacturing Residual Risk and T echnology Review. Subsequently, the Agency received and
granted petitions for reconsideration on two issues, specifically, the use of the EPA's 2016 Integrated
Risk Information System (IRIS) value for ethylene oxide in assessing cancer risk for the source
category and the use of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) risk value for
1 This information can be provided by including a website address, a pdf attachment, or other
information on where the text of the final /modified measure and/or interpretive guidance can be obtained. G/TBT/N/USA/1556/Add.3
- 2 -
ethylene oxide as an alternative risk value to the EPA's IRIS value. Here, the EPA is addressing these
two issues and is also requesting public comment. The EPA is seeking comment only on the two
identified petition issues. The EPA will not respond to comments addressing any other issues or any
other provisions of the final rule.
DATES:
Comments. Comments must be received on or before 24 March 2022.
Public hearing: I f anyone contacts EPA requesting a public hearing on or before 9 February 2022,
EPA will hold a virtual public hearing. See SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION included in the notification
full-text at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2022-02-04/html/2022 -01923.htm and/or
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2022-02-04/pdf/2022 -01923.pdf for information on
requesting and registering for a public hearing.
This proposed rule; reconsideration of final rule is identified by Docket Number EPA-HQ-OAR-2018-
0746. The Docket Folder is available on Regulations.gov
at https://www.regulations.gov/docket/EPA -HQ-OAR-2018-0746/document and provides access to
primary and supporting documents as well as comments received. Documents are also acce ssible
from Regulations.gov by searching the Docket Number. WTO Members and their stakeholders are
asked to submit comments to the USA TBT Enquiry Point by or before 4pm Eastern Time on 24
March 2022. Comments received by the USA TBT Enquiry Point from WTO Members and their
stakeholders will be shared with the regulator and will also be submitted to the Docket on
Regulations.gov if received within the comment period.
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G/SPS/N/KOR/622/Add.5
3 de mayo de 2024
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Comité de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
Addendum
La siguiente comunicación, recibida el 2 de mayo de 2024 , se distribuye a petición de la delegación
de la República de Corea .
_______________
Add of prohibited host of Xylella fastidiosa (Inscripción de nuevo hospedante de Xylella fastidiosa
prohibido)
De acuerdo con los resultados de un análisis de riesgo de plagas, el Organismo de Cuarentenas
Veterinarias y Fitosanitarias (APQA ) del Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Rural (MAFRA)
de la República de Corea ha modificado la lista de hospedantes de Xylella fastidiosa , una de las plagas
cuarentenarias prohibidas en la República de Corea.
El APQA notifica la adición de u n género y 15 especies en la lista de plantas hospedantes (plantas
cuya importación está prohibida) y la eliminación de una especie ( Lonicera japonica ) de la lista de
plantas hospedantes (plantas cuya importación está prohibida) a partir de julio de 2024. El documento
adjunto contiene información adicional sobre las plantas hospedantes, los vectores y las áreas de
distribución.
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2024/SPS/KOR/24_02910_00_e.pdf
Este addendum se refiere a:
[ ] la modificación de la fecha límite para la presentación de observaciones
[ ] la notificación de la adopción, public ación o entrada en vigor del reglamento
[ ] la modificación del contenido y/o ámbito de aplicación de un proyecto de reglamento
previamente notificado
[ ] el retiro del reglamento propuesto
[ ] la modificación de la fecha propuesta de adopción, publicac ión o entrada en vigor
[X] otro aspecto : adición y eliminación de hospedantes prohibidos.
Plazo para la presentación de observaciones : (Si el addendum amplía el ámbito de
aplicación de la medida anteriormente notificada en cuanto a los productos abarcados y/o
los Miembros a los que puede afectar, deberá preverse un nuevo plazo para recibir
observaciones, normalmente de 60 días naturales como mínimo . En otros casos, como el
aplazamiento de la fecha límite anunciada inicialmente para la presentación de
observaciones, el plazo previsto en el addendum podrá variar.)
[ ] Sesenta días a partir de la fecha de distribución del addendum a la notificación y/o
(día/mes/año) : No procede.
Organismo o autoridad encargado de tramitar las observaciones : [ ] Orga nismo nacional
encargado de la notificación, [X] Servicio nacional de información . Dirección, número de
fax y dirección de correo electrónico (en su caso) de otra institución:
G/SPS/N/KOR/622/Add.5
- 2 -
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y
Asuntos Rurales)
94 Dasom2 -ro, Government Complex -Sejong, Sejong -si, 30110 (República de Corea)
Teléfono : +(82 44) 201 2080/2081
Fax: +(82 44) 868 0449
Correo electrónico: [email protected]
Texto(s) disponible(s) en : [ ] Organismo nacional encargado de la notificación, [X] Servicio
nacional de información . Dirección, número de fax y dirección de correo electrónico (en su
caso) de otra institución:
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y
Asuntos Rurales)
94 Dasom2 -ro, Government Complex -Sejong, Sejong -si, 30110 (República de Corea)
Teléfono : +(82 44) 201 2080/2081
Fax: +(82 44) 868 0449
Correo electrónico: [email protected]
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G/TBT/N/KEN/996/Add.1
14 de diciembre de 2020
(20-8986) Página: 1/1
Comité de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
Addendum
La siguiente comunicación, de fecha 11 de diciembre de 2020 , se distribuye a petición de la
delegación de Kenya .
_______________
Título : Norma de Kenya KS EAS 2914 :2020, Minimum Energy Performance Standards and
Functional Performance Requirements for General Service Lamps (GSLs) (Normas de rendimiento
energético mínimo y requisitos de resultados funcionales aplicables a las lámparas para uso general)
Motivo del addendum :
[ ] Modificación del plazo para presentar observaciones - fecha:
[X] Adopción de la medida notificada - fecha : 4 de diciembre de 2020
[ ] Publicación de la medida notificada - fecha:
[ ] Entrada en vigor de la medida notificada - fecha:
[ ] Indicación de dónde se puede obtener el texto de la medida definitiva1:
[ ] Retiro o derogación de la medida notificada - fecha:
Signatura pertinente, en el caso de que se vuelva a notificar la medida:
[ ] Modificación del contenido o del ámbito de aplicación de la medida notificada
Nuevo plazo para presentar observaciones (si procede):
[ ] Publicación de documentos interpretativos e indicación de dónde se puede obtener el
texto1:
[ ] Otro motivo:
Descripción : Kenya comunica a los Miembros de la OMC que la Norma de Kenya KS EAS 2914 :2019,
Normas de rendimiento energético mínimo y requisitos de resultados funcionales aplicables a las
lámparas para uso general, notificada en el documento G/TBT/N/KEN/996 como Norma de K enya
KS EAS 2914 , se adoptó el 4 de diciembre de 2020 mediante la publicación Nº 10268 de 4 de
diciembre de 2020 de la Gaceta de Kenya.
En el siguiente enlace se pueden solicitar ejemplares del documento abonando una tasa básica.
https://webstore.kebs.org/
__________
1 Entre otras cosas, puede aportarse la dirección de un sitio web, un anexo en PDF u otra información
que indique dónde se puede obtener el texto de la medida definitiva y/o documentos interpretativos.
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G/STR/N/18/MLI
G/STR/N/19/MLI
29 September 2022
(22-7323) Page: 1/1
Working Party on State Trading Enterprises Original: French
STATE TRADING
NEW AND FULL NOTIFICATION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE XVII:4(A)
OF THE GATT 1994 AND PARAGRAPH 1 OF THE UNDERSTANDING
ON THE INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE XVII
MALI
The following communication, dated 11 July 2022 and received on 29 July 2022, is being circulated
at the request of the delegation of Mali.
_______________
Pursuant to Article XVII:4(a) of the GATT 1994 and paragraph 1 of the Understanding on the
Interpretation of Article XVII of the GATT 1994, and in response to the c alls for notifications
contained in documents G/STR/N/18 and G/STR/N/19, Mali makes the following notification of its
state trading enterprises for the periods 2018 -19 and 2020 -21.
Since the 1990s, the Republic of Mali has been engaged in a vast reform pr ogramme involving the
State's withdrawal from production and marketing activities. Accordingly, existing state companies
and enterprises were privatized.
However, the Société Nationale des Tabacs et Allumettes du Mali (SONATAM SA) has the exclusive
right to import cigarettes in the Republic of Mali.
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RESTRICTED
G/C/M/143
6 de octubre de 2022
(22-7539) Página: 1/110
Consejo del Comercio de Mercancías
ACTA DE LA REUNIÓN DEL CONSEJO DEL COMERCIO DE MERCANCÍAS
7 Y 8 DE JULIO DE 2022
PRESIDENTE : SR. ETIENNE OUDOT DE DAINVILLE
La reunión del Consejo del Comercio de Mercancías (CCM o el Consejo) fue convocada mediante el
aerograma WTO/AIR/CTG/22 y WTO/AIR/CTG/22/Rev.1 ; el orden del día propuesto para la reunión
se distribuyó en el documento G/C/W/811.
El delegado de Australia pide que su país sea incluido como copatrocinador del punto 11 del orden
del día, "India - Restricciones so bre las importaciones de determinadas legumbres" . La reunión se
desarrolla sobre la base del siguiente orden del día:
1 NOTIFICACIÓN DE ACUERDOS COMERCIALES REGIONALES ................................ ......... 4
2 RETIRADA DEL REINO UNIDO DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA: PROCEDIMIENTO
PREVISTO EN EL ARTÍCULO XXVIII.3 DEL GATT DE 1994 - COMUNICACIÓN DE
LA UNIÓN EUROPEA (G/L/1385/ADD.2) ................................ ................................ ......... 4
3 RETIRADA DEL REINO UNIDO DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA: PROCEDIMIENTO
PREVISTO EN EL ARTÍCULO XXVIII.3 DEL GATT DE 19 94 - COMUNICACIÓN DEL
REINO UNIDO (G/L/1386/ADD.2) ................................ ................................ ................... 5
4 MEDIDAS PARA OTORGAR A LOS PMA QUE HAYAN DEJADO DE PERTENECER A
ESTA CATE GORÍA DE PAÍSES, Y CUYO PNB SEA INFERIOR A USD 1.000, LAS VENTAJAS
PREVISTAS EN EL ANEXO VII B) DEL ACUERDO SOBRE SUBVENCIONES Y MEDIDAS
COMPENSATORIAS - SOLICITUD DEL CHAD EN NOMBRE DEL GRUPO DE PMA
(WT/GC/W/742 -G/C/W/752) ................................ ................................ ......................... 5
5 INDIA - POLÍTICA DE IMPORTACIÓN DE NEUMÁTICOS - SOLICITUD DE
INDONESIA; TAILANDIA; EL TERRITORIO ADUANERO DISTINTO DE TAIWÁN,
PENGHU, KINMEN Y MATSU; Y LA UNIÓN EUROPEA ................................ ......................... 8
6 AUSTRALIA, CANA DÁ, ESTADOS UNIDOS, JAPÓN, LITUANIA, NUEVA ZELANDIA,
REINO UNIDO, SUIZA Y UNIÓN EUROPEA - MEDIDAS UNILATERALES RESTRICTIVAS
DEL COMERCIO CONTRA RUSIA - SOLICITUD DE LA FEDERACIÓN DE RUSIA ................. 11
7 UNIÓN EUROPEA - APLICACIÓN DE OBSTÁCULOS NO ARANCELARIOS SOBRE
LOS PRODUCTOS AGRÍCOLAS - SOLICITUD DE AUSTRALIA, EL BRASIL, EL CANADÁ,
COLOMBIA, COSTA RICA, EL ECUADOR, LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS, G UATEMALA,
PANAMÁ, EL PARAGUAY, EL PERÚ, LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA Y EL URUGUAY
(G/C/W/767/REV.1) ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 20
8 CHINA - REGLAMENTO SOBRE LA SUPERVISIÓN Y LA ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LOS
COSMÉTICOS (CSAR) - SOLICITUD DE AUSTRALIA, LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS, EL JAPÓN
Y LA UNIÓN EUROPEA ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 28
9 INDONESIA - PROGRAMA DE SUSTITUCIÓN DE LAS IMPORTACIONES –
SOLICITUD DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA ................................ ................................ ............... 33
10 INDONESIA - POLÍTICAS Y PRÁCTICAS QUE RESTRINGEN LAS IMPORTACIONES
Y LAS EXPORTACIONES - SOLICITUD DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS, EL JAPÓN, NUEVA
ZELANDIA Y LA UNIÓN EUROPEA ................................ ................................ ................... 35 G/C/M/143
- 2 -
11 INDIA - RESTRICCIONES SOBRE LAS IMPORTACIONES DE DETERMINADAS
LEGUMBRES - SOLICITUD DEL CANADÁ, LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA
UNIÓN EUROPEA ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 39
12 ESTADOS UNIDOS - RESTRICCIONES A LA IMPORTACIÓN DE MANZANAS Y
PERAS - SOLICITUD DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA ................................ ................................ .. 41
13 UNIÓN EUROPEA - PROPUESTA DE MODIFICACIÓN DE LOS COMPROMISOS
SOBRE CONTINGENTES ARANCELARIOS: PREOCUPACIONES SISTÉMICAS -
SOLICITUD DEL BRASIL Y EL URUGUA Y ................................ ................................ ......... 42
14 REINO UNIDO - PROYECTO DE LISTA SOBRE MERCANCÍAS Y PROPUESTA
DE COMPROMISOS SOBRE CONTINGENTES ARANCELARIOS DEL REINO UN IDO:
PREOCUPACIONES SISTÉMICAS - SOLICITUD DEL BRASIL Y EL URUGUAY .................... 43
15 UNIÓN EUROPEA - REGÍMENES DE CALIDAD DE LOS PRODUCTOS AG RÍCOLAS Y
ALIMENTICIOS - REGISTRO DE DETERMINADOS TÉRMINOS RELATIVOS AL QUESO
COMO INDICACIONES GEOGRÁFICAS - SOLICITUD DE NUEVA ZELANDIA Y
EL URUGUAY ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 44
16 UNIÓN EUROPEA - MECANISMO DE AJUSTE EN FRONTERA POR EMISIONES DE
CARBONO (MAFC) - SOLICITUD DE CHINA ................................ ................................ ..... 45
- DECLARACIÓN DE CHINA ................................ ................................ .......................... 45
- DECLARACIÓN DE LA FEDERACIÓN DE RUSIA ................................ ........................... 45
17 UNIÓN EUROPEA - EL PACTO VERDE EUROPEO - SOLICITUD DE LA FEDERACIÓN
DE RUSIA ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 51
18 ESTADOS UNIDOS - RESTRICCIÓN CUANTITATIVA DISCRIMINATORIA SOBRE
LAS IMPORTACIONES DE ACERO Y/O ALUMINIO - SOLICITUD DE CHINA ...................... 52
19 ESTADOS UNIDOS - MEDIDAS DE CONTROL DE LAS EXPORTACIONES
IMPUESTAS A LAS EMPRESAS CHINAS - SOLICITUD DE CHINA ................................ ...... 53
20 ESTADOS UNIDOS - MEDIDAS RELATIVAS A LA PROHIBICIÓN DEL ACCESO A
LOS MERCADOS PARA LOS PRODUCTOS DE TIC - SOLICITUD DE CHINA ........................ 54
21 AUSTRALIA - PROHIBICIÓN DISCRIMINATORIA DE ACCESO A LOS MERCADOS
APLICADA AL EQUIPO 5G - SOLICITUD DE CHINA ................................ ......................... 54
22 UNIÓN EUROPEA - PROHIBICIÓN DISCRIMINATORIA DE ACCESO A LOS
MERCADOS APLICADA POR SUECIA AL EQUIPO 5G - SOLICITUD DE CHINA ................... 54
23 UNIÓN EUROPEA - PROYECTO DE LEY DE BÉLGICA POR LA QUE SE INTRODUCEN
MEDIDAS DE SEGURIDAD ADICIONALES PARA EL SUMINISTRO DE SERVICIOS
MÓVILES 5G - SOLICITU D DE CHINA ................................ ................................ .............. 55
24 CHINA - APLICACIÓN DE MEDIDAS QUE PERTURBAN Y RESTRINGEN EL
COMERCIO - SOLICITUD DE AUSTRALIA ................................ ................................ ........ 56
25 CHINA - MEDIDAS ADMINISTRATIVAS PARA EL REGISTRO DE LOS FABRICANTES
EXTRANJEROS DE ALIMENTOS IMPORTADOS - SOLICITUD DE AUSTRALIA Y LOS
ESTADOS UNIDOS ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 60
26 CHINA - TRANSPARENCIA DE LAS SUBVENCIONES, Y OBLIGACIONES DE CHINA
EN MATERIA DE PUBLICACIÓN Y SERVICIOS DE INFORMACIÓN EN VIRTUD DE SU
PROTOCOLO DE ADHESIÓN - SOLICITUD DE AUSTRALIA, EL CANADÁ, LOS ESTADOS
UNIDOS, EL JAPÓN, EL REINO UNIDO Y LA UNIÓN EUROPEA ................................ ........ 65
27 EGIPTO - PRESCRIPCIONES EN MATERIA DE CERTIFICACIÓN HALAL
APLICABLES A LOS PRODUCTOS ALIMENTICIOS Y BEBIDAS IMPORTADOS -
SOLICITUD DEL CANADÁ Y LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS ................................ ........................ 70
28 PAKISTÁN - RESTRICCIONES A LA IMPORTACIÓN DE PRODUCTOS
ALIMENTICIOS Y BIENES DE CONSUMO - SOLICITUD DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS
Y LA UNIÓN EUROPEA ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 73 G/C/M/143
- 3 -
29 MÉXICO - PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DE LA CONFORMIDAD DE
LA NORMA OFICIAL MEXICANA NOM -223-SCFI/SAGARPA -2018 - SOLIC ITUD DE
LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 74
30 INDIA - ORDEN RELATIVA AL REQUISITO DE ACOMPAÑAR DE UN CERTIFICADO
DE ORIGEN NO MODIFICADO GENÉT ICAMENTE Y DE AUSENCIA DE ELEMENTOS
MODIFICADOS GENÉTICAMENTE LOS ENVÍOS DE ALIMENTOS IMPORTADOS -
SOLICITUD DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS ................................ ................................ ........... 75
31 PANAMÁ - VIDA ÚTIL POSCOSECHA Y GERMINACIÓN DE CEBOLLAS Y
PATATAS - SOLICITUD DEL CANADÁ Y LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS ................................ ....... 77
32 REINO DE LA ARABIA SAUDITA, REINO DE BAHREIN, EMIRATOS ÁRABES
UNIDOS, ESTADO DE KUWAIT, OMÁN Y QATAR - IMPUESTO SELECTIVO A LA
IMPORTACIÓN DE DETERMINADOS PRODUCTOS - SOLICITUD DE LOS
ESTADOS UNIDOS Y SUIZA ................................ ................................ ............................ 78
33 CHINA - LEY DE CONTROL DE LAS EXPORTACIONES - SOLICITUD DEL JAPÓN ......... 79
34 INDIA - RESTRICCIÓN A LA IMPORTACIÓN DE ACONDICIONADORES DE
AIRE - SOLICITUD DEL JAPÓN Y TAILANDIA ................................ ................................ .. 82
35 NEPAL - PROHIBICIÓN A LAS IMPORTACIONES DE BEBIDAS ENERGÉTICAS -
SOLICITUD DE TAILANDIA ................................ ................................ ............................. 84
36 SRI LANKA - PROHIBICIÓN DE LAS IMPORTACIONES DE DIVERSOS
PRODUCTOS - SOLICITUD DE TAILANDIA ................................ ................................ ...... 85
37 INDIA - ORDEN RELATIVA AL PAPEL SIMPLE PARA COPIADORA (CONTROL DE
LA CALIDAD) DE 2020 - SOLICITUD DE INDONESIA ................................ ...................... 87
38 FILIPINAS - SALVAGUARDIA ESPECIAL APLICADA AL CAFÉ INSTANTÁNEO -
SOLICITUD DE INDONESIA ................................ ................................ ............................ 88
39 REINO UNIDO - LEY DE MEDIO AMBIENTE: PRODUCTOS FORESTALES -
SOLICITUD DEL BRASIL E INDONESIA ................................ ................................ ........... 89
40 UNIÓN EUROPEA - DERECHOS COMPENSATORIOS SOBRE EL ACERO INOXIDABLE
PLANO LAMINADO EN FRÍO - SOLICITUD DE INDONESIA ................................ .............. 92
41 UNIÓN EUROPEA - PACTO VERDE EUROPEO (MECANISMO DE AJUSTE EN
FRONTERA POR EMISIONES DE CARBONO Y PRODUCTOS LIBRES DE
DEFORESTACIÓN) - SOLICITUD DEL BRASIL E INDONE SIA ................................ ........... 93
42 AUSTRALIA - INVESTIGACIÓN Y EXAMEN DE LOS DERECHOS ANTIDUMPING
SOBRE EL PAPEL DE FORMATO A4 PARA COPIADORA - SOLICITUD DE INDONESIA ..... 102
43 ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA - RESTRICCIONES A LA EXPORTACIÓN
DE PRODUCTOS AGROPECUARIOS E HIDROBIOLÓGICO S - SOLICITUD DEL PERÚ ........ 103
44 ECUADOR - RESTRICCIONES A LA IMPORTACIÓN DE UVAS Y CEBOLLAS -
SOLICITUD DEL PERÚ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 104
45 PANAMÁ - DEMORAS INDEBIDAS Y RESTRICCIONES A LA EXPORTACIÓN DE
PRODUCTOS AGROPECUARIOS E HIDROBIOLÓGICOS - SOLICITUD DEL PERÚ ............. 106
46 NIGERIA - POLÍTICAS RESTRICTIVAS EN RELACIÓN CON LOS PRODUCTOS
AGROPECUARIOS - SOLICITUD DEL BRASIL ................................ ................................ . 106
47 UNIÓN EUROPEA - REGLAMENTO (UE) 2017/2321 Y REGLAMENTO
(UE) 2018/825 - SOLICITUD DE LA FEDERACIÓN DE RUSIA ................................ ........ 108
48 UNIÓN EUROPEA - REGLAMENTO (CE) Nº 1272/2008 (REGLAMENTO CLP) -
SOLICITUD DE LA FEDERACIÓN DE RUSIA ................................ ................................ ... 108
49 OTROS ASUNTOS ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 108
49.1 Plan anual de reuniones ................................ ................................ ............................ 108
49.2 Funcionamiento del CCM y sus órganos subsidiarios ................................ ..................... 109
49.3 Fecha de la próxima reunión ................................ ................................ ..................... 110 G/C/M/143
- 4 -
El Presidente indica que , en vista de la extensión del orden del día, es preferible que los Miembros
sean breves en sus intervenciones, si es posible . Invita a aquellos Miembros que tienen previsto
presentar declaraciones escritas más largas para su incorporación al acta de la re unión a que indiquen
expresamente su intención de hacerlo cuando hagan uso de la palabra . Para asegurar la
transparencia en la preparación del acta, la Secretaría solo recogerá lo que se ha dicho en la reunión,
excepto en aquellos casos en que un Miembro h aya indicado explícitamente su intención de presentar
una declaración más larga por escrito.
Por último, el Presidente comunica a las delegaciones que, en el marco del punto del orden del día
"Otros asuntos", informará sobre el plan anual de reuniones (doc umento RD/CTG/16), sobre el
funcionamiento del CCM y sus órganos subsidiarios, en particular con respecto a sus reflexiones
preliminares acerca de la aplicación del mandato de la CM12 y la posible labor que tal vez tenga que
desempeñar el Consejo y, por úl timo, sobre la fecha de la próxima reunión de este.
El orden del día queda así acordado .
1 NOTIFICACIÓN DE ACUERDOS COMERCIALES REGIONALES
1.1. El Presidente recuerda que, con arreglo a los procedimientos de trabajo acordados por el Comité
de Acuerdos Comerciales Regionales (CACR) y tras la adopción del Mecanismo de Transparencia1
por el Consejo General, se ha de mantener informado al CCM de las notificaciones de nuevos
acuerdos comerciales regionales (ACR) que presenten los Miembros . Informa al Consejo de que se
han notificado al CACR los dos ACR siguientes:
• Acuerdo de Asociación Económica Amplia entre los Estados de la AELC e Indonesia,
mercancías (WT/REG464/N/1) ; y
• Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Nicaragua y el Territorio Aduanero Distinto
de Taiwán, Penghu, Kinmen y Matsu, mercancías - Notificación de suspensión
(WT/REG267/N/2/R ev.1).
1.2. El Consejo toma nota de la información facilitada.
2 RETIRADA DEL REINO UNIDO DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA : PROCEDIMIENTO PREVISTO EN
EL ARTÍCULO XXVIII.3 DEL GATT DE 1994 - COMUNICACIÓN DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA
(G/L/1385/ADD.2)
2.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punt o se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de la
Unión Europea.
2.2. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
2.3. La Unión Europea recuerda que, el 22 de diciembre de 2020, presentó la comunicación
G/SECRET/42/Add.3, relativa al proceso en curso en v irtud del artículo XXVIII del GATT de 1994
sobre el reparto de los contingentes arancelarios incluidos en la Lista de concesiones de la UE tras
la retirada del Reino Unido de la Unión Europea . En esa comunicación se señalaba que la UE se
esforzaba por logr ar una conclusión rápida y satisfactoria de las negociaciones y consultas que aún
estaban en curso.
2.4. La Unión Europea se complace en informar de que se han hecho importantes avances . Se han
suscrito formalmente acuerdos con seis socios, y con otros cinco se han concluido las negociaciones,
cuyo resultado está en proceso de validación nacional . Además, hay muy buenas perspectivas de
concluir con éxito las negociaciones o consultas que se están celebrando con varios socios, con
quienes la UE está avanz ando hacia la rúbrica de proyectos de acuerdo.
2.5. En este contexto, en consonancia con la práctica establecida en el marco de las negociaciones
previstas en el artículo XXVIII (y también del artículo XXIV.6), la Unión Europea considera
conveniente prorrogar s eis meses los plazos previstos en el artículo XXVIII.3 del GATT de 1994, es
decir, hasta el 1 de enero de 2023, sin perjuicio de la cuestión de si existe el derecho de retirar
1 Documentos WT/REG/16, WT/L/671 y G/C/M/88. G/C/M/143
- 5 -
concesiones de conformidad con el artículo XXVIII.3 a) y b). Sobre esta base, la UE y otros Miembros
que participan actualmente en esos procedimientos del artículo XXVIII pueden seguir centrándose
en llevar estas negociaciones y consultas a una conclusión satisfactoria tan pronto como sea posible.
2.6. La Unión Europea mantiene su pleno co mpromiso de llevar a cabo estas negociaciones y
consultas de manera constructiva y satisfactoria a fin de llegar a un acuerdo mutuo, lo cual espera
lograr dentro de ese plazo más amplio . Por consiguiente, la Unión Europea propone que el Consejo
del Comerci o de Mercancías tome nota de la comunicación G/L/1385/Add.2 y de la prórroga del
plazo, hasta el 1 de enero de 2023, indicada en ella.
2.7. El Consejo toma nota de la comunicación y de la declaración formulada.
3 RETIRADA DEL REINO UNIDO DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA : PROCEDIMIENTO PREVISTO EN
EL ARTÍCULO XXVIII.3 DEL GATT DE 1994 - COMUNICACIÓN DEL REINO UNIDO
(G/L/1386/ADD.2)
3.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del
Reino Unido.
3.2. El delegado del Reino Unido dice lo siguiente:
3.3. El Reino Unido remite a los Miembros al documento G/L/1386/Add.2, distribuido por la
Secretaría el 31 de mayo de 2022. E n ese documento se indica que el Reino Unido prorrogará
seis meses los plazos previstos en el artículo XXVIII.3 del GATT, es decir, hast a el 1 de enero
de 2023.
3.4. Como los Miembros saben, el Reino Unido ha seguido celebrando conversaciones con sus socios
con respecto a las obligaciones establecidas en su Lista sobre mercancías . Esas conversaciones han
sido predominantemente positivas y produ ctivas , y han dado lugar a importantes progresos con la
mayoría de los Miembros en el proceso.
3.5. El Reino Unido siempre ha dejado claro, en este y otros foros, que está firmemente decidido a
colaborar estrechamente con los Miembros de la OMC en las conversac iones relativas a su Lista
sobre mercancías, a fin de concluirlas con éxito con todos sus socios . El Reino Unido prevé que la
prórroga facilitará ese resultado, de modo que será poco probable que vayan a hacer falta otras
además de esta.
3.6. El Reino Unido sig ue manteniendo conversaciones constructivas con los Miembros que
permanecen en el proceso . De hecho, se complace en anunciar que está en la fase final de acuerdo
con la mayoría de ellos, y espera mantener estos progresos en los próximos seis meses.
3.7. El Rein o Unido da las gracias a todos los Miembros que han colaborado constructivamente con
él durante este proceso, y facilitará a los Miembros información actualizada tras la conclusión de las
negociaciones previstas en el artículo XXVIII, en consonancia con la práctica anterior de la OMC.
3.8. El Consejo toma nota de la comunicación y de la declaración formulada.
4 MEDIDAS PARA OTORGAR A LOS PMA QUE HAYAN DEJADO DE PERTENECER A ESTA
CATEGORÍA DE PAÍSES, Y CUYO PNB SEA INFERIOR A USD 1.000, LAS VENTAJAS
PREVISTAS EN EL ANEXO VII B) DEL ACUERDO SOBRE SUBVENCIONES Y MEDIDAS
COMPENSATORIAS - SOLICITUD DEL CHAD EN NOMBRE DEL GRUPO DE PMA
(WT/GC/W/742 -G/C/W/752)
4.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del Chad en
nombre del Grupo de PMA . El Presidente entiende que el principal objetivo de esta propuesta es
permitir que los PMA Miembros que se hayan graduado de esta categoría tengan u n trato similar al
concedido a determinados países en desarrollo enumerados en el Anexo VII b) del Acuerdo sobre
Subvenciones y Medidas Compensatorias (Acuerdo SMC) . En respuesta a una solicitud formulada en
la reunión del CCM celebrada en julio de 2021, la Secretaría actualizó los cálculos del PNB para todos
los Miembros, que se distribuyeron en noviembre de 2021 con la signatura G/SCM/W/585. G/C/M/143
- 6 -
4.2. El delegado del Chad, en nombre del Grupo de PMA, dice lo siguiente:
4.3. El Chad, en nombre del Grupo de PMA, recuerda que esta propuesta data de 2018. L a intención
del Grupo de PMA con esta propuesta es corregir un error técnico en el Anexo VII, de modo que los
países en desarrollo que no son PMA también puedan beneficiarse de cierto nivel de flexibilidad al
amparo del ar tículo 27.2 del Acuerdo SMC en lo que respecta a las subvenciones a la exportación
cuando su PNB per cápita sea inferior a USD 1.000 en dólares constantes de 1990.
4.4. A este respecto, el Chad considera que es evidente el argumento de permitir que los PMA
graduados también se beneficien, al igual que los países en desarrollo del Anexo VII, de las
condiciones mencionadas en el artículo 10.4 de la Decisión de Doha sobre las cuestiones y
preocupaciones relativas a la aplicación (WT/MIN(01)/17) .2 Con arreglo a est a disposición, en el
caso de que un Miembro haya sido excluido de la lista del Anexo VII b) por tener un PNB per cápita
superior a USD 1.000 en dólares constantes de 1990, podrá volver a ser incluido en ella si su PNB
per cápita desciende nuevamente a un n ivel inferior a ese umbral . Por consiguiente, es evidente que
los PMA que pierden esta condición deben poder beneficiarse del artículo 10.4 de la Decisión de Doha
sobre las cuestiones y preocupaciones relativas a la aplicación.
4.5. El Grupo de PMA solicita que , en vista de la CM12, se adopte una decisión sobre esta cuestión .
Espera beneficiarse del asesoramiento del Consejo a tal efecto, y alienta a los Miembros a que se
centren en esta importante cuestión relativa a los PMA . En la dinámica actual del período p revio a
la CM12, el Grupo de PMA confía en que su comunicación pueda ser por fin adoptada por el
Consejo General.
4.6. A este respecto, el Grupo de PMA también cuenta con la comprensión de los Miembros de
la OMC en lo que respecta a las dificultades con que se enfrentan los PMA . Insistimos en que se trata
de una cuestión importante . Puramente técnica . Y el Grupo de PMA no c ree que haya ninguna
diferencia de opinión sobre ella, porque todo lo que se propone realmente es volver a incluir a los
países en la lista, de modo que los PMA graduados deban considerarse iguales a los países en
desarrollo en el contexto del Anexo VII de l Acuerdo SMC.
4.7. El delegado de Bangladesh dice lo siguiente:
4.8. Bangladesh se suma a la declaración formulada por el Chad en nombre del Grupo de PMA.
4.9. Con arreglo al artículo 27.2 a) del Acuerdo SMC, algunos Miembros tienen derecho a
beneficiarse de flexibilida des. En el Anexo VII de este Acuerdo se especifica que tienen ese derecho
los Miembros pertenecientes a dos categorías distintas : a) los PMA ; y b) algunos países en desarrollo,
siempre que su INB per cápita sea inferior a USD 1.000 en dólares constantes de 1990. En la
comunicación del Grupo de PMA se propone que los PMA que se hayan graduado de esta categoría
de países, y cuyo INB per cápita se mantenga por debajo del umbral de USD 1.000 en dólares
constantes de 1990, puedan acogerse a la flexibilidad previ sta en el artículo 27.2 del Acuerdo SMC,
al igual que los países en desarrollo enumerados en el Anexo VII b).
4.10. Bangladesh agradece a la Secretaría su nota con signatura G/SCM/W/585, de fecha 22 de
noviembre de 2021, titulada "El PNB por habitante calculado para todos los Miembros de la OMC
utilizando la metodología establecida en el documento G/SCM/38" . Los cálculos de la Secretaría
confirman las preocupaciones del Grupo de PMA . De la nota se desprende claramente que
muchos PMA, es decir, los países enumerad os en el Anexo VII a), pueden graduarse de la categoría
de PMA con un INB per cápita inferior a USD 1.000 en dólares constantes de 1990. N aturalmente,
los Miembros de la OMC tienen que buscar colectivamente la respuesta a la pregunta de si estos PMA,
con u n INB inferior al umbral de USD 1.000 en dólares constantes de 1990 después de su graduación,
pueden acogerse a la flexibilidad de que gozan otros países en desarrollo con un INB también inferior
al mismo umbral . El Grupo de PMA considera que, si los Miemb ros de la OMC pueden encontrar la
respuesta a esta pregunta, podrán abordarse fácilmente las preocupaciones de esos PMA .
Bangladesh pide a los Miembros de la OMC que deliberen al respecto.
2 El párrafo 10.4 del documento WT/MIN(01)/17 dice lo siguiente: "Acuerda que, en el caso de que un
Miembro haya sido excluido de la lista del apartado b) del Anexo VII del Acuerdo sobre Subvenciones y
Medidas Compensatorias, volverá a ser incluido en ella si su PNB por habitante desciende nuevamente a un
nivel inferior a 1.000 dólares EE.UU.". G/C/M/143
- 7 -
4.11. El Grupo de PMA da las gracias a todos los Miembros que han apoyado esta propuesta desde
que se presentó en 2018 . El Grupo de PMA también agradece a la Unión Europea y a los
Estados Unidos la oportunidad de examinar bilateralmente sus preocupaciones acerca de la
disponibilidad de datos y la información sobre las su bvenciones a la exportación . El Grupo de PMA
no está seguro de que esas preocupaciones sean determinantes o sean los factores decisivos para
adoptar una decisión sobre el Anexo VII . En este contexto, pregunta lo siguiente : a) al determinar
el criterio para la inclusión en la lista del Anexo VII b) (es decir, un INB per cápita inferior a
USD 1.000 en dólares constantes de 1990), ¿están los países en desarrollo obligados a proporcionar
datos? ; y b) ¿existe alguna condición de que la flexibilidad sea aplicable a los países en desarrollo
que solo concedan subvenciones a la exportación ? El Grupo de PMA pide a los Miembros de la OMC
que consideren estas cuestiones al adoptar una decisión sobre la propuesta.
4.12. Bangladesh, junto con el Grupo de PMA, seguirá colaborand o con las delegaciones de la
Unión Europea y los Estados Unidos, y acogerá con satisfacción nuevas sugerencias de los Miembros
de la OMC sobre cómo lograr un resultado positivo a este respecto.
4.13. El delegado de Nepal dice lo siguiente:
4.14. Nepal se suma a la dec laración formulada por el Chad en nombre del Grupo de PMA . Nepal se
remite a las declaraciones que formuló en el marco de este punto del orden del día en las reuniones
del Consejo celebradas el 1 de noviembre de 2021 y el 21 de abril de 20223, y desea rei terar que
esta disposición tiene que aplicarse de manera equitativa ampliando esta facilidad a los Miembros
de la OMC incluso después de su graduación, si los PMA Miembros graduados reúnen las condiciones
necesarias con arreglo a la disposición y al espíri tu del Acuerdo . Además, Nepal opina que esta
cuestión no debe vincularse a otras disposiciones sobre trato especial y diferenciado . Se trata más
bien de garantizar un trato justo a los Miembros de la OMC que se gradúan de la categoría de PMA
pero siguen te niendo un bajo nivel de INB per cápita, por lo que cumplen este criterio . Por último,
Nepal considera que esto no es nada nuevo, sino solo un ajuste menor en la letra del Acuerdo SMC
con arreglo al espíritu y objetivo de la disposición.
4.15. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
4.16. Como indicaron en abril, los Estados Unidos agradecen a la Secretaría los cálculos actualizados
que figuran en el documento G/CSCM/W/585 . Los Estados Unidos han examinado este documento
con detenimiento y, desafortunadamen te, los cálculos de la Secretaría confirman sus
preocupaciones, a saber, que la información necesaria para que esta propuesta sea viable desde
una perspectiva técnica sigue presentando lagunas . No obstante, los Estados Unidos están
dispuestos a considerar ideas y propuestas sobre cómo subsanar esas lagunas o cómo abordar de
alguna otra manera la cuestión que esta propuesta plantea.
4.17. El delegado de la India dice lo siguiente:
4.18. La India agradece a la delegación del Chad la inclusión de este punto en el orden del día . La
India ya ha apoyado esta propuesta en reuniones anteriores del Consejo, y su posición no ha
cambiado.
4.19. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
4.20. La Unión Europea da las gracias al Chad, Bangladesh y Nepal por colaborar informalmen te
con la UE, así como por las aclaraciones que acaban de hacer . No obstante, la posición de la UE
sigue siendo la misma que expresó en reuniones anteriores . La UE apoya iniciativas constructivas
en favor de la mejor integración de los PMA en el sistema mu ltilateral de comercio . La UE también
es consciente de los desafíos a los que se enfrentan los PMA que dejan de tener dicha condición . Por
estas razones, la UE alienta a examinar esta propuesta, así como cualquier otra propuesta sobre el
trato especial y d iferenciado, sobre la base de un análisis que muestre dónde se plantean problemas
concretos.
4.21. Como ha mencionado reiteradamente la Unión Europea, para fundamentar el examen de esta
propuesta, sería útil comprender el uso efectivo de las subvenciones a la ex portación por los PMA a
3 Documento G/C/M/141, párrafos 6.26 a 6.34, y documento G/C/M/142, párrafos 4.21 y 4.22. G/C/M/143
- 8 -
fin de determinar si se requerirá un período de transición para que los PMA que se han graduado de
esta categoría sigan utilizándolas . A tal efecto, se puede contar con asistencia técnica a través de
la OMC con respecto a las notifi caciones o cualquier otra forma de transparencia . En conclusión, la
Unión Europea está dispuesta a participar en consultas informales con el Grupo de PMA sobre esta
cuestión.
4.22. El delegado de Nigeria dice lo siguiente:
4.23. Nigeria desea remitirse a la declaració n que formuló anteriormente sobre esta propuesta y
reitera su apoyo a esta.
4.24. El delegado del Chad, en nombre del Grupo de PMA, dice lo siguiente:
4.25. El Chad, en nombre del Grupo de PMA, toma nota de las intervenciones de los Miembros y da
las gracias a los Mie mbros de la OMC que han ofrecido su apoyo . A este respecto, el Grupo de PMA
sigue dispuesto a responder a cualquier pregunta que se le formule, y mantiene un espíritu abierto,
flexible y constructivo con miras a lograr un consenso sobre su propuesta.
4.26. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
5 INDIA - POLÍTICA DE IMPORTACIÓN DE NEUMÁTICOS - SOLICITUD DE INDONESIA ;
TAILANDIA ; EL TERRITORIO ADUANERO DISTINTO DE TAIWÁN, PENGHU, KINMEN Y
MATSU ; Y LA UNIÓN EUROPEA
5.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de Indonesia,
Tailandia, el Territorio Aduanero Distinto de Taiwán, Penghu, Kinmen y Matsu y la Unión Europea.
5.2. El delegado del Taipei Chino dice lo siguiente:
5.3. El Territorio Aduanero Distinto de Taiwán, Penghu, Kinmen y Matsu desea dejar constancia,
una vez más, de sus preocupaciones con respecto al régimen de licencias de la India para la
importación de neumáticos, introducido en virtud de la Notificación Nº 12/2 015-2020 relativa a la
modificación de la política de importación de neumáticos, de 12 de junio de 2020.
5.4. Los Miembros habrán observado que el Taipei Chino ha señalado a la atención del Consejo
muchas veces este asunto . El Taipei Chino agradece haber manten ido una conversación bilateral
con la delegación de la India en mayo de este año y da las gracias a la India por su respuesta escrita,
que el Taipei Chino recibió el 6 de julio . El Taipei Chino la examinará con detenimiento y hará llegar
a la India sus obs ervaciones oportunamente . Sin embargo, el Taipei Chino desea hacer hincapié en
que la medida en cuestión sigue generando confusión y obstáculos a los exportadores, y está
teniendo un efecto negativo importante en el comercio bilateral . Las dificultades par a obtener
licencias de importación y los largos procesos de aprobación ya han reducido considerablemente el
nivel de las exportaciones del Taipei Chino a la India, que han disminuido un 60 % en 2020 y 2021,
en comparación con el mismo período de 2019.
5.5. El Taipei Chino tiene la impresión de que la India solo expide licencias de importación para
determinados tipos de neumáticos que no se producen en el país, y, no obstante, impone también
un límite al número de neumáticos de esos tipos que se pueden importar . Esta medida obstaculiza
claramente el acceso de los neumáticos del Taipei Chino al mercado de la India . Además, puede
constituir una prohibición o restricción de las importaciones de determinados neumáticos, lo que es
claramente incompatible con las normas de la OMC relativas a las restricciones cuantitativas.
5.6. El Taipei Chino insta a la India a que vele por que se aprueben sin obstáculos ni demoras
innecesarias todas las solicitudes que cumplan plenamente los criterios de calidad exigidos para los
neumáticos , y a que examine sus prácticas actuales y entable un diálogo con los Miembros
interesados con miras a resolver la cuestión de manera oportuna y constructiva.
5.7. El delegado de Indonesia dice lo siguiente:
5.8. Indonesia agradece a la India la información facilita da en reuniones anteriores del CCM y del
Comité de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio (Comité OTC) en respuesta a las preocupaciones de G/C/M/143
- 9 -
Indonesia sobre las restricciones de la India relativas a la política de importación de neumáticos . Sin
embargo, a Indonesi a le decepciona que la India no haya presentado aún una solución adecuada a
esta cuestión.
5.9. A Indonesia le consta con certeza que la India ha impuesto restricciones a la importación de
neumáticos de determinados tipos y tamaños correspondientes a los produc idos por los fabricantes
de neumáticos de la India . Esta política se adoptó poco después de que la India impusiera una
prohibición temporal a la importación de neumáticos durante un período de seis meses, como consta
en el documento de notificación Nº 12/2 015-2020, de fecha 12 de junio de 2020, relativo a la
modificación de la política de importación de neumáticos . La adopción de esta política podría
obstaculizar las exportaciones de neumáticos de Indonesia a la India, dado que la variedad de ellos
que pued e exportarse es muy limitada, e incluso podría impedir el acceso de los neumáticos
importados al mercado, habida cuenta de los diferentes tipos y tamaños de neumáticos que se
fabrican en la India, que es uno de los principales productores mundiales.
5.10. Aunque no existen disposiciones oficiales que rijan las restricciones a la importación de esos
neumáticos, los importadores deben hacer una declaración separada por correo electrónico con
respecto a las restricciones a la importación de determinados tipos y tama ños de neumáticos que
pueden producirse en la India, donde el incumplimiento de esta obligación daría lugar a sanciones
penales basadas en la Ley FTDR de 1992. A demás, Indonesia opina que la política antes mencionada
es discriminatoria en su aplicación, pu es se aplica de manera selectiva a determinados Miembros de
la OMC que podrían competir con la India, dificultándoles el acceso al mercado nacional de
neumáticos . De hecho, también dificulta las exportaciones de neumáticos de Indonesia.
5.11. Además, Indonesia t ambién solicita más aclaraciones sobre la aplicación de tasas de marcado
a los neumáticos que utilicen la marca IS. Indonesia considera que la imposición de una tasa de
marcado a los neumáticos que llevan la marca IS podría representar una carga para las e mpresas y
crear obstáculos innecesarios al comercio internacional . La imposición de tales tasas de marcado no
tiene una justificación válida ni relación alguna con la protección de la salud humana, la inocuidad o
la prevención de prácticas fraudulentas.
5.12. Indonesia pide a la India que revise de inmediato sus dos políticas de restricción de las
importaciones de neumáticos para asegurarse de que estén en conformidad con los principios y
reglamentaciones de la OMC, en particular en lo que respecta a los principi os de trato nacional y no
discriminación, así como a las disposiciones de los párrafos 1 y 2 del artículo 2 del Acuerdo OTC.
5.13. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
5.14. La Unión Europea reitera su preocupación, ya planteada varias veces, por el régimen de
licencias de la India para la importación de neumáticos, introducido en virtud de la Notificación
Nº 12/2015 -2020. A pesar de que esta cuestión se ha planteado en numerosas ocasiones en este
Consejo y en otros órganos de la OMC (incluidos los Co mités de Acceso a los Mercados y de MIC),
no se ha avanzado hacia una posible solución . Por el contrario, a la UE le consta que sus exportadores
de neumáticos están preocupados por el carácter cada vez más restrictivo de la medida . De hecho,
el volumen de neumáticos que se importa en virtud de las licencias otorgadas por las autoridades
indias es cada vez menor, lo que va en detrimento no solo de los fabricantes de neumáticos
extranjeros, sino también de los clientes locales.
5.15. A la Unión Europea le sigue pre ocupando el efecto de esta medida, dado que las importaciones
de neumáticos de la India han ido disminuyendo desde junio de 2020. A los fabricantes de
neumáticos de la UE solo se les ha otorgado un número reducido de licencias . Además, estas licencias
son limitadas en cuanto a su duración, las cantidades y el tipo de neumáticos, lo que equivale a una
flagrante discriminación contra esos fabricantes.
5.16. Por consiguiente, la Unión Europea insta a la India a que reconsidere y elimine toda restricción,
implícita o expresa, cuantitativa o de otra índole (como el principio de usuario final) a la importación
de neumáticos de sustitución que sea contraria a las normas de la OMC. G/C/M/143
- 10 -
5.17. El delegado de Tailandia dice lo siguiente:
5.18. Al igual que otros Miembros que han intervenido en relación con esta cuestión, Tailandia
reitera su preocupación por las políticas de importación de neumáticos de la India, que siguen
afectando considerablemente a las exportaciones de neumáticos de Tailandia a la India . Por ejemplo,
en 2021, las export aciones de neumáticos de Tailandia a la India disminuyeron un 40,23 % en valor,
o un 45,23 % en términos de volumen, en comparación con las de 2019, antes de que se aplicara la
medida . Además, durante los cuatro primeros meses de 2022, las exportaciones de n eumáticos a la
India procedentes de Tailandia disminuyeron un 45,21 % en valor, o un 53,36 % en términos de
volumen, con respecto al mismo período de 2019.
5.19. A este respecto, si bien la situación relativa a la expedición de licencias de importación de
neumátic os por las autoridades de la India ha mejorado algo, los exportadores de neumáticos de
Tailandia han solicitado más información sobre la forma en que dichas autoridades determinan los
contingentes de importación de neumáticos . Por consiguiente, en aras de la transparencia, Tailandia
pide a la India que facilite esa información lo antes posible.
5.20. El delegado de la India dice lo siguiente:
5.21. La India agradece a las delegaciones de Indonesia, Tailandia, el Territorio Aduanero Distinto
de Taiwán, Penghu, Kinmen y Matsu y la Unión Europea su continuo interés en esta cuestión, que
se ha examinado anteriormente en este Consejo, así como en el Comité de Acceso a los Mercados y
el Comité de Licencias de Importación.
5.22. La India desea reiterar que las prescripciones en mate ria de licencias no automáticas para los
neumáticos se administran de manera compatible con las disposiciones previstas en el Acuerdo sobre
Procedimientos para el Trámite de Licencias de Importación de la OMC, también por lo que se refiere
a los plazos par a la concesión de licencias de importación . Además, el procedimiento para el trámite
de licencias en cuestión se administra de una manera justa, como lo demuestra el hecho de que se
han concedido varias licencias tras su aprobación por el Comité de Facilitación de las Exportaciones
y las Importaciones.
5.23. A este respecto, la delegación del Taipei Chino solicitó a la India una reunión bilateral sobre
sus preguntas específicas . La India respondió a esas preguntas, entre otras cosas facilitando los
detalle s de las licencias concedidas a los exportadores del Taipei Chino . En concreto, se habían
aprobado 21 de 28 solicitudes con la marca de origen del Territorio Aduanero Distinto de Taiwán,
Penghu, Kinmen y Matsu, y solo se había rechazado una en los dos años anteriores.
5.24. De manera análoga, en reuniones anteriores la India respondió a las preguntas formuladas
por Indonesia sobre la tasa de marcado aplicada por la Oficina de Normas de la India (BIS) en su
sistema de certificación de productos, de conformidad con las disposiciones de su Reglamento
(evaluación de la conformidad) de 2018, adoptado en virtud de la Ley de la BIS de 2016. L a India
considera que este proceso está en conformidad con las normas de la OMC, incluida la concesión de
trato nacional en la form a en que se administra el sistema de certificación.
5.25. Además, la India agradece a la delegación de Tailandia la información específica que solicitó,
cuyos detalles la India recibió ayer . Estos se comunicarán a la capital para que allí se formulen
observacion es.
5.26. La India mantiene su compromiso de abordar estas preocupaciones a nivel bilateral.
5.27. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas. G/C/M/143
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6 AUSTRALIA, CANADÁ, ESTADOS UNIDOS, JAPÓN, LITUANIA, NUEVA ZELANDIA,
REINO UNIDO, SUIZA Y UNIÓN EUROPEA - MEDIDAS UNILATERALES RESTRICTIVAS DEL
COMERCIO CONTRA RUSIA - SOLICITUD DE LA FEDERACIÓN DE RUSIA
6.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de la
Federación de Rusia.
6.2. El delegado de la Federación de Rusia dice lo s iguiente:
6.3. La Federación de Rusia ha expuesto en detalle sus preocupaciones en el marco de este punto
del orden del día en la reunión anterior del Consejo. No obstante, aprovecha la ocasión para reiterar
su profunda preocupación por las medidas restrictivas del comercio, ilegales e injustificadas,
impuestas por determinados Miembros de la OMC con respecto a Rusia.
6.4. Desde la anterior reunión del Consejo se han adoptado nuevas medidas unilaterales restrictivas
del comercio contra Rusia. Estas medidas incluyen, entre otras, las restricciones al comercio de
mercancías adoptadas por los siguientes países: i) el Canadá: la prohibición de las exportaciones de
guatas, gasas, vendas y artículos análogos, impregnados o recubiertos de sustancias farmacéuticas,
topadoras frontales y topadoras angulares, tractores, camiones automóviles para sondeo o
perforación, instrumentos y aparatos de medicina, cirugía, odontología o veterinaria, aparatos de
ozonoterapia, oxigenoterapia o aerosolterapia, aparatos respiratorios de reanim ación y demás
aparatos de terapia respiratoria, mobiliario para medicina, cirugía, odontología o veterinaria (por
ejemplo: mesas de operaciones o de reconocimiento, camas con mecanismo para uso clínico, sillones
de dentista); ii) la Unión Europea: la prohi bición de las importaciones de petróleo crudo y productos
de petróleo rusos, la prohibición de la transferencia o el transporte a terceros países de petróleo
crudo ruso y productos de petróleo obtenidos de petróleo crudo ruso, o las ventas a adquirentes en
terceros países, y la prohibición del suministro de asistencia técnica, servicios de corretaje o
financiación o asistencia financiera, en relación con el transporte a terceros países de petróleo crudo
o productos de petróleo originarios de Rusia o que han sido exportados desde Rusia; iii) por el Japón:
la prohibición de las importaciones de determinadas máquinas y aparatos mecánicos y de aparatos,
dispositivos o equipos de laboratorio; iv) Nueva Zelandia: la prohibición de las exportaciones de
motores de a viación y de barcos, turbinas de gas, aparatos de radionavegación, receptores de
radiodifusión, circuitos electrónicos integrados, tractores, barcos cisterna, barcos frigorífico, barcos
para transporte de mercancías y demás barcos concebidos para transport e mixto de personas y
mercancías; v) Suiza: la prohibición de las importaciones de lignito y carbón, petróleo y productos
del petróleo, así como restricciones cuantitativas sobre las importaciones de abonos rusos y la
prohibición de suministrar asistencia técnica, servicios de corretaje o asistencia financiera en relación
con el transporte fuera de Suiza y la Unión Europea de petróleo crudo o productos de petróleo
originarios o procedentes de Rusia; vi) el Reino Unido: la prohibición de la exportación de pr oductos
y tecnología utilizados para refinar petróleo, productos de hierro y acero; la prohibición de las
importaciones de cemento, madera y manufacturas de madera, abonos minerales o químicos, así
como la aplicación de un derecho de importación adicional del 35 % a los cereales, las semillas
oleaginosas, la carne, los productos de la molinería y el aceite de soja; vii) los Estados Unidos: la
imposición de un derecho de importación adicional del 35 % a determinados productos químicos,
madera y productos de ma dera, hierro y acero, tractores y otros productos. La prohibición del
tránsito hacia la región rusa de Kaliningrado impuesta por Lituania constituye otra causa de
desconcierto. Esta medida, cuyo objeto es bloquear Kaliningrado, no solo contraviene las norm as de
la OMC, sino que también es contraria a la posición oficial de la Unión Europea y sus instrumentos
jurídicos.
6.5. Como se mencionó en la reunión anterior del Consejo, la lista antes mencionada representa
solo una fracción de las medidas adoptadas por los Miembros de la OMC que se enumeran en este
punto del orden del día. No obstante, por razones de tiempo, Rusia no está especificando todas las
restricciones. A un así, estas medidas, incluidas las mencionadas en la reunión anterior del Consejo,
ya han tenid o una enorme repercusión en el comercio de mercancías de Rusia. Además, junto con
las restricciones del comercio de mercancías, las medidas restrictivas impuestas a los principales
bancos, los organismos de seguros, las empresas de transporte, los organism os de apoyo a la
exportación, las empresas industriales, los puertos marítimos rusos y las personas jurídicas y físicas,
incluida la gestión superior y los propietarios de las mayores empresas rusas, están provocando
crisis económicas, energéticas y alimen tarias a nivel mundial. G/C/M/143
- 12 -
6.6. La Federación de Rusia señala que es el tercer productor de petróleo y el segundo productor
de gas natural más importante del mundo, así como el mayor exportador mundial de petróleo y gas.
Las medidas unilaterales adoptadas contra l os productores de petróleo, productos de petróleo y gas
y el sector financiero de Rusia, así como la presión ejercida sobre el transporte internacional, las
empresas comerciales y los Gobiernos extranjeros para no trabajar con el sector ruso del petróleo y
el gas han dado lugar a aumentos de los precios del petróleo y el gas en el mercado internacional.
Además, los altos precios de la energía se traducen en precios de consumo más altos para todo el
espectro de productos, incluidos los alimentos, lo cual avi va las expectativas de inflación y frena el
crecimiento económico mundial.
6.7. En cuanto a las crisis alimentarias, la Federación de Rusia subraya que es uno de los principales
productores y exportadores mundiales de trigo y abonos y, de este modo, hace una co ntribución
fundamental a la seguridad alimentaria mundial. A este respecto, Rusia señala también que, según
las últimas estimaciones de la FAO, se prevé que la producción mundial de trigo aumente en la
campaña de 2021/2022 en un 6,2 %, en comparación con el nivel de producción registrado en la
campaña de 2018/2019 (es decir, antes de la pandemia de COVID -19), y en un 2,2 % en
comparación con el nivel de 2019/2020 (durante la pandemia de COVID -19). A pesar de este
pronóstico positivo, la cadena de suministro d e trigo se ha visto perturbada por las medidas
unilaterales impuestas a Rusia.
6.8. En la reunión anterior del Consejo, los Miembros de la OMC en cuestión declararon que todos
los productos esenciales, incluidos los productos agropecuarios y especialmente el tr igo, así como
las mercancías con fines humanitarios, se han excluido de sus medidas unilaterales restrictivas del
comercio. Sin embargo, Rusia ya es testigo de la imposición de medidas que prohíben directamente
las exportaciones rusas de productos farmacéu ticos y médicos, así como de tractores a Rusia, y de
medidas que restringen las importaciones de trigo y abonos rusos.
6.9. Además de las medidas restrictivas directas, las exportaciones e importaciones rusas de los
productos más esenciales son objeto de medida s indirectas, entre ellas, las prohibiciones de utilizar
puertos marítimos extranjeros y las medidas contra empresas y particulares que incluyen la
congelación de los activos y la prohibición de comerciar con esas personas.
6.10. Dadas las restricciones vigentes y previstas contra Rusia, las empresas de transporte
internacional, las empresas comerciales, los bancos extranjeros y las compañías de seguros se están
viendo obligadas a negarse a trabajar con exportadores rusos, incluidos los de alimentos, energía y
abonos. Asimismo, se coacciona a los Gobiernos extranjeros para que cesen sus operaciones con
Rusia, incluso en la esfera de la compra de sus recursos energéticos.
6.11. Todas estas medidas no solo contradicen las normas de la OMC, sino que también perturban
las corrientes comerciales internacionales, rompen las cadenas de suministro mundiales y conducen
a un aumento de los costos de la energía y un repunte de los precios de los alimentos.
6.12. Teniendo en cuenta la situación del mercado del trigo, que es un cultivo esp ecialmente
importante para los países en desarrollo y países menos adelantados, la OMC, en su reciente
documento de la Secretaría titulado "The Crisis in Ukraine" (La crisis en Ucrania), subraya que el
efecto directo de la operación militar especial en Ucr ania tiene una repercusión limitada en los precios
mundiales del trigo, mientras que se prevé que las medidas unilaterales contra Rusia tengan un
impacto mayor en los precios de consumo mundiales del trigo. Según la Secretaría de la OMC, las
medidas unilat erales dan cuenta del 66 % del aumento previsto del precio de consumo del trigo a
nivel mundial.
6.13. A este respecto, Rusia recuerda que las poblaciones vulnerables de los países en desarrollo y
menos adelantados están especialmente expuestas a los problemas ca usados por las medidas
restrictivas unilaterales en cuestión y su efecto en los mercados mundiales, ya que destinan una
proporción mayor de sus ingresos a alimentos y energía.
6.14. En un informe publicado el 28 de junio, la UNCTAD afirma lo siguiente: "La Feder ación de
Rusia es un gigante en el mercado mundial de combustibles y abonos, que son insumos
fundamentales para los agricultores de todo el mundo. Las perturbaciones en su suministro pueden
dar lugar a una menor producción de cereales y a aumentos de preci os, con graves consecuencias
para la seguridad alimentaria mundial, en particular, en las economías vulnerables y dependientes G/C/M/143
- 13 -
de las importaciones de alimentos. La Federación de Rusia también es uno de los principales
exportadores de petróleo y gas. Ante las restricciones comerciales y los problemas logísticos, el
costo del petróleo y el gas ha aumentado, mientras se recurre a fuentes alternativas de suministro,
a menudo en lugares más distantes. El aumento de los costos de la energía ha dado lugar a un
aumento de los precios del combustible para transporte marítimo, lo que incrementa los costos de
envío para todos los sectores. Para finales de mayo de 2022, el precio medio mundial del fuel oil de
muy bajo contenido de azufre aumentó en un 64 % con respecto al comienzo del año. Tomados en
conjunto, estos aumentos de los costos implican un aumento de precios para los consumidores y
amenazan con ampliar la brecha de pobreza".
6.15. Una violación tan amplia y rotunda de las normas de la OMC constituye un durísimo golp e al
sistema de la OMC. Socava la función de la OMC como garante de las normas comerciales
internacionales y demuestra que ningún Miembro estará a salvo de esas medidas tan injustificadas,
amplias e ilegales en el futuro.
6.16. La Federación de Rusia expresa su preocupación por el intento de sustituir el sistema de
gobernanza económica mundial por medidas restrictivas unilaterales de alcance extraterritorial.
A pesar de los diferentes pretextos esgrimidos para adoptar esas políticas destructivas, de hecho
estas p onen en serio peligro las perspectivas de crecimiento económico mundial y afectan de manera
desproporcionada a los países en desarrollo. Además, al ser de carácter complejo, ya han tenido
consecuencias sistémicas negativas en las cadenas de valor mundiales , los mercados internacionales
y la estabilidad de los precios. En este contexto, la Federación de Rusia insta a los Miembros de
la OMC en cuestión a restablecer el buen funcionamiento de la OMC, en particular, su sistema de
solución de diferencias, e inst a a esos mismos Miembros de la OMC a levantar inmediatamente sus
medidas unilaterales restrictivas del comercio, incluidas las que tienen consecuencias
extraterritoriales, y a poner fin a sus medidas coercitivas previstas para obligar a otros Miembros de
la OMC a seguir su ejemplo.
6.17. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
6.18. La Unión Europea condena la guerra ilegítima, bárbara y no provocada de Rusia contra Ucrania
que ha causado y continúa causando inconmensurables sufrimientos y pérdidas de vidas, así como
un inmenso daño económico a Ucrania. Sus efectos se hacen sentir en todo el mundo y
1.700 millones de personas en más de 100 países están afrontando graves problemas de suministro
de alimentos, energía y productos básicos, así como alzas en los p recios.
6.19. La política de la Unión Europea ha consistido en no responder a las declaraciones de la
Federación de Rusia desde el inicio de esta guerra ilegítima. La Unión Europea cree firmemente que
no es posible seguir actuando como si nada hubiese ocurrido f rente a ataques tan graves al orden
internacional basado en normas. Sin embargo, la Unión Europea no puede permanecer en silencio,
mientras que la Federación de Rusia prosigue su campaña de desinformación en el marco de la OMC.
La Unión Europea necesita ac larar las cosas en beneficio de los Miembros.
6.20. La Unión Europea está muy preocupada por las repercusiones en el comercio que está
teniendo la agresión ilegal, no provocada e injustificable contra Ucrania por parte de la Federación
de Rusia, en particular en lo que respecta al suministro de varios productos básicos, sobre todo los
productos agrícolas y los abonos.
6.21. Las tropas de Rusia ocupan tierras cultivables y bloquean los puertos de Ucrania. Estos puertos
daban cuenta del 90 % de las exportaciones de cereal es y semillas oleaginosas antes de la guerra.
Alrededor de 20 millones de toneladas de cereales ucranianos no pueden llegar a los mercados
mundiales. Los precios de los alimentos y abonos se han disparado.
6.22. La frontera occidental de la Unión Europea es el ú nico acceso que sigue abierto al comercio,
no solo para la Unión Europea, sino también para otros países, debido al bloqueo de los puertos del
Mar Negro de Ucrania. La Unión Europea no solo ha prestado una importante asistencia financiera a
Ucrania, sino q ue también ha adoptado medidas de liberalización y facilitación del comercio. La Unión
Europea está buscando activamente formas de ayudar a Ucrania a mantener abiertos sus canales
de exportación y encontrar soluciones para mitigar los problemas logísticos. G/C/M/143
- 14 -
6.23. La Unión Europea observa que el Gobierno de Rusia también ha impuesto restricciones a las
exportaciones de cereales y abonos. Esto coloca al trigo ruso, aunque esté disponible, fuera del
alcance de muchos países que dependen de las importaciones.
6.24. La Unión Europea desea volver a subrayar que sus sanciones no están dirigidas al sector
agrícola de la Federación de Rusia. Por ejemplo, si bien las últimas sanciones de la Unión Europea
impiden que los buques rusos entren en los puertos de la Unión Europea, los b uques que transportan
productos básicos agrícolas y productos alimenticios están exentos. El mismo enfoque, basado en
exenciones para los productos agropecuarios y alimenticios, se aplica a los operadores de transporte
de carga. Las sanciones se imponen pr incipalmente al Gobierno de Rusia, al sector financiero de
Rusia y a las élites económicas de Rusia. Están dirigidas a la capacidad de Rusia de financiar su
agresión contra Ucrania y su pueblo.
6.25. A este respecto, la Unión Europea recuerda que, junto con sus interlocutores comerciales,
publicó en marzo de 2022 una Declaración Conjunta sobre la agresión de Rusia contra Ucrania en
relación con las medidas comerciales que la Unión Europea y otros Miembros de la OMC han adoptado
contra Rusia, incluidas las med idas que niegan a la Federación de Rusia los beneficios que ofrece el
Acuerdo sobre la OMC, como el beneficio del trato de la nación más favorecida. La Unión Europea
ha adoptado medidas de respuesta, como restricciones a la exportación y restricciones a la
importación dirigidas a la capacidad de la Federación de Rusia de financiar su censurable guerra.
6.26. La Unión Europea considera que sus medidas son plenamente compatibles con los derechos
y obligaciones que le corresponden en el marco de la OMC, ya que son n ecesarias para proteger los
intereses esenciales de su seguridad, en el sentido de las excepciones relativas a la seguridad
aplicables de conformidad con el Acuerdo sobre la OMC. Estas medidas también se han adoptado
teniendo debidamente en cuenta la integ ridad territorial de Ucrania.
6.27. Además, la Unión Europea ha adoptado todas sus medidas de manera plenamente
transparente. Todas sus medidas pertinentes son de acceso público y pueden consultarse en un sitio
web gratuito (Mapa de sanciones de la Unión Europea , y en un sitio web específico de la Comisión
Europea), que también proporciona información por categorías de productos y servicios afectados
por las medidas adoptadas por la Unión Europea.
6.28. Todas estas medidas se adoptan a nivel de la Unión Europea. Además , son aplicadas por las
autoridades competentes de sus Estados miembros. La Unión Europea vigila de cerca su aplicación
a fin de asegurar que logren su objetivo, a saber, obstaculizar la capacidad del Gobierno y la
maquinaria militar de Rusia para sostener su guerra ilegal.
6.29. La Unión Europea vuelve a exhortar a Rusia a poner fin inmediatamente a su agresión militar
contra Ucrania, que es la única forma de acabar con la crisis humanitaria y de seguridad alimentaria.
6.30. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo s iguiente:
6.31. Los Estados Unidos condenan la agresión injustificable, no provocada e ilegítima de Rusia
contra Ucrania, un país independiente y soberano, y el sufrimiento y la pérdida de vidas que sigue
causando. Los Estados Unidos no escatimarán esfuerzos par a responsabilizar de sus acciones al
Presidente Putin y los arquitectos y partidarios de esta agresión. Los Estados Unidos se sienten
consternados por los devastadores e indiscriminados ataques contra la población y la infraestructura
civil de Ucrania, que incluyen hospitales, escuelas y hogares. Los Estados Unidos subrayan su
determinación de imponer a Rusia graves consecuencias económicas y financieras.
6.32. Rusia ha intervenido para quejarse de una situación que ha creado y tratar de trasladar la
culpa por la muerte y destrucción que ha creado. Seamos claros. Rusia inició esta guerra
premeditada y no provocada. Rusia sigue llevando adelante esta guerra brutal. Rusia sigue
infringiendo la soberanía y la integridad territorial de Ucrania y amenaza la seguridad d e todas las
naciones amantes de la paz que apoyan al orden internacional basado en normas. Los bombardeos
de Rusia siguen matando e hiriendo a la población civil de Ucrania y destruyendo la infraestructura
civil y creando una pesadilla humanitaria. Rusia s igue bloqueando los puertos marítimos de Ucrania,
con lo que hace peligrar el suministro de alimentos a algunas de los partes más vulnerables del
mundo. Rusia sigue dañando la infraestructura de transportes de Ucrania, lo cual obstaculiza
seriamente su cap acidad para exportar productos básicos clave, en particular productos G/C/M/143
- 15 -
agropecuarios y alimenticios, abonos, aceite de girasol y minerales esenciales. Rusia sigue
destruyendo las instalaciones de almacenamiento de productos agrícolas de Ucrania y haciéndose
con sus cereales y equipo agrícola. Rusia sigue difundiendo información falsa de que las sanciones,
que eximen a los productos agropecuarios rusos, han empeorado la inseguridad alimentaria mundial,
mientras que Rusia sigue prohibiendo la importación de al imentos destinados a sus propios
ciudadanos y la exportación de determinados productos alimenticios, así como abonos para restringir
la producción de alimentos en otros países. En resumen, Rusia, con el apoyo y la complicidad de
Belarús, es responsable de gran parte de la devastación y perturbación que se está produciendo en
todo el mundo.
6.33. Los Estados Unidos seguirán condenando la guerra brutal, no provocada e injustificada de
Putin contra Ucrania. Los Estados Unidos seguirán apoyando los valerosos esfuerzo s de Ucrania por
defenderse, mantener su integridad territorial y proteger a su población. Los Estados Unidos
seguirán trabajando con sus asociados y aliados para mantener e intensificar la presión internacional
sobre el régimen del Presidente Putin, y sus facilitadores en Belarús, durante el tiempo que fuera
necesario. Los Estados Unidos, así como sus asociados y aliados, seguirán tomando todas las
medidas necesarias para defender el orden internacional basado en normas que Rusia ha violado de
una forma ta n flagrante.
6.34. La delegada de Nueva Zelandia dice lo siguiente:
6.35. Nueva Zelandia condena, de manera inequívoca, el ataque no provocado e injustificado de
Rusia a Ucrania. Las acciones del Presidente Putin suponen una grave violación de las normas
internacional es; y la utilización de la fuerza para modificar las fronteras está estrictamente prohibida
por el derecho internacional, al igual que el ataque a civiles. Nueva Zelandia se siente consternada
por los informes recibidos de ataques devastadores e indiscrimi nados a la población de Ucrania por
tropas rusas, que incluyen pruebas de delitos contra la humanidad y crímenes de guerra, así como
de la destrucción de infraestructura civil como hospitales, escuelas y hogares. Nueva Zelandia es
partidaria de responsabil izar a los culpables de esta agresión y no escatimará esfuerzos para hacerlo.
6.36. Nueva Zelandia también condena y refuta las afirmaciones dañinas e inexactas comunicadas
por el régimen de Putin y la destructiva campaña de actividades cibernéticas que ha pertu rbado las
redes y sistemas del Gobierno y el sector privado de Ucrania a lo largo de 2022. Nueva Zelandia ha
pedido reiteradamente al Presidente Putin que actúe de manera compatible con las obligaciones
internacionales de Rusia, ponga fin a la invasión de Ucrania por Rusia y retire las tropas rusas y
reanude las negociaciones diplomáticas como vía para resolver el conflicto.
6.37. Seamos claros. Es la invasión de Ucrania por Rusia la que ha generado graves consecuencias
para la paz, la seguridad y la estabilidad económica mundiales. Rusia también ha impuesto
restricciones a sus propias exportaciones, por ejemplo en el caso de los cereales, añadiendo otro
nivel de volatilidad a los precios mundiales de los alimentos.
6.38. Nueva Zelandia se ha sumado a la com unidad internacional en la imposición de sanciones de
manera transparente, como medio de limitar seriamente la capacidad del régimen de Putin de
financiar la guerra en Ucrania y equiparse para tal fin, así como de influir a las personas con poder
en Rusia para que retiren su apoyo a la guerra. La información sobre la Ley de Sanciones contra
Rusia, aprobada por el Gobierno de Nueva Zelandia el 8 de marzo de 2022, está a disposición pública
en el sitio web del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores. Las sanciones p revistas en la Ley son una
respuesta directa al acto ilegítimo de agresión perpetrado por Rusia y no tienen por objeto perturbar
el comercio de productos esenciales. Incluyen congelación de activos y prohibiciones de que
personas viajen a Nueva Zelandia, a umentos de los aranceles aplicados a las importaciones de origen
ruso, así como la prohibición de exportar a Rusia y Belarús determinadas mercancías destinadas a
ser utilizadas por fuerzas militares o de seguridad.
6.39. Nueva Zelandia sigue unida a la comunidad internacional para mantener la presión sobre
Rusia y responsabilizar a los infractores de la legislación humanitaria e internacional. La imposición
de sanciones a Rusia es un medio para poner fin a esta guerra. Nueva Zelandia mantiene su plena
solidaridad con Ucrania y su población y reafirma su inquebrantable apoyo a la independencia, la
soberanía y la integridad territorial de Ucrania. G/C/M/143
- 16 -
6.40. El delegado del Reino Unido dice lo siguiente:
6.41. El Reino Unido desea señalar que se cumplen 134 días desde que Rusia inic ió la invasión
ilegítima de Ucrania. Cada uno de esos 134 días, los actos cometidos por Rusia han demostrado su
total desdén por el derecho internacional. Todos los días socavan los principios fundamentales de
paz y seguridad internacionales y causan a la población de Ucrania un dolor indescriptible.
6.42. Como han indicado el Reino Unido y muchos otros Miembros de la OMC, los ataques
indiscriminados de Rusia tienen repercusiones en todos nosotros. Se bombardea la infraestructura,
se colocan minas en el campo y s e saquean las existencias de granos. Los ataques contra la
infraestructura civil de Ucrania y los bloqueos de los puertos marítimos de Ucrania han arremetido
contra cadenas de suministro que ya estaban sometidas a presión. En consecuencia, 1.700 millones
de personas en más de 100 países están pagando el precio de las acciones de Putin cada vez que
compran alimentos o combustibles.
6.43. Las sanciones del Reino Unido están destinadas específicamente a esferas que tendrán una
mayor repercusión en Putin y quienes lo rodean, y limitarán su capacidad para financiar su
maquinaria de guerra y proseguir su agresión en Ucrania. El Reino Unido no ha dirigido sus sanciones
financieras a las exportaciones rusas de víveres que son importantes para satisfacer las necesidades
mundiales.
6.44. En lugar de ello, el Reino Unido, en colaboración con sus asociados internacionales, está
decidido a ayudar a los países a mitigar los efectos de la guerra de Putin. El Reino Unido ha contraído
con el Banco Mundial el mayor compromiso en la histor ia de destinar USD 170.000 millones a los
países en desarrollo en los próximos 15 meses. Esos compromisos, junto con otros, muestran la
forma en que los países deben unirse para proteger a los más vulnerables de todo el mundo de los
efectos del ataque de R usia y sus repercusiones.
6.45. Si bien el Reino Unido y otros países trabajan para apoyar el sistema internacional, proteger
a los necesitados y trabajar con los países de todo el mundo, Rusia continúa cometiendo actos de
barbarie. Por tanto, tenemos claramente ante nosotros la solución a estas crisis: Rusia debe retirar
inmediatamente sus tropas y poner fin a su agresión militar contra Ucrania.
6.46. El delegado de Suiza dice lo siguiente:
6.47. Suiza vuelve a condenar en los términos más enérgicos la agresión militar que ha lanzado
Rusia contra Ucrania. Suiza insta a Rusia a adoptar medidas de apaciguamiento militar, poner fin a
las hostilidades y retirar inmediatamente sus tropas del territorio ucraniano. Suiza considera que la
continuación de este ataque militar constitu ye una violación flagrante del derecho internacional, por
lo que se refiere en particular a la prohibición del uso de la fuerza y al principio de la integridad
territorial de los Estados.
6.48. En respuesta a la agresión militar de Rusia, Suiza ha adoptado una s erie de medidas
económicas. Se trata de medidas excepcionales que se han adoptado a raíz de la violación por Rusia
del derecho internacional y se publican en el sitio web de la Secretaría de Estado de Asuntos
Económicos de Suiza. Además, Suiza ha adoptado estas medidas en conformidad con el derecho
internacional, incluido el de la OMC.
6.49. El delegado de Noruega dice lo siguiente:
6.50. Como se mencionó en la reunión anterior del Consejo, Noruega aplica las mismas medidas
restrictivas que aplican varios de los Miembr os de la OMC mencionados en el marco de este punto
del orden del día. Las medidas adoptadas como reacción a las acciones militares no provocadas de
Rusia son plenamente compatibles con los derechos y obligaciones de Noruega en el marco de
la OMC.
6.51. Noruega s e suma a otros Miembros para volver a condenar en los términos más enérgicos la
agresión militar de la Federación de Rusia contra Ucrania. Noruega también desea expresar su
preocupación por la grave destrucción y el sufrimiento humano que causa este acto i legítimo de
agresión militar y por la consiguiente crisis alimentaria mundial, que repercute en particular en los
países en desarrollo y los países menos adelantados. Todo esto es el resultado de los actos Rusia. G/C/M/143
- 17 -
6.52. Como resultado de sus acciones militares no provocadas, injustificadas y premeditadas, la
Federación de Rusia está infringiendo flagrantemente el derecho internacional, cuyos principios
fundamentales sustentan el orden internacional basado en normas, inclu idos los principios
fundamentales de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, que han prevalecido desde la Segunda Guerra
Mundial. Estos actos constituyen una clara violación de la independencia, la soberanía y la integridad
territorial de Ucrania.
6.53. En conclusión, Noruega reitera su solidaridad con Ucrania y su población.
6.54. El delegado del Canadá dice lo siguiente:
6.55. El Canadá se solidariza con el pueblo de Ucrania y condena rotundamente la invasión
injustificable de Ucrania por el Presidente Putin. Esa guerra ilegal y no provocada ha tenido unos
efectos catastróficos en Ucrania, los países vecinos y el mundo entero.
6.56. Como advierte un informe reciente de la FAO, la invasión de Rusia ha exacerbado el ya
constante aumento de los precios de los alimentos y la energía en todo el mundo, lo que afecta a la
estabilidad económica en todas las regiones. Los efectos de los ataques indiscriminados de Rusia a
la infraestructura de Ucrania y los bloqueos de los puertos marítimos de Ucrania serán más graves
para quienes ya se encuentran en situación de vulnerabilidad. El Gobierno de Rusia debe poner fin
a la utilización de los alimentos como arma y permitir a Ucrania que envíe sus cereales de forma
segura para que millones de personas hambrientas puedan alimentarse .
6.57. Además, ningún grado de desinformación puede esconder que la culpa es de Rusia; ella es la
única responsable de esa crisis, no las sanciones concebidas para detener su guerra injusta y brutal
en Ucrania. Es Rusia la que ha destruido la capacidad de Ucrania para abastecer al mu ndo de
alimentos, y es Rusia la que se ha sustraído del sistema mundial de comercio. El Canadá sigue
rechazando toda sugerencia de que las medidas que aplica a Rusia impidan a cualquier otro Miembro,
incluida Rusia, exportar o importar productos agropecuar ios o abonos.
6.58. La solución a esta crisis es que los líderes rusos abandonen la vía de la guerra, retiren de
inmediato sus tropas y las hagan retornar a Rusia y asuman su responsabilidad de restaurar y
mantener la paz y la seguridad internacionales. El Canad á seguirá adoptando las medidas que
considere necesarias para proteger los intereses esenciales de su seguridad y colaborando
estrechamente con asociados con ideas afines para promover la paz y la seguridad de todos los
Estados y sus ciudadanos.
6.59. El apoyo d el Canadá a Ucrania y a su población es inquebrantable, y el Canadá trabajará para
encontrar formas de utilizar el comercio para apoyar a Ucrania en la reconstrucción de su economía
y su sociedad.
6.60. El delegado de Ucrania dice lo siguiente:
6.61. En primer lugar, Ucrania desea expresar su sincero agradecimiento a todos los Miembros de
la OMC mencionados en la solicitud de Rusia y a los demás Miembros que apoyan a Ucrania en este
difícil momento de la agresión rusa, que ha provocado muerte, destrucción y sufrimiento humano
en suelo ucraniano. Ucrania agradece todo el apoyo recibido, incluidas las sanciones impuestas en
respuesta a la invasión unilateral rusa de la que es objeto.
6.62. La agresión militar de Rusia contra Ucrania es una violación flagrante del derecho intern acional
y del orden internacional basado en normas. La guerra de Rusia ha producido efectos desfavorables
que van mucho más allá de las fronteras de Ucrania. La guerra de Rusia no solo ha socavado
gravemente la capacidad de Ucrania para participar en el co mercio mundial y beneficiarse del
sistema multilateral de comercio basado en normas, sino que también ha causado perturbaciones
del comercio y agravado la inseguridad alimentaria en el mundo. Rusia es la única responsable de
la guerra puesta en marcha cont ra Ucrania y de sus repercusiones para el mundo.
6.63. A pesar de los hechos indiscutibles, Rusia continúa su campaña de desinformación y sigue
haciendo falsas declaraciones en un intento por desplazar la culpa de la crisis alimentaria a los países
que han impue sto sanciones en su contra, aunque estas sanciones no se dirijan a los alimentos. La
Armada de Rusia es la que bloquea los puertos ucranianos en el Mar Negro e impide las exportaciones G/C/M/143
- 18 -
de productos agropecuarios ucranios a los mercados internacionales. Las tropas rusas son las que
siguen destruyendo las empresas agrícolas, los centros de distribución de alimentos, el equipo
agrícola y los depósitos de combustible de Ucrania. Además, Rusia se está haciendo con los cereales
y otros productos agropecuarios de Ucrania, y está tratando de vender el grano saqueado a otros
países. Según las estimaciones de Ucrania, Rusia ya se ha hecho con unas 500.000 toneladas de
cereales.
6.64. Ucrania considera oportuno señalar que, antes de la guerra, exportaba alrededor de 6 millon es
de toneladas de productos agropecuarios por mes y más del 90 % de ese volumen se exportaba por
vía marítima. A pesar de la guerra y el bloqueo de sus puertos por parte de Rusia, Ucrania está
haciendo todo lo posible por cumplir sus obligaciones internaci onales y suministrar cereales y otros
productos agropecuarios al mercado mundial. En marzo de este año, Ucrania suministró tan solo
350.000 toneladas de productos agropecuarios al mercado mundial. En abril, las exportaciones
aumentaron a 1 millón de tonela das, y en junio este volumen ascendió a 2,1 millones de toneladas
como resultado de la labor realizada junto con los asociados de Ucrania para establecer nuevas rutas
de suministro. Sin embargo, Ucrania aún tiene más de 20 millones de toneladas de producto s
agropecuarios que pueden exportarse a los mercados internacionales. Además, Ucrania estima que
la cosecha de este año ascenderá a unos 50 millones de toneladas de cereales, que incluyen unas
30 millones de toneladas que se prevé que estarán disponibles p ara exportar.
6.65. Sin embargo, la disponibilidad de productos agropecuarios ucranianos en el mercado mundial
dependerá no solo de los esfuerzos de los agricultores, los comerciantes y el Gobierno de Ucrania,
sino también de toda la comunidad internacional.
6.66. Ucrania reitera a sus asociados su agradecimiento por el valioso apoyo y pide a los demás
Miembros de la OMC que hagan todo lo posible para limitar la capacidad de Rusia de librar una
guerra, matar ucranianos y socavar el sistema multilateral de comercio basa do en normas.
6.67. El delegado de Australia dice lo siguiente:
6.68. Al igual que otros Miembros que hicieron uso de la palabra anteriormente, Australia vuelve a
condenar en los términos más enérgicos posibles la invasión unilateral, ilegal e inmoral de Ucrania
por p arte de Rusia. Esta invasión es una violación flagrante del derecho internacional, en particular
de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas. Australia apoya firmemente la soberanía e integridad territorial
de Ucrania, y vuelve a exhortar a Rusia a cesar sus ataque s a ese país y retirar sus fuerzas del
territorio ucraniano. La guerra de Rusia en Ucrania está teniendo unas consecuencias humanitarias
catastróficas y, además, perturba el comercio y provoca una crisis alimentaria.
6.69. Australia apoya la acción colectiva de la comunidad internacional y ha impuesto un amplio
abanico de sanciones, que han supuesto una pesada carga para Rusia y para todos los responsables.
Además, Australia ha aplicado, entre otras medidas comerciales: i) la prohibición de las
importaciones de p etróleo, productos refinados del petróleo, carbón y gas de Rusia (a partir del
25 de abril); ii) la prohibición de las exportaciones de alúmina y bauxita a Rusia (a partir del 20 de
marzo); iii) la prohibición de las exportaciones de bienes suntuarios a Ru sia (a partir del 7 de abril);
y iv) la denegación del trato de nación más favorecida a Rusia y la imposición de un arancel adicional
del 35 % a las mercancías producidas o fabricadas por Rusia (a partir del 25 de abril). Australia ha
notificado recientemen te estas medidas comerciales al Consejo General y al Comité de Acceso a los
Mercados, de conformidad con su compromiso con la transparencia de la OMC. Australia también
acaba de anunciar que se sumará a los asociados con ideas afines para prohibir la impor tación de
oro ruso, con el fin de reducir la capacidad de Rusia de financiar su guerra. Oportunamente se
notificarán más detalles al respecto. Estas medidas se justifican teniendo en cuenta el ataque sin
precedentes de Rusia y se justifican al amparo de la s normas de la OMC, en particular, del
artículo XXI del GATT.
6.70. Los actos de Rusia violan la soberanía y la integridad territorial de Ucrania y socavan el orden
internacional basado en normas. Australia se compromete a defender estos principios, que son
esenciales para la estabilidad y la seguridad internacionales, regionales y nacionales.
6.71. Las alegaciones de Rusia de que las sanciones son en gran medida responsables del aumento
de los precios de los alimentos son un intento por quitarse de encima la culpa por la invasión ilegítima
de Ucrania. De hecho, la invasión de Rusia es lo que exacerba el hambre en el mundo, perturba las G/C/M/143
- 19 -
exportaciones de alimentos, aumenta los precios de la energía e incrementa los costos de los abonos,
y trae inseguridad alimentaria a m uchos millones de personas en todo el mundo. Ucrania es uno de
los principales productores y exportadores de alimentos básicos y cereales forrajeros y provee a
muchos países vulnerables y dependientes de las importaciones en África, Asia y Oriente Medio. L a
invasión de Rusia y la destrucción de los recursos y la infraestructura agrícolas han perturbado el
suministro mundial de alimentos al impedir esta exportación de trigo, cebada, maíz y aceite de
girasol, además de poner en riesgo la plantación de esta co secha, con lo que en la práctica se
prolongará la crisis alimentaria.
6.72. La retirada rusa de Ucrania es la mejor manera de restablecer la capacidad de Ucrania de
participar en el sistema mundial de comercio y de esta manera contribuir a aliviar la crisis alim entaria
y las perturbaciones del comercio conexas. Además, las respuestas a crisis alimentarias mundiales
como esta no deberían comportar la imposición de medidas restrictivas del comercio o la
acumulación de existencias de alimentos. Esas políticas no hac en más que agravar los problemas de
escasez de alimentos al negar el acceso a los países vulnerables e importadores netos de alimentos.
La mejor manera de garantizar la seguridad alimentaria a largo plazo es a través de un comercio
agrícola abierto, transp arente y previsible. Australia apoya la Declaración Ministerial sobre la
Respuesta de Emergencia a la Inseguridad Alimentaria adoptada en la CM12 y seguirá siendo un
proveedor fiable y abierto de productos alimenticios al mundo.
6.73. El delegado del Japón dice lo siguiente:
6.74. La agresión de Rusia contra Ucrania supone una clara infracción de la soberanía y la integridad
territorial de Ucrania y constituye una grave violación de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, que prohíbe
el uso de la fuerza. El Japón nunca acepta rá este intento unilateral de cambiar el statu quo por la
fuerza, que es un hecho sumamente grave, que quebranta el fundamento mismo del orden
internacional. El Japón condena las acciones de Rusia con la mayor firmeza. En ese contexto, cabe
esperar que la comunidad internacional, incluido el Japón, imponga sanciones a Rusia en respuesta
a su agresión contra Ucrania.
6.75. El Japón sigue trabajando con sus asociados, entre ellos las organizaciones internacionales,
para abordar de manera proactiva los efectos de la agresión rusa contra Ucrania en sectores como
los de la energía y los alimentos, entre otros, en muchos países. El Japón y otros Miembros de
la OMC han abordado cuidadosamente la situación imponiendo sanciones de manera que no
obstaculicen el suministro d e asistencia humanitaria ni el funcionamiento del comercio mundial de
productos agropecuarios.
6.76. Junto con otros Miembros de la OMC, el Japón insiste en que la Federación de Rusia debe
poner fin sin demora a su agresión militar contra Ucrania y retirar inmed iatamente sus tropas. El
Japón está firmemente convencido de que la Federación de Rusia debe rendir cuentas y poner fin a
sus actos, que socavan la paz, la seguridad y el derecho internacional.
6.77. El delegado de Costa Rica dice lo siguiente:
6.78. En relación con e ste punto del orden del día, Costa Rica desea sumarse a las expresiones de
apoyo y solidaridad con la población ucraniana y condena en los términos más enérgicos la agresión
injustificada de Rusia. La cruel tragedia humana que padecen millones de familias ucranianas es
inconcebible para un país como Costa Rica, una democracia sin ejército y con una tradición pacifista.
Costa Rica ha sido y siempre será una ferviente defensora del multilateralismo y de una arquitectura
internacional al servicio de la paz, la seguridad, el desarrollo sostenible y la protección de los
derechos humanos. Costa Rica cree firmemente que el comercio puede y debe contribuir a la
estabilidad y la paz de las naciones. En este contexto, a Costa Rica le preocupa la repercusión de la
agresión de Rusia contra Ucrania en el comercio internacional de productos e insumos agropecuarios
que son esenciales para la seguridad alimentaria mundial. Costa Rica exhorta a Rusia a poner fin a
las hostilidades lo antes posible y a emprender un camino que restablezca la paz y la seguridad
internacionales.
6.79. El delegado de la República de Corea dice lo siguiente:
6.80. La República de Corea ha condenado firmemente la invasión armada de Ucrania por parte de
Rusia. Con respecto al tema actual, Corea opina que es esenc ial centrarse en el verdadero origen G/C/M/143
- 20 -
del fuerte empeoramiento de la situación de las cadenas de suministro mundiales en muchas esferas,
que plantea una grave amenaza al orden comercial mundial basado en normas en el marco de
la OMC. La forma de detener tod o este proceso es obvia: basta con que Rusia ponga fin a su
intervención militar en Ucrania.
6.81. El delegado de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela dice lo siguiente:
6.82. La República Bolivariana de Venezuela desea agradecer a la Federación de Rusia que haya
planteado una cuestión sumamente sensible en esta reunión. Venezuela lleva años alertando sobre
la proliferación de medidas coercitivas unilaterales. Desde al menos 2015, es decir, desde hace
siete años, Venezuela viene sufrido un ataque multidimensional, financiero, comercial, económico y
patrimonial, con pérdidas multimillonarias, que han causado la reducción del 99 % de los ingresos
de Venezuela, con un impacto negativo que se ha extendido a todas las áreas, especialmente los
sectores alimenticios, de sal ud, transporte, comunicaciones y tecnologías.
6.83. La República Bolivariana de Venezuela es testigo de primer orden de los daños colaterales
que estas medidas provocan no solamente a la población del país afectado, sino también a otras
economías, causando así a lteraciones de todo tipo, que incluyen distorsiones comerciales.
6.84. La OMC ha demostrado ser una organización orientada principalmente por consideraciones
económicas y normas jurídicas sólidas. El unilateralismo, por su propia definición, entraña una
violació n de sus principios y normas. A este respecto, la República Bolivariana de Venezuela pide un
retorno al multilateralismo como la forma idónea para dirimir las diferencias y aboga por un sistema
multilateral de comercio previsible, transparente, inclusivo y basado en normas acordadas por
consenso.
6.85. El delegado del Taipei Chino dice lo siguiente:
6.86. El Territorio Aduanero Distinto de Taiwán, Penghu, Kinmen y Matsu condena el ataque militar
que ha lanzado la Federación de Rusia contra Ucrania. Ha puesto en peligro la paz y la estabilidad
regionales y mundiales y sigue causando devastadoras pérdidas de vidas humanas. Esto es
totalmente inaceptable desde cualquier punto de vista. Es una clara violación de los derechos
humanos y una infracción manifiesta del orden int ernacional basado en normas. El Taipei Chino insta
a la Federación de Rusia a que ponga fin a sus actos de agresión de inmediato. El Taipei Chino
expresa su solidaridad con Ucrania y su pueblo.
6.87. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
7 UNIÓN EU ROPEA - APLICACIÓN DE OBSTÁCULOS NO ARANCELARIOS SOBRE LOS
PRODUCTOS AGRÍCOLAS - SOLICITUD DE AUSTRALIA, EL BRASIL, EL CANADÁ, COLOMBIA,
COSTA RICA, EL ECUADOR, LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS, GUATEMALA, PANAMÁ, EL PARAGUAY,
EL PERÚ, LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA Y EL URUGU AY (G/C/W/767/REV.1)
7.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de Australia,
el Brasil, el Canadá, Colombia, Costa Rica, el Ecuador, los Estados Unidos, Guatemala, Panamá, el
Paraguay, el Perú, la República Dominic ana y el Uruguay.
7.2. El delegado de Colombia dice lo siguiente:
7.3. Colombia quiere agradecer a la UE y a sus delegados en Ginebra por su disposición a discutir
este tema. Colombia lamenta que desde la introducción de este punto en la agenda por primera vez
y has ta la fecha, no se haya podido avanzar. Colombia desea manifestar la frustración de sus
productores que siguen haciendo frente a las restricciones y ningún avance se ha observado.
7.4. En esta ocasión, Colombia desea remitirse a la notificación, presentada por la Comisión de
la UE al Comité OTC el día anterior a la presente reunión del Consejo, mediante el documento
G/TBT/N/EU/908, de un proyecto de reglamento propuesto que trata de reducir a cero los límites
máximos de residuos (LMR) de clotianidina y tiametoxa m. Colombia examinó la notificación con gran
preocupación y, a modo de declaración preliminar, considera que puede infringir las obligaciones
contraídas por la UE ante la OMC en el marco de los acuerdos abarcados. G/C/M/143
- 21 -
7.5. A Colombia le sigue preocupando el régimen general de peligro de la Unión Europea que se
manifiesta principalmente en la política de plaguicidas que establece regulaciones más restrictivas
de lo necesario. Colombia ha dicho también que la medida puede resultar discriminatoria a la hora
de elegir l as sustancias que se revisan, a la hora de permitir la intervención de interesados, a la hora
de establecer criterios como la forma de consumo de un alimento, a la hora de desconocer las
condiciones geográficas y climáticas distintas de los países, en espe cial en áreas tropicales, y, por
último pero no menos importante, a la hora de establecer regímenes de excepción distintos para
productores europeos y productores extranjeros. En esta ocasión, Colombia desea reiterar todos
esos argumentos, así como sus int ervenciones anteriores.
7.6. Colombia desea manifestar que está de acuerdo con el objetivo legitimo buscado por el régimen
europeo de plaguicidas. Sin embargo, Colombia desea formular a la UE la siguiente pregunta: ¿por
qué no establecer períodos de transición más largos para las sustancias que se encuentran en
proceso de aprobación? ¿Por qué no evitar la adopción de medidas reglamentarias al momento de
la producción si el residuo de plaguicida no supera el nivel autorizado en el momento de la aplicación?
¿Por q ué no mantener los LMR existentes mientras se revisan las solicitudes de tolerancia en la
importación y se ha completado una evaluación de riesgos completa?, o ¿por qué no considerar los
datos de terceros países en una fase más temprana del proceso de la U E para las renovaciones y
aprobaciones? ¿No es posible trabajar conjuntamente para que los productores colombianos de
bienes importados a la UE tengan una salida? Los productores de Colombia se están quedando sin
soluciones y estas son vías que no implican un cambio de política, sino una ventana de salida.
7.7. El delegado del Paraguay dice lo siguiente:
7.8. Una vez más, el Paraguay lamenta tener que volver a introducir esta preocupación comercial
en la agenda de este Consejo. Sin embargo, lastimosamente, el Paraguay no ha logrado avanzar en
la resolución de esta a pesar de los años transcurridos desde su primera introducción y hasta la
fecha.
7.9. El Paraguay lamenta que la Unión Europea continúe dilatando respuestas a sus preguntas,
incluyendo no solo la presentación de algunas de estas respuestas con muy poca antelación en la
reunión de junio del Comité de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias (Comité MSF), a pesar de haberlas
recibido ya en el mes de marzo, sino que también a través de la evasió n del fondo de las mismas.
Por ejemplo cuando la Comisión indica que hay cuestiones que corresponden a los Estados
miembros, tales como las autorizaciones de emergencia y que por ello, no puede brindar respuesta
a las interrogantes. El Paraguay recuerda qu e los 27 Estados miembros de la UE son miembros de
la Unión Europea por derecho propio.
7.10. Los productores europeos continúan siendo sistemáticamente beneficiados con autorizaciones
de emergencia y con generosos subsidios para mantener métodos de producción q ue no son
compatibles con condiciones climáticas y geográficas distintas, como las del Paraguay. Los
argumentos presentados por los agricultores europeos para solicitar estas autorizaciones a sus
países, son similares a los que los socios comerciales de la UE alegamos en este foro, como por
ejemplo la falta de alternativas viables, la posibilidad de generación de resistencia, el uso seguro de
conformidad con las buenas prácticas agrícolas, las pérdidas seguras que generaría el no contar con
dicha herramient a a la producción. La diferencia es que los reclamos de los productores europeos
son escuchados y reciben una salida mientras que los del Paraguay y otros países de la región
continúan siendo ignorados. Esto no se trata de protección a la salud, pues no se han demostrado
beneficios de estas políticas ni existe evidencia científica que las justifique; antes bien, se trata de
simple proteccionismo.
7.11. Sumado a su preocupación sistémica, el Paraguay, como Colombia, llama a la atención del
Comité la reciente notif icación de la Unión Europea, distribuida un día antes de la presente reunión,
que pretende imponer estándares europeos a terceros países, sin tener en cuenta los principios de
"responsabilidades compartidas pero diferenciadas", las diferentes circunstancia s climáticas y de los
sistemas productivos, y el enorme apoyo financiero que reciben los productores europeos para dar
cumplimiento a estos estándares, lo que es sumamente problemático. Dicho enfoque, además,
presume que los demás Miembros no son capaces d e establecer sus propios estándares ambientales.
7.12. Resulta paradójico que inclusive en los casos en los que la aplicación del principio precautorio
ha permitido la renovación y aprobación de la sustancia, resulta que otros factores relevantes que G/C/M/143
- 22 -
nada tienen que ver con la salud de las personas, plantas o animales son tenidos en cuenta para el
establecimiento de LMR. Además, se pretende regular las prácticas ambientales en países no
miembros de la UE, pero sin renunciar al derecho de las autorizaciones de eme rgencia que se
reservan en los Estados miembros de la UE para continuar usando los productos que no pueden ser
usados en terceros países si buscan comercializar con la UE; y esto con solo dos ciclos productivos,
a modo de período de transición, para un reg lamento que aún no se ha notificado.
7.13. El Paraguay reitera una vez más que la Unión Europea ha asumido compromisos ante esta
Organización y otros Organismos Internacionales, que deben ser respetados y honrados, y que el
unilateralismo no es la forma de lider ar con el ejemplo. El Paraguay insta nuevamente a la UE a
tener un di álogo constructivo con todas las partes involucradas e interesadas con el fin de poder
avanzar en una solución mutuamente aceptable a esta preocupación comercial tan importante para
los países agroexportadores, en especial, aquellos países en desarrollo cuyas economías y sustento
dependen principalmente del sector agropecuario, como el Paraguay.
7.14. El delegado del Ecuador dice lo siguiente:
7.15. Una vez más y en línea con las preocupaciones comerc iales que ha venido levantando por
algunos años en los Comités MSF y OTC, el Ecuador se ve en la necesidad de reiterar sus puntos de
vista sobre esta cuestión. El Ecuador quisiera no hacerlo. Sin embargo, la persistencia de una
cuestión que afecta a una la rga lista de Miembros, a más de al Ecuador, nos obliga a renovar nuestra
seria preocupación ante este Consejo y a lamentar que los Miembros hayan caído en la permanente
e infructuosa repetición de reclamos que no encuentran ninguna solución efectiva.
7.16. En línea con intervenciones anteriores en este Consejo, el Ecuador debe una vez más exhortar
a la Unión Europea: i) a no adoptar medidas restrictivas y discriminatorias sin evidencia científica
concluyente ni contrastada con otras opiniones; ii) a respetar y po r tanto ceñirse a los estándares
internacionales reconocidos como valederos para la protección de la salud humana, vegetal y animal;
iii) a sujetarse a las obligaciones que establece el Acuerdo MSF, entre las que se encuentra la de
sustentar toda medida qu e se tome en MSF en un enfoque de evaluación de riesgo y no solo en la
permanente aplicación de un principio precautorio; iv) a considerar la suspensión de la vigencia de
las medidas de reducción de los LMR que estén en proceso de implementación que se hal len más
allá de los niveles recomendados por el Codex, y que sean los parámetros del Codex los que se usan
en la normativa para delimitar los LMR; y v) a otorgar un plazo de ajuste razonable a otros países a
los que eventualmente generen obligaciones las m edidas, para que dichos países puedan atenderlas
de manera efectiva en los casos que se demuestre indispensable la reducción de los LMR.
7.17. Los organismos especializados como el Codex Alimentarius proveen el espacio idóneo para
discutir asuntos como la defini ción de LMR sobre la base de argumentos científicos. Al mismo tiempo,
en esos ámbitos especializados, es posible analizar y matizar los efectos de las asimetrías
tecnológicas y económicas entre los Miembros. Los países tropicales en desarrollo, como el Ecu ador,
enfrentan retos distintos que los de los productores en climas templados o semiáridos.
7.18. El Ecuador reitera su compromiso con la protección de la salud humana y del ambiente. Un
compromiso que quiere usar de manera adecuada los instrumentos multilatera les que rigen las
relaciones de las naciones. Un compromiso que busca que la aplicación de principios que todos
valoramos se conduzca de una manera ordenada, razonable y coordinada en los foros multilaterales
técnicos, y no simplemente de forma unilateral.
7.19. Los obstáculos no arancelarios como los LMR, que se adoptan por fuera de estándares
internacionales, sin una evaluación técnica adecuada y sin períodos de transición para los países a
los que los LMR conciernen, tienen un impacto negativo no solo en los d emás Miembros en un sentido
institucional amplio. También en el día a día, en la práctica, el impacto se traduce en la afectación a
agricultores, muchos de ellos pequeños y medianos que, en el caso de los países en desarrollo,
constituyen el pilar central de su agricultura de exportación. Ese impacto negativo disminuye las
oportunidades de acceso a mercados e impide que los Miembros aprovechen los beneficios que
ofrecen los acuerdos de liberalización del comercio y el propio sistema multilateral de la OMC. Una
buena parte de la economía ecuatoriana, por ejemplo, se sostiene sobre los ingresos de
exportaciones agrícolas, de la producción de pequeños y medianos agricultores, y de su
competitividad y eficiencia que no tiene la red de seguridad de extensos progr amas de subsidios. G/C/M/143
- 23 -
7.20. El Ecuador espera continuar con el ejercicio de intercambio de información sobre esta cuestión
que ha mantenido junto con otras delegaciones y con la Unión Europea. El Ecuador alienta también
al uso de todos los canales de diálogo dispon ibles para resolver esta preocupación comercial de larga
data.
7.21. El delegado de Uruguay dice lo siguiente:
7.22. Uruguay desea reiterar su preocupación comercial y sistémica relativa a la utilización, por
parte de la Unión Europea, de un enfoque basado en el peligro en sus decisiones regulatorias
vinculadas a asuntos sanitarios y fitosanitarios, y no en evaluaciones completas de los riesgos.
Uruguay quiere dejar sentado que toda determinación en materia de límites máximos de residuos
(LMR), particularmente cua ndo esa determinación se aleja de los estándares internacionalmente
aceptados y de los esfuerzos de armonización realizados en ámbitos multilaterales como el Codex,
debe basarse en una evaluación científica completa de los riesgos y en evidencia científica
concluyente, de conformidad con lo establecido en el Acuerdo MSF. Esto es esencial para mantener
el equilibrio efectivo que debe existir entre el derecho de los Miembros a perseguir sus objetivos
legítimos y la necesidad de evitar la creación de obstáculo s innecesarios al comercio.
7.23. Uruguay coincide con otros Miembros en que la cuestión de los regímenes de excepción,
incluyendo el de las autorizaciones de emergencia concedidas por los Estados miembros de la Unión
Europea a sus productores domésticos, puede generar tensiones con respecto a la consistencia de
las políticas adoptadas a nivel doméstico por dichos Estados con el objetivo de protección de la salud
esgrimido a nivel comunitario, así como situaciones discriminatorias con respecto a terceros en su
esfera comercial.
7.24. A Uruguay también le preocupa que no se brinden períodos de transición suficientes (no
menores a dos años, o dos zafras de producción) para realizar los ajustes necesarios en la producción
y asegurar el cumplimiento de los productos concern idos con los LMR modificados, tomando en
cuenta los tiempos de cosecha y los momentos en los que se aplican los productos fitosanitarios, así
como el tiempo requerido para el desarrollo y registro de sustancias alternativas.
7.25. Con respecto a los anuncios sob re la consideración de los impactos ambientales en el
otorgamiento de tolerancias de importación, Uruguay toma nota de la notificación de la UE que figura
en el documento G/TBT/N/EU/908, presentada un día antes de la reunión del Consejo, en relación
con lo s LMR de clotianidina y tiametoxam.
7.26. Uruguay reitera su disposición a colaborar con otros Miembros de la OMC, incluyendo a la
Unión Europea, en mecanismos que coadyuven al logro de sus objetivos legítimos reconociendo
plenamente la capacidad de las autorida des de terceros países de adoptar las medidas que estas
juzguen apropiadas o necesarias en su territorio para equilibrar el objetivo de asegurar la producción
de alimentos con otras metas legítimas, como el cuidado del medio ambiente, la salud humana o la
sanidad animal o vegetal. Uruguay reitera, asimismo, su llamado a la UE a tomar debidamente en
cuenta todas sus obligaciones como Miembro de la OMC al momento de considerar estas medidas.
7.27. Finalmente, Uruguay exhorta una vez más a la Unión Europea, como uno de los mayores
mercados de productos agropecuarios, a reconsiderar la dirección de su enfoque regulatorio con
miras a evitar la proliferación injustificada de obstáculos al comercio internacional de productos
agropecuarios, teniendo en cuenta las severas consecuencias socio -económicas que estas políticas
pueden conllevar para los países en desarrollo y menos adelantados cuyas economías se basan en
la producción y el comercio de productos agropecuarios y agroindustriales.
7.28. La delegada del Perú dice lo siguie nte:
7.29. El Perú considera que las medidas de la Unión Europea no están justificadas y afectan al
comercio agropecuario. A este respecto, la cuestión se ha reiterado en numerosas ocasiones en el
marco del Comité MSF. El enfoque basado en el peligro que aplica la UE para la evaluación de los
límites máximos de residuos (LMR) de plaguicidas hace que esos límites sean más restrictivos de lo
necesario y, a su vez, no tiene en cuenta las disposiciones del Acuerdo MSF, que establece la
necesidad de que las medidas se basen en un análisis del riesgo. Esa situación podría ser todavía
más preocupante dado que la UE comenzará a considerar los aspectos ambientales como un factor
en las próximas evaluaciones del riesgo de los plaguicidas, a pesar de que no existe una base t écnica G/C/M/143
- 24 -
para ese tipo de política. De hecho, el Perú ha constatado que los obstáculos no arancelarios no solo
se refieren a los límites máximos de plaguicidas, ya que la UE también establece niveles máximos
de contaminantes que se desvían de los establecido s por el Codex Alimentarius y son
sustancialmente menores, como en el caso de los derivados del cacao.
7.30. En cuanto a otros productos alimentarios, el Perú también ha solicitado a la Unión Europea,
durante los intercambios bilaterales, que indique el proceso establecido para la adopción de límites
máximos de contaminantes y que establezca plazos adecuados para su aplicación, ya que las
medidas de mitigación varían y siguen en vigor durante un largo período de tiempo después de su
aplicación.
7.31. El Perú solicita a la UE que tome en consideración las preocupaciones expuestas en este
Consejo y en el Comité MSF a fin de que sus políticas se encuentren alineadas con el Acuerdo MSF.
7.32. El delegado del Brasil dice lo siguiente:
7.33. El Brasil lamenta que, desde que se planteó po r primera vez esta cuestión, hace casi dos años,
la Unión Europea no solo no haya dado respuestas adecuadas a las numerosas preocupaciones
planteadas por un elevado número de Miembros de la OMC, sino que también haya seguido
estableciendo obstáculos no ara ncelarios que no se basan en pruebas científicas y que acentúan el
desequilibrio en el comercio de productos agropecuarios.
7.34. El Brasil, por lo tanto, se remite a las declaraciones anteriores que ha formulado sobre este
asunto, ya que todas las preocupacione s manifestadas por el Brasil siguen estando vigentes.4
Además, el Brasil desea abordar la que ha sido la respuesta frecuente de la Unión Europea sobre
este tema.
7.35. La Unión Europea ha afirmado que las medidas objeto de las preguntas no le han impedido
ser u n gran importador de productos agropecuarios. En primer lugar, los Miembros de la OMC
deberían tomar nota de que en ninguna parte del GATT se dice que ser un gran importador de
productos agropecuarios permita a un Miembro de la OMC adoptar políticas discri minatorias o ir en
contra de los principios básicos del Acuerdo MSF. En segundo lugar, estas importaciones
simplemente reflejan el hecho de que otras regiones del mundo pueden producir de forma más eficaz
y sostenible que la UE sin necesidad de conceder mi les de euros de subvenciones por agricultor. Sin
embargo, y a pesar de que la asignación más eficiente de la producción y la promoción del aumento
del nivel de vida mediante el comercio son objetivos clave de esta Organización, los Miembros de
la OMC no ha n estado nunca en igualdad de condiciones en el comercio de productos agropecuarios,
y la reforma prevista en el artículo 20 del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura es una clara muestra de ello.
Además, el principio científico, consagrado en el Acuerdo MSF y mate rializado a través del análisis
de riesgos, existe por una razón, a saber, establecer un equilibrio entre el principio de protección de
la vida y la salud humana y animal y la garantía de que las condiciones de acceso a los mercados
negociadas multilateral mente no se vean socavadas por obstáculos no arancelarios injustificados.
7.36. Sin embargo, después de casi 30 años, la Unión Europea no se ha implicado de manera
significativa para corregir el desequilibrio a su favor que figura en el Acuerdo sobre la Agricult ura y
no deja de imponer prohibiciones fundamentadas en el enfoque basado en el peligro y/o el recurso
al artículo 5.7 del Acuerdo MSF, a pesar del asesoramiento técnico contrario de instituciones de
renombre. Esto no solo inclina la balanza hacia el prote ccionismo, sino que también merma la
capacidad de los países en desarrollo de elevar el nivel de vida en las zonas rurales. Reducir las
subvenciones que hacen que la agricultura de la UE sea artificialmente competitiva y respetar
simplemente las normas del Acuerdo MSF favorecería la agricultura en los países en desarrollo, lo
que reportaría beneficios en los tres pilares del desarrollo sostenible, en particular al reducir el
número de migrantes en los grandes centros urbanos y en los países de ingreso alto, como esos
Estados miembros de la UE.
7.37. Además, el Brasil quisiera señalar que sigue esperando respuestas adecuadas sobre la
compatibilidad con las normas de la OMC de la publicación, por parte de la UE, de más de
2.600 autorizaciones de emergencia en sus Es tados miembros, relativas a sustancias sujetas a
examen desde 2017. Muchas de las solicitudes utilizaban los mismos argumentos presentados por
4 Documento G/C/M/142, párrafos 6.56 a 6.60. G/C/M/143
- 25 -
las delegaciones de otros Miembros de la OMC en los Comités MSF y OTC, mientras que otras
sencillamente no incluí an justificación alguna y, sin embargo, fueron aprobadas. La identificación de
esas autorizaciones fue el resultado de la ardua labor de las delegaciones pequeñas, en las que
normalmente una sola persona abarca muchos temas, en contraste con el gran número de
delegados, pasantes y expertos que la UE tiene a su disposición. Por consiguiente, el Brasil considera
que el hecho de que la UE facilite las debidas aclaraciones sobre este asunto es una cuestión de
respeto de las demás delegaciones y del buen funcion amiento de esta Organización.
7.38. Como observación final, el Brasil subraya que el mundo se enfrenta a una aguda crisis de
seguridad alimentaria, que será aún más difícil en los próximos decenios a medida que aumente la
población mundial. Por lo tanto, es impe rativo contar con incentivos y políticas que apoyen la
agricultura en aquellas zonas en las que, gracias a un clima favorable para la agricultura, pueda
aumentar la producción de manera sostenible. Lamentablemente, las políticas de la UE en esta esfera
no están yendo en la dirección que necesitan los Miembros de la OMC para apoyar a los más pobres
en los países en desarrollo y aumentar la seguridad alimentaria en todo el mundo.
7.39. El delegado de Australia dice lo siguiente:
7.40. Australia ha planteado o respaldado una serie de preocupaciones comerciales específicas
relativas a la aplicación por parte de la UE de obstáculos no arancelarios para los productos
agropecuarios, en particular en las últimas reuniones del Comité MSF y del Comité OTC. A Australia
le sigue pr eocupando que la aplicación por la UE de sus normas sanitarias y ambientales a los
productos agropecuarios y agroalimentarios importados no propicie, en muchos aspectos, el logro
de resultados productivos y sostenibles en el sector agropecuario.
7.41. En el caso de los productos agropecuarios importados, el enfoque reglamentario de la UE para
los insumos agrícolas, los requisitos de producción y las medidas específicas destinadas a proteger
el medio ambiente han repercutido en la capacidad de los productores de t erceros países para
cumplir las prescripciones de la UE. Entre esas preocupaciones figuran los recientes intentos por
parte de la UE de establecer límites máximos de residuos (LMR) para determinados plaguicidas con
el fin de lograr resultados ambientales e n terceros países.
7.42. A Australia también le sigue preocupando la ventaja competitiva desleal otorgada a los
productores de la Unión Europea para aplicar a las importaciones las prescripciones de la UE en
materia de producción nacional. A los productores de l a UE se les otorgan subvenciones para aplicar
las prescripciones de la UE en materia de producción, pero si no pueden mantener la productividad
y la rentabilidad, solo los productores de la UE pueden acceder a exenciones de la UE de
determinadas prescripci ones reglamentarias, como las autorizaciones de emergencia para el uso de
productos fitosanitarios. Esto crea un sistema de dos niveles, con unos productos importados sujetos
a unas condiciones reglamentarias más rigurosas que para los productos de producc ión nacional.
7.43. Australia reconoce el derecho de los Miembros de la OMC a regular las importaciones de
productos agropecuarios de manera que se proteja la salud de las personas y los animales y se
preserven los vegetales y el medio ambiente. Sin embargo, los Miembros también están sujetos a
las obligaciones contraídas en el marco de la OMC, en particular en relación con las evaluaciones del
riesgo basadas en principios científicos y la garantía de que las medidas no restrinjan el comercio
más de lo necesario. Con el fin de garantizar la libre circulación del comercio agrícola sin una carga
reglamentaria innecesaria, Australia mantiene su solicitud de que la Unión Europea aplique las
normas internacionales y las mejores prácticas para regular los productos agro pecuarios importados.
7.44. Australia da las gracias a la Unión Europea por su colaboración con Australia en relación con
estas cuestiones de larga data.
7.45. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
7.46. Los Estados Unidos se suman a Australia, el Brasil, el Canadá, Colombia, Costa Rica, el
Ecuador, Guatemala, Panamá, el Paraguay, el Perú, la República Dominicana y el Uruguay para
plantear preocupaciones relativas a la aplicación por parte de la Unión Europea de obstáculos no
arancelarios sobre los productos a gropecuarios. G/C/M/143
- 26 -
7.47. La Unión Europea desarrolla cada vez más políticas rígidas con implicaciones extraterritoriales
que tienen el efecto de obligar a terceros países a tener que elegir entre adoptar las prácticas de
producción europeas o a abandonar el comercio con la UE. La UE sigue reduciendo muchos límites
máximos de residuos (LMR) a niveles que restringen el comercio sin una justificación científica clara
ni un beneficio mensurable para la salud humana. El enfoque de la UE con respecto a la
reglamentación de los plaguicidas, basado en el peligro, puede crear obstáculos al comercio que
amenazan la seguridad de los sistemas alimentarios mundiales. Además, la UE aplica los LMR
recientemente reducidos en la fase de producción para los productos nacionales, pero en la fase de
importación para los productos importados. Esto da lugar a ineficiencias y perturbaciones
comerciales para los productos destinados al mercado de la UE, según el momento en que se aplica
un nuevo LMR reducido, y da lugar a una ventaja injusta p ara los productores europeos,
especialmente en el caso de productos con largos tiempos de conservación.
7.48. Los Estados Unidos siguen preocupados porque, al parecer, la Unión Europea está adoptando
un enfoque similar a través de su nueva legislación sobre medicamentos veterinarios, que podría
prohibir a los productores el uso de agentes antimicrobianos que no se consideran importantes a
nivel médico. Los Estados Unidos recuerdan su inquietud, planteada en el Comité MSF, por el hecho
de que esas restriccione s prescriptivas, que no parecen basarse en evaluaciones completas del
riesgo, se apliquen a los productores extranjeros que exportan animales y productos de origen
animal a la Unión Europea.
7.49. Los Estados Unidos solicitan que toda medida de la UE ofrezca a l os interlocutores comerciales
la flexibilidad para ajustarse al nivel de protección exigido por la UE de una manera acorde a las
necesidades de los agricultores y los productores en el contexto nacional de los propios países
exportadores.
7.50. A la luz de las r ecientes peticiones de que se adopten medidas coordinadas para garantizar
unas corrientes comerciales previsibles y apoyar la seguridad alimentaria internacional, los
miembros de la comunidad internacional deberían colaborar entre sí para apoyar medidas ba sadas
en principios científicos que promuevan un suministro sostenible de alimentos que no entrañen
ningún riesgo, y los Estados Unidos instan a la Unión Europea a que se una a sus interlocutores
comerciales para determinar esos enfoques mutuamente benefic iosos.
7.51. La delegada de Panamá dice lo siguiente:
7.52. Panamá desea reiterar la gran importancia que otorga a esta cuestión. Los límites máximos
de residuos (LMR) se están reduciendo sin tener pruebas científicas suficientes, lo que restringe el
acceso a sustanci as esenciales para la producción de agroalimentos, en especial en países con clima
tropical, como Panamá. Panamá considera que las políticas y las prácticas de la Unión Europea en
su conjunto entrañan el riesgo de anular y menoscabar los derechos legítimos de los Miembros de
la OMC en el marco del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura y del Acuerdo MSF. Panamá comparte el objetivo
de la UE de apoyar la transición global hacia sistemas agroalimentarios mundiales más sostenibles,
pero estos deben basarse en la constru cción de soluciones diseñadas e implementadas a través de
un mecanismo de diálogo y de esquemas de cooperación multilateral. Panamá lamenta que ningún
avance se ha observado hasta la fecha. Panamá insta una vez más a la UE a que atienda a las
preocupacione s legítimas de una serie de Miembros de la OMC. A juicio de Panamá, un diálogo
constructivo, serio y permanente, junto con una asistencia técnica mutuamente acordada, llevarán
a soluciones que beneficien a todas las partes.
7.53. El delegado de Costa Rica dice l o siguiente:
7.54. Costa Rica comparte las preocupaciones planteadas por otros Miembros y señala que se trata
de preocupaciones que también se han planteado en el Consejo en otras ocasiones. Costa Rica sigue
copatrocinando y apoyando este punto del orden del día del Consejo, así como el documento
G/C/W/767/Rev.1. Costa Rica considera que las preocupaciones planteadas relativas al enfoque
reglamentario de la UE sobre los límites máximos de residuos (LMR) siguen siendo pertinentes. De
hecho, esas preocupaciones son urgentes y sin duda urgentes para los exportadores y productores
del sector agroalimentario de países tropicales como Costa Rica. Por consiguiente, Costa Rica insta
a la UE a continuar el diálogo con las partes interesadas con el fin de responder a las pr eocupaciones
planteadas por los Miembros en este Consejo y en otros comités de la OMC. G/C/M/143
- 27 -
7.55. El delegado del Canadá dice lo siguiente:
7.56. Como señaló en sus intervenciones anteriores sobre este tema, el Canadá desea reiterar la
necesidad de transparencia y previsib ilidad en el comercio internacional, conseguidas mediante
marcos reglamentarios que se basan en datos científicos y análisis de riesgos, y que se examinan
en estrecha cooperación con los interlocutores comerciales, cuando sea factible y apropiado, para
lograr resultados óptimos y facilitar al mismo tiempo el comercio. Teniendo esto presente, y de
conformidad con las obligaciones contraídas en el marco de la OMC, el Canadá sigue reconociendo
el derecho de los Miembros a reglamentar en función del interés púb lico y a aplicar las medidas
relativas a la inocuidad de los alimentos que se consideren necesarias para proteger la salud de las
personas. Sin embargo, esas medidas deben aplicarse de una forma transparente que no restrinja
el comercio internacional de ma nera injustificada y que no favorezca los productos nacionales.
7.57. En un contexto en el que la seguridad alimentaria y el suministro de alimentos en todo el
mundo son de suma importancia, el Canadá insta a la UE a replantearse el enfoque actualmente
utilizado para establecer los límites máximos de residuos (LMR) de los instrumentos de protección
de cultivos autorizados en varias jurisdicciones, a fin de ofrecer soluciones adecuadas a sus
circunstancias y necesidades particulares y garantizar el suministro de a limentos en todo el mundo.
En particular, el Canadá desea nuevamente dejar constancia de sus preocupaciones relativas a la
reglamentación de la Unión Europea de las sustancias activas en los productos fitosanitarios basada
en la peligrosidad, y los efectos indirectos que ello puede tener en el establecimiento de niveles de
la tolerancia en las importaciones. El Canadá sigue instando a la UE a que, en su proceso de adopción
de decisiones reglamentarias, tenga en cuenta tanto los peligros como los riesgos de todas las
sustancias activas. De este modo, el marco normativo de la UE volvería a estar en consonancia con
los criterios reconocidos internacionalmente, al tiempo que se seguiría protegiendo a los usuarios y
consumidores y se mejoraría la seguridad alimen taria mundial.
7.58. El Canadá recuerda que la Unión Europea ha declarado que modificará la forma en que se
establece la tolerancia en las importaciones cuando se apliquen los criterios de exclusión basados
en la peligrosidad, teniendo en cuenta por ejemplo dete rminadas repercusiones medioambientales
en el país de origen. Los productores y exportadores canadienses siguen sin estar convencidos de
la aplicabilidad real, la viabilidad comercial y el cumplimiento de las obligaciones internacionales del
enfoque propue sto por la UE. Por consiguiente, el Canadá solicita una vez más que la Unión Europea
considere mantener los LMR para las sustancias que no suponen riesgos alimentarios inaceptables
para los consumidores europeos, lo que evitaría en muchos casos la necesida d de presentar
solicitudes de tolerancia en las importaciones.
7.59. El Canadá también agradecería recibir más información a este respecto, incluyendo quién
determinaría los factores ambientales que se tendrían en cuenta, y qué relación existiría entre estos
y la evaluación del riesgo alimentario para los consumidores, que es la base científica para la
especificación de los niveles de tolerancia en las importaciones.
7.60. El Canadá sigue pidiendo que todos los cambios de reglamentación que se deriven de nuevas
polític as de la UE que afecten al comercio sean proporcionales al nivel de riesgo de que se trate y
tengan en cuenta las importantes diferencias que existen entre los países, por ejemplo en materia
de presiones causadas por plagas, patrones de uso de plaguicidas y buenas prácticas agrícolas.
7.61. Por último, el Canadá insta a la UE a que tenga en cuenta los plazos necesarios para la
adopción de decisiones prácticas por parte de los agricultores y los productores, así como el tiempo
y el esfuerzo que requiere llevar los productos al mercado, sobre todo cuando estos tienen tiempos
de conservación prolongados. Por consiguiente, los períodos de transición deberían ser adecuados a
las circunstancias y permitir que los productos se comercialicen cuando no se hayan identificad o
riesgos alimentarios para los consumidores.
7.62. En conclusión, el Canadá espera que el hecho de reiterar sus preocupaciones en el Consejo
demuestre con claridad la importancia que el Canadá y otros muchos Miembros de la OMC atribuyen
a la búsqueda de una may or transparencia y previsibilidad en el comercio, sobre todo en un contexto
en el que el comercio puede contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria y el suministro de alimentos en
todo el mundo. G/C/M/143
- 28 -
7.63. El delegado de la India dice lo siguiente:
7.64. La India da las gracias a los proponentes de esta comunicación y comparte las preocupaciones
planteadas con respecto a la aplicación de normas sanitarias y fitosanitarias a los productos
agropecuarios por parte de la Unión Europea. Al aplicar dichas normas, la UE parece imponer
unilateralmente su propio enfoque reglamentario a sus asociados comerciales. La India observa con
preocupación que esta tendencia se está acentuando, como puede verse también en el caso de la
reglamentación relacionada con el Pacto Verde Europeo. La India s igue estudiando con interés esta
cuestión en continua evolución y sigue preocupada, como cuestión de principio, con la forma en que
la UE está levantando nuevos obstáculos no arancelarios.
7.65. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
7.66. La Unión Europea toma nota y reconoce las preocupaciones expresadas por los Miembros de
la OMC. La UE proporcionó respuestas detalladas a esas preocupaciones en anteriores reuniones
del CCM. Por consiguiente, la UE desea remitirse una vez más a sus declaraciones anteriore s, ya que
siguen siendo válidas en todos sus aspectos.5
7.67. La UE es uno de los mayores importadores de productos agroalimentarios del mundo. Ha
desarrollado un sistema de gran confianza, transparente y previsible basado en su alto nivel de
protección de la s alud de los consumidores, al que algunos otros países defieren en ausencia de LMR
propios. La UE tiene un mercado abierto, y su alto nivel de protección de los consumidores nunca
ha sido un impedimento para la importación de productos agropecuarios, inclus o de los Miembros
que plantean esta preocupación comercial, cuyas cuantiosas exportaciones de esos productos a la UE
durante los últimos cinco años se han mantenido estables.
7.68. Como se anunció en el Pacto Verde Europeo y en la estrategia "De la granja a la m esa", la
Unión Europea tendrá en cuenta los aspectos ambientales al decidir sobre las solicitudes de niveles
de tolerancia en las importaciones de sustancias que ya no cuentan con su aprobación, respetando
al mismo tiempo las normas de la OMC y otras oblig aciones internacionales. La UE tiene la intención
de abordar esta cuestión de manera gradual, considerando y examinando caso por caso la situación
de cada sustancia, basándose en las mejores pruebas científicas disponibles y velando por que sus
medidas no restrinjan el comercio más de lo necesario para alcanzar su objetivo.
7.69. La UE presta asistencia técnica a los países en desarrollo y a los PMA, directamente o a través
de otras organizaciones internacionales, como la FAO, con el fin de facilitar una transici ón sin trabas
hacia productos o sistemas de producción nuevos. La UE mantiene su compromiso de continuar
dialogando abiertamente sobre sus políticas y medidas y está dispuesta a seguir colaborando con
sus interlocutores comerciales y a explicarles sus polí ticas.
7.70. Por último, sobre la base de los resultados de la Cumbre de las Naciones Unidas sobre los
Sistemas Alimentarios celebrada en septiembre de 2021, la Unión Europea considera que los
Miembros de la OMC tienen un interés común en hacer que nuestros sist emas alimentarios sean
sostenibles, así como en abordar la cuestión de las sustancias activas tóxicas y proteger la salud de
nuestros ciudadanos con medidas adecuadas.
7.71. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
8 CHINA - REGLAMENTO SOBRE LA SUPERV ISIÓN Y LA ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LOS
COSMÉTICOS (CSAR) - SOLICITUD DE AUSTRALIA, LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS, EL JAPÓN Y LA
UNIÓN EUROPEA
8.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se incluyó en el orden del día a solicitud de Australia,
los Estados Unidos, el Japón y la Un ión Europea.
8.2. El delegado de Australia dice lo siguiente:
8.3. Australia respeta el derecho de los Miembros de la OMC a aplicar medidas técnicas con fines
políticos legítimos y de conformidad con las obligaciones dimanantes de la OMC. Sin embargo, a
5 Documento G/C/M/142, párrafos 6.80 a 6.86. G/C/M/143
- 29 -
Australia le sigue preocupando que las medidas previstas en el Reglam ento sobre la Supervisión y
la Administración de los Cosméticos (CSAR) de China y en diversos reglamentos de aplicación, que
entraron en vigor el 1 de mayo de 2021, sean más estrictas de lo necesario con respecto a los
productos cosméticos de bajo riesgo. En ese contexto, Australia pide a China que persevere en su
objetivo de garantizar la inocuidad y la calidad de los cosméticos importados utilizando medidas
menos restrictivas del comercio.
8.4. Australia pide a China que proporcione a los fabricantes de cosmét icos un período de transición
hasta enero de 2023 como mínimo para examinar las prescripciones del Reglamento y adaptar sus
procesos. Australia también pide a China que aclare por qué ha mantenido su prescripción de que
las pruebas en animales sean obligat orias para los productos cosméticos destinados a los niños,
independientemente del nivel de riesgo que presenten los distintos productos.
8.5. Los exportadores australianos están preocupados por la adopción de medidas rigurosas e
inflexibles en el marco del CSA R, en particular en lo que respecta a las prescripciones establecidas
en materia de pruebas, registro y facilitación de información pormenorizada sobre los procesos de
producción y otros aspectos relacionados con la propiedad intelectual. Australia también pide que se
aclare por qué la certificación de las "buenas prácticas de fabricación" se considera necesaria para
los productos cosméticos generales de bajo riesgo y por qué los Gobiernos deben facilitar esa
certificación cuando los proveedores comerciales son igualmente capaces de hacerlo.
8.6. Australia reitera que es un proveedor fiable de productos cosméticos inocuos y de alta calidad
a nivel nacional y en los mercados internacionales. Como ha señalado Australia en ocasiones
anteriores, el Gobierno australia no está dispuesto a colaborar con China y a examinar el CSAR y los
respectivos sistemas de reglamentación de los cosméticos.
8.7. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
8.8. Es lamentable que los Estados Unidos tengan que seguir reiterando sus graves p reocupaciones.
Es imperativo que los Estados Unidos encuentren una solución para las preocupaciones suscitadas
por la elaboración del CSAR de China y las medidas de aplicación correspondientes. Se siguen
albergando importantes preocupaciones comerciales, a pesar de las continuas conversaciones
multilaterales y bilaterales mantenidas por los Estados Unidos, la industria de este país y otros
Miembros de la OMC y partes interesadas.
8.9. En primer lugar, los Estados Unidos consideran muy preocupante que el único me dio que tienen
los importadores para establecer la conformidad con las buenas prácticas de fabricación de China
comporte la realización de pruebas con animales si sus respectivos Gobiernos no emiten certificados
de buenas prácticas de fabricación (BPF) par a las exportaciones. El establecimiento de un medio que
permitiera a las empresas demostrar su conformidad con las directrices ISO 22716 relativas a las
buenas prácticas de fabricación de cosméticos sería un medio mucho más eficaz de determinar que
una emp resa se ajusta a las BPF que las pruebas con animales. Los Estados Unidos cuestionan la
réplica de China a las observaciones de varios Miembros de la OMC de que sus prescripciones en
materia de BPF para los productos importados y los productos nacionales s on equivalentes. Los
Estados Unidos vuelven a pedir a China que considere medios menos restrictivos para el comercio
con el objeto de que los importadores estadounidenses cumplan las prescripciones de China en
materia de exenciones relativas a las pruebas con animales, como los certificados de segundas y
terceras partes en el marco de la norma ISO sobre buenas prácticas de fabricación de cosméticos.
Además, los Estados Unidos piden de nuevo que China sea flexible y transparente con respecto a
los certificad os gubernamentales u otros certificados de BPF o licencias de producción que aceptará
para demostrar la conformidad.
8.10. En segundo lugar, a los Estados Unidos les sigue preocupando que el CSAR y sus medidas de
aplicación exijan una información excesivamente a mplia para evaluar la conformidad. Los
Estados Unidos lamentan que China no haya reducido estos requisitos tan onerosos. Asimismo, piden
a la Administración Nacional de Productos Médicos de China que reconsidere el alcance de las
prescripciones en materia de información.
8.11. En tercer lugar, los Estados Unidos consideran que China no ha respondido a las
preocupaciones de que las excepciones a las disposiciones que protegen la información comercial
confidencial y la referencia al Reglamento de China sobre la Div ulgación de Información G/C/M/143
- 30 -
Gubernamental puedan socavar la protección de los secretos comerciales y otro tipo de información
comercial confidencial. Los Estados Unidos piden a China que aclare si elaborará un mecanismo
concreto para que las empresas indiquen a la Administración Nacional de Productos Médicos (NMPA)
cuándo debe tratarse la información facilitada como secreto comercial o como información comercial
confidencial, a efectos de protegerla contra su divulgación no autorizada. Los Estados Unidos
solicitan que la NMPA establezca un mecanismo para velar por que el trato de los secretos
comerciales y otro tipo de información comercial confidencial sea objeto de seguimiento y sea
jurídicamente exigible en China.
8.12. En cuarto lugar, los Estados Unidos solicitan que China no exija la duplicación de pruebas en
laboratorios que gocen de acreditación metrológica china si las empresas proporcionan resultados
de pruebas de otros laboratorios que estén en conformidad con las prescripciones de China. Los
Estados Unidos solicitan que China considere la posibilidad de aceptar los resultados de las pruebas
realizadas por laboratorios certificados en buenas prácticas de laboratorio o buenas prácticas
clínicas, de conformidad con las directrices del Consejo Internacional para la Armonización de los
Requisitos Técnicos de los Productos Farmacéuticos para Uso Humano (ICH). En relación con una
cuestión conexa, a los Estados Unidos les preocupa que China siga recurriendo a las pruebas con
animales para evaluar la inocuidad de los cosméticos especiales importados y los productos
cosméticos para niños, aun cuando las empresas puedan demostrar la inocuidad mediante otros
métodos reconocidos internacionalmente.
8.13. En quinto lugar, los Estados Unidos siguen teniendo serias preocupaciones p or las posibles
repercusiones para el comercio de las nuevas prescripciones en materia de etiquetado de
cosméticos. Como se ha explicado anteriormente, los Estados Unidos solicitan que China no exija a
las empresas que divulguen al fabricante del producto en la etiqueta del producto y que China
permita el envasado y el etiquetado extranjeros, siempre que la información sobre inocuidad y
reivindicaciones de los productos extranjeros no entre en conflicto con la que figura en la etiqueta
china.
8.14. En sexto lugar y dada la magnitud de algunas de las nuevas prescripciones del CSAR, a los
Estados Unidos les preocupa que China no haya notificado sistemáticamente sus períodos de
transición para las nuevas prescripciones del CSAR de manera que se permita la formulación pública
de observaciones. Los Estados Unidos piden a China que proporcione a los importadores y
fabricantes un plazo mínimo de dos a tres años para actualizar los registros existentes y vender las
existencias de los productos que ya están en el mercado.
8.15. Los Estados Unidos solicitan que China retrase la finalización de las medidas adicionales hasta
que se dé respuesta a las preocupaciones comerciales expresadas por los Estados Unidos y muchos
otros Miembros de la OMC.
8.16. El delegado del Japón dice lo siguiente :
8.17. Desde la reunión del Comité OTC celebrada en marzo de 2019, el Japón ha venido expresando
sus preocupaciones sobre el CSAR de China y los reglamentos de aplicación conexos.
8.18. El Japón desea señalar que, por lo que respecta a la evaluación de la inocuidad y la eficacia
de los cosméticos, es problemático que China solo apruebe los resultados verificados por laboratorios
de pruebas nacionales chinos, como también lo es que se exijan más materiales de lo necesario para
probar la eficacia.
8.19. Además, cuando un fabr icante de cosméticos registra cosméticos ante las autoridades, debe
facilitar información sobre el fabricante de las materias primas utilizadas en los cosméticos. Esta
práctica impone una pesada carga a los fabricantes de los cosméticos y de las materias p rimas. Si
los fabricantes no pueden facilitar la información requerida, pueden arriesgarse a que los productos
cosméticos no se vendan. En consonancia con la práctica internacional, el Japón pide a China que la
información sobre los fabricantes de materias primas se presente cuando lo soliciten las autoridades
competentes, únicamente después de que los productos se pongan a disposición del público y no en
el momento del registro. Además, el Japón solicita que, cuando se les impongan nuevas obligaciones
a los fabricantes, se les conceda un período de gracia suficiente antes de la aplicación para que
puedan adaptar sus productos de conformidad con las nuevas prescripciones. G/C/M/143
- 31 -
8.20. El Japón pide a China que formule y aplique reglamentos sobre cosméticos que sean
compa tibles con la práctica internacional y que no restrinjan innecesariamente el comercio.
8.21. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
8.22. La Unión Europea desea reiterar las preocupaciones que ya expresó en las reuniones
anteriores del Consejo, celebradas en noviembre de 2021 y abril de 2022, con respecto al
Reglamento sobre la Supervisión y la Administración de los Cosméticos (CSAR), en vigor desde el
1 de mayo de 2021. Las preocupaciones de la UE se refieren, en particular, a las siguientes
cuestiones: i) la obligación de divulgar información comercialmente sensible durante el proceso de
registro, que afecta a los derechos de propiedad intelectual (DPI) de las empresas de que se trata.
La UE pide a China que considere la posibilidad de exigir un acceso continuo a fin de inspeccionar la
información sensible en los archivos de las empresas, pero sin imponer la obligación de presentarla
en una base de datos externa; ii) la cantidad de información requerida para la notificación de nuevos
ingredientes , así como los posibles problemas que plantea la divulgación de dicha información
después de un determinado período de tiempo. En particular, la legislación china exige que haya
una concordancia exacta entre las especificaciones emitidas por el fabricante de materias primas y
la composición de los ingredientes comunicados por las empresas de cosméticos en su solicitud de
registro de productos; cualquier discrepancia entre la información facilitada por el productor de
materias primas y las empresas de cosmét icos que presentan la solicitud hará que esta sea inválida.
Dado que la composición exacta de las materias primas nunca permanece del todo estable y puede
variar y evolucionar con el tiempo dentro de ciertos límites, es casi imposible garantizar una
cohere ncia total entre esos conjuntos de cifras. Además, el acceso a la base de datos revelaría la
fórmula de los cosméticos. La UE alienta a China a aceptar una horquilla de valores en lugar de cifras
exactas; y iii) la necesidad de publicar un resumen detallad o de la evaluación sobre la eficacia, lo
que puede ser perjudicial para los secretos comerciales. A este respecto, la UE considera que estas
prescripciones son innecesariamente estrictas para garantizar la seguridad del consumidor y la
trazabilidad de los ingredientes utilizados en los cosméticos, lo que constituye una divergencia
respecto de la práctica internacional. En ninguna otra parte del mundo se exige un nivel de
información tan amplio a efectos de notificación y registro, y siempre se garantiza la seguridad de
los consumidores. Por último, la Unión Europea desea reiterar su observación de que es necesario
diferenciar los nuevos productos de los productos que ya se ofrecen en el mercado. Así se evitará
una situación en que la oferta de productos se i nterrumpa durante un largo período debido a que
las empresas y autoridades encargadas de la supervisión no tuvieron tiempo suficiente para
prepararse.
8.23. La delegada de Nueva Zelandia dice lo siguiente:
8.24. Nueva Zelandia acoge con beneplácito los esfuerzos de Ch ina por modernizar su sistema de
reglamentación de los cosméticos, así como la oportunidad de formular observaciones sobre
determinados elementos del Reglamento de China. Si bien acoge con satisfacción la intención de
mejorar la seguridad y la garantía de la calidad, Nueva Zelandia insta a China a que garantice que,
en la aplicación de sus reglamentos, se tenga en cuenta la facilitación del comercio.
8.25. Nueva Zelandia observa que, según esas medidas, los cosméticos no sometidos a pruebas
con animales pueden en trar en el mercado chino únicamente si se facilita una certificación de buenas
prácticas de fabricación expedida por una autoridad de reglamentación de un Gobierno. Si embargo,
en muchos países, entre ellos Nueva Zelandia, se considera que los cosméticos d e uso no especial
son productos de bajo riesgo, razón por la cual no están sujetos a la certificación de buenas prácticas
de fabricación expedida por un organismo regulador.
8.26. Nueva Zelandia acoge con satisfacción la introducción de alternativas a las prueba s
obligatorias con animales para los cosméticos importados. Sin embargo, Nueva Zelandia, al igual
que otros países, lamenta que las medidas no prevean una certificación de buenas prácticas de
fabricación expedida por una autoridad de reglamentación no gube rnamental u otros mecanismos
de facilitación del comercio para ofrecer la garantía de los productos, lo que significa que todavía se
aplican obstáculos significativos e innecesarios al comercio de productos cosméticos importados para
los Miembros que no pu eden presentar esa certificación expedida por un organismo regulador. G/C/M/143
- 32 -
8.27. Nueva Zelandia insta a China a que colabore directamente con los Miembros afectados, en
particular con la propia Nueva Zelandia, a fin de identificar un mecanismo de facilitación del com ercio
para demostrar la conformidad con las buenas prácticas de fabricación, sin imponer prescripciones
en materia de pruebas con animales. Concretamente, y a raíz de la respuesta de China a la pregunta
formulada por Nueva Zelandia durante su reciente exam en de las políticas comerciales de la OMC,
Nueva Zelandia pide que se aclare si se puede eximir de la obligación de presentar un certificado de
buenas prácticas de fabricación expedido por una autoridad de reglamentación como alternativa a
las prescripcion es en materia de pruebas con animales sobre la base de que: i) la fabricación del
producto cumple plenamente la norma ISO 22716 pertinente o superior, lo que confirma la inocuidad
del producto; o ii) un laboratorio acreditado por un organismo nacional de a creditación presente los
resultados de una evaluación del riesgo que confirme la inocuidad del producto.
8.28. Nueva Zelandia solicita además que China conceda también flexibilidad con respecto a las
prescripciones relativas a las pruebas de los productos. En pa rticular, Nueva Zelandia alienta a China
a que acepte los informes de pruebas de laboratorios acreditados situados fuera de China. De lo
contrario, esto creará obstáculos al comercio gravosos e innecesarios para los exportadores que
envían productos a Chin a, así como a otros muchos mercados. Esta flexibilidad facilitaría el comercio
y estaría en conformidad con las mejores prácticas internacionales.
8.29. Nueva Zelandia también alberga preocupaciones, que observa que comparten una serie de
Miembros, respecto a la cuestión de que China obligue a divulgar las fórmulas de los productos en
mayor detalle que lo que se exige en otros mercados, al exigir, por ejemplo, la fuente concreta de
cada ingrediente. Nueva Zelandia alienta a China a que limite estas prescripciones en materia de
divulgación, en particular en relación con la información sensible, a los elementos necesarios para
garantizar la inocuidad del producto en el mercado interno de China, a fin de no poner en peligro la
propiedad intelectual.
8.30. Nueva Zelandia aprecia las conversaciones bilaterales constructivas mantenidas
recientemente con China sobre cuestiones relativas a los cosméticos y espera con interés seguir
conversando con China sobre las medidas previstas en el CSAR para resolver esas cuestio nes.
Nueva Zelandia acogerá con satisfacción la respuesta de China a las preocupaciones planteadas por
Nueva Zelandia y otros Miembros en este y otros foros.
8.31. El delegado de la República de Corea dice lo siguiente:
8.32. La República de Corea celebra la constante cooperación de China a través de canales
bilaterales, en especial en lo que se refiere a su reglamentación sobre cosméticos. Sin embargo,
teniendo en cuenta que la industria de cosméticos es importante para ambos países, Corea se hace
eco de las preocupac iones planteadas por otros Miembros de la OMC y quisiera pedir a China que
aborde esta cuestión con rapidez.
8.33. En relación con el CSAR de China y tal como se expresó en reuniones anteriores del
Comité OTC, la República de Corea considera que las prescripcion es de China son más rigurosas de
lo necesario para alcanzar los objetivos de garantizar la inocuidad de los productos y el cumplimiento
de las normas del mercado interno de China. Por ejemplo, de conformidad con la reglamentación,
los exportadores a China deben especificar en sus solicitudes los datos relativos a la calidad y el
origen de todos los ingredientes, por lo que, a juicio de Corea, se exige más información que en
otros países. De hecho, esa información puede contener secretos comerciales que son
fundamentales para las empresas. Asimismo, Corea considera que las prescripciones de China en
materia de etiquetado son más excesivas de lo necesario en comparación con las prácticas
internacionalmente reconocidas.
8.34. Por consiguiente, la República de Corea s olicita a China que facilite información más detallada
sobre los requisitos establecidos en la reglamentación y el fundamento de estos y espera que China
armonice su reglamentación con las prácticas internacionales a fin de no erigir obstáculos
innecesario s al comercio.
8.35. El delegado de China dice lo siguiente:
8.36. China se remite a sus declaraciones formuladas en anteriores reuniones del Comité OTC y
el CCM. Los funcionarios de las capitales siguen trabajando en las cuestiones técnicas planteadas G/C/M/143
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por los Miembro s de la OMC pertinentes. China facilitará sus observaciones a los Miembros en la
reunión del Comité OTC que se celebrará la semana siguiente, a partir del 12 de julio.
8.37. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
9 INDONESIA – PROGRAMA DE SUSTITUCIÓ N DE LAS IMPORTACIONES – SOLICITUD DE
LA UNIÓN EUROPEA
9.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de la
Unión Europea.
9.2. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
9.3. Tal como destacará la Unión Europea también e n el siguiente punto del orden del día, las
políticas y prácticas de restricción de las importaciones de Indonesia son un motivo de preocupación
de larga data, como se ha planteado anteriormente en varios órganos de la OMC. Las novedades
recientes son preo cupantes teniendo en cuenta el creciente interés de Indonesia por la sustitución
de las importaciones, incluido el objetivo de adelantar a 2022 una reducción de las importaciones
equivalente al 35 % del valor de sus posibilidades de importación en 2019. El objetivo se fijó
originalmente para 2035.
9.4. Parece que este enfoque ya está en una etapa avanzada de aplicación, pues se ha adoptado
una amplia serie de medidas, en particular la ampliación de las prescripciones en materia de
contenido nacional y el uso obli gatorio de normas nacionales de Indonesia (SNI), así como la nueva
promulgación de procedimientos gravosos para el trámite de licencias de importación.
9.5. Pese a que Indonesia aseguró en anteriores reuniones de este Consejo que el programa de
sustitución de l as importaciones no tenía fines proteccionistas, las numerosas medidas de restricción
de las importaciones aplicadas por Indonesia ya afectan negativamente a los operadores de la UE
en diversos sectores. Entre esas medidas se incluyen, por ejemplo, la impo sición de restricciones a
la importación de dispositivos médicos mediante el "bloqueo" de varios dispositivos extranjeros en
el catálogo electrónico indonesio de compras del sector público, que impide que las instituciones de
salud públicas puedan comprarl os.
9.6. La Unión Europea desea recalcar asimismo que las importaciones siguen siendo necesarias en
el marco de la ambición de Indonesia de desarrollar su rama de producción nacional y también en
lo que respecta al proceso de contratación pública del país. Los obstáculos al comercio, en particular
de los productos complejos desde el punto de vista tecnológico, obstaculizarían la recuperación
económica posterior a la pandemia, que no puede lograrse únicamente mediante la promoción de
las exportaciones.
9.7. La Unión E uropea solicita a Indonesia aclaraciones sobre los fundamentos en los que se basa
para ampliar las políticas de sustitución de las importaciones e introducir el sistema de "balanza de
productos básicos" como la base para expedir autorizaciones de importaci ón y exportación. La UE
también agradecería que Indonesia explicara qué medidas de aplicación se propone adoptar y cómo
garantizará Indonesia que sus prácticas cumplen las obligaciones dimanantes de la OMC.
9.8. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguien te:
9.9. Los Estados Unidos siguen compartiendo las preocupaciones de la Unión Europea relativas a
las declaraciones del Gobierno de Indonesia en el sentido de que eliminará las importaciones con el
objetivo de "sustituir un 35 % de los productos importados" en 2022. Los Estados Unidos piden que
Indonesia facilite información actualizada acerca del punto del orden del día en curso y de las
políticas concretas que está aplicando, o tiene la intención de aplicar, para lograr sus objetivos de
sustitución de las impo rtaciones. Si Indonesia está aplicando un programa de sustitución de las
importaciones, ¿hará público el texto de los proyectos de medidas que está elaborando y preverá
un plazo de notificación y presentación de observaciones para que las partes afectadas tengan la
posibilidad de hacer aportaciones?
9.10. En la reunión anterior del CCM, Indonesia afirmó que esta política "está desprovist[a] de
elementos de proteccionismo" y que "no tiene por objeto obstaculizar las importaciones procedentes G/C/M/143
- 34 -
de otros Miembros [de la OMC]". Es difícil entender cómo es eso posible. ¿Puede explicar Indonesia
con mayor claridad la intención y el alcance de su programa de sustitución de las importaciones?
Los Estados Unidos instan encarecidamente una vez más a Indonesia a que reconsider e ese objetivo
contraproducente y que distorsiona el comercio.
9.11. El delegado de la India, refiriéndose a los puntos 9 y 10 del orden del día, dice lo siguiente:
9.12. La India sigue viendo con preocupación el programa de sustitución de las importaciones y las
políticas de importación y exportación de Indonesia, cuyo objetivo es reducir el acceso al mercado
indonesio.
9.13. Indonesia mantiene varias restricciones a las importaciones que están afectando a las
empresas indias, tanto por su incidencia en las exportaciones co mo por las perturbaciones que
causan en la cadena de suministros, como se indica a continuación: i) Indonesia ha estado aplicando
un sistema de contingentes anuales a la importación de carne de bovino. En 2021, Indonesia redujo
el contingente. Aparte del s istema de contingentes, existen restricciones portuarias a las
importaciones, que han dado lugar no solo a dificultades, sino también a aumentos en los costos de
las exportaciones de la India; ii) se aplica un sistema de contingentes para la importación de azúcar;
iii) se ha producido un retraso repentino en la expedición de las recomendaciones relativas a la
importación de productos hortícolas con respecto a los productos agropecuarios, como las cebollas
y las patatas, sin aducir ninguna razón para ello. T ambién se han dado casos en que no se han
expedido las recomendaciones relativas a la importación de productos hortícolas. Estas cuestiones
están afectando a las exportaciones de los correspondientes productos hortícolas de la India;
iv) Indonesia también ha incluido los chiles rojos secos en su categoría hortícola, sometiendo así su
importación a las prescripciones contenidas en las recomendaciones relativas a la importación de
productos hortícolas; vi) Indonesia impone restricciones cuantitativas a las im portaciones de
automóviles y sus componentes. También se han dado casos de retrasos en la expedición del
Certificado de Registro de Tipo para la importación de vehículos comerciales procedentes de la India;
y vi) estas políticas siguen siendo motivo de pre ocupación en lo que se refiere a los productos
químicos y farmacéuticos indios.
9.14. La India ha examinado con Indonesia todas estas cuestiones a nivel bilateral. Sin embargo,
hasta la fecha no ha recibido una respuesta clara de Indonesia. La India insta a Indo nesia a que
dialogue constructivamente y con transparencia sobre estas propuestas y a que no adopte medidas
restrictivas del comercio.
9.15. El delegado de Suiza dice lo siguiente:
9.16. Suiza comparte las preocupaciones planteadas por la Unión Europea, en particular, acerca del
programa de sustitución de las importaciones de Indonesia destinado a reducir, para finales de 2022,
el valor de las importaciones en un 35 % con respecto a sus niveles de 2019. Suiza insta a Indonesia
a que modifique sus planes y sigue muy inte resada en recibir las aclaraciones de Indonesia a este
respecto, especialmente en lo concerniente a los posibles cambios.
9.17. El delegado del Japón dice lo siguiente:
9.18. Con respecto al denominado programa P3DN, en el que Indonesia estipula que debería darse
prioridad a la compra y uso de productos nacionales sobre la base del Decreto Nº 29/2018, al Japón
le preocupa la posibilidad de que se produzca discriminación nacional y extranjera con el fin de
promover la sustitución de importaciones por productos nacionale s. El Japón comparte también las
preocupaciones acerca del plan de Indonesia de introducir normas nacionales (SNI), como ha
señalado la Unión Europea.
9.19. El Japón ha expresado en repetidas ocasiones sus preocupaciones por el hecho de que
Indonesia haya introducido y mantenido medidas relativas a prescripciones en materia de contenido
nacional en diversos ámbitos. Al Japón le preocupa que ese programa agrave dicha situación.
9.20. El Japón pide a Indonesia que aclare cómo aplica el programa P3DN si no tiene int ención de
garantizar la protección del comercio. Asimismo, le pide que explique cómo va a garantizar la
compatibilidad con las normas de la OMC de esas medidas que trata de aplicar para poner en práctica
su plan. G/C/M/143
- 35 -
9.21. El delegado de Indonesia dice lo siguiente:
9.22. Indonesia reitera su declaración formulada en reuniones anteriores del Comité de Acceso a
los Mercados (CAM) y del Consejo en el sentido de que su programa de sustitución de las
importaciones nunca tuvo por objeto dificultar las importaciones procedentes de otros Miembros de
la OMC. En principio, la expedición de licencias de importación y la reglamentación técnica contenida
en las normas nacionales de Indonesia (SNI) no guardan relación con el programa de sustitución de
las importaciones. Además, las disp osiciones contenidas en las SNI tienen por objeto garantizar que
todos los productos distribuidos en el mercado indonesio cumplen los criterios de inocuidad,
seguridad y salud necesarios para proteger a los consumidores en Indonesia. Las propias
disposicio nes se aplican de manera no discriminatoria tanto a los productos nacionales como a los
importados. En este sentido, Indonesia siempre trata de cumplir el principio de transparencia de
la OMC informando a la OMC cada vez que aplica las SNI obligatorias y o tras reglamentaciones
técnicas.
9.23. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
10 INDONESIA – POLÍTICAS Y PRÁCTICAS QUE RESTRINGEN LAS IMPORTACIONES Y LAS
EXPORTACIONES – SOLICITUD DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS, EL JAPÓN, NUEVA ZELANDIA Y
LA UNIÓN EUROPEA
10.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se incluyó en el orden del día a petición de los Estados
Unidos, el Japón, Nueva Zelandia y la Unión Europea.
10.2. La delegada de Nueva Zelandia dice lo siguiente:
10.3. A su juicio, las restricciones impuestas por Indonesia a las importaciones agropecuarias siguen
menoscabando principios fundamentales de la OMC. Los frecuentes cambios introducidos en los
requisitos de importación menoscaban la certidumb re comercial, lo que a su vez reduce los beneficios
de los agricultores y puede traducirse en un aumento de los costos de producción. Por otra parte,
esta incertidumbre también contribuye al continuo encarecimiento de los alimentos, lo que puede
repercutir de forma especialmente negativa en la población con ingresos bajos.
10.4. Preocupa en particular a Nueva Zelandia que la expedición de licencias de importación no sea
sistemática. Los retrasos en la concesión de licencias de importación dan lugar a importantes
problemas en el acceso a los mercados para los asociados comerciales y pueden ocasionar más
dificultades a los importadores a la hora de abastecerse de productos alimentarios para los
consumidores locales.
10.5. Nueva Zelandia solicita a Indonesia que también fa cilite más información a los asociados
comerciales sobre el mecanismo de equilibrio de productos básicos, en particular la forma en que se
calcula el mecanismo, el proceso que tienen que seguir los exportadores para obtener las licencias
de importación y q ué medidas está tomando Indonesia para aumentar la transparencia del
mecanismo.
10.6. El delegado del Japón dice lo siguiente:
10.7. En reuniones anteriores del CCM y del Comité de MIC, el Japón ha expresado continuamente
sus preocupaciones por la compatibilidad con l os Acuerdos de la OMC de varias medidas indonesias
relativas a las prescripciones en materia de contenido nacional en relación con el equipo 4G LTE, los
equipos de televisión y los productos del sector minorista.
10.8. Indonesia ha explicado reiteradamente que l as medidas relativas a las prescripciones en
materia de contenido nacional se basan en su política de contratación pública, pero su contenido no
está claro. No parece que todas las medidas relativas a las prescripciones en materia de contenido
nacional se apliquen en el marco de la contratación pública, ni que las políticas de contratación
pública justifiquen su aplicación de forma directa. Tal y como lo entiende el Japón, se está llevando
a cabo un examen exhaustivo. Por consiguiente, el Japón solicita det alles sobre el calendario de
examen y las consultas. G/C/M/143
- 36 -
10.9. Al Japón también le preocupa el aumento de las medidas de restricción a la importación
adoptadas por Indonesia en relación con su sistema de registro y aprobación de las importaciones
para los productos textiles y los acondicionadores de aire, en particular su compatibilidad con el
artículo XI.1 del GATT. El Japón agradece que haya mejorado el nivel de las cantidades permitidas;
no obstante, espera que se aclaren con detenimiento los criterios y se mejore la transparencia
operativa.
10.10. Además, el Japón sigue expresando sus preocupaciones con respecto al régimen de licencias
de importación para los productos de acero, que se ha aplicado de conformidad con el Reglamento
Nº 20 del Ministerio de Comercio, de 2021. Tras la introducción de la medida, el número de
solicitudes de licencias aprobadas se redujo significativamente en comparación con el número real
de solicitudes presentadas, con independencia del tipo de licencia. Al Japón le preocupa que, como
medida qu e tiene un efecto restrictivo del comercio en las importaciones, pueda ser incompatible
con el artículo XI.1 del GATT, entre otros. Indonesia señala que se trata de normas técnicas relativas
a la seguridad. No obstante, las normas sobre permisos no están e specificadas en la legislación de
Indonesia. En opinión del Japón, el volumen de solicitudes no debe reducirse significativamente, y
es preciso aclarar qué motivos y qué criterios han dado lugar a esa reducción de solicitudes.
10.11. Además, en el caso de los pro ductos textiles, el Japón considera que es realmente lamentable
que Indonesia introdujera una medida de salvaguardia sobre las alfombras el 17 de febrero de 2021,
a pesar de que había planteado su preocupación por esta medida en diversos debates, incluido en
el Comité de Salvaguardias, así como en las consultas. Es lamentable que no se haya producido
ninguna mejora. En este sentido, el Japón cree que hay dos problemas principales: el primero radica
en que el arancel se establece hasta en un 150%-200% en tér minos de transformación del impuesto
ad valorem , y el segundo está en la introducción del arancel en un momento en el que las
importaciones de alfombras han registrado una drástica caída.
10.12. El Japón ve con preocupación el aumento del número de medidas que re stringen el comercio
adoptadas por Indonesia, que percibe como incompatibles con los Acuerdos de la OMC. Por
consiguiente, el Japón solicita una explicación concreta sobre los fundamentos de la introducción de
esos sistemas, así como sobre su compatibilida d con los Acuerdos de la OMC.
10.13. En particular, el Japón observa que, en lo tocante a tres medidas, a saber, la regulación de
las importaciones de acondicionadores de aire, las licencias de importación de acero y la
reglamentación sobre la importación de prod uctos textiles, el Japón había presentado preguntas por
escrito dirigidas a Indonesia en el seno del Comité de Licencias de Importación y el Comité de MIC,
a las que el Japón espera una pronta respuesta por parte de Indonesia. El Japón espera que la
regula ción de las importaciones de acondicionadores de aire se aplique de tal manera que no entre
en la categoría de restricciones a la importación, que se establezcan de forma más transparente los
procedimientos y las futuras normas sobre permisos y que se corr ijan o supriman lo antes posible
otras medidas en cuestión.
10.14. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
10.15. En el marco de este punto del orden del día, la Unión Europea reitera más ampliamente la
gran preocupación que desde hace tiempo tiene por las po líticas y prácticas de restricción de las
importaciones y exportaciones adoptadas por Indonesia, ya que no se ha registrado ningún progreso
real. Por el contrario, el número y el alcance de las restricciones de Indonesia parecen haber
aumentado aún más con el paso del tiempo. En particular, la UE reitera su grave preocupación por
los engorrosos y prolongados procedimientos de autorización de las importaciones que aplica
Indonesia en la esfera sanitaria y fitosanitaria, las complejas normas sobre etiquetado halal, el uso
obligatorio de normas nacionales internas de Indonesia (SNI) y las reducidas posibilidades de
auditarlas, la utilización más amplia de las prescripciones en materia de contenido nacional y las
restrictivas prescripciones en materia de licenci as de importación u otras medidas de control de las
importaciones.
10.16. A este respecto, la Unión Europea celebra que se hayan derogado los Reglamentos
Nº 77/2019 y Nº 68/2020, revocando así la prohibición de facto de las importaciones de productos
textiles aca bados procedentes de la UE, especialmente las alfombras, a Indonesia, y estableciendo
nuevas normas sobre la importación de calzado, productos electrónicos y bicicletas y triciclos. Sin
embargo, la UE considera que los detalles sobre los regímenes de impor tación actuales y futuros de G/C/M/143
- 37 -
Indonesia siguen sin estar claros y que, aparentemente, se han introducido nuevas medidas de
restricción de las importaciones sobre algunos de esos mismos productos, como el nuevo régimen
de contingentes de importación vigente desde enero de 2022 para los productos textiles y el calzado.
10.17. Por lo tanto, la Unión Europea solicita a Indonesia que aclare sus regímenes de importación
actuales y futuros. Asimismo, la UE agradecería disponer de más detalles sobre el plazo y las
disposic iones previstos para la aplicación a los distintos grupos de productos del sistema de equilibrio
de productos básicos establecido en virtud del Reglamento Nº 5/2021 del Gobierno y los
Reglamentos Nº 19/2021 y Nº 20/2021 del Ministerio de Comercio. En cuant o a este último aspecto,
si bien la UE acoge con satisfacción la intención declarada por Indonesia de establecer el balance de
productos básicos como instrumento para agilizar la expedición de licencias de importación/
exportación, teme que el sistema de b alance de productos básicos pueda dar lugar en realidad a
más restricciones involuntarias de las corrientes comerciales.
10.18. La Unión Europea también señala la introducción de un nuevo régimen de exportación en
virtud del Reglamento Nº 18/2021, que parece ampl iar considerablemente el número de productos
sujetos a prohibiciones de exportación (de 39 a 275 partidas arancelarias). Este nuevo régimen de
exportación obstaculizará aún más las corrientes comerciales y la UE alberga dudas sobre su
compatibilidad con la s obligaciones dimanantes de la OMC.
10.19. Para concluir, la Unión Europea vuelve a exhortar a Indonesia a que vele por que todas las
medidas pertinentes se notifiquen a la OMC, de manera que los Miembros puedan formular
observaciones al respecto. La UE insta a Indonesia a que reduzca el elevado número de obstáculos
al comercio que han afectado las corrientes comerciales de la UE durante un tiempo demasiado
prolongado y a que se abstenga de imponer otros nuevos.
10.20. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente :
10.21. Los Estados Unidos desean aprovechar esta oportunidad para insistir una vez más en sus
preocupaciones por las políticas y prácticas de Indonesia que restringen las importaciones y
exportaciones. Los Estados Unidos observan el creciente número de Miembros que intervienen en
este punto del orden del día, así como el número cada vez mayor de políticas indonesias que los
Miembros consideran preocupaciones. Los Estados Unidos esperan que Indonesia preste atención a
esta alarmante tendencia. Los Estados Unidos han expresado su preocupación por determinadas
políticas de Indonesia en las últimas reuniones del Consejo, así como en los Comités de MIC, OTC,
del Acuerdo sobre Tecnología de la Información (ATI) y de Acceso a los Mercados, y lamenta tener
que volver a p lantearla en esta ocasión.
10.22. En primer lugar, los Estados Unidos señalan que, en la reunión anterior del Consejo,
Indonesia declaró que había "iniciado varios exámenes" de sus políticas sobre contenido nacional y
que se estaban celebrando consultas. Los Esta dos Unidos solicitan que Indonesia proporcione al
Consejo información actualizada sobre esos exámenes y subrayan la importancia de garantizar que
sus consultas permitan la aportación pública.
10.23. En segundo lugar, a los Estados Unidos les sigue preocupando el hecho de que Indonesia
aplique a una serie de productos de TIC aranceles que parecen estar por encima de sus compromisos
arancelarios consolidados en el marco de la OMC. Y si bien se produjeron algunos avances positivos
con la nueva lista ba sada en el SA 2022, Indonesia sigue manteniendo aranceles sobre productos
de TIC que parecen exceder sus compromisos arancelarios consolidados en la OMC. Los Estados
Unidos han planteado varias veces esta cuestión a Indonesia en los tres últimos años, sin que se
haya recibido ninguna respuesta sustantiva a sus preocupaciones. Los Estados Unidos han
mantenido una actitud paciente y constructiva, entre otras cosas, presentando ejemplos concretos
que ilustran claramente sus preocupaciones y preparando pregunta s específicas que se distribuyeron
al Comité del ATI en abril de 2021. Lamentablemente, Indonesia aún no ha proporcionado una
respuesta sustantiva a esos repetidos intentos de los Estados Unidos de obtener más información.
En la última reunión del Consejo, Indonesia afirmó estar en la fase de coordinación con los
ministerios y organismos competentes. Por lo tanto, los Estados Unidos esperan que Indonesia esté
en condiciones de proporcionar información actualizada, especialmente ahora que ha finalizado su
lista ajustada al SA 2022, así como una respuesta a las preguntas formuladas por los Estados Unidos
desde abril de 2021. Los Estados Unidos consideran que esos aranceles que aplica a una serie de
productos de TIC perjudican a la propia Indonesia, ya que limi tan el acceso de los consumidores y G/C/M/143
- 38 -
las empresas indonesios a importantes productos de alta tecnología que constituyen la columna
vertebral de la economía digital. Los comerciantes estadounidenses también han llamado
activamente la atención sobre los desin centivos a la inversión resultantes de esos aranceles.
10.24. En tercer lugar, a los Estados Unidos les preocupa que Indonesia siga utilizando la práctica
de concluir medidas relacionadas con el comercio sin que las partes interesadas tengan suficientes
oportunid ades para hacer aportaciones. Indonesia ha mostrado una tendencia a hacer efectivas
medidas definitivas vinculadas a su ley de garantía de los productos halal sin notificación suficiente
y con pocas oportunidades, o ninguna, para hacer aportaciones. Estas medidas podrían afectar a un
porcentaje importante del comercio mundial de productos con Indonesia, entre ellos las
exportaciones de los Estados Unidos. Al ultimar las medidas de esa manera, Indonesia pierde la
oportunidad de recibir información valiosa de las partes interesadas sobre las repercusiones de sus
medidas en el comercio. Además, a los Estados Unidos les sigue preocupando que Indonesia aún no
haya respondido a importantes preguntas relacionadas con sus medidas halal, que los Estados
Unidos habían distribuido en el Comité OTC. Los Estados Unidos alientan encarecidamente a
Indonesia a que, en el futuro, adopte un proceso de formulación de políticas más consultivo y más
transparente.
10.25. Por último, los Estados Unidos instan a Indonesia a: i) proporciona r una respuesta a las
preguntas formuladas por los Estados Unidos en abril de 2021 en el Comité del ATI; ii) proporcionar
una respuesta a las preguntas sobre las medidas halal de Indonesia presentadas previamente en el
seno del Comité OTC, y iii) proporcionar una actualización sobre el examen en curso de sus políticas
sobre contenido nacional. En opinión de los Estados Unidos, las políticas de restricción del comercio
adoptadas por Indonesia son contrarias a sus objetivos más amplios de recuperació n económica, así
como a los intereses de sus consumidores, trabajadores y empresas; los Estados Unidos animan
encarecidamente a Indonesia a que reconsidere sus políticas. Los Estados Unidos tienen la esperanza
de que Indonesia pueda responder a sus preocup aciones y están dispuestos a colaborar en ese
sentido.
10.26. El delegado del Canadá dice lo siguiente:
10.27. El Canadá considera que los tipos arancelarios aplicados por Indonesia a los productos de TIC
son superiores a los consolidados y que eso es incompatible con l os compromisos contraídos por
Indonesia en la OMC y contraria a los objetivos de la liberalización arancelaria multilateral. El Canadá
ve con satisfacción que Indonesia esté trabajando con sus ministerios y organismos competentes
para que la aplicación de sus aranceles a los productos de TIC se ajuste a los compromisos contraídos
en el marco de la OMC. Por último, el Canadá insta a Indonesia a que acelere esta labor y elimine
los aranceles aplicados a estos productos de TIC de manera oportuna.
10.28. El delegado d e Indonesia dice lo siguiente:
10.29. En respuesta a algunas de las preocupaciones planteadas por los Miembros de la OMC,
Indonesia desea reiterar las declaraciones ya efectuadas en reuniones anteriores de varios órganos
pertinentes de la OMC.
10.30. En lo que se refier e a las prescripciones en materia de contenido nacional, estas van dirigidas
a las políticas relacionadas con las compras del sector público, las políticas relacionadas con la
necesidad de mantener el bienestar y satisfacer las necesidades de la población indonesia, y las
políticas relacionadas con la administración de los recursos estratégicos gestionados por el Estado.
Se han iniciado en varias ocasiones exámenes exhaustivos de las medidas de localización y el
proceso sigue en curso.
10.31. En cuanto a los derec hos de importación sobre los productos de telecomunicaciones, en este
momento los ministerios competentes están examinando el asunto desde un punto de vista técnico.
Indonesia seguirá esforzándose por cumplir todos los Acuerdos de la OMC, incluido el ATI.
10.32. En cuanto a los procedimientos para el trámite de licencias de importación relacionados con
las medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias, Indonesia desea reiterar que lo que se ha descrito como
demoras indebidas en los últimos dos años ya no es relevante. Indon esia ha realizado avances y
mejoras y ha introducido medidas de transparencia en su mecanismo de aprobación. Por ejemplo,
ha promulgado el Reglamento Nº 15/2021 del Ministro de Agricultura, por el que se regulan los G/C/M/143
- 39 -
permisos para actividades relacionadas c on el sector agropecuario, incluidos los animales y los
productos de origen animal, sobre la base de un análisis de riesgos. Esta decisión se presentó al
Comité MSF en el documento G/SPS/N/IDN/143. Las etapas y los plazos del procedimiento de
aprobación se comunicaron al Servicio de Información sobre MSF de la Unión Europea el 14 de
noviembre de 2021. La lista de etapas para tramitar la aprobación de unidades comerciales de
importación en Indonesia debe comenzar de la siguiente manera: i) la solicitud de lo s Miembros de
la OMC; ii) la evaluación de todos los documentos exigidos; iii) la planificación de una inspección
in situ, para la cual la autoridad competente o la Embajada del Miembro de la OMC emitirán una
invitación; iv) la inspección in situ, y v) la aprobación.
10.33. Indonesia también quiere sugerir a la Unión Europea que su servicio de información nacional
en materia de medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias en Bruselas podría mejorar la coordinación interna
con el representante de la UE en Ginebra a fin de q ue los avances que se han transmitido y realizado
en Bruselas puedan transmitirse debidamente a Ginebra. Indonesia entiende la petición de la UE de
contar con una única entidad en el mecanismo del procedimiento de aprobación. En el caso de los
Miembros de la OMC que disponen de un protocolo sanitario para productos de origen animal, como
la carne, los productos lácteos, las aves de corral y los subproductos de origen animal, y que desean
solicitar la aprobación del establecimiento de otra unidad para el mis mo producto, puede no ser
necesario realizar la inspección in situ si los resultados del examen se han completado, aprobado y
considerado conformes a las prescripciones. Este procedimiento se ajusta a los artículos 5 y 6 del
Acuerdo MSF.
10.34. En cuanto a las me didas de salvaguardia sobre las alfombras, Indonesia desea reiterar la
declaración que realizó en la reunión anterior del Consejo, es decir, que Indonesia también se ha
tomado en serio las preocupaciones del Japón, expresadas en varias reuniones bilaterale s y
multilaterales. No obstante, tras examinar detenidamente todos los aspectos pertinentes, y a fin de
evitar o reparar el daño grave causado a la rama de producción nacional, el Gobierno de Indonesia
decidió imponer esas medidas necesarias, aunque tempor ales.
10.35. En lo que respecta a la reglamentación halal, Indonesia tiene la intención de reafirmar su
apertura y transparencia para cooperar a nivel internacional en el marco de su Sistema de Garantía
Halal, sobre la base del principio de reconocimiento mutuo y aceptación mutua, de conformidad con
los reglamentos y prácticas internacionales.
10.36. Con respecto a la Norma Nacional de Indonesia (SNI), señala que el objetivo de la política
de la SNI es garantizar que los productos pertinentes puedan satisfacer los aspect os sobre inocuidad,
seguridad y salud necesarios para la protección de los consumidores indonesios, y que se aplique
tanto a los productos nacionales como a los importados.
10.37. En principio, Indonesia no pretende obstaculizar la fluidez del comercio internacio nal por
medio de sus políticas de importación y exportación, en especial las relativas a las políticas en
materia de contratación pública que guardan relación con las necesidades y el bienestar de la
población indonesia. Indonesia siempre promueve la simpl ificación, la transparencia y la eficiencia
para facilitar sus exportaciones e importaciones.
10.38. Indonesia está dispuesta a entablar conversaciones bilaterales con los Miembros de la OMC
y abordar sus preocupaciones.
10.39. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
11 INDIA – RESTRICCIONES SOBRE LAS IMPORTACIONES DE DETERMINADAS
LEGUMBRES – SOLICITUD DEL CANADÁ, LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA UNIÓN EUROPEA
11.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del Canadá,
los Estados Un idos y la Unión Europea.
11.2. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
11.3. Los Estados Unidos comparten las preocupaciones expresadas por el Canadá y la Unión
Europea respecto de las restricciones cuantitativas impuestas por la India sobre determinadas
variedades de legumbres. Al igual que han hecho en las declaraciones realizadas anteriormente en G/C/M/143
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el Comité de Licencias de Importación, el Comité de Agricultura y el Comité de Acceso a los
Mercados, los Estados Unidos repiten sus peticiones de información sobre la forma en que las
medidas se ajustan a los compromisos contraídos por la India en el marco de la OMC, y sobre cuándo
y cómo se pondrá fin a las medidas. Tomando nota de que, a principios de este año, la India volvió
a aplicar restricciones a determ inadas legumbres, los Estados Unidos siguen instando a la India a
que considere la posibilidad de aplicar prescripciones menos restrictivas del comercio y de notificar
oportunamente las medidas y reglamentos pertinentes en el futuro.
11.4. El delegado del Canadá dice lo siguiente:
11.5. Como ya se ha señalado en este y otros comités, el Canadá sigue preocupado por las medidas
restrictivas del comercio aplicadas por la India, que incluyen restricciones cuantitativas, precios
mínimos de importación, una limitación de las importaciones a un puerto marítimo y la incertidumbre
causada por los frecuentes cambios de los aranceles aplicados a las importaciones de legumbres, en
particular de los guisantes secos. El Canadá sigue cuestionando las justificaciones que tiene la India
para aplicar estas medidas restrictivas del comercio e insta a la India a que aplique inmediatamente
medidas alternativas y de facilitación del comercio para la importación de legumbres.
11.6. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
11.7. La Unión Europea apoya plenamente las intervenciones anteriores. Como ya se ha señalado,
a la Unión Europea le siguen preocupando las restricciones a la importación impuestas por la India
respecto de determinadas legumbres e insta a la India a que proporcione seguridad y e stabilidad en
relación con su régimen de importación de legumbres.
11.8. La delegada de la Argentina dice lo siguiente:
11.9. Argentina desea agradecer al Canadá, los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea por haber
incluido este punto en el orden del día. Como ha expresad o en oportunidades anteriores, esta medida
afecta a dos de las principales legumbres exportadas desde Argentina a la India. La Argentina, al
igual que en otras intervenciones previas, reitera su preocupación por la incertidumbre que esta
medida acarrea par a sus exportadores.
11.10. El delegado de Australia dice lo siguiente:
11.11. Australia agradece la aclaración proporcionada por la India en la reunión anterior del Consejo
acerca de la situación del trato aplicado a las legumbres. Australia toma nota de la indicación
proporcionada por la India en su respuesta según la cual afirma que el proceso de examen de las
restricciones a la importación es "ágil, dinámico y continuo". En ese contexto, Australia solicita que
la India aclare si se propone aplicar esas med idas de forma continua. Asimismo, Australia solicita
que la India informe sobre los objetivos y la razón de ser de esas medidas. ¿Se trata, por ejemplo,
de gestionar las importaciones en respuesta a la evolución de las circunstancias nacionales?
11.12. ¿Podría la India indicar qué otras medidas menos distorsionadoras del comercio podrían
adoptarse para abordar los objetivos subyacentes de la decisión de la India de aplicar esas
restricciones a la importación de leguminosas? ¿Ha contemplado ese tipo de medidas alte rnativas?
En caso afirmativo, ¿en qué se ha basado para rechazar esas medidas?
11.13. Las medidas de la India son importantes en el mercado mundial de legumbres. La batería
actual de medidas de la India relativas a las legumbres, entre las que se incluyen niveles
considerables de sostenimiento de los precios del mercado, aranceles elevados y restricciones
cuantitativas, sigue afectando negativamente a la estabilidad y la previsibilidad del mercado mundial
de legumbres, en detrimento de todos los productores y cons umidores, incluidos los de la India, así
como de los exportadores y comerciantes.
11.14. El delegado de la India dice lo siguiente:
11.15. Como se señaló en reuniones anteriores de este Consejo y del Comité de Acceso a los
Mercados, las medidas adoptadas por la India si guen siendo temporales y se aplican con el fin de
mantener la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. Se trata de una esfera de gran importancia para la
economía de la India, y las políticas relativas a las importaciones se examinan y actualizan G/C/M/143
- 41 -
periódicament e. En la notificación de la India Nº 63/2015 -2020 de la Dirección General de Comercio
Exterior, de 29 de marzo de 2022, se indica que la política de libre importación de frijoles negros
(Urad) (partida 0713.31.10 del SA) y guandúes (Tur) (partida 0713.60.0 0 del SA), se ha prorrogado
hasta el 31 de marzo de 2023.
11.16. La medida impuesta por la India a la importación de frijoles mung (Moong) ya ha sido
notificada al Comité de Licencias de Importación, en virtud de las obligaciones en este sentido
previstas en los artículos 5.1 a 5.4., en el documento G/LIC/N/2/IND/22. Por lo tanto, la India
cumple plenamente las obligaciones de notificación respecto a esta preocupación comercial
específica. De hecho, algunos de los productos mencionados en esta preocupación comerci al
específica no están sujetos en absoluto a ninguna restricción a la importación. Así pues, la India
insta a los proponentes de este punto del orden del día a que indiquen específicamente los problemas
a los que se enfrentan sus exportadores y la cuantifi cación de los mismos. Sin esta información,
sería lamentable que esta preocupación comercial específica siguiera trasladándose a otras
reuniones de los órganos ordinarios de la OMC.
11.17. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
12 ESTADOS UNIDOS – RESTRICCIONES A LA IMPORTACIÓN DE MANZANAS Y PERAS –
SOLICITUD DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA
12.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de la
Unión Europea.
12.2. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
12.3. Lamentablemente, los Estados Unidos aún no han resuelto este problema de larga data y
siguen negándose a dar el paso final y puramente administrativo necesario para completar la
aprobación de las importaciones de manzanas y peras procedentes de la Unión Europea. Es necesa rio
dar ese paso para que el denominado "enfoque de sistemas" sustituya al actual y costoso sistema
de aprobación previa que aplican los Estados Unidos.
12.4. La solicitud inicial de la Unión Europea se remonta a 2008 y toda la labor técnica ya había
finalizado en 2017. Con todo, a pesar de haber planteado esta cuestión en múltiples ocasiones con
los Estados Unidos en diálogos bilaterales semestrales, de haber enviado múltiples cartas a los
Estados Unidos y de haber planteado ya esta cuestión en 13 ocasiones como una preocupación
comercial específica en el seno del Comité MSF, los Estados Unidos siguen sin cumplir las
obligaciones que le corresponden en el marco de la OMC en esta materia. De hecho, los Estados
Unidos mantienen cerrados sus mercados para las manzan as y peras procedentes de la UE con
arreglo a un enfoque de sistemas y sin ningún fundamento científico.
12.5. La Unión Europea insta a los Estados Unidos a basar sus condiciones de importación en la
ciencia y resolver este importante asunto sin más dilación. La UE solicita a los Estados Unidos que
contribuya a respaldar una cooperación constructiva y mutuamente beneficiosa.
12.6. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
12.7. Los Estados Unidos agradecen el interés que sigue manifestando la Unión Europea por la
tramitación de la solicitud presentada por ocho Estados miembros de la UE para exportar manzanas
y peras a los Estados Unidos con un enfoque sistémico. El Departamento de Agricultura de los
Estados Unidos sigue trabajando por medio de sus procedimientos ad ministrativos en esta solicitud.
Los Estados Unidos señalan una vez más que la Unión Europea puede exportar manzanas y peras a
los Estados Unidos en el marco del actual programa de despacho previo.
12.8. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas. G/C/M/143
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13 UNIÓ N EUROPEA – PROPUESTA DE MODIFICACIÓN DE LOS COMPROMISOS SOBRE
CONTINGENTES ARANCELARIOS: PREOCUPACIONES SISTÉMICAS – SOLICITUD DEL
BRASIL Y EL URUGUAY
13.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del Brasil
y el Urug uay.
13.2. El delegado del Brasil , refiriéndose a los puntos 13 y 14 del orden del día, dice lo siguiente:
13.3. El Brasil desea reiterar su decepción por el hecho de que, como resultado del Brexit, la Unión
Europea y el Reino Unido están reduciendo el acceso de los M iembros a sus mercados. Y como ya
sabe el Consejo, de conformidad con los Acuerdos, un Miembro de la OMC no puede reducir
unilateralmente sus concesiones sobre acceso a los mercados sin conceder una compensación. Por
lo tanto, el Brasil insta tanto a la UE como al Reino Unido a tener debidamente en cuenta las
preocupaciones que el Brasil ha expresado en sus conversaciones bilaterales.
13.4. El delegado del Uruguay , refiriéndose a los puntos 13 y 14 del orden del día, dice lo siguiente:
13.5. El Uruguay desea reiterar s us preocupaciones comerciales y sistémicas sobre las
modificaciones unilaterales de concesiones en forma de contingentes arancelarios de la Unión
Europea en virtud del artículo XXVIII del GATT de 1994 luego del Brexit, en particular con respecto
a su falta de necesidad y de base legal bajo los Acuerdos de la OMC.
13.6. El Uruguay lamenta que, pese a que participó de forma comprometida y constructiva en el
proceso desde sus inicios, teniendo en cuenta la relevancia y sensibilidad de las condiciones y
concesiones d e acceso a los mercados en juego, demostrando el daño que sufriría su sector
agropecuario y su economía en su conjunto como resultado del reparto, la Unión Europea rechazó
incluso las más modestas y razonables solicitudes de compensación presentadas por el Uruguay.
13.7. Es por ello que el Uruguay desea reiterar una vez más su profunda decepción y disconformidad
con esta situación, al tiempo de reafirmar su disposición a buscar una solución mutuamente
acordada, en la medida en que la Unión Europea reconozca las c ondiciones y necesidades específicas
del Uruguay, y demuestre la voluntad política requerida para alcanzar un acuerdo.
13.8. Por último, sin perjuicio de los compromisos acordados bilateralmente entre ambos, el
Uruguay solicita nuevamente a la Unión Europea que omita al Reino Unido de entre los posibles
usuarios de sus contingentes arancelarios en su Lista de concesiones en el marco de la OMC. Al
mismo tiempo, cuando ya ha transcurrido un año y medio desde que culminó el período de transición
del Acuerdo de Retir ada y se completó la salida del Reino Unido del bloque comunitario, el Uruguay
reitera la consulta sobre cuándo y cómo prevé la UE ajustar a la baja los niveles autorizados de
Medida Global de la Ayuda (MGA) Final Consolidada de su Lista de concesiones, en línea con los
anuncios realizados oportunamente.
13.9. Con respecto al punto 14 del orden del día, el Uruguay desea expresar su preocupación por
la propuesta del Reino Unido de incluir un nivel autorizado de MGA de GBP 4.949 millones, y por sus
consecuencias pr ácticas, así como por la pretensión del Reino Unido de replicar los derechos a
invocar la salvaguardia especial agrícola, en los términos del artículo 5 del Acuerdo sobre la
Agricultura, para la totalidad de los productos y bajo los mismos criterios y cond iciones establecidos
en la Lista de la Unión Europea. Con respecto a los procedimientos previstos en el artículo XXVIII,
el Uruguay reafirma su voluntad de colaborar con el Reino Unido con miras a lograr un acuerdo
mutuamente ventajoso, que permita al Rein o Unido tener una Lista de concesiones independiente
formalmente establecida en la OMC.
13.10. El delegado de la India, refiriéndose a los puntos 13 y 14 del orden del día, dice lo siguiente:
13.11. La India sigue examinando con la Unión Europea la cuestión de los compromisos sobre
contingentes arancelarios y comparte algunas de las preocupaciones planteadas por los proponentes
de este punto del orden del día. La India sigue trabajando a nivel bilateral con la UE para resolver
estas cuestiones. Al mismo tiempo, sigu e examinando bilateralmente con el Reino Unido la cuestión
de su Lista de mercancías modificada posterior al Brexit. G/C/M/143
- 43 -
13.12. El delegado del Paraguay , refiriéndose a los puntos 13 y 14 del orden del día, dice lo
siguiente:
13.13. El Paraguay desea reiterar su preocupació n sistémica por el enfoque adoptado para el reparto
proporcional de los contingentes arancelarios, así como el establecimiento de una amplia MGA para
el Reino Unido, sin que hasta el momento se haya producido una reducción equivalente en los niveles
autori zados de la Unión Europea. El Paraguay también se suma a las preocupaciones planteadas por
el Uruguay respecto a la pretensión del Reino Unido de reservarse derechos de salvaguardia
especiales que no cumplirían los requisitos de acceso al mercado necesario s para el ejercicio de esos
derechos.
13.14. El delegado del Canadá , refiriéndose a los puntos 13 y 14 del orden del día, dice lo siguiente:
13.15. Las negociaciones con la Unión Europea sobre las modificaciones de los compromisos sobre
contingentes arancelarios a raíz del Brexit aún no han concluido. El Canadá toma nota de que estas
negociaciones se prolongarán hasta el 1 de enero de 2023. En un asunto afín, al Canadá le interesaría
conocer qué plazos prevé la UE en cuanto a la modificación de sus compromisos en materia de ayuda
interna a fin de reflejar el reparto proporcional con el Reino Unido.
13.16. La delegada de México , refiriéndose a los puntos 13 y 14 del orden del día, dice lo siguiente:
13.17. México desea dejar constancia de sus preocupaciones sistémicas, al igual que lo h a hecho
en otras reuniones, y solicita que sus declaraciones anteriores consten en acta.6 Asimismo, desea
hacerse eco de las preocupaciones expresadas por otros Miembros en relación con la MGA de la
Unión Europea y, en particular, de la pregunta sobre cuá ndo pueden esperar los Miembros que la UE
realice el cambio necesario para reflejar la salida del Reino Unido utilizando los datos que este
pretende enumerar en su lista, y cuándo se reflejaría esa sustracción en la lista de la UE de su MGA
consolidada.
13.18. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
13.19. La Unión Europea toma buena nota de las observaciones que se han formulado. Como ya ha
mencionado en el marco del punto 2 del orden del día, se han realizado avances positivos, que
incluyen la firma formal d e acuerdos con seis asociados de la UE, el inicio de acuerdos con otros
tres asociados y los avances a buen ritmo en las negociaciones con otros varios asociados. La UE
acoge con agrado el aumento de la participación de muchos Miembros de la OMC y sigue pl enamente
comprometida a continuar estas negociaciones y consultas y a rematarlas de forma satisfactoria en
los próximos meses.
13.20. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
14 REINO UNIDO – PROYECTO DE LISTA SOBRE MERCANCÍAS Y PROPUESTA DE
COMPROMISOS SOBRE CONTINGENTES ARANCELARIOS DEL REINO UNIDO:
PREOCUPACIONES SISTÉMICAS – SOLICITUD DEL BRASIL Y EL URUGUAY
14.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del Brasil
y el Uruguay.
14.2. Los delegados del Brasil , el Canadá , la India, México, el Paraguay y el Uruguay abordaron
este punto en sus correspondientes intervenciones en el marco del punto 13 del orden del día.7
14.3. El delegado de la Federación de Rusia dice lo siguiente:
14.4. La Federación de Rusia ve con preocupación el enfoque y la metodología adoptados por el
Reino Unido con respecto a las renegociaciones de sus contingentes arancelarios. En particular, Rusia
6 Documento G/C/M/141, párrafos 13.29 a 13.32.
7 Párrafos 13.2 y 13.3 (Brasil), 13.14 y 13.15 (Canadá), 13.10 y 13.11 (India), 13.16 y 13.17 (México),
13.12 y 13.13 (Paraguay), y 13.4 a 13.9 (Uruguay). G/C/M/143
- 44 -
no puede aceptar las modificaciones de la Lista del Reino Unido pro puestas sin recibir la
compensación a la que se refiere el artículo XXVIII del GATT.
14.5. La Federación de Rusia desea recordar que fue reconocida por el Reino Unido como proveedor
principal de ciertos productos. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, Rusia no ha recibid o ninguna propuesta
de compensación por parte del Reino Unido. En este sentido, Rusia insta al Reino Unido a continuar
sus negociaciones y a proporcionar a Rusia una compensación adecuada para completar el
establecimiento de su propia Lista de compromisos arancelarios en la OMC en el marco del proceso
del Brexit.
14.6. La delegada del Reino Unido dice lo siguiente:
14.7. El Reino Unido desea dar las gracias a los Miembros de la OMC por haber colaborado con el
Reino Unido en las conversaciones mantenidas en Ginebra esa semana. El Reino Unido espera
continuar manteniendo un diálogo constructivo con los Miembros de la OMC interesados en los
próximos meses con la esperanza de que este proceso concluya pronto.
14.8. Tal como el Reino Unido ha declarado en el marco del punto 3 del orden del día, mantiene su
compromiso de resolver todos los debates sobre su Lista de mercancías, en particular a través del
proceso previsto en el artículo XXVIII del GATT. Se espera que la prórroga de los plazos previstos
en el artículo XXVIII .3 permita la necesaria continuación y conclusión de los debates.
14.9. En cuanto a las declaraciones sobre la MGA, las salvaguardias especiales y la conversión de
moneda, el Reino Unido desea remitir a los Miembros a sus declaraciones formuladas anteriormente
en reuniones de este Consejo y del Comité de Acceso a los Mercados, donde se expone la posición
del Reino Unido sobre estas cuestiones en su forma actual. El Reino Unido desea señalar que, tras
haber mantenido intercambios a nivel técnico, muchos de los Miembros de la OMC que inicialmente
planteaban preocupaciones sobre este asunto, ahora se muestran satisfechos y han retirado sus
objeciones. El Reino Unido sigue dispuesto a celebrar conversaciones similares con aquellos
Miembros de la OMC que todavía expresen su preoc upación al respecto.
14.10. El Reino Unido reitera su agradecimiento a los Miembros de la OMC que hasta la fecha han
participado constructivamente en todas las cuestiones relacionadas con su Lista de mercancías, en
particular a los que participaron de manera pres encial. El Reino Unido sigue acogiendo con agrado
el uso de un diálogo bilateral constructivo para resolver esas preocupaciones expresadas en esta
ocasión por los Miembros de la OMC.
14.11. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
15 UNIÓN EUROPEA – REGÍMENES DE CALIDAD DE LOS PRODUCTOS AGRÍCOLAS Y
ALIMENTICIOS – REGISTRO DE DETERMINADOS TÉRMINOS RELATIVOS AL QUESO COMO
INDICACIONES GEOGRÁFICAS – SOLICITUD DE NUEVA ZELANDIA Y EL URUGUAY
15.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de Nueva
Zelandia y el Uruguay.
15.2. La delegada de Nueva Zelandia dice lo siguiente:
15.3. Nueva Zelandia sigue planteando este punto en el seno del Consejo del Comercio de
Mercancías y remite a la Unión Europea a sus declaraciones anteriores. Nueva Zelandia ha
examinado la respuesta de la Unión Europea sobre este asunto. No obstante, todavía ve un conflicto
en el enfoque de la Comisión Europea de proteger los nombres de los quesos "Danbo" y "Hava rti",
para los cuales hay normas del CODEX vigentes, y la integridad del sistema de normalización que
promueve la fiabilidad y la coherencia de las normas que rigen el comercio internacional, que
Nueva Zelandia esperaría que la UE apoyase. G/C/M/143
- 45 -
15.4. El delegado del Uruguay dice lo siguiente:
15.5. El Uruguay lamenta tener que incluir este punto nuevamente en el orden del día y desea hacer
referencia a sus intervenciones anteriores8, al tiempo de reafirmar la preocupación sobre la decisión
de la Unión Europea de inscribir el término Danbo como indicación geográfica protegida, pese a las
objeciones presentadas por varios Miembros.
15.6. Como el Uruguay viene señalando desde larga data, el queso Danbo es una técnica de
fabricación de queso, que no corresponde con ningún lugar geogr áfico conocido. Esta técnica de
fabricación está recogida en la norma 264 del Codex Alimentarius, donde se establecen las
características, la forma de producción y el etiquetado de este tipo de queso. Esta norma ha sido
modificada en varias ocasiones, la ú ltima modificación de 2007, que contó con la aprobación y
participación de la Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros. Sin embargo, tiempo después la Unión
Europea, decidió incluir el queso Danbo como una indicación geográfica protegida. La cual incluye
asimi smo en sus acuerdos de libre comercio, lo que deja de forma indirecta fuera de terceros
mercados a los productores de este tipo de queso, constituyendo a entender del Uruguay una
limitación al comercio.
15.7. Es por esto que el Uruguay considera que el registro por parte de la Unión Europea del término
Danbo como una indicación geográfica protegida no solo es contradictorio, sino que constituye el
establecimiento de facto de un monopolio sobre una norma del Codex, lo cual genera inseguridad
jurídica, dado que los Miembros no pueden elegir qué normas internacionales respetar y cuáles
ignorar. Es por estas razones por las que a pesar del tiempo transcurrido el Uruguay seguirá
manteniendo la preocupación comercial.
15.8. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
15.9. La Unión Europea toma nota de las preocupaciones expresadas por Nueva Zelandia y el
Uruguay. La UE ha facilitado respuestas detalladas a esas preocupaciones en anteriores reuniones
del CCM. No ha habido ninguna novedad desde la anterior reunión del CCM. Por consiguiente, la UE
se remite a la declaración que formuló en la reunión anterior del CCM, que sigue siendo válida en su
totalidad.9
15.10. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
16 UNIÓN EUROPEA – MECANISMO DE AJUSTE EN FRONTERA POR EMISIONES DE
CARBONO (MAFC) – SOLICITUD DE CHINA
- DECLARACIÓN DE CHINA
- DECLARACIÓN DE LA FEDERACIÓN DE RUSIA
16.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de China y
la Federació n de Rusia.
16.2. El delegado de China dice lo siguiente:
16.3. China reitera las declaraciones formuladas en las reuniones anteriores de este Consejo y del
Comité de Acceso a los Mercados, y desea volver a expresar su profunda preocupación por el
Mecanismo de Ajuste en Frontera por Emisiones de Carbono (MAFC) propuesto por la Unión Europea.
China apoya plenamente los esfuerzos internacionales destinados a la lucha contra el cambio
climático. Sin embargo, China considera que, para combatir eficazmente el cambio climáti co, los
Miembros no deben aplicar medidas unilaterales cada uno por su cuenta, sino actuar colectivamente.
Los Miembros de la OMC también deben respetar plenamente los principios básicos de "las
responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y las capacidade s respectivas" y las "contribuciones
determinadas a nivel nacional" establecidos en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el
Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y el Acuerdo de París, así como las normas de la OMC.
8 Documento G/C/M/142, párrafos 13.2 a 13.5.
9 Documento G/C/M/142, párrafos 13.10 a 13.13. G/C/M/143
- 46 -
16.4. China toma nota de que, el 22 de junio d e 2022, el Parlamento Europeo acordó su posición
con respecto al MAFC. La posición acordada parece apoyarse en la versión previamente publicada.
No obstante, se han introducido algunos cambios, y China quiere mencionar algunos de ellos:
i) se mantiene que el período de transición se iniciará el 1 de enero de 2023, pero debe concluir
el 1 de enero de 2027 (en lugar del 1 de enero de 2025, fecha propuesta por la Comisión de Medio
Ambiente, Salud Pública y Seguridad Alimentaria, o el 1 de enero de 2026, fecha propuesta
previamente por la Comisión Europea); ii) el alcance del MAFC se ampliará para incluir productos
químicos orgánicos, plásticos, hidrógeno y amoníaco; iii) además de las emisiones directas, el cálculo
de las emisiones implícitas de los productos c omprendidos en el alcance del MAFC también debe
incluir las "emisiones indirectas" (a saber, las emisiones generadas por la utilización de electricidad
durante el proceso de producción de los productos comprendidos); iv) el MAFC debe aplicarse
plenamente d e aquí a 2032, es decir, tres años antes de lo que propuso la Comisión Europea.
16.5. Además de las preguntas que formuló en las anteriores reuniones del Consejo, China desea
plantear una nueva pregunta con respecto a las modificaciones adoptadas por el Parlamen to Europeo
el 22 de junio de 2022. En estas modificaciones se señala que la Comisión Europea redactará una
propuesta legislativa que prevea una protección contra el riesgo de fuga de carbono por la que se
iguale la tarificación del carbono para la producci ón, en el ámbito de la Unión Europea, de las
mercancías enumeradas en el anexo I destinadas a la exportación a terceros países que no disponen
de un mecanismo de tarificación del carbono equivalente al régimen de comercio de derechos de
emisión de la Unión Europea, en particular para las instalaciones pertenecientes al 10 % de las
instalaciones más eficientes, de conformidad con el artículo 10 a) de la Directiva N º 2003/87/CE.
China quiere saber cómo la UE puede garantizar la compatibilidad de esa práctica c on las normas
de la OMC.
16.6. China señala asimismo que la Unión Europea ha declarado muchas veces, y en diversas
ocasiones, que el MAFC será compatible con las normas de la OMC; lamentablemente, China no ha
visto que la UE adopte ninguna medida pragmática en e l marco de la OMC. China no desea entrar a
discutir si el MAFC es una medida relacionada con el clima o una medida relacionada con el comercio,
pero es un hecho que el MAFC tendrá un efecto de restricción del comercio internacional, más que
de facilitación . Si la UE de verdad quiere velar por que el MAFC esté en conformidad con las normas
de la OMC, antes debe examinar detenidamente los aspectos controvertidos con todos los Miembros
de la OMC interesados y responder a las preguntas técnicas planteadas por v arios de esos Miembros,
entre ellos China. China seguirá expresando su preocupación por el MAFC, y espera que la UE
responda directamente a todas las preguntas que China ha formulado en reuniones anteriores.
16.7. El delegado de la Federación de Rusia dice lo si guiente:
16.8. La Federación de Rusia reitera las declaraciones formuladas en las reuniones anteriores del
Comité de Acceso a los Mercados y del Consejo del Comercio de Mercancías y expresa su profunda
preocupación en relación con el MAFC propuesto por la UE. Rusia respalda los esfuerzos
internacionales encaminados a combatir el cambio climático y considera que las organizaciones
internacionales especializadas son las principales plataformas para abordar este desafío.
16.9. El cambio climático puede abordarse únicame nte en el marco de la cooperación entre todos
los miembros de la comunidad internacional. La Federación de Rusia tiene la firme convicción de que
las disposiciones vigentes de los acuerdos internacionales sobre el clima todavía no se han agotado.
No obstan te, la Unión Europea ha decidido actuar unilateralmente elaborando sus propias medidas
restrictivas del comercio, en particular el MAFC. En opinión de Rusia, esta medida contradice los
principios y las normas básicas de la OMC, además de menoscabar la estr uctura del comercio
mundial.
16.10. La Federación de Rusia señala a la atención de los Miembros de la OMC el hecho de que las
instituciones de la Unión Europea, a saber, el Consejo y el Parlamento, han estado trabajando en la
modificación de las disposiciones del proyecto de reglamento elaborado por la Comisión el pasado
mes de julio. Rusia subraya que el objetivo de las propuestas de las instituciones de la Unión Europea
es endurecer las disposiciones de la versión actual del proyecto de reglamento sobre el MAFC, ya de
por sí restrictivas del comercio. Por ejemplo, el Parlamento Europeo propone ampliar el alcance de
los productos sujetos a la medida incluyendo el hidrógeno, los productos químicos orgánicos, los
polímeros y el amoníaco. Además, el Parlamento propus o la ampliación del MAFC para incluir las
emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero directas e indirectas, lo que aumentaría los gravámenes
aplicados a los productos importados y crearía obstáculos adicionales, en particular obstáculos G/C/M/143
- 47 -
fiscales, administrat ivos y técnicos. Además, el Parlamento propone que no se tengan en cuenta las
prácticas de descarbonización adoptadas en los procesos de fabricación de los interlocutores
comerciales de la UE con el fin de reducir los gravámenes del MAFC.
16.11. El Consejo de la UE propone asimismo que no se tengan en cuenta las prácticas de
descarbonización adoptadas en los procesos de fabricación de terceros países al calcular el tipo
del MAFC, independientemente de si esas prácticas son eficaces o no. En lugar de eso, la Unión
Europea tomará en consideración únicamente los regímenes de comercio de derechos de emisión
similares al suyo. En apariencia, este es un enfoque puramente económico y tiene por objeto
imponer costos adicionales a quienes exportan a la UE los productos abar cados. La Federación de
Rusia recuerda asimismo a la UE que tanto la CMNUCC como el Acuerdo de París permiten a las
Partes decidir por su cuenta las maneras más eficaces de alcanzar los objetivos climáticos. Según el
artículo 3 de la CMNUCC, por ejemplo, l as "políticas y medidas para hacer frente al cambio climático
deberían ser eficaces en función de los costos a fin de asegurar beneficios mundiales al menor costo
posible. A tal fin, esas políticas y medidas deberían tener en cuenta los distintos contextos
socioeconómicos, ser integrales, incluir todas las fuentes, sumideros y depósitos pertinentes de
gases de efecto invernadero y abarcar todos los sectores económicos".
16.12. Otra cuestión es la de la propuesta del Consejo con arreglo a la cual un verificador acr editado
en el marco del MAFC puede ser una persona acreditada de conformidad con el Reglamento de
Ejecución (UE) N º 2018/2067 de la Comisión. Es decir, solo las personas designadas por la Unión
Europea. Por consiguiente, el reconocimiento mutuo de la verif icación entre la UE y sus interlocutores
comerciales es imposible, incluso en teoría.
16.13. En vista de todas estas propuestas, solo se puede llegar a la conclusión de que la versión
final del MAFC dará lugar a una perturbación de las cadenas de suministro, a un aumento de los
precios de los productos básicos y al agravamiento de la actual situación económica mundial.
16.14. En octubre de 2021, la Federación de Rusia distribuyó preguntas a la Unión Europea en el
documento G/MA/W/172 -G/C/W/800. Sin embargo, la UE no ha f acilitado las respuestas. En
consecuencia, Rusia insta a la UE a que facilite las respuestas. Por último, Rusia también insta a
la UE a que respete las normas comerciales vigentes y los acuerdos internacionales sobre el clima a
fin de evitar consecuencias económicas y sociales negativas.
16.15. La delegada de Türkiye dice lo siguiente:
16.16. En este Consejo y en otros Comités pertinentes, Türkiye ha comunicado lo que espera de la
Unión Europea con respecto a la redacción del MAFC y su futura aplicación. Estas observacio nes se
han dado y siguen dándose a conocer a la Comisión Europea a nivel bilateral y en otros foros. Como
siempre, Türkiye da las gracias a la UE por su enfoque transparente y por sus constantes esfuerzos
para compartir información sobre el diseño en curso del MAFC.
16.17. Türkiye entiende y comparte los objetivos de la Unión Europea y las razones en las que se
basa para diseñar estas medidas de respuesta encaminadas a proteger el medio ambiente y luchar
contra el cambio climático. Con todo, Türkiye considera que las medidas destinadas a este fin deben
dar prioridad a la cooperación internacional y la acción colectiva, deben tomar en consideración las
circunstancias de cada país y sus responsabilidades históricas, y deben respetar las necesidades de
desarrollo soci ales y económicas de los otros países; además, no deben constituir una restricción
arbitraria o encubierta ni una discriminación injustificable en el ámbito del comercio internacional.
En este contexto, Türkiye reitera que, según parece, el diseño del MAFC se está llevando a cabo sin
tener en cuenta algunas de sus preocupaciones.
16.18. Desde la reunión anterior del Consejo, los debates mantenidos en el Parlamento Europeo
han desembocado en un proceso que, al parecer, permite posibles adiciones al diseño del MAFC. Si
bien Türkiye agradecería recibir información detallada y actualizada de la Unión Europea, en esta
etapa ve con creciente preocupación determinados aspectos nuevos, como la inclusión de las
emisiones indirectas en el mecanismo y la posible asignación de derechos gratuitos a las
exportaciones de productos de la UE a países que no disponen de una tarificación del carbono
equivalente, tanto por la compatibilidad de esas posibles adiciones con las normas de la OMC como
por la carga adicional que pueden repre sentar para los fabricantes de otros países. G/C/M/143
- 48 -
16.19. Türkiye espera con interés recibir más información actualizada de la Unión Europea a este
respecto.
16.20. El delegado del Japón dice lo siguiente:
16.21. El cambio climático es una cuestión de la mayor importancia. Los paíse s deben elevar sus
ambiciones y sus medidas de política para lograr la neutralidad en emisiones de carbono en todo el
mundo de aquí a 2050, asegurando al mismo tiempo la igualdad de condiciones y evitando la fuga
de carbono. Por consiguiente, la coordinaci ón de las políticas es importante para la fabricación e
introducción de productos que hagan un uso poco intensivo de emisiones de carbono. Al examinar
la coordinación de las políticas, en el pasado cada país ha realizado esfuerzos de reducción acordes
con sus propias circunstancias, como los relacionados con la limitación de las fuentes de energía y
el entorno industrial, y en principio la atención debería centrarse en la intensidad de emisiones de
carbono como resultado de esos esfuerzos de reducción.
16.22. En otras palabras, si la intensidad de las emisiones de carbono de un país o sector es baja,
cabría concluir que, en ese país o sector, se han adoptado medidas suficientes, con lo que no habría
problema alguno en lo que se refiere a la igualdad de condiciones o la fuga de carbono. A este
respecto, el MAFC de la Unión Europea se ha concebido para calcular el precio explícito del carbono
en el momento actual mediante medidas ambientales específicas a fin de imponer un gravamen en
la frontera sobre esta base. En e ste caso, incluso si el producto tiene la misma intensidad real de
emisiones de carbono y no causa una fuga de carbono, será objeto de tributación debido a la
diferencia explícita del precio del carbono. A este respecto, el objetivo ambiental no puede
justificarse por sí mismo desde el punto de vista de la prevención de la fuga de carbono; es
necesario, por el contrario, prestar suficiente atención al objetivo de velar por una s condiciones
justas y competitivas. Además de las cuestiones de concepción instit ucional mencionadas supra , es
un requisito indispensable que la medida se elabore de forma compatible con las normas de la OMC,
como se ha señalado repetidamente.
16.23. El Japón está siguiendo de cerca la evolución de la situación relativa a la aplicación del MA FC
de la UE. Por lo que el Japón entiende, en la sesión plenaria del Parlamento Europeo celebrada
el 22 de junio se aprobó una nueva modificación del MAFC, y se están celebrando los debates
tripartitos entre el Consejo Europeo, el Parlamento Europeo y la C omisión Europea. Mientras tanto,
la modificación del Parlamento Europeo incluye el reembolso de los créditos de emisiones en el
momento de la exportación desde la UE, y es preciso examinar otras cuestiones, como los acuerdos
sobre subvenciones. El Japón co nsidera que, en el futuro, la UE debe evitar adoptar decisiones
precipitadas y arbitrarias y seguir examinando a fondo esta cuestión a nivel internacional.
16.24. El delegado de la República de Corea dice lo siguiente:
16.25. La República de Corea valora positivamente e l liderazgo de la Unión Europea en la lucha
contra el cambio climático. Entiende que la UE ha introducido el MAFC en un intento de abordar el
problema de las posibles fugas de carbono. Corea reitera que las medidas relacionadas con el
comercio, como el MAF C, deben ser compatibles con las normas de la OMC y deben formularse
cuidadosamente para que no constituyan un obstáculo innecesario al comercio ni supongan una
carga administrativa excesiva.
16.26. Por consiguiente, la República de Corea considera que es esencia l facilitar información a
quienes se verán afectados por la medida y darles oportunidades suficientes para exponer sus
opiniones. Además, con miras a llegar a un entendimiento común sobre esta cuestión entre los
Miembros, de manera que se evite un resultad o negativo inesperado, es importante mantener un
debate suficiente y llegar a un entendimiento común entre las comunidades internacionales, entre
ellas la OMC, antes de su aplicación efectiva.
16.27. La República de Corea confía en que el MAFC de la UE se aplique de forma que se ajuste a
los objetivos de la OMC, esto es, garantizar el desarrollo sostenible y facilitar el libre comercio. Corea
seguirá de cerca el proceso de la puesta en marcha del MAFC. G/C/M/143
- 49 -
16.28. El delegado del Reino de la Arabia Saudita dice lo siguiente:
16.29. Desde el punto de vista del Reino de la Arabia Saudita, si bien la Unión Europea ha dicho
que el mecanismo propuesto estará en conformidad con las normas de la OMC y con sus demás
obligaciones internacionales, la UE aún no ha explicado cómo se propone alca nzar ese objetivo.
Aunque la intención declarada de la UE es hacer frente al riesgo de fuga de inversiones de la UE a
otros países, la Arabia Saudita considera que en realidad el principal objetivo de la UE es mantener
la competitividad de sus ramas de pro ducción. Además, según el examen preliminar que ha hecho
la Arabia Saudita, el MAFC propuesto por la UE suscita muy serias preocupaciones debido a las
repercusiones negativas que puede tener a medio y largo plazo en el comercio mundial.
16.30. El Reino de la Arab ia Saudita considera que la compatibilidad del MAFC de la UE con las
normas fundamentales de la OMC es cuestionable. Por lo tanto, la carga de la prueba que confirme
que este mecanismo es compatible con las obligaciones y compromisos de la UE en materia de
trato NMF, trato nacional, normas de origen y obstáculos no arancelarios recae en la propia UE.
Asimismo, la vigilancia y el cálculo de las emisiones de carbono implícitas en los productos
comprendidos en el MAFC no son tarea sencilla, y todavía no están claros muchos detalles acerca
de la metodología de cálculo. La Arabia Saudita solicita a la UE que facilite más aclaraciones sobre
esta cuestión.
16.31. Además, el Reino de la Arabia Saudita ruega a la Unión Europea que especifique los artículos
de los Acuerdos d e la OMC que le permiten adoptar este mecanismo innecesariamente complicado.
La Arabia Saudita insta asimismo a la UE a que siga celebrando consultas con los Miembros de
la OMC a fin de garantizar la plena conformidad del MAFC con las normas y los Acuerdos de la OMC,
velando en particular por que el mecanismo propuesto no cree obstáculos innecesarios al comercio,
no se utilice como medio de discriminación arbitraria o injustificable ni como restricción encubierta
al comercio internacional, y no se aplique d e manera que constituya una forma de protección de las
ramas de producción internas de la UE.
16.32. Por último, el Reino de la Arabia Saudita espera con interés recibir más detalles y reflexiones
de la Unión Europea sobre el mecanismo propuesto. El Reino también está dispuesto a dialogar sobre
esta cuestión con la UE y los Miembros interesados.
16.33. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
16.34. Los Estados Unidos desean animar una vez más a la Unión Europea a que siga celebrando
consultas con los Miembros de la OMC, en aras de la transparencia y con miras a reducir al mínimo
las posibles perturbaciones del comercio, ahora que está concluyendo la legislación relativa al MAFC
y los actos delegados conexos, que establecerán los detalles necesarios para la aplicació n del
mecanismo. Los Estados Unidos instan a la UE a que se asegure de que el MAFC no penalice
innecesariamente las mercancías producidas en países que no aplican una tarificación explícita al
carbono, y a que no cree lagunas para las mercancías originaria s de jurisdicciones con mecanismos
débiles de tarificación del carbono independientemente de la intensidad real de las emisiones de
carbono.
16.35. En opinión de los Estados Unidos, es esencial que los Miembros de la OMC se centren en la
consecución de nuestros o bjetivos climáticos generales con miras a reducir a cero las emisiones
netas de aquí a 2050, en particular haciendo frente a las emisiones implícitas asociadas a las
mercancías objeto de comercio. Los Estados Unidos no consideran necesario que todos los Mi embros
de la OMC adopten el mismo enfoque de política nacional en la lucha contra el cambio climático. Por
consiguiente, los Estados Unidos animan a la UE a que estudie las maneras de tener en cuenta, en
su concepción del MAFC, las muy diversas medidas de mitigación del cambio climático adoptadas
por sus interlocutores comerciales.
16.36. Las medidas centradas en las emisiones implícitas relacionadas con el comercio permiten,
de una manera concreta y medible, abordar los objetivos relativos al cambio climático mediante el
comercio. Centrándose en las emisiones implícitas de las mercancías o bjeto de comercio y
reduciendo esas emisiones con el paso del tiempo, los Miembros de la OMC pueden estudiar la forma
de utilizar sus políticas comerciales, con la ayuda de cualquier instrumento de política de su elección,
para alcanzar nuestro objetivo co mún, que es incentivar la descarbonización industrial. Teniendo G/C/M/143
- 50 -
presente este objetivo, los Estados Unidos agradecerán que la Unión Europea facilite información
adicional y detallada y colabore activamente en la cuestión del MAFC.
16.37. El delegado del Brasil dice lo siguiente:
16.38. El Brasil se remite a sus declaraciones anteriores formuladas sobre esta cuestión y quiere
destacar dos aspectos concretos de esta medida. En primer lugar, la Unión Europea ha aclarado
recientemente que el MAFC se introducirá gradualmente a la vez que se eliminan de manera
progresiva los derechos de emisión gratuitos en el marco del régimen de comercio de derechos de
emisión. Con ello, la UE impondrá un impuesto a las importaciones extranjeras y simultáneamente
eximirá a algunos de sus prod uctores de ese mismo impuesto. El hecho de que la UE, que es el
principal interlocutor comercial de varios Miembros de la OMC, pueda violar de una manera tan
flagrante un principio fundamental de la OMC, unido a las políticas discriminatorias relativas a l os
productos agropecuarios que se han examinado previamente, es sumamente preocupante para el
futuro de esta Organización. Si bien en el contexto de la CM12 los Miembros vieron claras señales
de flexibilidad y compromiso con la OMC por parte de China, los Estados Unidos, la India y otros
varios Miembros, estas políticas de la UE nos llevan a preguntarnos hasta qué punto la UE está
dispuesta a desempeñar un papel constructivo en unos tiempos en que el sistema multilateral de
comercio se enfrenta a grandes de safíos.
16.39. En segundo lugar, el MAFC representa un intento por parte de la Unión Europea de trasladar
la carga de los costos de ajuste a otros países, así como un retroceso con respecto a sus propios
compromisos. Ejemplo de ello es que la Unión Europea califi que de "verdes" el gas natural y la
energía nuclear. Además, es una clara violación de los principios, las normas y los compromisos
asumidos por la UE en los acuerdos ambientales internacionales.
16.40. Muchas partes interesadas han instado a los negociadores com erciales a que trabajen en
estrecha colaboración con expertos ambientales, dado que estos temas no pueden tratarse de
manera compartimentada. En este contexto, el Brasil señala que si la Coalición de Ministros de
Comercio para la Acción Climática propuesta por la Unión Europea y algunos otros Miembros tiene
objetivos reales y serios, la UE encontrará en el Brasil un firme asociado en el empeño de promover
el desarrollo sostenible. Fue bajo los auspicios del Brasil que la comunidad internacional convino los
principales acuerdos y principios del derecho internacional del medio ambiente, así como el marco
fundamental en el que se encuadran los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y el Acuerdo de París
(establecido en su mayor parte en Río unos años antes). Por ta nto, el Brasil tiene mucho que aportar
en lo que se refiere a salvar divergencias y crear consenso en esta cuestión. No obstante, el Brasil
teme que la UE esté tratando sistemáticamente de diluir cualquier referencia a los compromisos que
ha contraído en e l marco de los acuerdos sobre el medio ambiente y sus principios, y que prefiera
legitimar las medidas unilaterales que no contribuyen a resolver los desafíos mundiales comunes,
que infringen las normas y los principios básicos de los regímenes de comercio y de medio ambiente
y que socavan la capacidad de esos regímenes para aportar soluciones mundiales a los problemas
mundiales.
16.41. El Brasil está muy orgulloso del papel sumamente constructivo que ha desempeñado en el
establecimiento de los regímenes de comerc io y de medio ambiente e insta a la Unión Europea a
que reconsidere los efectos sistémicos de sus medidas unilaterales.
16.42. El delegado del Paraguay dice lo siguiente:
16.43. El Paraguay desea reiterar su interés en esta preocupación comercial y solicita que sus
declaraciones anteriores consten en el acta de la reunión.10 Además, el Paraguay solicita nuevamente
a la UE información sobre si planean una rebaja arancelaria para los productos importados que
contienen una huella de carbono menor, así como planean un aument o para los que tienen una
huella mayor. El Paraguay opina que los incentivos son igual de importantes que las penalizaciones
en medidas como estas, y que también deben tenerse en cuenta las responsabilidades comunes
pero diferenciadas.
10 Documento G/C/M/142, párrafos 36.24 y 36.25. G/C/M/143
- 51 -
16.44. El delegado de Indon esia dice lo siguiente:
16.45. Indonesia reitera su declaración formulada en la reunión anterior del CCM sobre sus
preocupaciones con respecto a la política del Pacto Verde Europeo y, en especial, las propuestas
relativas al MAFC y los productos libres de defores tación.11 Indonesia opina que estas políticas
pueden dar lugar a la creación de obstáculos innecesarios al comercio y de una diferencia de trato
entre los productos fabricados en la Unión Europea y los productos importados. Con respecto
al MAFC, Indonesia solicita a la UE que indique de una manera clara y razonable cómo se justifica la
ampliación de la cobertura de los productos comprendidos en el MAFC, que en la actualidad incluye
los productos químicos orgánicos, los plásticos, el hidrógeno y el amoníaco, y sobre la ampliación
de la cobertura de las emisiones, que ahora incluye las emisiones indirectas. Con respecto a los
productos libres de deforestación, aunque la UE ha declarado que la política solo está destinada a
los importadores de la UE, Indonesia subraya q ue, en última instancia, la ley propuesta tendría un
efecto en los países productores, entre ellos Indonesia. A juicio de Indonesia, los Miembros, para
hacer frente a los desafíos ambientales, deben actuar de conformidad con las normas y los principios
de la OMC, en particular el principio de las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y las
capacidades respectivas. Indonesia también considera que la UE, en lugar de aplicar un mecanismo
para las emisiones de carbono que podría representar un obstáculo para el comercio internacional,
debería haber cumplido sus obligaciones contraídas en el marco del Acuerdo de París y sus acuerdos
conexos, con inclusión de la prestación de asistencia técnica. En el contexto de las crecientes
tensiones geopolíticas actual es que sacuden a Europa, Indonesia considera que es importante que
todos los Miembros de la OMC aúnen esfuerzos para mantener la estabilidad de la cadena de
suministro mundial dando prioridad a la cooperación comercial no unilateral y no discriminatoria.
Por consiguiente, Indonesia insta a la UE a que reconsidere su política del Pacto Verde Europeo, en
particular en lo que se refiere a las propuestas sobre el MAFC y sobre los productos libres de
deforestación, a fin de ponerla en conformidad con las normas y los principios de la OMC y evitar
crear obstáculos al comercio.
16.46. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
16.47. La Unión Europea toma buena nota de las declaraciones formuladas por los Miembros. En
aras de la eficiencia, y habida cuenta de que las cue stiones abarcadas en este punto del orden del
día también se plantearán en el marco del punto 41 del orden del día, la UE tiene la intención de
hacer una única intervención en el marco de ese otro punto del orden del día.
16.48. El Consejo toma nota de las declar aciones formuladas.
17 UNIÓN EUROPEA – EL PACTO VERDE EUROPEO – SOLICITUD DE LA FEDERACIÓN DE
RUSIA
17.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de la
Federación de Rusia.
17.2. El delegado de la Federación de Rusia dice lo si guiente:
17.3. La Federación de Rusia reitera sus declaraciones formuladas en las anteriores reuniones del
Consejo y expresa su profunda preocupación con respecto al Pacto Verde Europeo y su aplicación.
La Unión Europea sigue elaborando e imponiendo nuevas medid as restrictivas del comercio bajo el
pretexto de proteger el medio ambiente y el clima.
17.4. El Consejo acaba de examinar el MAFC de la Unión Europea. Y no es ningún secreto que la
imposición de este mecanismo guarda estrecha relación con el deseo de la UE de s ustituir los
productos energéticos importados por sus propias fuentes de energía. Esa sustitución ha provocado
ya un aumento de los costos de producción en el mercado de la UE y una transferencia de la
producción de la UE a otros países, o lo que la UE lla ma "fuga de carbono".
17.5. Obviamente, el Pacto Verde de la Unión Europea no se limita a su MAFC. Abarca todos los
sectores de la economía. En la actualidad, los Miembros están planteando preocupaciones
comerciales específicas con respecto a determinados elemen tos del Pacto Verde en las reuniones de
11 Documen to G/C/M/142, párrafos 41.2 a 41.7. G/C/M/143
- 52 -
los órganos de trabajo especializados de la OMC. Una de esas medidas que causa profunda
preocupación a la Federación de Rusia es el Proyecto de Reglamento de la UE sobre las Pilas y
Baterías. En esta medida se fijan los requisitos de producto que han de cumplir las pilas y baterías
nuevas como condición para acceder al mercado de la UE; también se establecen los objetivos de
recuperación de materiales de pilas y baterías. Este reglamento establece prescripciones espec íficas
sobre el nivel máximo de la huella de carbono a lo largo del ciclo de vida de las pilas y baterías, y
niveles mínimos de materiales reciclados, como cobalto, litio y níquel. Al parecer, los requisitos
mínimos de materiales reciclados de las pilas y baterías tienen por objeto reducir el uso de metales
primarios en la EU. Los requisitos previstos en esta propuesta de Reglamento no se basan en criterios
científicos ni en normas o directrices internacionales que especifiquen el contenido de materiales
reciclados de las pilas y baterías, los objetivos de recuperación de materiales y los niveles y métodos
de cálculo de la huella de carbono a lo largo del ciclo de vida de las pilas y baterías.
17.6. Obviamente, el Pacto Verde Europeo no se ciñe a las medidas indic adas. Prevé también la
promoción de las normas y tecnologías energéticas de la UE a escala mundial, la diversificación de
las fuentes de suministro de energía, la adopción de nuevos reglamentos técnicos, la revisión de las
normas sobre competencia, etc. La mayoría de los proyectos están o estarán muy subvencionados,
y su aplicación supondrá la eliminación de los suministros extranjeros tradicionales del mercado de
la UE. Rusia ve que ya se otorgan compensaciones para los costos de reducción de las emisiones
indirectas, de conformidad con las Directrices sobre ayudas estatales en el marco del régimen de
comercio de derechos de emisión de la UE, por ejemplo.
17.7. En resumen, la Federación de Rusia subraya que cualesquiera que sean las actividades
previstas por los Miembros de la OMC en relación con el medio ambiente y el cambio climático,
deberían llevarse a cabo de conformidad con los principios y normas fundamentales de la OMC y no
deberían dar lugar a ningún tipo de discriminación o de restricciones encubiertas d el comercio. Rusia
confía en el respeto escrupuloso de las normas comerciales vigentes.
17.8. El Consejo toma nota de la declaración formulada.
18 ESTADOS UNIDOS – RESTRICCIÓN CUANTITATIVA DISCRIMINATORIA SOBRE LAS
IMPORTACIONES DE ACERO Y/O ALUMINIO – SOLICITUD DE CHINA
18.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de China.
18.2. El delegado de China dice lo siguiente:
18.3. China reitera las declaraciones que ha formulado en las reuniones anteriores del CCM y el CAM
y expresa su profunda preocupación con respecto a los aranceles aplicados por los Estados Unidos
al acero y el aluminio en virtud del artículo 232. China opina que toda medida que introduzca nuevos
contingentes, mantenga aranceles superiores al tipo máximo consolidado o discrimine entre los
Miembros de la OMC parece difícil de conciliar con las normas de la OMC, incluidos los artículos I, XI
y XIII del GATT.
18.4. Los Estados Unidos declararon en la reunión del Consejo celebrada en abril de 2022 que
habían invocado el artícul o XXI b) del GATT para justificar su medida; sin embargo, no explicaron
por qué eran necesarias esas medidas discriminatorias para la protección de sus intereses esenciales
en materia de seguridad. Por lo tanto, China considera que el arancel en virtud del artículo 232 es
incompatible con las obligaciones de los Estados Unidos en el marco de la OMC.
18.5. China desea asimismo expresar su oposición a la práctica adoptada por los Estados Unidos de
aumentar los aranceles bajo el pretexto de la seguridad nacional y d espués eliminar los aranceles
adicionales solo a determinados Miembros de la OMC, sobre la base de los acuerdos bilaterales que
los Estados Unidos contraen con ellos. Eso ha creado un precedente peligroso que no está en
conformidad con la letra y el espíri tu de la OMC ni con la historia del sistema multilateral de comercio.
18.6. Además, como ya se indicó en la reunión del Consejo celebrada en abril, China solicita a los
Estados Unidos que comuniquen si tienen la intención de notificar a la OMC los contingentes
establecidos en virtud del artículo 232 para la Unión Europea, el Japón y el Reino Unido y, de ser
así, cuándo tienen previsto hacerlo. G/C/M/143
- 53 -
18.7. Por último, China insta a los Estados Unidos a que eliminen cuanto antes todos los aranceles
y contingentes establecidos en virtud del artículo 232.
18.8. La delegada de Türkiye dice lo siguiente:
18.9. Como ya hizo en la reunión anterior del Comité, Türkiye desea en esta ocasión reiterar su
preocupación con respecto a los aranceles impuestos por los Estados Unidos a las importaciones d e
productos de acero y aluminio en virtud del artículo 232 desde 2018. Türkiye señala una vez más
su preocupación con respecto a la compatibilidad de esas medidas con el Acuerdo sobre
Salvaguardias de la OMC y el GATT de 1994. En opinión de Türkiye, la rec iente evolución hacia la
exclusión de algunos Miembros de los aranceles establecidos en virtud del artículo 232, con carácter
selectivo, complica más el problema porque transgrede el principio de la nación más favorecida de
la OMC. Türkiye confía en que lo s Estados Unidos cumplan pronto sus compromisos contraídos en el
marco de la OMC, lo que conlleva la supresión y la eliminación total de todos los derechos adicionales
y las restricciones cuantitativas, entre ellas los contingentes arancelarios aplicados a las
importaciones de los productos de acero y aluminio.
18.10. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
18.11. Los Estados Unidos toman nota de las observaciones y preguntas planteadas por China
respecto de la compatibilidad de las medidas del artículo 232 con las normas de la OMC. Los Estados
Unidos han invocado el artículo XXI b) del GATT de 1994 y, por lo tanto, sus medidas son plenamente
compatibles con las normas de la OMC. Con respecto a las preguntas sobre el funcionamiento de los
contingentes del art ículo 232, los Estados Unidos remiten a los Miembros a las proclamaciones
emitidas por el Presidente de los Estados Unidos de conformidad con el artículo 232, y a la
información sobre la aplicación de los contingentes publicada en el sitio web del Servicio de Aduanas
y Protección de Fronteras de los Estados Unidos.
18.12. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
19 ESTADOS UNIDOS – MEDIDAS DE CONTROL DE LAS EXPORTACIONES IMPUESTAS A
LAS EMPRESAS CHINAS – SOLICITUD DE CHINA
19.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de China.
19.2. El delegado de China dice lo siguiente:
19.3. China se ve obligada a plantear nuevamente esta cuestión, porque los Estados Unidos siguen
abusando del concepto de seguridad nacional e imponiendo medid as de control de las exportaciones
a diversas empresas chinas. China opina que las medidas adoptadas por los Estados Unidos no
tienen en cuenta normas básicas de la OMC, socavan el principio del mercado y el principio de la
competencia leal, y ponen en pel igro la seguridad de las cadenas de suministro mundiales. China
insta a los Estados Unidos a que eliminen con urgencia sus medidas injustas y desleales de control
de las exportaciones contra las empresas chinas con miras a crear condiciones favorables para el
comercio bilateral normal entre China y los Estados Unidos y evitar al mismo tiempo los efectos
negativos en las cadenas de suministro mundiales.
19.4. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
19.5. Como ya se ha indicado, los Estados Unidos consideran que el Consejo del Comercio de
Mercancías de la OMC no es el foro adecuado para debatir cuestiones relacionadas con la seguridad
nacional.
19.6. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas. G/C/M/143
- 54 -
20 ESTADOS UNIDOS – MEDIDAS RELATIVAS A LA PROHIBICIÓN DEL ACCESO A LOS
MERCADOS PARA LOS PRODUCTOS DE TIC – SOLICITUD DE CHINA
20.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de China.
20.2. El delegado de China dice lo siguiente:
20.3. China desea reiterar las declaraciones que formuló en las r euniones anteriores del CCM12 y
expresar una vez más su profunda preocupación con respecto a las medidas adoptadas por los
Estados Unidos que impiden que las empresas chinas suministren productos y servicios de TIC en el
mercado de los Estados Unidos. A es te respecto, China exhorta a los Estados Unidos a cumplir las
normas de la OMC y a dejar de abusar del concepto de seguridad nacional.
20.4. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
20.5. Como ya se ha indicado, los Estados Unidos consideran que el Consejo del Comercio de
Mercancías de la OMC no es el foro adecuado para debatir cuestiones relacionadas con la seguridad
nacional.
20.6. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
21 AUSTRALIA – PROHIBICIÓN DISCRIMINATORIA DE ACCESO A LOS MERCADOS
APLICADA AL EQUIPO 5G – SOLICITUD DE CHINA
21.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de China.
21.2. El delegado de China dice lo siguiente:
21.3. China sigue expresando su profunda preocupación con respecto a las medidas discriminatorias
adoptadas por Australia que prohíben a las empresas chinas participar en la construcción de la
red 5G australiana. Además, China ve con suma preocupación el hecho de que la prohibición de
Australia se haya hecho extensiva a su red 4G existente. China insta a Australia a que revise sus
políticas reg lamentarias en el sector de las telecomunicaciones y a que proporcione un acceso a los
mercados justo a las empresas chinas para que participen en la construcción de la red 5G
australiana. China insta a Australia a que ponga sus medidas en conformidad con las normas de
la OMC.
21.4. El delegado de Australia dice lo siguiente:
21.5. Una vez más, Australia toma nota de la declaración de China. China planteó por primera vez
esta cuestión en la OMC a finales de 2018. Desde entonces, Australia ha colaborado de manera
constr uctiva con China para explicar en detalle los fundamentos de su posición con respecto a las
redes 5G. Australia señala asimismo que otros Miembros de la OMC han adoptado decisiones
similares en cuanto a su interés nacional en el equipo para las redes 5G na cionales. Como se ha
señalado con anterioridad, la posición de Australia en relación con las redes 5G se aplica a todos los
países sin distinción alguna, es transparente, está basada en el riesgo, no es discriminatoria y es
plenamente compatible con las no rmas de la OMC.
21.6. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
22 UNIÓN EUROPEA – PROHIBICIÓN DISCRIMINATORIA DE ACCESO A LOS MERCADOS
APLICADA POR SUECIA AL EQUIPO 5G – SOLICITUD DE CHINA
22.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orde n del día a petición de China.
22.2. El delegado de China dice lo siguiente:
22.3. China lamenta tener que plantear esta cuestión nuevamente. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, a
pesar de sus reiteradas solicitudes, China no ha visto ninguna evaluación ni prueba pertinente
12 Documento G/C/M/142, párrafos 32.2 y 32.3. G/C/M/143
- 55 -
presentadas por Suecia en las que se indique que los productos de las empresas chinas entrañan
riesgos de seguridad para Suecia. A este respecto, China considera que no procede suponer que los
productos de las empresas chinas son perjudiciales para la segu ridad de Suecia sin aportar ninguna
prueba convincente. Por lo tanto, China considera que la medida adoptada por Suecia no es
transparente, carece de fundamento y es incompatible con las normas de la OMC. Para concluir,
China solicita a Suecia que cree un entorno justo, transparente y no discriminatorio para las
empresas chinas que operan en Suecia.
22.4. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
22.5. La Unión Europea señala que la cuestión planteada por China en relación con la reciente
subasta sueca para el espectro 5G sigue siendo objeto de un procedimiento judicial en el marco del
acuerdo bilateral sobre inversiones entre Suecia y China. En vista de que hay un procedimiento en
curso, la UE no entrará en detalles sobre esta cuestión en el contexto de la pre sente reunión del
Consejo.
22.6. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
23 UNIÓN EUROPEA – PROYECTO DE LEY DE BÉLGICA POR LA QUE SE INTRODUCEN
MEDIDAS DE SEGURIDAD ADICIONALES PARA EL SUMINISTRO DE SERVICIOS
MÓVILES 5G – SOLICITUD DE CHINA
23.1. El Preside nte recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de China.
23.2. El delegado de China dice lo siguiente:
23.3. China reitera sus declaraciones formuladas en reuniones anteriores del Comité CCM y el
Comité OTC. China da las gracias a la Unión E uropea por la información actualizada que facilitó en
la reunión del Consejo celebrada en abril, pero señala con preocupación que se ha adoptado la ley
belga por la que se introducen medidas de seguridad adicionales para el suministro de servicios
móviles 5G. China reitera que mantiene su principal preocupación con respecto a la ley adoptada,
en particular con relación al artículo 105, sección 4. China reconoce que los Miembros de la OMC
tienen el legítimo derecho de proteger la seguridad de su red 5G. No o bstante, las evaluaciones del
riesgo pertinentes de los productos de los proveedores deben basarse en criterios técnicos objetivos
y ser compatibles con el Acuerdo OTC. Con respecto al Proyecto de Real Decreto relativo al
despliegue seguro de la red 5G, Ch ina solicita a la UE que aproveche la oportunidad de la presente
reunión para facilitar información actualizada sobre el nuevo texto redactado. Por último, pide a la
Unión Europea que revise la ley adoptada y se asegure de que está en consonancia con las n omas
de la OMC.
23.4. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
23.5. La Unión Europea toma nota del interés que China sigue mostrando en el Proyecto de Ley por
la que se introducen medidas de seguridad adicionales para el suministro de servicios móviles 5G y
el Proyecto de Real Decreto relativo al despliegue seguro de la 5G, notificados por Bélgica a la OMC
en los documentos G/TBT/N/BEL/44 y G/TBT/N/BEL/45.
23.6. China presentó observaciones por escrito durante el período de presentación de observaciones
sobre esas notificaciones (cuyo plazo inicial de 60 días se amplió en virtud de un addendum a petición
de China). La Unión Europea respondió a las observaciones de China el 8 de noviembre de 2021.
Además, en un intercambio oral detallado que tuvo lugar en la reunión de marzo de 2022 del
Comité OTC, la UE respondió a las nuevas preocupaciones planteadas por China. A este respecto,
la UE señala que China ha vuelto a incluir esta cuestión en el orden del día de la reunión de la
próxima semana del Comité OTC, lo que brin dará a los expertos la oportunidad de seguir
intercambiando opiniones sobre su contenido.
23.7. Como ya señaló la Unión Europea en la reunión del CCM celebrada en abril, el Proyecto de
Ley notificado se adoptó el 10 de febrero de 2022, y no se prevé ninguna revi sión en un futuro
próximo. G/C/M/143
- 56 -
23.8. Con respecto a las preocupaciones planteadas por China, la Unión Europea se remite a las
declaraciones detalladas que formuló en la reunión del Comité OTC celebrada en marzo de 2022 y
en la reunión del CCM celebrada en abril de 2022. Además, la UE hará una nueva declaración que
se publicará en la plataforma eAgenda y se presentará en la reunión del Comité OTC de la próxima
semana.
23.9. Por último, la Unión Europea desea señalar que el Proyecto de Real Decreto, notificado en el
document o G/TBT/N/BEL/45, será sustituido por dos nuevos Reales Decretos. De conformidad con
el Acuerdo OTC, la UE prevé que estos Decretos se notifiquen antes de finales de año, y con un
nuevo plazo de presentación de observaciones, respetándose así escrupulosame nte las
recomendaciones formuladas en el marco del Acuerdo OTC y el Comité OTC.
23.10. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
24 CHINA – APLICACIÓN DE MEDIDAS QUE PERTURBAN Y RESTRINGEN EL COMERCIO –
SOLICITUD DE AUSTRALIA
24.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de Australia.
24.2. El delegado de Australia dice lo siguiente:
24.3. China ha sido y seguirá siendo un importante interlocutor comercial de Australia en un futuro
previsible. Las economías de China y Australia son sumamente complementarias y las sólidas
corrientes comerciales bilaterales sostenidas siguen siendo mutuamente beneficiosas. Au stralia y
China también han dejado claro que valoran el sistema multilateral de comercio basado en normas
y quieren asegurarse de que funciona de manera que beneficia a todos los Miembros de la OMC. Un
sistema mundial de comercio estable y abierto es un mo tor clave de prosperidad para todos.
24.4. Sin embargo, el hecho de que China continúe aplicando contra Australia medidas que
perturban y restringen el comercio, algunas de las cuales están en vigor desde 2020, no es
compatible con el valor que China y Australia atribuyen al sistema multilateral de comercio basado
en normas. En efecto, a Australia le siguen preocupando sobremanera estas medidas, en particular
porque muchas de ellas no se han aplicado de manera transparente. Es preciso recordar a los
Miembros de l a OMC que al menos nueve productos básicos, que van desde el carbón hasta los
minerales de cobre y sus concentrados, las langostas y la cebada, han sido objeto de las siguientes
medidas: i) restricciones cuantitativas como prohibiciones de facto a la impor tación; ii) imposición
de derechos antidumping y compensatorios injustificados; iii) realización de pruebas e inspecciones
en frontera crecientes y arbitrarias, con inclusión de demoras, sin notificación previa; o iv) retrasos
innecesarios en la inscripció n o reinscripción de establecimientos de exportación y en la expedición
de licencias de importación.
24.5. Australia no puede ignorar el alcance y la duración inusuales de las perturbaciones del
comercio que China provoca contra las mercancías australianas y que han reducido gravemente o,
en algunos casos, han interrumpido por completo el comercio de los productos básicos afectados.
China se ha comprometido con anterioridad a ejercer el multilateralismo salvaguardando "un sistema
multilateral de comercio basado e n normas que sea transparente, no discriminatorio, abierto e
inclusivo". Australia espera que China mantenga esa posición e insta nuevamente a China a resolver
la cuestión de todas las medidas que perturban y restringen el comercio impuestas a las
exportac iones de Australia y otros Miembros de la OMC.
24.6. Ante las solicitudes de asesoramiento y las declaraciones presentadas por Australia en este
Consejo y en otros comités pertinentes, China no ha facilitado respuestas satisfactorias sobre la
compatibilidad de e stas medidas con los compromisos y obligaciones contraídos por China en el
marco de la OMC. No ha habido respuesta sustantiva de las autoridades de China a las
comunicaciones detalladas de Australia sobre los informes de las investigaciones sobre el
incump limiento, a pesar de la alegación formulada por China en la reunión anterior del Consejo de
que "la comunicación pertinente entre las autoridades gubernamentales de ambas partes ha sido
abierta". Tampoco ha habido orientaciones o recomendaciones claras de las autoridades chinas sobre
las vías para levantar o revocar esas suspensiones, siempre que sea posible. G/C/M/143
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24.7. Australia espera mantener su valiosa relación bilateral con China y está dispuesta a colaborar
con China en esas cuestiones en todo momento.
24.8. El delega do del Reino Unido dice lo siguiente:
24.9. El Reino Unido quisiera expresar de nuevo su apoyo a la preocupación planteada por Australia
acerca de las medidas restrictivas del comercio adoptadas por China. Los Miembros de la OMC deben
respetar los principios y o bjetivos fundamentales del comercio libre y equitativo que sustentan el
sistema multilateral de comercio basado en normas. Las medidas dirigidas deliberadamente contra
las mercancías de algunos países por razones políticas pueden socavar la integridad del sistema
multilateral de comercio y la confianza en él, y perjudican de forma directa a las empresas y los
ciudadanos de todo el mundo. Las medidas comerciales deben aplicarse de manera previsible y no
discriminatoria, y con la debida transparencia respecto de la adopción de decisiones y los
procedimientos administrativos, como exigen los Acuerdos de la OMC pertinentes.
24.10. Es crucial que China, como Miembro de la OMC, vele por que sus medidas comerciales se
apliquen en consonancia con las obligaciones que le co rresponden en el marco de la OMC y que
respete los principios y objetivos fundamentales del comercio libre y equitativo en que se basa el
sistema multilateral de comercio basado en normas. El Reino Unido sigue vigilando de cerca la
información sobre las me didas restrictivas del comercio y alienta a China a colaborar de buena fe y
de manera oportuna, aclarando los puntos planteados por Australia.
24.11. El delegado del Japón dice lo siguiente:
24.12. Como ya indicó en la última reunión del Consejo, el Japón comparte las p reocupaciones
expresadas por Australia sobre el hecho de que las medidas comerciales de China, incluidas sus
medidas comerciales correctivas, han de aplicarse en el marco de los Acuerdos de la OMC y tienen
que cumplir lo dispuesto en los Acuerdos de la OMC pertinentes en materia de procedimientos e
investigación. Como los Miembros de la OMC señalaron durante el último examen de las políticas
comerciales de China, las medidas gubernamentales ejecutadas de manera informal u oculta
plantean problemas tanto en cuanto al Protocolo de Adhesión de China a la OMC como en relación
con el principio de transparencia de la OMC. El Japón considera que es importante que China
garantice la transparencia de sus medidas pertinentes. En caso de que China aplique sus medidas
comerciales de forma arbitraria, como se ha informado, su enfoque será incompatible con el sistema
internacional de comercio, libre, equitativo y basado en normas. El Japón espera que China dé
respuesta a las preocupaciones de Australia de buena fe y de man era oportuna.
24.13. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
24.14. Como se ha indicado en reuniones anteriores, y como se ha planteado una vez más en el
marco de este punto del orden del día, la Unión Europea comparte las preocupaciones de Australia
con resp ecto a la aplicación por parte de China de medidas que perturban y restringen el comercio.
La UE quiere aprovechar esta ocasión para reiterar una vez más las mismas cuestiones de principio
y de derecho. A la UE le siguen preocupando la forma, el número y l os efectos de amplio alcance
que supuestamente parecen tener esas medidas chinas. En particular, en lo que se refiere a la forma,
la UE considera que las restricciones comerciales informales, no publicadas y carentes de
transparencia no están en consonanci a con las normas y el espíritu de la OMC.
24.15. La Unión Europea también se pronuncia en contra de la supuesta finalidad de las medidas
en cuestión, que parece ser coercitiva; de ser así, las supuestas medidas son incompatibles con el
derecho internacional gener al. En la UE, la propuesta legislativa sobre un instrumento de lucha
contra la coerción avanza en el órgano legislativo de la UE. Además, la UE tiene una diferencia
sustanciada en la OMC con China en relación con una serie de medidas que afectan negativame nte
a su comercio con China y en el caso de las cuales la intención de China también parece ser
coercitiva.
24.16. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
24.17. Los Estados Unidos comparten las preocupaciones de Australia. A los Estados Unidos les
preocupa mucho la información facilitada por Australia, que también les ha llegado a través de otras
fuentes dignas de crédito. Los Estados Unidos desean dejar constancia de nuevo de su preocupación G/C/M/143
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sistémica por el amplio abanico de medidas restrictivas, tanto fo rmales como informales, que China
ha impuesto con respecto a determinados productos australianos de forma inapropiada. En este
sentido, los Estados Unidos desean dejar constancia de su preocupación por la información que
apunta a que las autoridades chinas han encomendado informalmente a los importadores no adquirir
determinados productos.
24.18. Como se ha señalado anteriormente, las medidas de China no afectan exclusivamente a
Australia. Hay muchos casos en los que China utiliza estas prácticas perjudiciales que no son de
mercado contra Miembros de la OMC, en aparente represalia por cuestiones bilaterales que no
guardan relación, como sucede con la discriminación de China contra los productos lituanos y los
productos de la UE con contenido lituano. Es importante identificar medidas igualmente coercitivas
adoptadas por China contra otros Miembros de la OMC, ya que demuestran una pauta de
comportamiento más amplia. Concretamente, China utiliza —o amenaza con utilizar — medidas
comerciales arbitrarias o injustificable s para presionar o influenciar el proceso legítimo de adopción
de decisiones de Gobiernos soberanos.
24.19. China alega que respalda el "sistema multilateral de comercio basado en normas", pero las
medidas que adopta hablan por sí mismas. China sigue explotando e l sistema basado en normas en
su propio beneficio, ignorando o infringiendo las normas para perjudicar a otros con el fin de
promover sus objetivos geopolíticos y económicos. El incumplimiento por parte de China de las
normas comerciales mundiales y de los principios de la OMC amenaza y socava el sistema
multilateral de comercio basado en normas y perjudica las relaciones entre sus Miembros.
24.20. El delegado del Canadá dice lo siguiente:
24.21. El Canadá sigue compartiendo las preocupaciones sistémicas planteadas por A ustralia y otros
Miembros de la OMC en relación con las medidas que perturban y restringen el comercio adoptadas
por China. A este respecto, el Canadá se remite a su intervención anterior sobre este punto, que
sigue siendo válida.13 El uso repetido por par te de China de restricciones comerciales incompatibles
con las prácticas internacionales establecidas afecta negativamente a las exportaciones de productos
agropecuarios y no agropecuarios del Canadá.
24.22. En lo que atañe a la agricultura, la falta de transpare ncia y previsibilidad con respecto a la
aplicación de medidas MSF por China continúa restringiendo las exportaciones canadienses de
productos alimenticios, vegetales y productos de origen animal, que siguen sufriendo importantes
demoras indebidas en los pr ocedimientos de aprobación de China. Al Canadá también le sigue
preocupando el efecto perturbador para el comercio de las medidas aplicadas por China, a raíz de
la COVID -19, a las importaciones de productos alimenticios. Las orientaciones de la OMS y de la FAO
han confirmado una vez más que ni los productos alimenticios ni su embalaje son una vía de
propagación de virus que causan enfermedades respiratorias, incluida la COVID -19. Dado que no
hay testimonios científicos que respalden esas medidas, el manteni miento de la suspensión de los
establecimientos canadienses dedicados a la exportación de carne solo puede considerarse un
instrumento para bloquear el comercio. El mundo se enfrenta a un aumento de los precios de los
alimentos y a perturbaciones de las ca denas de suministro mundiales que afectan a la seguridad
alimentaria. Es fundamental que todos los Miembros de la OMC, incluida China, basen sus decisiones
y medidas en criterios científicos.
24.23. En cuanto al comercio de productos no agropecuarios, el Canadá o bserva que existen nuevos
e importantes obstáculos al comercio relacionados con los requisitos en materia de certificación de
productos, como la ampliación del alcance del examen —hasta el punto de que las certificaciones de
productos que antes tardaban me ses tardan ahora varios años para los mismos tipos de productos —
y las modificaciones que afectan a productos existentes que ya contaban con una certificación
anterior. El uso de medidas que perturban el comercio y son coercitivas pone a prueba y desestabi liza
el sistema internacional de comercio basado en normas, del que China, el Canadá y todos los
Miembros de la OMC se benefician.
24.24. El Canadá alienta a todos los Miembros de la OMC, incluida China, a que cumplan sus
compromisos en el marco de la OMC.
13 Documento G/C/M/142, párrafos 7.23 a 7.30. G/C/M/143
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24.25. El delegado del Taipei Chino dice lo siguiente:
24.26. El Taipei Chino desea apoyar las preocupaciones planteadas por Australia en relación con la
aplicación por parte de China de medidas que perturban y restringen el comercio dirigidas a una
amplia gama de merca ncías australianas. La verdadera intención de las medidas comerciales de
China, ya sea impuestas de manera formal o informal, parece ser obstaculizar los intereses
comerciales de determinados Miembros sobre la base de cuestiones bilaterales no relacionadas . Esto
supone sin duda un riesgo sistémico para el sistema multilateral de comercio basado en normas, y
es probable que tenga un impacto comercial negativo no solo en Australia, sino también en todos
los demás Miembros de la OMC.
24.27. Como se ha indicado en reu niones anteriores, el Taipei Chino también ha percibido y sufrido
el enfoque poco constructivo que ha adoptado China en la aplicación de prescripciones sanitarias y
fitosanitarias injustificadas a sus exportaciones de frutas y productos de la pesca a China . Aunque
el Taipei Chino ha solicitado reiteradamente diálogos científicos y técnicos con las autoridades chinas
sobre las medidas pertinentes, no ha habido ninguna respuesta sustantiva de China. Ese enfoque
solo suscita sospechas del Taipei Chino con resp ecto a las intenciones coercitivas de China, que irían
claramente en contra del espíritu del sistema multilateral de comercio basado en normas.
24.28. Por consiguiente, el Taipei Chino insta una vez más a China a colaborar de buena fe y de
manera constructiva par a resolver esas preocupaciones comerciales legítimas y cumplir sus
compromisos con respecto a los principios y obligaciones que entrañan las normas de la OMC.
24.29. La delegada de Nueva Zelandia dice lo siguiente:
24.30. Nueva Zelandia comparte un interés sistémico en las preocupaciones expresadas sobre este
tema. Como Nueva Zelandia ha señalado en repetidas ocasiones en múltiples foros, el sistema
multilateral de comercio basado en normas establece que todos los Miembros de la OMC,
independientemente de su tamaño o cap acidad comercial, están sujetos a los mismos derechos y
obligaciones. Ello aporta la previsibilidad y la certidumbre necesarias para que el comercio pueda
llevarse a cabo con eficiencia y con la menor fricción posible. Y habida cuenta de las dificultades c on
que se enfrentan todos los Miembros de la OMC como consecuencia de la pandemia de COVID -19 y
de otras perturbaciones, la certidumbre que ofrece el sistema multilateral de comercio es más
importante que nunca.
24.31. Si los Miembros de la OMC renuncian a sus co mpromisos, o adoptan medidas correctivas u
otras medidas previstas en los Acuerdos de la OMC de forma arbitraria o para otros fines no
relacionados, se socavará la previsibilidad y la certidumbre en las que se basa el sistema, y variará
también la impresió n que se tenga del Miembro de la OMC que adopta esas medidas.
24.32. Nueva Zelandia está seriamente preocupada por las medidas comerciales de los Miembros
de la OMC que causan una perturbación generalizada del comercio y carecen de transparencia,
incluidas las ac ciones tomadas por China contra una serie de exportaciones procedentes de Australia
y de otros Miembros de la OMC. Nueva Zelandia alienta a los Miembros de la OMC a que cumplan
plenamente sus obligaciones en el marco de la OMC, en particular por lo que se refiere a la aplicación
de buena fe de medidas comerciales correctivas.
24.33. El delegado de China dice lo siguiente:
24.34. China ya ha facilitado sus explicaciones sobre esta cuestión planteada por Australia. Para
ahorrar tiempo, China desea remitirse a las declaraci ones que ha formulado en reuniones anteriores
de este Consejo y de otros comités pertinentes.14 China reitera que las medidas pertinentes que ha
adoptado en relación con determinados productos australianos tienen por objeto proteger los
derechos e interese s legítimos de las ramas de producción nacionales y la seguridad de los
consumidores. Las medidas en cuestión también son compatibles con las normas de la OMC.
24.35. China está dispuesta a trabajar con el nuevo Gobierno australiano con arreglo a los principios
de respeto y beneficios mutuos para promover un desarrollo sólido y constante de la amplia
asociación estratégica entre China y Australia. China espera que el Gobierno de Australia trabaje
14 Documento G/C/M/142, párrafos 7.50 a 7.55. G/C/M/143
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con ella en un esfuerzo conjunto encaminado a este fin e instaure un entorno de inversión justo,
abierto y no discriminatorio para los inversores de todos los Miembros de la OMC, incluida China,
con objeto de facilitar la cooperación práctica entre China y Australia en los ámbitos económico y
comercial.
24.36. El Consejo toma not a de las declaraciones formuladas.
25 CHINA – MEDIDAS ADMINISTRATIVAS PARA EL REGISTRO DE LOS FABRICANTES
EXTRANJEROS DE ALIMENTOS IMPORTADOS – SOLICITUD DE AUSTRALIA Y LOS
ESTADOS UNIDOS
25.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del dí a a petición de Australia
y los Estados Unidos.
25.2. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
25.3. A los Estados Unidos les sigue preocupando profundamente la falta de respuesta de China a
sus solicitudes de justificar o explicar científicamente cómo los Decretos Nos 248 y 249 abordarán
las preocupaciones de inocuidad de los alimentos y de salud pública. La falta de orientaciones por
parte de China y su incoherencia por lo que respecta a la aplicación y el cumplimiento de las medidas
provocan una consider able confusión entre los exportadores y las autoridades competentes, lo que
incide negativamente en el comercio.
25.4. Los Estados Unidos piden a China que adopte las siguientes medidas para facilitar el comercio:
i) la Administración General de Aduanas de China (GACC) debería seguir utilizando los procesos
existentes de registro de las instalaciones entre Gobiernos, como se indica en el artículo 11 del
Decreto Nº 248, y no exigir que las instalaciones introduzcan la información en línea en los casos en
que se ha yan establecido esos procedimientos; ii) permitir la entrada de todos los productos
procedentes de instalaciones registradas, hasta el 1 de julio de 2023, como mínimo, sin exigir
información completa sobre el registro ni la intervención de la autoridad com petente. Este plazo
adicional permitirá que las instalaciones introduzcan o actualicen con exactitud la información sobre
los productos en su registro en línea; iii) proporcionar un punto de contacto en la GACC al que las
instalaciones puedan presentar dir ectamente sus preocupaciones y comentarios sobre el sistema de
registro en línea. Las instalaciones deberían poder comunicarse con este punto de contacto en inglés
desde fuera de China, y el punto de contacto no debería remitir preguntas de registro genera les a
las oficinas dependientes de la GACC en los distintos puertos; y iv) celebrar una o varias sesiones
informativas en Ginebra para que sus interlocutores comerciales reciban más información acerca de
la aplicación de los Decretos por parte de la GACC.
25.5. Los Estados Unidos señalan que las solicitudes de la GACC para que las instalaciones y las
autoridades competentes presenten información detallada adicional, entre otras cosas sobre los
planes de inocuidad de los alimentos para procesos específicos y las f otografías para cada
establecimiento, no son compatibles con un enfoque de equivalencia basada en sistemas para la
inocuidad de los alimentos. Los Estados Unidos esperan con interés la respuesta de China a estas
solicitudes y observaciones específicas.
25.6. El delegado de Australia dice lo siguiente:
25.7. A Australia le sigue preocupando que el Reglamento de China sobre Registro y Gestión de
Fabricantes Extranjeros de Alimentos Importados, promulgado como Decreto Nº 248, distorsione y
restrinja innecesariamente el co mercio, así como el hecho de que restringe el comercio más de lo
necesario para alcanzar los objetivos de China en materia de inocuidad de los alimentos. Además,
no se dio a los Miembros de la OMC ni tiempo ni información suficientes para registrarse, adap tarse
y prepararse antes de que las medidas entrasen en vigor el 1 de enero de 2022. El Reglamento no
distingue entre categorías de riesgo para la inocuidad de los alimentos ni proporciona la justificación
científica de las medidas o la equivalencia necesa ria de los sistemas extranjeros de inocuidad de los
alimentos. Australia ya ha manifestado sus preocupaciones en diferentes ocasiones en el Comité MSF
y en el Comité OTC.
25.8. Los exportadores están señalando demoras en el registro y el despacho de aduanas que
repercuten desfavorablemente en su actividad comercial con China. En particular, Australia ha G/C/M/143
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facilitado de buena fe información para el registro de establecimientos que no se ha reflejado con
exactitud en el sistema de registro de China. Esto es motivo de gran preocupación para la rama de
producción. Australia recuerda a China que no debe utilizar sus reglamentos para discriminar a los
productos importados, y que las demoras en la tramitación de la renovación del registro y de las
nuevas solicitudes de los productores extranjeros de alimentos pueden hacer que los alimentos
importados reciban un trato menos favorable que los productos chinos.
25.9. Los exportadores australianos de alimentos están preparados y dispuestos a cumplir las
prescripciones de China en mat eria de inocuidad de los alimentos, pero las empresas y los Gobiernos
necesitan más aclaraciones y un plazo razonable para introducir los cambios necesarios a fin de
cumplir las nuevas medidas de China. A la luz de lo anterior, Australia solicita que las a utoridades
aduaneras de China adopten un enfoque flexible por lo que respecta a la aplicación, hasta el 1 de
julio de 2023; durante este período permitirían la entrada de productos en consonancia con la
actividad comercial tradicional, además permitirían l a entrada en el nuevo sistema de registro de
China, en espera de la finalización de las solicitudes pendientes y de las correcciones o
actualizaciones en los registros en línea. Australia insta a China a abordar esas cuestiones con
prontitud y sigue dispue sta a trabajar en colaboración con China para garantizar que la inocuidad
de los alimentos se mantenga sin perturbar el comercio.
25.10. El delegado del Canadá dice lo siguiente:
25.11. El Canadá sigue compartiendo las preocupaciones planteadas por Australia y los Estad os
Unidos. El Canadá y otros Miembros de la OMC han señalado preocupaciones y desafíos importantes
en relación con las medidas administrativas de China para el registro de fabricantes extranjeros de
alimentos importados. A este respecto, el Canadá se remit e a sus intervenciones anteriores sobre
este punto, que siguen siendo válidas.15 El Canadá sigue viendo con preocupación que las nuevas
medidas administrativas son excesivamente gravosas e injustificadas, y sigue profundamente
preocupado por la repercusión innecesaria que tienen esas medidas en el comercio.
25.12. El Canadá observa que la puesta en marcha del Registro en línea de Empresas de
Importación de Alimentos de China (CIFER), que no fue notificada por China a la OMC, creará nuevos
obstáculos al comercio, c on importantes repercusiones financieras y de recursos tanto en la rama
de producción como en las autoridades extranjeras competentes.
25.13. A pesar de las reiteradas peticiones de los interlocutores comerciales, sigue habiendo escaso
contacto con la Administración de Aduanas de China, que ha facilitado información limitada y una
orientación mínima acerca de la aplicación del sistema CIFER, lo que se traduce en una constante
incertidumbre y preocupación. En consecuencia, los exportadores se enfrentan ahora a retrasos en
el despacho de sus envíos, ya que las empresas no pueden inscribirse o actualizar su registro en el
sistema CIFER. Además, el proceso de registro en el sistema CIFER es excesivamente detallado y
confuso, y faltan directrices q ue permitan ir paso a paso y plazos definidos tanto para las autoridades
competentes como para la rama de producción. Habida cuenta de que quedan muchas preguntas
sobre el proceso de registro, el Canadá pide a China que cree un punto de contacto o de consu lta
único tanto para la rama de producción como para las autoridades competentes o que colabore
directamente con las empresas para la cumplimentación de su registro. Además, el Canadá espera
que China incluya en el sistema CIFER, sin más demora, todos los productos y establecimientos
canadienses previamente aprobados por China que, sin embargo, actualmente no figuran en las
listas de la Administración de Aduanas de China de productos e instalaciones canadienses aprobados
con derecho a exportar a China.
25.14. El Canadá insta encarecidamente a China a que exponga todos los plazos de manera
transparente y elabore documentos de orientación claros para responder a las preguntas y
preocupaciones tanto de la rama de producción como de las autoridades competentes. El Cana dá
sigue profundamente preocupado por la repercusión innecesaria que están teniendo esas medidas
en el comercio. En conclusión, el Canadá insta a China a proporcionar a los Miembros de la OMC
información y aclaraciones adicionales sobre las nuevas medidas y el sistema CIFER.
15 Documento G/C/M/142, párrafos 18.35 a 18.40. G/C/M/143
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25.15. El delegado de la República de Corea dice lo siguiente:
25.16. La República de Corea comparte la preocupación expresada por otros Miembros acerca de
las medidas administrativas de China para el registro de los productores extranjeros de alimen tos
importados. Corea respeta el derecho de China a garantizar la inocuidad de los alimentos y reconoce
sus esfuerzos por atender las preocupaciones planteadas por los Miembros de la OMC antes de que
las medidas entraran en vigor este año. Sin embargo, a C orea le sigue preocupando que aún no se
hayan abordado debidamente las observaciones que ha planteado en reuniones anteriores.
25.17. En primer lugar, la República de Corea pide a China que justifique la medida administrativa,
en particular, el artículo 7 del Dec reto Nº 248, que amplía su alcance a productos de bajo riesgo.
Además, Corea desea solicitar a China más información sobre los datos científicos o análisis del
riesgo que se han utilizado para seleccionar sus 14 categorías. Corea considera que la inocuidad de
los alimentos es un objetivo legítimo, de conformidad con las normas comerciales internacionales
pertinentes, pero la aplicación de esas medidas no debe restringir el comercio más de lo necesario.
25.18. En segundo lugar, las autoridades competentes de los Mi embros exportadores han soportado
ya una pesada carga administrativa, al tener que examinar las solicitudes de registro de los
productores extranjeros y hacer un seguimiento de si los productores siguen cumpliendo los
reglamentos y normas de China después de su registro inicial. Por consiguiente, Corea recomienda
que China colabore directamente con los productores extranjeros para el proceso de solicitud. Corea
también solicita a China que dé a conocer su centro de coordinación de referencia. Corea cree que
esto permitirá ahorrar tiempo y recursos no solo a China, sino también a los productores extranjeros
y sus autoridades.
25.19. El delegado de Noruega dice lo siguiente:
25.20. Noruega sigue preocupada por que el reglamento impuesto por China el 1 de enero de 2022
restringe el comercio más de lo necesario para garantizar la inocuidad de los productos alimenticios
importados. Sigue sin estar claro de qué forma los Decretos Nos 248 y 249 de China contribuirán a
lograr el nivel adecuado de protección de China.
25.21. Los Decretos Nos 248 y 249 están en vigor desde hace seis meses. Ha quedado demostrado
que el nuevo reglamento impone una carga importante tanto a la rama de producción nacional como
a la autoridad nacional competente. La autoridad competente de Noruega y la rama de pr oducción
noruega han hecho importantes esfuerzos para garantizar el cumplimiento de las prescripciones
administrativas de China. Sin embargo, la información insuficiente de las autoridades chinas, la falta
de información en inglés y la incertidumbre en cua nto a la aplicación de los decretos son motivo de
verdadera preocupación para la rama de producción.
25.22. La aplicación del sistema CIFER en línea ha creado nuevos obstáculos al comercio e impone
una carga considerable a las autoridades competentes de Noruega. Noruega cuestiona la gran
cantidad de información y documentación necesaria para registrar los establecimientos y modificar
la información sobre las empresas en el CIFER, teniendo en cuenta que las empresas están bajo
control oficial de la autoridad nacion al competente. Los numerosos cambios introducidos en el
sistema CIFER tras su puesta en aplicación, la falta de orientación e importantes errores técnicos
han generado nuevos problemas en el registro de las empresas. Desde la puesta en aplicación del
sistema CIFER el 1 de enero de 2022, ningún nuevo productor noruego ha podido completar el
proceso de registro.
25.23. Para facilitar el comercio, es necesario resolver estas cuestiones de inmediato, con el fin de
reducir las perturbaciones del comercio. Noruega pide a China que examine las medidas y las aplique
de manera que no restrinja el comercio más de lo necesario para lograr el nivel adecuado de
protección. Noruega desea dar las gracias a China por el diálogo continuo que está manteniendo
sobre el nuevo reglamen to. Aun así, Noruega insta a China a entablar un diálogo abierto y a hacer
las actualizaciones y modificaciones necesarias en el sistema CIFER para reducir la carga que impone
a las autoridades extranjeras competentes. G/C/M/143
- 63 -
25.24. El delegado de Suiza dice lo siguient e:
25.25. Suiza comparte la inquietud expresada por otros Miembros de la OMC en relación con los
Decretos Nº 248 y Nº 249, publicados por la GACC. Suiza apoya el objetivo de China de asegurar
que solo se importen alimentos inocuos. No obstante, Suiza lamenta que las medidas en cuestión
sigan abarcando todas las categorías de alimentos, independientemente de su perfil de riesgo;
además, las medidas parecen restringir el comercio más de lo necesario para garantizar la inocuidad
de los productos alimenticios importad os. Suiza alienta firmemente a China a que permita la entrada
de todos los productos procedentes de instalaciones registradas, hasta el 1 de julio de 2023. Este
plazo adicional permitiría que las instalaciones introdujesen o actualizasen la información sob re los
productos en su registro en línea.
25.26. La delegada de Türkiye dice lo siguiente:
25.27. Türkiye ha expuesto su constante preocupación con respecto a esta cuestión en reuniones
anteriores del Comité OTC. Para reiterar brevemente su posición, Türkiye desea, ante s de nada,
reconocer el derecho de China a adoptar las medidas necesarias para garantizar la inocuidad de sus
alimentos y dar prioridad a la protección de la salud y la seguridad humanas. Dicho esto, Türkiye
considera que el Decreto Nº 248 abarca una ampli a gama de productos alimenticios, que el proceso
de registro es sumamente complejo y gravoso tanto para los exportadores como para las autoridades
competentes de los países exportadores, y que la aplicación del Decreto requiere más aclaraciones.
Además, Tü rkiye cree que la práctica de no clasificar los productos sobre la base de una evaluación
del riesgo restringe el comercio más de lo necesario para garantizar la inocuidad de los productos
alimenticios importados. Por consiguiente, Türkiye solicita a China que revise esa disposición desde
una perspectiva basada en el riesgo, a fin de reducir su alcance y prorrogar un período de gracia.
25.28. El delegado del Reino Unido dice lo siguiente:
25.29. El Reino Unido agradece a los copatrocinadores del punto del orden del día p or haber
planteado nuevamente esta preocupación respecto de las medidas administrativas de China para el
registro de los fabricantes extranjeros. Lamentablemente, el Reglamento de China sobre Registro y
Gestión de Fabricantes Extranjeros de Alimentos Impor tados entró en vigor el 1 de enero de 2022
a pesar de las solicitudes del Reino Unido y de otros Miembros de retrasar la aplicación de esas
nuevas medidas a fin de dar un plazo suficiente y razonable para que las autoridades competentes
y las empresas se p reparen.
25.30. Se han dedicado grandes esfuerzos para cumplir las prescripciones administrativas de China
con el ánimo de limitar cualesquiera perturbaciones del comercio. En el caso de los productos "de
alto riesgo", el gran número de documentos exigidos es des proporcionado y las prescripciones
específicas a menudo cambian de manera arbitraria y sin notificación previa al país exportador, y
sin ofrecer orientación alguna.
25.31. El Reino Unido también sigue sosteniendo que la aplicación generalizada de estas medidas
no guarda proporción con el riesgo que acarrean muchos productos alimenticios. En particular, el
requisito de examinar los establecimientos que exportan productos de bajo riesgo impone una carga
administrativa considerable e innecesaria a las autoridades y l as empresas.
25.32. El Reino Unido insta a China a revisar esas medidas, aplicándolas de una manera que guarde
proporción con los riesgos y que no restrinja el comercio más de lo necesario para lograr el nivel
adecuado de protección sanitaria y fitosanitaria, en consonancia con las obligaciones que le
corresponden en virtud del artículo 5, párrafo 6, del Acuerdo MSF.
25.33. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
25.34. La Unión Europea desea reiterar su preocupación por la aplicación del Decreto Nº 248 de la
Adminis tración General de Aduanas de la República Popular China. La UE no cuestiona el deseo de
China de garantizar que los productos alimenticios importados procedan de fuentes legítimas. En
general, la UE comparte y apoya este objetivo.
25.35. China ha proporcionado i nformación orientativa y ha entablado un diálogo con la Unión
Europea. Sin embargo, sigue habiendo problemas con el lento y gravoso mecanismo establecido por G/C/M/143
- 64 -
China para registrar las empresas exportadoras. Las preocupaciones de la UE son bien conocidas e
incluyen lo siguiente: i) casos de expediciones que han sido retenidas en puertos de China porque
la información registrada en el sistema CIFER era errónea o insuficiente; ii) casos de
establecimientos en los sectores cárnico, lácteo y pesquero que fueron n otificados a la
Administración General de Aduanas (GACC) antes de la fecha límite del 31 de diciembre y que aún
no han sido registrados; iii) falta de claridad sobre la cobertura y la categoría de los productos
abarcados, que siguen ampliándose; y iv) la o bligación impuesta a las autoridades competentes y
las empresas de consultar el sistema CIFER casi permanentemente para poder seguir todos los
cambios introducidos por China en la estructura del sistema CIFER y en los registros individuales,
así como de es tar al tanto de los plazos para volver a registrar establecimientos individuales.
25.36. Por consiguiente, la Unión Europea insta a China a: i) resolver las cuestiones relativas a la
aplicación de manera pragmática y rápida; ii) facilitar los registros nuevos y a ntiguos continuando
la práctica de proporcionar la documentación justificante y los documentos de orientación en inglés,
en particular sobre la manera en que las autoridades competentes tienen que proceder a la
verificación por lo que respecta a los establ ecimientos que se registraron en el marco del
procedimiento acelerado; iii) facilitar las modificaciones/correcciones de los registros existentes; y
iv) facilitar la gestión por parte de las autoridades competentes y las empresas de los cambios
introducido s en el sistema CIFER en cuanto a la información solicitada por China y el plazo para el
registro de establecimientos incluyendo en el CIFER un sistema automático de notificación por correo
electrónico.
25.37. La Unión Europea desea agradecer a China su apertura y el diálogo permanente para resolver
las cuestiones técnicas relacionadas con el Decreto Nº 248, en particular las respuestas recibidas el
1 de julio, que la UE está examinando actualmente. Quedan por resolver importantes cuestiones
relativas a la aplicac ión para eliminar todas las perturbaciones del comercio lo antes posible y antes
del 1 de julio de 2023.
25.38. El delegado del Japón dice lo siguiente:
25.39. El procedimiento de registro de China relacionado con el "Reglamento sobre el Registro y
Gestión de Productore s Extranjeros de Alimentos Importados" impone una carga importante a las
autoridades extranjeras y a las empresas extranjeras. El Japón solicita que los procedimientos de
aplicación sean transparentes, de manera que esos procedimientos no se conviertan en una carga
excesiva para los operadores comerciales.
25.40. El delegado del Taipei Chino dice lo siguiente:
25.41. El Taipei Chino agradece a Australia y a los Estados Unidos que hayan planteado este punto
del orden del día. La medida ya está en vigor desde el 1 de enero de 2022, pero las preocupaciones
de los Miembros siguen sin resolverse, por lo que muchos exportadores y autoridades competentes
se enfrentan constantemente con dificultades para seguir el mecanismo de registro de China.
25.42. Si bien el Taipei Chino respe ta el hecho de que el objetivo de la medida de que se trata
puede haber sido proteger la salud humana y la inocuidad de los alimentos, también considera que
el reglamento y su aplicación restringen el comercio mucho más de lo necesario. Por consiguiente,
el Taipei Chino tiene que poner de relieve nuevamente las siguientes cuestiones problemáticas, que
se basan en sus propias experiencias sobre el terreno.
25.43. En primer lugar, una de las mayores dificultades es la falta de información sobre los
requisitos de reg istro y de orientación sobre cómo cumplir los requisitos. Esta cuestión es si cabe
más grave para las instalaciones que deben cumplimentar la solicitud por sí mismas. El Taipei Chino
insta a China a designar e indicar un servicio de información con el que las instalaciones puedan
comunicarse directamente para plantear sus preocupaciones sobre el sistema de registro en línea.
25.44. En segundo lugar, existen preocupaciones genuinas sobre el procedimiento de examen y
aprobación en el marco de la medida. Se desconoce n los períodos normales o previstos de
tramitación. Sucede lo mismo con la situación de la etapa de solicitud. Además, algunas de las
instalaciones del Taipei Chino han sido rechazadas por la GACC sin más explicaciones, mientras que
a otras les está result ando imposible corregir sus solicitudes en el sistema de registro. Por
consiguiente, el Taipei Chino solicita a la GACC que cumpla las prescripciones establecidas en el G/C/M/143
- 65 -
artículo 5.2.2 del Acuerdo OTC, que incluyen la prescripción de la transparencia y la p rescripción de
que el solicitante sea informado de manera precisa y completa de todas las deficiencias de su
solicitud, a fin de que pueda tomar las medidas correctivas necesarias.
25.45. En tercer lugar, otra dificultad a la que se enfrenta el Taipei Chino se de be a la considerable
ambigüedad de la clasificación de los códigos del SA que hace China y de lo que abarca el producto
sujeto a esta medida. Algunas de las instalaciones del Taipei Chino han informado de que se ha
suspendido el despacho de aduana de sus p roductos sin razón aparente.
25.46. En cuarto lugar, cualquier medida de esta magnitud requiere mucho más tiempo para que
las ramas de producción pertinentes puedan aplicarla, por lo que el Taipei Chino insta a China a que
considere la posibilidad de ofrecer un p eríodo de gracia más prolongado para la aplicación con el fin
de evitar una perturbación del comercio aún más grave. Este plazo adicional permitirá, por lo menos,
que las instalaciones introduzcan o actualicen la información sobre los productos en su regis tro en
línea.
25.47. El Taipei Chino insta a China a tomar en consideración las preocupaciones de los Miembros
y a poner la medida en cuestión en consonancia con las normas pertinentes de la OMC.
25.48. La delegada de México dice lo siguiente:
25.49. México agradece a Australi a y a los Estados Unidos que hayan incluido este punto en el orden
del día. México ha reiterado sus preocupaciones en el Comité OTC respecto a la medida de China
publicada en su Decreto Nº 248, y se une a las preocupaciones expresadas por los Miembros que le
han precedido en el uso de la palabra respecto a la implementación de esta medida. Si bien el
Gobierno de México ha establecido mecanismos coordinados para que el registro de empresas
mexicanas con actividades de exportación a China se realice de manera satisfactoria con la finalidad
de evitar contratiempos en los procesos de exportación, México considera importante que las
autoridades competentes en China se comprometan a que este nuevo esquema no represente
contratiempos para los productos que cumplan cabalmente con los requisitos solicitados para la
importación en China. México agradece a China que tenga en cuenta sus observaciones y las
actualizaciones que China pueda proporcionar, y México señala que también solicitará la inclusión
de esta preocupaci ón comercial en el orden del día del Comité OTC.
25.50. El delegado de China dice lo siguiente:
25.51. Dado que la capital necesita más tiempo para trabajar en las diversas cuestiones técnicas
planteadas por varios Miembros, China presentará sus observaciones sobre esta cuestión en la
reunión del Comité OTC de la semana próxima. No obstante, China sigue dispuesta a seguir
colaborando de manera constructiva con los Miembros de la OMC pertinentes sobre esta cuestión.
25.52. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
26 CHINA – TRANSPARENCIA DE LAS SUBVENCIONES, Y OBLIGACIONES DE CHINA EN
MATERIA DE PUBLICACIÓN Y SERVICIOS DE INFORMACIÓN EN VIRTUD DE SU
PROTOCOLO DE ADHESIÓN – SOLICITUD DE AUSTRALIA, EL CANADÁ, LOS ESTADOS
UNIDOS, EL JAPÓN, EL REINO UNIDO Y LA UNIÓN EUROPEA
26.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de Australia,
el Canadá, los Estados Unidos, el Japón, el Reino Unido y la Unión Europea.
26.2. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
26.3. Como sabe el Consejo, a lo l argo de los años, los Estados Unidos y otros Miembros de la OMC
han expresado numerosas preocupaciones acerca de la transparencia del régimen de subvenciones
industriales de China. En su Protocolo de Adhesión, China acordó publicar todas las medidas
relaci onadas con el comercio en un único diario, en concreto en la Gaceta de Comercio Exterior y
Cooperación Económica de China, o Gaceta del MOFCOM. Sin embargo, China rara vez publica sus
medidas de subvención en la Gaceta del MOFCOM, en especial, lo que denom ina "documentos
normativos", así como medidas de los Gobiernos subcentrales. A veces, además, estas medidas no
se hacen públicas en absoluto. G/C/M/143
- 66 -
26.4. En su Protocolo de Adhesión, China convino en "crear[] o designar[] un servicio de información
donde podrá obtener se, a petición de cualquier particular, empresa o Miembro de la OMC, toda la
información relativa a las medidas que deben publicarse".
26.5. Hace varios años, los Estados Unidos encontraron referencias a cinco de esas medidas
jurídicas: dos relativas a las subve nciones a los combustibles para los pescadores, una relativa al
desarrollo de la flota pesquera de altura de China y dos relacionadas con el sector de los
semiconductores. Ante la imposibilidad de encontrar esas medidas en la Gaceta del MOFCOM ni en
ningún otro lugar, los Estados Unidos presentaron una solicitud ante el servicio de información de
China para asuntos relacionados con la OMC en abril de 2020, hace más de dos años.
26.6. En el marco de su Protocolo de Adhesión, China convino, en relación con su servi cio de
información, que "[l]as respuestas a las solicitudes de información se facilitarán en general en un
plazo de 30 días contados a partir de la recepción de las mismas. En casos excepcionales, podrán
facilitarse las respuestas en un plazo de 45 días co ntados a partir de la recepción de la solicitud. Se
notificará por escrito a la parte interesada el retraso y los motivos del mismo".
26.7. A pesar de haber presentado en abril de 2020, hace más de dos años, la solicitud inicial
relativa a las medidas jurídicas faltantes, los Estados Unidos aún no han recibido ni la información
solicitada sobre las medidas jurídicas ni ninguna respuesta por escrito a su solicitud, que China está
obligada a facilitar en virtud de su Protocolo de Adhesión.
26.8. De hecho, en septiembre d e 2020, un representante del Ministerio de Comercio se dirigió a la
Embajada de los Estados Unidos y declaró que China no facilitaría copias de ninguna medida
solicitada porque en breve se sustituirían por nuevas medidas o debido a que, a su juicio, no eran
pertinentes para los compromisos de China en el marco de la OMC.
26.9. Los Estados Unidos consideran que la tramitación de su solicitud por parte de China es
inadecuada y no está en conformidad con los compromisos contraídos por China en el marco de
la OMC.
26.10. En primer lugar, es evidente que China debería haber facilitado copias de las medidas
solicitadas que alegó que serían sustituidas próximamente. La sección 2 C) del Protocolo de Adhesión
de China no contiene ninguna excepción para que China suspenda las m edidas que puedan ser
reemplazadas en algún momento en el futuro. Los Estados Unidos también observan que, de hecho,
las nuevas medidas se adoptaron finalmente casi un año después de la solicitud inicial de los Estados
Unidos, que es mucho tiempo después d el plazo de respuesta de 45 días previsto en el Protocolo de
Adhesión de China.
26.11. En segundo lugar, los Estados Unidos no están de acuerdo con la negativa de China a facilitar
copias de las medidas solicitadas que China alega que no son pertinentes para sus compromisos en
el marco de la OMC. Las medidas solicitadas, por sus propios términos, se refieren claramente a
políticas y directrices relativas al desarrollo de los sectores de la pesca y los semiconductores de
China y, por lo tanto, parecen satisfacer cl aramente la norma de que "se refieran o afecten al
comercio de mercancías" de la sección 2 C) del Protocolo de Adhesión de China.
26.12. Los Estados Unidos señalan que si bien su interés en las medidas en cuestión se deriva de
su preocupación por las prácticas de subvención de China, la obligación de China no depende de una
determinación de si las medidas solicitadas otorgan "subvenciones" en el sentido del Acuerdo sobre
Subvenciones y Medidas Compensatorias de la OMC. La obligación de China en virtud de la
secció n 2 C) de su Protocolo de Adhesión no se limita a facilitar copias de las medidas de subvención
solicitadas. Por el contrario, China debe facilitar copias de todas las "medidas que se refieran o
afecten al comercio de mercancías", expresión que claramente incluye todas las medidas solicitadas.
26.13. Los Estados Unidos señalan también que las dos nuevas medidas de ayuda a la pesca, al
igual que las medidas que las antecedieron, no han sido publicadas en el diario oficial de China, la
Gaceta del MOFCOM, conforme a lo dispuesto en la sección 2 C) del Protocolo de Adhesión de China.
26.14. Las obligaciones en materia de transparencia del Protocolo de Adhesión de China están ahí
porque los Miembros de la OMC se mostraron preocupados, en parte, por la falta de trans parencia
del régimen de subvenciones industriales de China. Después de 21 años, esas mismas G/C/M/143
- 67 -
preocupaciones persisten. Pero, lo que es aún más fundamental, como señalaron los Estados Unidos
en la reunión anterior del Consejo: más allá de los aspectos técnic os jurídicos, los Estados Unidos
deben formular la pregunta obvia: ¿por qué se niega China a hacer pública, por ejemplo, una medida
jurídica sobre la subvención al combustible concedida a los pescadores? Es difícil de entender.
26.15. Desde la reunión anterior de l Consejo se ha producido un nuevo hecho: concretamente,
mediante su propia investigación posterior, los Estados Unidos han encontrado dos de las medidas
solicitadas en relación con los programas chinos de subvenciones a los combustibles para sus
pescadore s en aguas territoriales y de altura. Estas medidas se publicaron en sitios de noticias no
oficiales de China y aún no figuran en ningún sitio web oficial del Gobierno. Además, como se ha
señalado anteriormente, no se han publicado en la Gaceta del MOFCOM.
26.16. La esencia de estas dos medidas, que abarcan los programas de subvenciones a los
combustibles de China de 2015 a 2020, es que si bien China mantiene el mismo nivel global de
apoyo a su industria pesquera, ha reducido las subvenciones para sus pescadores e n sus propias
aguas, al tiempo que aumenta el nivel de las subvenciones para su flota de pesca de altura.
Estas medidas también aportan nuevos y sorprendentes detalles sobre el apoyo de China a los
pescadores en aguas territoriales. Por ejemplo, la medida que abarca a los pescadores en aguas
territoriales chinas menciona el objetivo de renovar 14.000 embarcaciones pesqueras y desguazar
otras 20.000 o transformarlas para otros usos.
26.17. Así pues, ¿qué tienen exactamente estas medidas que China no quiere dejarnos ver?
¿Qué las hace tan reveladoras que China está dispuesta a hacer caso omiso de su obligación de
publicarlas, como exige su Protocolo de Adhesión, y a negarse a facilitarlas en respuesta a una
solicitud legítima de otro Miembro de la OMC, como exige su Protocolo de Adhesión? ¿Será el amplio
alcance del programa de renovación de las embarcaciones pesqueras cuyo objeto es la renovación
de 14.000 embarcaciones pesqueras? ¿Será el gran número de embarcaciones pesqueras
seleccionadas para su desguace o transf ormación, tal vez indicativo de la excesiva capitalización del
sector de la pesca en aguas territoriales y de la sobrepesca en las pesquerías en aguas territoriales?
¿Serán los detalles concretos de cómo se calculó exactamente la subvención a los combustib les para
los pescadores en aguas territoriales y los pescadores de altura, a través de la cual se estima que
los pescadores chinos han recibido entre 2015 y 2020 casi USD 3.000 millones al año, cifra que
puede ser muy superior? ¿O será la referencia a la c apacidad de las provincias de tener sus propios
programas —que tal vez no se hayan notificado — para complementar el programa de subvenciones
a los combustibles del Gobierno central? Además, ¿qué contienen las demás medidas que China se
ha negado a facilita r o a hacer públicas de otro modo? Una de las medidas restantes parece ser el
plan de China de desarrollar su pesca de altura. Las otras dos medidas se refieren a las políticas de
China en materia de semiconductores. ¿Qué tienen estas medidas que China no quiere dejarnos ver?
¿Establece la medida relativa a la pesca de altura un programa de subvenciones con el fin de
construir o comprar embarcaciones pesqueras? A pesar de los esfuerzos que hemos realizado a lo
largo de los años por alentar a China a aumenta r su transparencia, los orígenes y el crecimiento
bastante espectacular de la flota de pesca de altura china están envueltos en el misterio.
26.18. En cuanto a las medidas relativas a los semiconductores que los Estados Unidos solicitaron
conocer a través del ser vicio de información establecido en el Protocolo de Adhesión de China, ¿qué
es lo que China no quiere dejarnos ver? ¿Comprenden programas de subvenciones prohibidas, que
tal vez establezcan prescripciones en materia de contenido nacional? En el caso de las diversas
medidas relativas a la participación en el capital social que están en vigor para la rama de producción
de semiconductores, ¿da el Ministerio de Hacienda garantías a los inversores del sector privado de
que sus pérdidas se reducirán al mínimo, au mentando así la participación privada? ¿Qué podría ser
tan perjudicial para los intereses de China que está dispuesta a hacer caso omiso de las obligaciones
que le impone su Protocolo de Adhesión?
26.19. A menudo, la primera respuesta que los Estados Unidos recib en de China sobre estas
cuestiones relativas a la transparencia es que China toma muy en serio sus obligaciones en materia
de transparencia en el marco de la OMC. Sin embargo, para ser francos, la experiencia de los Estados
Unidos al presentar una solicitu d muy simple al servicio de información de China parece demostrar
lo contrario. Además, los Estados Unidos solo pueden preguntarse qué otra cosa es que China no
nos está mostrando, a pesar de sus obligaciones de transparencia en el marco de la OMC. ¿Qué ot ro
Miembro de la OMC adopta medidas tan flagrantes y deliberadas para no revelar la naturaleza y el
alcance de sus programas de subvenciones y cuál es el motivo de China para hacerlo? G/C/M/143
- 68 -
26.20. El delegado de Australia dice lo siguiente:
26.21. Australia atribuye gran impo rtancia a las obligaciones de notificación y transparencia de
la OMC, en particular en lo que respecta a las subvenciones. Estas obligaciones se derivan tanto de
los Acuerdos como de las obligaciones contraídas por los Miembros de la OMC en virtud de sus
Protocolos de Adhesión. La transparencia sigue siendo fundamental para el buen funcionamiento de
la OMC y sustenta el Acuerdo sobre Subvenciones. Crea certidumbre para que todos los exportadores
puedan competir en condiciones equitativas en los mercados int ernacionales. Por lo tanto, Australia
insta a China a cumplir los compromisos en materia de transparencia contraídos en el marco de su
Protocolo de Adhesión.
26.22. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
26.23. El compromiso contraído por China en virtud de su Protocolo de Adhesión de publicar todas
las medidas relacionadas con el comercio, así como de facilitar información a través del servicio de
información, tiene por objeto mejorar la transparencia. Sin embargo, para que sea significativo,
China debe publ icar todas sus medidas relacionadas con el comercio en la Gaceta del MOFCOM, y
responder verdaderamente a las solicitudes de información presentadas por medio del servicio de
información. Esto no solo redunda en beneficio de la transparencia sino que tambi én es necesario
en virtud de las obligaciones contraídas por China en su Protocolo de Adhesión. Por consiguiente, la
Unión Europea insta a China a que cumpla plenamente sus compromisos en el marco del Protocolo
de Adhesión a la OMC mediante la publicación de todas las medidas relacionadas con el comercio,
tal como acordó hacer, y respondiendo a las solicitudes de información en el marco del servicio de
información sin demoras indebidas.
26.24. El delegado del Canadá dice lo siguiente:
26.25. El Canadá se hace eco de las preocupaciones de otros Miembros con respecto al
cumplimiento por China de las obligaciones que ha contraído en materia de transparencia en el
marco de la OMC. Cuando se adhirió a la OMC en 2001, China aceptó amplias obligaciones en materia
de transparenci a, y el Canadá lamenta que estas obligaciones no se estén cumpliendo. El
procedimiento de notificación y las prescripciones en materia de transparencia forman parte
integrante del sistema multilateral de comercio y es importante que estas obligaciones se r espeten
para el buen funcionamiento del sistema internacional basado en normas. Para que el sistema
funcione, es importante que todos los Miembros de la OMC cumplan las prescripciones en materia
de notificación y respondan a las solicitudes de información de conformidad con las normas de
la OMC, incluidas las obligaciones en materia de transparencia establecidas en los Protocolos de
Adhesión a la OMC. En un contexto en que los Miembros de la OMC continúan recuperándose de la
crisis causada por la COVID -19, el cumplimiento es aún más importante.
26.26. El delegado del Japón dice lo siguiente:
26.27. Las obligaciones de notificación y transparencia representan uno de los fundamentos más
importantes del sistema de la OMC, y su cumplimiento redunda en beneficio de todos los M iembros
de la OMC. Si no se asegura la transparencia de los gastos de subvención, existe la preocupación de
que se fomente el otorgamiento de subvenciones causantes de distorsión, lo que puede dar lugar,
entre otros, a problemas de exceso de capacidad prod uctiva. Esta cuestión ha sido examinada por
el Comité de Subvenciones y Medidas Compensatorias (Comité SMC) pero es difícil decir si China ha
adoptado medidas suficientes al respecto.
26.28. En cuanto a las subvenciones de China, varios Miembros de la OMC han exp resado en el
Comité SMC su preocupación por la transparencia y por posibles problemas de falta de notificación.
Al mismo tiempo, China es el país con mayor actividad comercial del mundo y debe velar por la
transparencia y el cumplimiento de las obligacione s de notificación de la OMC, especialmente en lo
que respecta al gasto en subvenciones. El Japón también insta a China a cumplir las obligaciones de
transparencia acordadas en su Protocolo de Adhesión a la OMC (como ya han señalado otros) y a
asegurar la e ficacia de los mecanismos que contribuyen a aumentar su transparencia. G/C/M/143
- 69 -
26.29. El delegado del Reino Unido dice lo siguiente:
26.30. El Reino Unido desea manifestar nuevamente que comparte las preocupaciones planteadas
por los Estados Unidos y otros copatrocinadores en r elación con el cumplimiento por China de las
obligaciones que ha contraído en materia de transparencia en virtud de su Protocolo de Adhesión.
El Reino Unido reitera su convicción de que la transparencia es fundamental para el buen
funcionamiento de la OMC. Es de vital importancia que China, como Miembro de la OMC, adopte
todas las medidas necesarias para cumplir puntualmente sus obligaciones, incluidos los compromisos
específicos contraídos en calidad de Miembro. Por consiguiente, el Reino Unido insta a Chi na a
cumplir sus compromisos en materia de transparencia, de conformidad con sus obligaciones en el
marco de la OMC.
26.31. La delegada de Nueva Zelandia dice lo siguiente:
26.32. Nueva Zelandia considera que la transparencia es fundamental para el buen funcionamiento
de la OMC y atribuye gran importancia al acatamiento por todos los Miembros de la OMC de sus
obligaciones de notificación y transparencia en el marco de la OMC, en particular, en relación con
las subvenciones, incluidas las contraídas en el marco de sus Pro tocolos de Adhesión. Es fundamental
que todos los Miembros de la OMC cumplan estas obligaciones puntualmente, incluidos los
compromisos específicos que haya asumido en calidad de Miembro. El cumplimiento de estas
obligaciones ayuda a crear certidumbre para los exportadores y contribuye de manera importante
al funcionamiento satisfactorio del sistema internacional de comercio basado en normas.
26.33. El delegado de China dice lo siguiente:
26.34. Con respecto a esta cuestión, China se remite a las declaraciones que ha for mulado en
reuniones anteriores del CCM.16 Como ha dicho en reuniones anteriores, ya ha facilitado sus
respuestas, de conformidad con los compromisos especificados en su Protocolo de Adhesión a
la OMC, a la pregunta formulada por los Estados Unidos. Además, China observa que algunos de los
documentos solicitados por los Estados Unidos no están comprendidos en el alcance de los
compromisos específicos que ha asumido en su Protocolo de Adhesión a la OMC.
26.35. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
26.36. China no ha respondido por escrito a la solicitud de los Estados Unidos, de conformidad con
las obligaciones que corresponden a China en virtud de su Protocolo de Adhesión. Los Estados Unidos
solicitan respetuosamente a China que facilite las medidas jurídica s solicitadas. En respuesta a la
declaración de China de que ya han mantenido conversaciones con China a través del servicio de
información, los Estados Unidos desean señalar que China solo ha hablado sobre la cuestión con el
personal de la Embajada de los Estados Unidos y no ha facilitado una copia de las medidas jurídicas
solicitadas ni ha facilitado una respuesta escrita, a lo que está obligada en virtud de su Protocolo de
Adhesión.
26.37. El delegado de China dice lo siguiente:
26.38. China desea responder a las obse rvaciones de los Estados Unidos diciendo que, desde su
punto de vista, ya ha facilitado las respuestas de conformidad con los compromisos de China y que,
de hecho, algunos de los documentos solicitados por los Estados Unidos no están abarcados por el
alcan ce de los compromisos asumidos por China en el marco de la OMC.
26.39. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
26.40. Los Estados Unidos desean señalar que no se trata de una cuestión de notificación de
subvenciones, sino de una cuestión relativa al servicio de información en el marco del Protocolo de
Adhesión de China. Por consiguiente, los documentos son pertinentes y China está obligada a facilitar
las medidas jurídicas solicitadas de conformidad con las solicitudes presentadas a su servicio de
información.
26.41. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
16 Documento G/C/M/141, párrafos 16.40 y 16.41. G/C/M/143
- 70 -
27 EGIPTO – PRESCRIPCIONES EN MATERIA DE CERTIFICACIÓN HALAL APLICABLES A
LOS PRODUCTOS ALIMENTICIOS Y BEBIDAS IMPORTADOS – SOLICITUD DEL CANADÁ Y
LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS
27.1. El Presidente recuerda que es te nuevo punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del
Canadá y de los Estados Unidos.
27.2. El delegado del Canadá dice lo siguiente:
27.3. El Canadá entiende el objetivo de Egipto de garantizar que sus consumidores egipcios tengan
la certeza de que compran y consumen productos certificados como halal de conformidad con la
70ará70a islámica. No obstante, el Canadá también considera que esas medidas no deben crear
obstáculos innecesarios al comercio internacional ni ser más restrictivas de lo necesario para
alcanzar ese objetivo.
27.4. Si bien el Canadá reconoce que Egipto notificó esta medida al Comité OTC de la OMC en
diciembre de 2021, señala que no lo hizo antes de la fecha de aplicación del 1 de octubre de 2021.
Como se establece en el artículo 2.9 del Acuerdo OT C, los Miembros tienen la obligación de dar a
sus interlocutores comerciales tiempo suficiente para presentar observaciones sobre una
determinada medida (como mínimo, un plazo de 60 días) y tomar esas observaciones en
consideración antes de ultimar la medi da. Además, de conformidad con las obligaciones contraídas
en el marco de la OMC, un plazo de seis meses entre la notificación de la medida definitiva y su
entrada en vigor se considera prudencial para que la rama de producción tenga tiempo suficiente de
adaptarse a las nuevas prescripciones. Evidentemente, esto no ha sido así en el caso de esta medida.
27.5. Aunque el Canadá reconoce que Egipto demoró la aplicación de la certificación halal para los
productos lácteos hasta octubre de 2022, sigue preocupado por l a falta de información detallada,
documentación y especificidad sobre la forma de aplicación de estas prescripciones y la forma en
que afectarán a los productos concretos. Por ejemplo: según el nuevo régimen propuesto, un solo
organismo de certificación eg ipcio estará facultado para aprobar productos halal para el mercado
egipcio. El Canadá entiende que ya ha aumentado considerablemente la cuantía del derecho de
certificación halal, que tendrá que correr por cuenta de los exportadores de productos halal a E gipto.
La nueva medida podría dar lugar a un proceso de certificación excesivamente gravoso, costoso y
más restrictivo del comercio de lo necesario para alcanzar el objetivo que se ha fijado Egipto.
27.6. El Canadá alienta firmemente a Egipto a mantener conversa ciones abiertas y transparentes
con sus interlocutores comerciales para intercambiar información, aclarar más las prescripciones
previstas en la nueva medida y examinar la repercusión que esta pueda tener en el comercio.
Mientras tanto, solicita respetuosa mente que Egipto suspenda la aplicación de la medida. El Canadá
observa que, en las reuniones anteriores del Comité OTC, Egipto no ha respondido por escrito a los
Miembros de la OMC y solicita amablemente a Egipto que lo haga en la presente reunión.
27.7. La del egada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
27.8. Los Estados Unidos comparten las preocupaciones expresadas por el Canadá. Si bien los
Estados Unidos reconocen el objetivo de Egipto de proporcionar a sus consumidores garantías de la
condición halal de determ inados productos, les preocupa la falta de transparencia de Egipto. Egipto
prevé empezar a aplicar sus nuevas prescripciones halal en menos de tres meses, pero aún no ha
facilitado la información necesaria para que los exportadores puedan cumplir efectivam ente esta
medida. Estas prescripciones podrían ser especialmente devastadoras para las exportaciones de
leche y productos lácteos.
27.9. Los Estados Unidos solicitan que Egipto facilite información sobre cualquier modificación de
sus prescripciones en materia de importación y retrase la aplicación de cualquier nueva prescripción
hasta que esta información se haya notificado a la OMC y los Miembros de la OMC hayan tenido un
plazo prudencial para formular sus observaciones y cumplir la medida. Esto incluye informac ión
relativa a las escalas de derechos, los procedimientos de auditoría, las prescripciones en materia de
etiquetado y los requisitos de registro de instalaciones. Los Estados Unidos también solicitan que
Egipto identifique los productos abarcados proporci onando una lista completa de las líneas del SA
abarcadas por la futura medida. G/C/M/143
- 71 -
27.10. Por último, los Estados Unidos solicitan información sobre el proceso y las normas utilizados
por Egipto para aprobar o desaprobar organismos de certificación. La iniciativa de Egipto de impedir
que los organismos de certificación estadounidenses participen en el proceso de certificación halal
tiene una importante repercusión en el comercio, y los Estados Unidos solicitan que Egipto explique
por qué tiene un único organismo de ce rtificación halal para obtener la garantía halal. Los Estados
Unidos ruegan encarecidamente a Egipto que suspenda de manera inmediata la aplicación de nuevas
prescripciones en materia de certificación halal hasta que se hayan abordado todas estas
preocupac iones, incluidas las relativas a los cambios relacionados a los organismos de certificación
halal.
27.11. El delegado del Paraguay dice lo siguiente:
27.12. El Paraguay comparte el interés egipcio por brindar a sus consumidores certeza referente a
la compra y consumo de productos con certificación halal. Sin embargo, como exportador de
alimentos a Egipto, el Paraguay sigue con atención el desarrollo de esta medida y lamenta que, a
pesar de que esta preocupación comercial se ha debatido reiteradamente en el Comité OTC, lo s
Miembros aún no hayan recibido la información solicitada. El Paraguay no cuenta con información
detallada o precisa sobre los productos que serían alcanzados en definitiva por esta medida, los
procedimientos para la certificación, los costos o los requis itos de etiquetado, entre otra información
necesaria para evaluar la adaptación de los operadores. El Paraguay solicita a Egipto que suspenda
la aplicación de sus nuevos requisitos de certificación halal hasta que los Miembros cuenten con toda
la informaci ón solicitada y los operadores comerciales dispongan de tiempo suficiente para adaptarse
a su cumplimiento.
27.13. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
27.14. La Unión Europea desea expresar su preocupación respecto de las nuevas prescripciones en
materia de certificación halal aplicables a partir del 1 de octubre de 2021 en virtud de la norma halal
de Egipto 4249/2014. Preocupan a la rama de producción de la Unión Europea las consecuencias
negativas de esta medida en las importaci ones de alimentos y bebidas en Egipto. La Unión Europea
acoge con satisfacción las medidas de facilitación más recientes notificadas al Comité OTC el 4 de
abril de 2022 por las que se prorroga, hasta el 30 de septiembre de 2022, el período en que se
acepta el ingreso en Egipto de las importaciones de leche y productos lácteos sin un certificado halal.
Sin embargo, las medidas de facilitación son temporales. La Unión Europea exhorta a Egipto a que
postergue la aplicación de la medida y, a efectos de la adapt ación, conceda un plazo prudencial de
un año como mínimo entre la publicación de las medidas actualizadas y su entrada en vigor, de
forma que las empresas dispongan de un plazo prudencial para adaptarse a las nuevas
prescripciones.
27.15. La Unión Europea desea i nvitar a Egipto a que reconsidere su decisión de otorgar el derecho
de certificar el cumplimiento de las prescripciones halal a una única empresa, IS EG Halal, y
establezca un sistema de certificación halal que permita la participación de numerosas entidad es de
certificación sólidas, de conformidad con las mejores prácticas internacionales. La Unión Europea
también pide a Egipto que estudie la posibilidad de que la certificación y el etiquetado halal sigan
siendo voluntarios para perseguir el objetivo legít imo de asegurar la fiabilidad de la información sin
entorpecer indebidamente las corrientes comerciales. Por este medio, los consumidores podrán
decidir si compran alimentos que lleven la certificación halal, sobre la base de un etiquetado claro.
27.16. Por últim o, la Unión Europea agradecerá a Egipto que aclare cuáles son las medidas
concretas previstas para proporcionar información exhaustiva sobre las nuevas medidas y que
publique orientaciones claras por escrito para las partes interesadas, incluida una descri pción
detallada del procedimiento de certificación, su duración, sus costos y los documentos exigidos, así
como del proceso de registro de los proveedores y los productos abarcados. La Unión Europea está
dispuesta a colaborar con Egipto para hallar solucio nes que eviten los posibles efectos negativos de
esta medida en las importaciones de productos alimenticios y bebidas a Egipto.
27.17. El delegado de Australia dice lo siguiente:
27.18. Australia agradece la comunicación y colaboración mantenidas a nivel bilateral con E gipto en
lo que respecta a la aplicación de nuevas prescripciones en materia de certificación de IS EG Halal.
Australia celebra que Egipto haya notificado al Comité OTC más detalles sobre estas nuevas G/C/M/143
- 72 -
prescripciones. A Australia le siguen preocupando varia s cuestiones, entre ellas, las relativas a los
productos abarcados por las prescripciones en materia de certificación y a la necesidad de
proporcionar a los Miembros tiempo suficiente para formular observaciones sobre las modificaciones
propuestas de las m edidas. Australia exhorta a Egipto a cumplir sus obligaciones de transparencia
en el marco de la OMC y a presentar notificaciones antes de realizar nuevas modificaciones o aplicar
las nuevas medidas de certificación halal. Celebra el diálogo en curso sobre las prescripciones de
certificación halal para garantizar que cumplan los objetivos de política de Egipto y, al mismo tiempo,
no restrinjan el comercio más de lo necesario.
27.19. La delegada de Nueva Zelandia dice lo siguiente:
27.20. Nueva Zelandia celebra la oportun idad de intervenir para adherir a esta preocupación
comercial planteada por el Canadá y los Estados Unidos. A este respecto, Nueva Zelandia desea
remitirse a su declaración anterior sobre la cuestión paralela en el Comité OTC. Nueva Zelandia tiene
entendid o que Egipto ha aplicado cambios en virtud del Decreto Nº 35/2020 del Primer Ministro a
efectos de exigir que la certificación del cumplimiento con las normas halal pertinentes solo sea
realizada por IS EG Halal, y que ya no se aceptan certificaciones de o tros organismos de certificación
de los alimentos halal importados en Egipto. Nueva Zelandia también entiende que las medidas se
aplicarán a los productos lácteos importados en Egipto, con independencia de que estén sujetos al
etiquetado halal y de que ant eriormente se hayan considerado halal.
27.21. Nueva Zelandia sigue muy preocupada por estas medidas y señala a la atención de Egipto
las obligaciones que le corresponden en el marco de la OMC, incluidas las que establece el
Acuerdo OTC en relación con el empleo d e las evaluaciones de la conformidad, como las previstas
en los artículos 5 y 6, y el requisito de que las medidas no restrinjan el comercio más de lo necesario.
Nueva Zelandia desea comprender mejor en qué medida ha considerado Egipto alternativas menos
restrictivas del comercio. A Nueva Zelandia también le interesa saber qué factores han influido en
la adopción por Egipto de una medida que exige la certificación halal de los productos que
comúnmente se han considerado halal y se han aceptado como intríns ecamente halal.
Nueva Zelandia también entiende que el proceso de certificación halal se está desviando hacia
cuestiones sanitarias, tanto durante las auditorías como las inspecciones y con respecto a la
información sanitaria adicional requerida para el reg istro por IS EG Halal. Las cuestiones sanitarias
deben quedar fuera del alcance de la certificación de IS EG Halal y ser abordadas por las autoridades
competentes en cuestiones sanitarias de conformidad con los acuerdos en vigor.
27.22. Nueva Zelandia desea agrad ecer a Egipto la notificación realizada en el marco de la OMC en
el documento G/TBT/N/EGY/313, de fecha 1 de diciembre de 2021. Nueva Zelandia entiende que
Egipto está elaborando una nueva norma halal que aclarará qué productos están sujetos a
certificació n halal y la norma aplicada. Nueva Zelandia espera con interés que esta norma halal se
facilite y notifique al Comité OTC, de conformidad con el artículo 5.6.2 del Acuerdo OTC.
27.23. Nueva Zelandia desea dar las gracias a Egipto por mantener el diálogo bilateral con respecto
a esta cuestión. Nueva Zelandia solicita que Egipto aclare los puntos expuestos anteriormente y
sigue pidiéndole que suspenda cualquier nueva medida hasta que se hayan cumplido todas las
obligaciones contraídas en el marco de la OMC, incluida s las que requieren celebrar consultas con
otros Miembros de la OMC.
27.24. La delegada de la Argentina dice lo siguiente:
27.25. La Argentina reitera su preocupación por esta medida, ya planteada en el Comité OTC, entre
otras cosas, por la falta de información detallada y completa sobre la misma. La prórroga dispuesta
recientemente por Egipto para la entrada en vigor del nuevo régimen no despeja las preocupaciones
e inquietudes que genera el mismo en la Argentina. Estas preocupaciones se centran prin cipalmente
en la falta de transparencia y previsibilidad dado que Egipto no ha facilitado información sobre los
procedimientos de certificación ni otros detalles relativos a la normativa.
27.26. La delegada de Egipto dice lo siguiente:
27.27. Esta cuestión se ha examina do en las reuniones anteriores del Comité OTC. A través de su
servicio de información sobre los OTC, Egipto ha respondido a las preguntas enviadas por los G/C/M/143
- 73 -
Miembros de la OMC y está en vías de preparar una nueva serie de respuestas a las preguntas
complemen tarias y las nuevas preguntas recibidas.
27.28. Tras reconocer las cuestiones que han planteado sus interlocutores comerciales a nivel
bilateral y multilateral, Egipto ha adoptado varias medidas para tener en cuenta las preocupaciones
expuestas con respecto a la transparencia y prever un plazo adecuado para la aplicación. En
consecuencia, en los documentos G/TBT/N/EGY/313 y G/TBT/N/EGY/313/Add.1, se han dado
aclaraciones sobre los productos abarcados (carne, aves de corral y sus productos, leche y productos
lácteo s (excepto la leche cruda)) y los plazos para la entrada en vigor.
27.29. Egipto también ha tomado una serie de medidas de facilitación, entre ellas la de permitir
hasta el 28 de febrero de 2022 que las importaciones de Egipto de leche y productos lácteos no
vayan acompañadas de un certificado halal. Además, este plazo se ha prorrogado hasta el 30 de
septiembre de 2022 (fecha de llegada a los puertos egipcios), como figura en el documento
G/TBT/N/EGY/313/Add.2. También es importante señalar que la norma ES 4249/20 14 se está
revisando y se notificará debidamente al Comité OTC. Por último, Egipto desea subrayar que está
decidido a proseguir sus intercambios bilaterales sobre la materia con todos los interlocutores
comerciales interesados y que tendrá en cuenta, según proceda, sus preocupaciones.
27.30. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
28 PAKISTÁN – RESTRICCIONES A LA IMPORTACIÓN DE PRODUCTOS ALIMENTICIOS Y
BIENES DE CONSUMO – SOLICITUD DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA UNIÓN EUROPEA
28.1. El Presidente recuerda que este nuevo punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de
los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea.
28.2. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
28.3. Los Estados Unidos desean expresar su preocupación por la SRO 598, adoptada por el
Gobierno del Pakist án el 19 de mayo de 2022, por la que se prohíbe la importación de lo que
considera "bienes de lujo y no esenciales". Esta prohibición se emitió de forma no transparente, sin
celebrar consultas ni notificarse, y es la última de una serie de restricciones a la importación. Si bien
los Estados Unidos reconocen las preocupaciones del Pakistán relativas a su balanza de pagos, le
instan a aplicar, en cambio, medidas de política macroeconómica para aliviar sus presiones externas
de larga data. La lista de importac iones prohibidas, que abarca alimentos como la carne congelada,
los cereales para desayuno y las pastas alimenticias, así como productos de consumo, que van desde
papel tisú hasta las compresas higiénicas y los teléfonos celulares, incluye productos que en general
se consideran esenciales. La prohibición afectará gravemente a las empresas que exportan
mercancías al Pakistán o desarrollan actividades comerciales en el país, pondrá en peligro miles de
puestos de trabajo y exacerbará las perturbaciones de la c adena de suministro existentes. Los
Estados Unidos instan al Pakistán a que revoque esta SRO. Los Estados Unidos instan además al
Pakistán a ofrecer amplias oportunidades para celebrar consultas con los sectores afectados antes
de aplicar cualquier prohibi ción o restricción a la importación en el futuro.
28.4. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
28.5. La Unión Europea desea hacerse eco de las preocupaciones planteadas por la delegación
estadounidense. El 19 de mayo de 2022 el Pakistán adoptó un nuevo reg lamento (SRO 598 (I)/2022)
que prohíbe la importación de 38 productos (productos no agropecuarios y productos agropecuarios
elaborados). La Unión Europea entiende que la medida se ha adoptado por motivo de la crisis debida
a los déficit s de la balanza de p agos y la cuenta corriente que afecta al Pakistán. Sin embargo, el
Pakistán aplica desde 2018 una política de reducción de las importaciones que perjudica a las
exportaciones de la Unión Europea. Las nuevas medidas afectarán aún más a los exportadores de
la UE.
28.6. Si bien la Unión Europea no cuestiona el derecho de los Miembros de la OMC de adoptar
medidas para hacer frente a una crisis de la balanza de pagos, tales medidas deben estar en
conformidad con las normas de la OMC. Por consiguiente, es esencial que la nueva prohibición de
las importaciones se notifique y que cumpla plenamente las normas de la OMC, que sea lo menos
restrictiva posible para el comercio, que sea de carácter temporal y que se elimine lo antes posible. G/C/M/143
- 74 -
28.7. La Unión Europea también está preocu pada por el hecho de que las restricciones impuestas a
algunos productos seleccionados sean eficaces para corregir la situación de la balanza de pagos del
Pakistán. Por norma general, la Unión Europea desea instar a las autoridades del Pakistán a notificar
cualquier cambio futuro con suficiente antelación para que los agentes económicos tengan tiempo
de adaptarse a ellos. La Unión Europea está dispuesta a seguir colaborando con el Pakistán. Al
mismo tiempo, la Unión Europea invita al Pakistán a mantener su compromiso con un programa a
largo plazo de apertura del comercio como base sólida para su diversificación económica y
crecimiento sostenible.
28.8. El delegado del Pakistán dice lo siguiente:
28.9. El Pakistán agradece a los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea el inter és mostrado en su política
de importación. Se ha tomado nota de las preocupaciones de los Estados Unidos y de la Unión
Europea y, a su debido tiempo, se dará a conocer una respuesta, tras recibir las observaciones de
la capital.
28.10. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
29 MÉXICO – PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DE LA CONFORMIDAD DE LA
NORMA OFICIAL MEXICANA NOM -223-SCFI/SAGARPA -2018 – SOLICITUD DE LOS
ESTADOS UNIDOS
29.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petic ión de los
Estados Unidos.
29.2. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
29.3. Los Estados Unidos reiteran su profunda preocupación por la norma NOM -223 de México
relativa a los procedimientos de evaluación de la conformidad para el queso, una medida que volvió
a notificarse a la OMC en febrero de 2022. Lamentablemente, a pesar de las intervenciones
anteriores, los Estados Unidos siguen teniendo cuatro preocupaciones fundamentales.
29.4. Principalmente, la norma NOM -223 contiene un sistema de evaluación de la co nformidad que
es sumamente gravoso para el comercio. Proporcionar información a los consumidores sobre la
calidad del queso suele ser un cometido de bajo riesgo. A los Estados Unidos y a la rama de
producción les preocupa que el sistema mexicano pueda no s er proporcional a ese riesgo y México
debe considerar seriamente alternativas disponibles para responder a las necesidades de sus
consumidores. Por consiguiente, los Estados Unidos piden que México interrumpa la finalización de
esta medida y que estudie la s alternativas propuestas anteriormente, como la vuelta a un sistema
voluntario y la utilización de normas en materia de identidad, etiquetado o declaraciones de
conformidad de los proveedores, para demostrar que se han llevado a cabo los procedimientos de
prueba de terceros.
29.5. En segundo lugar, el queso elaborado con grasa animal tendrá que cumplir las onerosas
prescripciones en materia de pruebas y certificación, lo que no será necesario para el queso
elaborado con grasa vegetal. A este respecto, los Estado s Unidos señalan que no se dispone de
biomarcadores aceptados a nivel internacional para diferenciar las grasas lácteas de todas las grasas
vegetales. Además, no existen normas pertinentes del Codex ni otras normas internacionales para
llevar a cabo este t ipo de análisis. Por consiguiente, los Estados Unidos solicitan que México considere
autorizar que el análisis de ácidos grasos sea voluntario y no obligatorio.
29.6. En tercer lugar, a los Estados Unidos les sigue preocupando si México ha tenido seriamente
en cuenta las observaciones formuladas por los Miembros de la OMC y los colectivos interesados.
En 2020, estos colectivos hicieron aportaciones en un proyecto de texto y participaron de buena fe
en el grupo de trabajo que concluyó su labor en septiembre de 2020, pero el proyecto final es muy
distinto del proyecto acordado por ese grupo de trabajo.
29.7. En cuarto lugar, a los Estados Unidos les preocupa que esta medida pueda estar en conflicto
con la nueva redacción, que está en curso, de la correspondiente norma par a el queso. ¿Cómo
armonizará México la actualización de 2019 de la norma NOM -223 relativa a los quesos, con las
versiones del procedimiento para la evaluación de la conformidad aplicable al queso de la G/C/M/143
- 75 -
norma NOM-223 elaboradas a lo largo de 2020 y 2021, y una actualización prevista para 2022 de
dicha norma?
29.8. Una vez más, los Estados Unidos piden a México que suspenda de forma indefinida el
procedimiento para la evaluación de la conformidad relativa al queso (en su forma obligatoria) y que
considere las alter nativas menos restrictivas del comercio presentadas por otros Miembros de la OMC
y por partes interesadas del sector de los productos lácteos.
29.9. La delegada de Nueva Zelandia dice lo siguiente:
29.10. Nueva Zelandia celebra la oportunidad de intervenir en apoyo de esta preocupación
comercial específica planteada por los Estados Unidos. Nueva Zelandia considera que el
procedimiento para la evaluación de la conformidad que México ha establecido para el queso en el
marco de la norma NOM -223 restringe el comerc io más de lo necesario, y algunos aspectos del
procedimiento pueden causar dificultades a los exportadores de Nueva Zelandia y crear obstáculos
innecesarios al comercio internacional. Nueva Zelandia agradece a México su notificación de estas
medidas que fi gura en el documento G/TBT/N/MEX/465/Rev.1 y espera con interés recibir una
respuesta de México a sus observaciones.
29.11. La delegada de México dice lo siguiente:
29.12. Como fue mencionado a los Estados Unidos en la reunión del Comité OTC del 10 de marzo y
durante la reunión anterior del Consejo en abril de este año, y nuevamente en esta ocasión, México
notificó la nueva versión de su Procedimiento de Evaluación de la Conformidad, el 8 de febrero, en
el documento G/TBT/N/MEX/465/Rev.1, con fecha límite para presentar comentarios el 9 de abril.
Las delegaciones de la Unión Europea y los Estados Unidos solicitaron una prórroga para el envío de
sus observaciones para el 30 de abril y 9 de mayo, respectivamente. La cual fue otorgada.
Actualmente, las autoridades normalizad oras competentes, se encuentran evaluando los
comentarios recibidos durante el período adicional de consulta pública. Se reitera el compromiso de
México en materia de transparencia. Cualquier actualización será debidamente compartida y
notificada oportunam ente.
29.13. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
30 INDIA – ORDEN RELATIVA AL REQUISITO DE ACOMPAÑAR DE UN CERTIFICADO DE
ORIGEN NO MODIFICADO GENÉTICAMENTE Y DE AUSENCIA DE ELEMENTOS
MODIFICADOS GENÉTICAMENTE LOS ENVÍOS DE ALIMENTOS IMPORTADOS – SOLICITUD
DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS
30.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de los
Estados Unidos.
30.2. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
30.3. Como se señaló en la reunión de marzo de 2022 del Comité OTC y en la reunión de junio
de 2022 del Comité MSF, los Estados Unidos reiteran una vez más su profunda preocupación por
la medida de la India en virtud de la cual se exigen "certificados de origen no modificado
genéticamente y de ausencia de elementos modificado s genéticamente" para la importación de
determinados productos agropecuarios en la India, notificada el 2 de septiembre de 2020 en el
documento G/TBT/N/IND/168, y con una fecha de entrada en vigor, notificada más tarde, de 1 de
marzo de 2021.
30.4. Los Estados U nidos no están de acuerdo con las declaraciones de la India, formuladas en el
Comité MSF de junio, de que la medida no obstaculiza el comercio. Una vez más, los Estados Unidos
instan a la India a que retire este requisito y a que colabore con sus interlocu tores comerciales para
hallar una alternativa basada en criterios científicos, que facilite el comercio y que no incremente el
costo de los alimentos. Los Estados Unidos señalan también la falta de claridad en la aplicación de
esta Orden. Desde que entró e n vigor en marzo de 2021, la Orden ha limitado el comercio de
determinados productos elaborados que no figuran en el anexo I de la Orden, a pesar de las
disposiciones que estipulan que la Orden no se aplica a los productos alimenticios elaborados en
genera l. G/C/M/143
- 76 -
30.5. Los Estados Unidos desean de nuevo alentar a la India a que acepte su oferta de cooperación
técnica con la Autoridad de Inocuidad de los Alimentos y Normas Alimentarias de la India (FSSAI)
para estudiar alternativas a esta medida.
30.6. El delegado del Canadá dice lo siguiente:
30.7. El Canadá da las gracias a los Estados Unidos por la inclusión de este tema en el orden del
día. Desea reiterar sus preocupaciones planteadas en reuniones anteriores de los Comités OTC, MSF
y del CCM en relación con la Orden de la India relativa a los productos no modificados genéticamente,
que dispone que los envíos de 24 productos alimenticios importados deberán ir acompañados de un
certificado de origen no modificado genéticamente o de ausencia de elementos modificados
genéticamente.
30.8. Si bien el Canadá acoge con satisfacción la reciente decisión de la India de aceptar su
certificación de origen no modificado genéticamente para las exportaciones de alubias, le sigue
preocupando que la Orden de la India pueda incidir de manera desproporci onada en la capacidad de
los países productores de productos modificados genéticamente para exportar a la India, y restringir
innecesariamente el comercio internacional. Al Canadá le preocupa la falta de fundamento científico
de la medida de la India, dado el amplio consenso científico de que los productos modificados
genéticamente son tan inocuos como sus productos homólogos convencionales, así como la carga
indebida y los efectos comerciales negativos que la medida produce en los países exportadores
media nte requisitos de certificación injustificados.
30.9. A pesar de las solicitudes de varios Miembros de la OMC, incluido el Canadá, en los foros
arriba mencionados, la India no ha presentado ninguna justificación científica ni evaluación del riesgo
que respalden esta medida. Por lo tanto, el Canadá solicita una vez más que la India suspenda la
aplicación de esta medida y permita que continúen los intercambios comerciales sin que se exija un
certificado de ausencia de elementos modificados genéticamente. Ello daría a la India la oportunidad
de seguir colaborando con los Miembros para examinar y considerar otros enfoques menos
restrictivos del comercio que se ajusten a sus objetivos y reduzcan al mínimo los efectos en la
actividad comercial. El Canadá se complacerá e n contribuir a estos debates y compartir su amplia
experiencia en esta esfera.
30.10. Por último, el Canadá recuerda su solicitud de que la India notifique al Comité MSF la Orden
relativa a los productos no modificados genéticamente, dado que el objetivo declarad o de la Orden
es "garantizar la inocuidad y la salubridad de los productos alimenticios importados a la India" .
El Canadá toma nota de la afirmación de la India de que la prescripción de regular las importaciones
de alimentos modificados genéticamente se n otificó a la OMC como Ley de Protección del Medio
Ambiente de 1986; el Canadá agradecería que se facilitara esta notificación. Sin embargo, el Canadá
mantiene su solicitud de que, de conformidad con los compromisos contraídos por la India en el
marco de la OMC de notificar las medidas que afecten significativamente al comercio de los Miembros
de la OMC, la India notifique al Comité MSF la Orden de 2020.
30.11. El Canadá sigue estando dispuesto a colaborar y celebraría tener la oportunidad de mantener
nuevas conver saciones sobre esta cuestión en el plano bilateral.
30.12. La delegada de la Argentina dice lo siguiente:
30.13. Respecto a esta medida, Argentina reitera su preocupación y nuevamente destaca que la
medida no tiene explicación científica que la sustente. Argentina teme que este requisito siente un
precedente a que en un futuro se incluyan otros productos o incluso sus derivados, y que este
requisito signifique una traba en el comercio.
30.14. El delegado del Paraguay dice lo siguiente:
30.15. El Paraguay reitera su apoyo a los Estados Unidos por la inclusión de este punto en el orden
del día del Consejo. Hace varios meses, a través de la representación del Paraguay en Nueva Delhi,
y junto con otros Miembros, el Paraguay ya solicitó a la India que reconsiderara esta política, que
es inc ompatible con sus obligaciones ante esta Organización. El Paraguay reitera que continúa
esperando una respuesta de la India a sus preocupaciones y solicitudes y espera con interés tener
novedades a la mayor brevedad posible. G/C/M/143
- 77 -
30.16. El delegado del Japón dice lo s iguiente:
30.17. El Japón hace suyas las preocupaciones planteadas por los copatrocinadores y otros
Miembros de la OMC, y expresa su preocupación por el hecho de que esta sea una medida restrictiva
del comercio que no se basa en testimonios científicos. El Japón solicita que los productos
agropecuarios exportados de países exportadores que ejerzan un control adecuado de sus productos
agropecuarios modificados genéticamente queden excluidos de este requisito.
30.18. El delegado de la India dice lo siguiente:
30.19. La India dese a dar las gracias a las delegaciones de los Estados Unidos, el Canadá, la
Argentina, el Paraguay y el Japón por su interés en esta cuestión. La India desea informar a los
Miembros de la OMC de que la prescripción de regular la importación de alimentos modi ficados
genéticamente se basa en las disposiciones ya vigentes de la Ley de Protección del Medio Ambiente
(1986) y no es un requisito nuevo.
30.20. La Orden de la FSSAI, de fecha 21 de agosto de 2020, que exige un certificado de origen no
modificado genéticamente para las importaciones de 24 cultivos alimentarios es solo una garantía
de las autoridades competentes de los países exportadores de que los cultivos destinados a la
alimentación, pero no autorizados por el Comité de Aprobación de Ingeniería Genética (GEA C) con
fines de modificación genética, no se importarán en la India. Este requisito ya se ha notificado a
la OMC. Además, no restringe el comercio, puesto que se aplica de manera uniforme a las
importaciones procedentes de todos los Miembros de la OMC.
30.21. El requisito del certificado de ausencia de organismos modificados genéticamente no se
aplica a las importaciones de alimentos elaborados y piensos. Además, también es aceptable la
certificación de origen no modificado genéticamente que ya figura en los certi ficados fitosanitarios y
se expide para cada envío. Los Miembros de la OMC también pueden tener presente que varios de
los principales asociados comerciales cumplen este requisito y presentan junto con sus envíos de
exportación la copia de su certificado d e ausencia de organismos modificados genéticamente en el
formato prescrito. No obstante, la India está dispuesta a seguir debatiendo esta cuestión a nivel
bilateral con cualquier Miembro de la OMC.
30.22. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
31 PANAMÁ – VIDA ÚTIL POSCOSECHA Y GERMINACIÓN DE CEBOLLAS Y PATATAS –
SOLICITUD DEL CANADÁ Y LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS
31.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del Canadá
y los Estados Uni dos.
31.2. El delegado del Canadá dice lo siguiente:
31.3. El Canadá desea plantear esta preocupación comercial específica relativa a los nuevos
requisitos de calidad de Panamá para las patatas frescas, establecidos por el Ministerio de Comercio
e Industria el 20 de f ebrero de 2020. Como proveedor durante mucho tiempo de patatas frescas a
Panamá, con exportaciones a lo largo de todo el año, al Canadá le sigue preocupando que la
aplicación de esas nuevas prescripciones de calidad pueda repercutir directamente en su capa cidad
para exportar patatas a Panamá.
31.4. El Canadá reconoce que Panamá ha aplazado la aplicación de estas medidas para poder
celebrar nuevas consultas con los interlocutores comerciales y agradece la participación de Panamá
en una reunión técnica bilateral ce lebrada en septiembre de 2021 para abordar los aspectos de esta
cuestión que le preocupaban. Sin embargo, a pesar de esta colaboración positiva, el Canadá observa
que Panamá, en su medida definitiva, no ha tenido en cuenta sus preocupaciones. El Canadá ha
trasladado al Ministerio de Comercio e Industria de Panamá (MICI) su preocupación por los plazos
restrictivos impuestos para el almacenamiento y la comercialización, y por la tolerancia cero para la
germinación.
31.5. El Canadá solicita respetuosamente que Panam á suspenda la aplicación de esos requisitos
para que puedan celebrarse nuevos diálogos técnicos y se garantice que las normas de calidad de G/C/M/143
- 78 -
Panamá no creen obstáculos involuntarios a su comercio bilateral mutuamente beneficioso en el
sector de la agricultu ra.
31.6. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
31.7. Los Estados Unidos siguen planteando sus preocupaciones relativas a los reglamentos técnicos
de Panamá recientemente aplicados a las patatas. Desde la reunión anterior del Consejo, los Estados
Unidos han proseguido sus intentos de colaborar constructivamente con Panamá en esta cuestión.
Panamá sigue sin responder a estas solicitudes y todavía no ha proporcionado una justificación
científica para estas medidas. Los Estados Unidos siguen dispuestos y de terminados a colaborar con
Panamá para perfeccionar las medidas, a fin de que cumplan los objetivos legítimos de Panamá sin
ser innecesariamente restrictivas. Entretanto, los Estados Unidos reiteran su petición de que Panamá
proporcione las razones científ icas que justifican sus medidas o suspenda la aplicación del
reglamento de las patatas y las cebollas hasta que hayan concluido los debates técnicos.
31.8. La delegada de Panamá dice lo siguiente:
31.9. Panamá agradece a las delegaciones de los Estados Unidos y el Can adá sus observaciones y
toma nota de sus preocupaciones. Panamá es consciente de que las preocupaciones no son nuevas
y sigue trabajando con su capital para abordarlas a nivel bilateral. Panamá espera con interés
trabajar conjuntamente para encontrar soluc iones mutuamente satisfactorias y compartirá con el
Consejo cualquier información que reciba como resultado de esos debates bilaterales.
31.10. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
32 REINO DE LA ARABIA SAUDITA, REINO DE BAHREIN, EMIRATOS ÁRABES UNI DOS,
ESTADO DE KUWAIT, OMÁN Y QATAR – IMPUESTO SELECTIVO A LA IMPORTACIÓN DE
DETERMINADOS PRODUCTOS – SOLICITUD DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y SUIZA
32.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de Suiza y
los Estados Unidos.
32.2. El delegado de Suiza dice lo siguiente:
32.3. Dado que esta sigue siendo una cuestión de actualidad, Suiza será breve y se remite a sus
declaraciones anteriores. Suiza también desea dar las gracias a los Estados miembros del Consejo
de Cooperación del Golfo (CC G) por la reunión que celebraron en mayo, en la que algunos elementos
relacionados con el calendario de la reforma pudieron clarificarse de manera muy útil. Sin embargo,
dado que los problemas surgen en los detalles, Suiza sigue teniendo serias preocupacio nes con
respecto a varios aspectos de la reforma del impuesto selectivo. Por consiguiente, Suiza solicita más
claridad y certidumbre en cuanto a esos detalles antes de que se adopte una decisión definitiva.
Suiza agradecería que se celebrara otra reunión e n otoño con el fin de obtener información
actualizada sobre la situación de la reforma. Suiza espera que sea posible resolver esta fricción
comercial en un futuro próximo.
32.4. La delegada de los Estados Unidos dice lo siguiente:
32.5. Los Estados Unidos, junto con S uiza, la Unión Europea y el Japón hicieron llegar sus preguntas
en marzo de 2021 a los Gobiernos de cada uno de los Estados miembros del CCG acerca de la
situación del impuesto selectivo a las bebidas. Aunque los Estados Unidos agradecen la información
facilitada en la reunión del Consejo celebrada en abril, así como las conversaciones por separado
mantenidas desde entonces con los funcionarios de los Estados miembros, señalan que aún no han
recibido respuestas por escrito a sus preguntas formuladas en marz o de 2021, y piden que esos
Miembros faciliten información actualizada y especifiquen cuándo se proporcionarán esas
respuestas. Como ya han dicho, los Estados Unidos solicitan una actualización sustantiva de las
revisiones del modelo del impuesto sobre el consumo del CCG y su plan de aplicación previsto en el
acuerdo unificado para el impuesto sobre el consumo del CCG, y señalan la importancia de que
el CCG colabore oportunamente con las partes interesadas en relación con esta cuestión. G/C/M/143
- 79 -
32.6. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
32.7. La Unión Europea desea reiterar sus solicitudes anteriores formuladas en el CCM y el Comité
de Acceso a los Mercados. La Unión Europea solicita una actualización sustantiva de las revisiones
del modelo del impuesto s obre el consumo del CCG y su plan de aplicación previsto en el acuerdo
unificado para el impuesto sobre el consumo del CCG. La UE señala la importancia de una
colaboración oportuna con las partes interesadas en relación con esta cuestión y está dispuesta a
celebrar consultas técnicas con las autoridades competentes del CCG de la capital y de Ginebra para
examinar los avances realizados.
32.8. La Unión Europea presentó sus observaciones en reuniones anteriores del CCM y el CAM.
Además, el 7 de junio de 2022, la UE presentó observaciones por escrito sobre la notificación que
figura en el documento G/TBT/N/SAU/1104/Add.1, de 17 de marzo de 2022, relativa al proyecto de
norma sobre "bebidas energéticas", en la que se modificó la definición de bebidas energéticas.
La UE agradecería una respuesta a esas observaciones.
32.9. La Unión Europea desea insistir en la necesidad de que se proporcione ayuda inmediata al
sector hasta que entre en vigor la revisión en curso del impuesto sobre el consumo del CCG,
eximiendo a todas las beb idas sin azúcar del impuesto y armonizando el tipo impositivo en el 50 %
para las bebidas energéticas y todas las demás categorías de bebidas azucaradas sujetas al
impuesto. La Unión Europea está dispuesta a seguir dialogando con el CCG sobre este important e
tema.
32.10. El delegado del Reino de la Arabia Saudita dice lo siguiente:
32.11. En nombre del Reino de la Arabia Saudita, el Reino de Bahrein, los Emiratos Árabes Unidos,
el Estado de Kuwait, la Sultanía de Omán y el Estado de Qatar, la Arabia Saudita desea dar las
gracias a las delegaciones de los Estados Unidos, Suiza y la Unión Europea por el interés que han
mostrado en el régimen del impuesto sobre el consumo del CCG y por su comunicación sobre la
aplicación del impuesto sobre el consumo a los refrescos carbonata dos, las bebidas de malta, las
bebidas energéticas, las bebidas deportivas y otras bebidas azucaradas.
32.12. Por lo que respecta al calendario del proceso en curso sobre el nuevo modelo del impuesto
sobre el consumo del CCG y su aplicación, el Reino de la Arabia Saudita recuerda, una vez más, que
la revisión de los impuestos sobre el consumo aplicados a las bebidas es un ejercicio complejo que
requiere un importante esfuerzo, una gran coordinación y estudios integrales. El Grupo de Trabajo
sobre Impuestos del CCG no está escatimando esfuerzos en culminar dicho ejercicio para presentar
a los Estados miembros del CCG resultados pertinentes y su modelo del impuesto sobre el consumo
de alto nivel.
32.13. Además, los Estados miembros del CCG adoptarán procedimientos y un cale ndario
apropiados para la revisión de sus regímenes del impuesto sobre el consumo. Una vez terminado
este proceso, se compartirá de inmediato con los Miembros de la OMC la correspondiente
información.
32.14. Por último, el Reino de la Arabia Saudita da las gracias a los Estados Unidos, la Unión Europea
y Suiza por la constructiva reunión bilateral que mantuvieron el 18 de mayo con las autoridades
competentes de los Estados miembros del CCG.
32.15. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
33 CHINA – LEY DE CONTROL DE LAS EXPORTACIONES – SOLICITUD DEL JAPÓN
33.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del Japón.
33.2. El delegado del Japón dice lo siguiente:
33.3. La Ley de Control de las Exportaciones de China, que entró en vigor en diciembre de 2020,
sigue preocupando al Japón. De hecho, los aspectos de detalle relativos a los productos chinos
sujetos a control de las exportaciones, incluidos los pormenores de su reglamentación y sus
operaciones, siguen sin quedar claros. G/C/M/143
- 80 -
33.4. Teniendo en cuenta el objetivo de la Ley de salvaguardar los intereses nacionales, el Japón
reitera una vez más, como ya ha manifestado en reuniones anteriores del Consejo, sus
preocupaciones relativas a los tres puntos siguientes, en particular: i) al Japón le pr eocupa que
el alcance de los productos sujetos a controles de exportación pueda ser excesivamente amplio;
ii) el Japón considera preocupante que pueda haber casos en los que se requiera una divulgación
innecesaria de información tecnológica durante la clas ificación y las investigaciones de usuario final;
y iii) al Japón también le preocupa que se hayan mantenido en la Ley las disposiciones relativas a
las contramedidas relacionadas con la reglamentación discriminatoria contra las exportaciones por
parte de otros países. El Japón cree que las mencionadas restricciones a la exportación que estipula
esta Ley pueden constituir una reglamentación excesivamente restrictiva de las exportaciones o ser
innecesarias en el sentido del régimen internacional de control d e las exportaciones; por lo tanto,
pueden considerarse restricciones a la exportación prohibidas en virtud del artículo XI del GATT y,
en consecuencia, ser incompatibles con el Acuerdo de la OMC.
33.5. En abril de 2022 se publicó un proyecto de orden para el con trol de las exportaciones de
productos de doble uso (proyecto de consulta pública) en relación con el funcionamiento de la ley
sobre los productos de doble uso. La opacidad del funcionamiento jurídico no se ha resuelto en
absoluto en lo que respecta al alc ance de los artículos sujetos a reglamentación y los requisitos de
divulgación de información técnica, y el Japón seguirá pidiendo explicaciones sobre los detalles de
los reglamentos relacionados con la ley. A este respecto, el Japón desea reiterar los dos puntos
siguientes, ya destacados en reuniones anteriores del Consejo.
33.6. En primer lugar, al Japón le preocupa el hecho de que el proyecto de reglamento relativo a
las tierras raras, publicado en enero de 2021, mencione un plan para establecer reservas
estratégicas. A juicio del Japón, este plan puede indicar que existe la posibilidad de que China
introduzca controles de las exportaciones de tierras raras y productos conexos en virtud de la
mencionada Ley de Control de las Exportaciones.
33.7. En segundo lugar, con respecto a la "lista de entidades no fiables" y la lista de prohibiciones
de la exportación basada en la ley sobre el comercio exterior, el Japón considera preocupante que
no resulte clara la relación entre la lista de entidades que figura en la Ley de Co ntrol de las
Exportaciones y los productos abarcados por la Ley y la lista de tecnologías. China había explicado
anteriormente que el listado oficial y la lista de entidades no fiables que figura en el artículo 18 de
esta Ley se habían elaborado a partir d e diferentes sistemas jurídicos. Sin embargo, el Japón solicita
una explicación más clara del tipo de sistema jurídico en el que se basa cada reglamento, y si están
o no relacionados. En particular, por lo que se refiere a las medidas de la "lista de entid ades no
fiables", al Japón le preocupa si se garantizarán la equidad y la transparencia en cuanto al
reconocimiento de las entidades extranjeras y el contenido de las medidas adoptadas contra las
entidades extranjeras. El Japón observa que existe la posibi lidad de que esas medidas sean
incompatibles con el artículo X del GATT, entre otras cosas.
33.8. En la reunión anterior del CCM, China explicó que aún estaba redactando los reglamentos de
aplicación y las listas de control de su Ley de Control de las Exportacio nes, que proporcionarían una
orientación más clara para que todas las partes apliquen y respeten esta Ley. China también dijo
que acogería con satisfacción la participación de otros Miembros y les pidió que formularan
observaciones y sugerencias durante el período de consulta pública. Por lo tanto, el Japón seguirá
atento a los detalles de los reglamentos de aplicación de la Ley y espera que sus preocupaciones se
atiendan en consecuencia en el proyecto definitivo de los reglamentos. Además, el Japón conside ra
que las disposiciones sobre contramedidas deben suprimirse de la Ley. El Japón solicita que China,
en plena transparencia, facilite información detallada sobre sus reglamentos y su calendario,
proporcionando al mismo tiempo suficiente tiempo para su exa men.
33.9. El delegado del Canadá dice lo siguiente:
33.10. El Canadá reitera sus preocupaciones expresadas anteriormente en la reunión del CCM de
abril de 2022. Habida cuenta de las notables diferencias entre la Ley de Control de las Exportaciones
de China y la prácti ca internacional establecida relativa a los controles de las exportaciones, el
Canadá alienta a China a circunscribir la aplicación de su Ley de Control de las Exportaciones
mediante sus futuros reglamentos y su aplicación con miras a armonizar sus práctic as con las normas
internacionales. G/C/M/143
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33.11. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
33.12. La Unión Europea continúa siguiendo de cerca la evolución de la nueva Ley de Control de las
Exportaciones de China, que entró en vigor el 1 de diciembre de 2020. La Unión Europea toma nota
de la publicación, en abril -mayo de 2022, del Reglamento de Control de las Exportaciones para la
formulación de observaciones por parte del público, que aumenta la eficiencia del sistema de control
de las exportaciones de China.
33.13. La Unión Europea reitera su preocupación por la política definida en el Libro Blanco de
diciembre de 2021, que representa un cambio hacia la salvaguardia de los "intereses nacionales" de
China, en lugar de contribuir a la paz y la seguridad internacionales. El Lib ro Blanco de 2021 parece
dar a entender que los actuales regímenes internacionales de control de las exportaciones ponen en
peligro la estabilidad de las cadenas de valor mundiales y los derechos de los países en desarrollo.
33.14. No obstante, se han establecido regímenes multilaterales de control de las exportaciones
para permitir la aplicación de las obligaciones dimanantes de los tratados internacionales sobre la
no proliferación de armas de destrucción masiva y armas convencionales, y apoyar la aplicación de
las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas sobre el mantenimiento de la paz
y la seguridad internacionales, al impedir la desviación de materiales, tecnología y equipo sensibles
a usuarios finales que son motivo de preocupación. Estab lecen directrices claras y elaboran listas de
productos sensibles que dan a los Miembros de la OMC exportadores las garantías necesarias de que
las exportaciones de productos sensibles a receptores de confianza se destinan con fines pacíficos y
no socavará n la paz y la seguridad internacionales. Los regímenes multilaterales de control de las
exportaciones son un instrumento técnico para cumplir las obligaciones y los compromisos
internacionales de los Miembros de la OMC y permitir la utilización pacífica de productos sensibles
por todos los Miembros de la OMC.
33.15. La Unión Europea valora los esfuerzos de China por aumentar la transparencia en su actual
régimen de control de las exportaciones a través del proyecto de reglamento, así como la labor
encaminada a ela borar listas unificadas de control y la reglamentación de nuevos tipos de licencias,
simplificar en parte los procesos de solicitud de licencias y fomentar que las empresas desarrollen
sistemas internos de cumplimiento, entre otras cosas.
33.16. La Unión Europea reconoce que la Ley de Control de las Exportaciones de China consolida
los compromisos de China en materia de no proliferación y que el proyecto de reglamento
modernizará aún más el sistema de control de las exportaciones. Sin embargo, la Unión Europea
aún desea recordar sus cinco principales preocupaciones relativas a esta medida, mientras
sigue remitiendo a su declaración anterior para quien quisiera consultar todos los detalles, a saber:
i) la aplicación extraterritorial; ii) las normas sobre las transac ciones asimiladas a exportaciones y
reexportaciones; iii) los objetivos y el alcance de los controles; iv) la evaluación del riesgo con
respecto a los países o regiones de destino; y v) las listas de control. La UE también formulará una
serie de preguntas detalladas a las que agradecería que China respondiera.
33.17. La Unión Europea invita a China a que confirme la relación entre las tecnologías que están
sujetas a las restricciones previstas en la Ley de Control de las Exportaciones (por ejemplo, en virtud
de las listas elaboradas en la legislación y reglamentación administrativas de aplicación) y la lista de
las tecnologías sujetas a prohibiciones o restricciones de la exportación del Catálogo de Tecnologías
sujetas a Restricciones o Prohibiciones de Exportación . En la reunión del CCM de abril, China se
remitió a sus respuestas en el marco del examen de las políticas comerciales. En el examen de las
políticas comerciales de la OMC llevado a cabo recientemente, China señaló que "toda tecnología de
doble uso (civil y militar) estará sujeta a la Ley de Control de las Exportaciones".
33.18. Por consiguiente, la Unión Europea invita a China a que considere modificar las disposiciones
jurídicas pertinentes y a que confirme que el Catálogo de Tecnologías sujetas a Restricciones o
Prohibiciones de Exportación está comprendido en el ámbito de aplicación de la Ley de Control de
las Exportaciones. En particular, la UE desea preguntar a China si las nuevas listas de control
incluirán y derogarán otras listas de tecnologías sujetas a restricciones a la exportación, en particular
el Catálogo de Tecnologías sujetas a Restricciones o Prohibiciones de Exportación. Por último, la
Unión Europea invita a China a que aclare si se publicarán las correspondientes referencias a las
listas de regí menes multilaterales de control de las exportaciones para aportar mayor claridad
jurídica. G/C/M/143
- 82 -
33.19. El delegado de Australia dice lo siguiente:
33.20. Australia toma nota de la declaración del Japón en relación con la Ley de Control de las
Exportaciones de China. Como se indicó en sus comunicaciones relativas a las consultas de China
con las partes interesadas antes de la adopción de esta Ley en diciembre de 2020 y de la publicación
del proyecto de reglamento en abril de 2022, Australia observa con satisfacción los esfuerz os de
China por codificar el marco reglamentario de los controles de las exportaciones relacionadas con la
defensa. Celebra también los esfuerzos de China por aclarar algunos aspectos de su régimen de
control de las exportaciones mediante la publicación de un Libro Blanco en diciembre de 2021.
33.21. Sin embargo, Australia sigue teniendo preocupaciones acerca de la amplitud del alcance de
la Ley de Control de las Exportaciones de China. Alienta a China a seguir aportando mayor claridad
en relación con los elemento s fundamentales de la Ley, entre ellos la jurisdicción, el alcance de las
competencias en materia de administración y la confirmación de que la Ley es compatible con los
compromisos internacionales contraídos por China (en especial las normas de la OMC y e l Acuerdo
de Libre Comercio entre China y Australia (ChAFTA)).
33.22. Australia sigue instando a China a tener en cuenta las preocupaciones de las empresas
extranjeras y los Miembros de la OMC en la aplicación de esta Ley y la elaboración de futuras
medidas. Aust ralia tiene sumo interés en seguir colaborando estrechamente con China.
33.23. El delegado de China dice lo siguiente:
33.24. China se remite a las declaraciones que ha formulado en reuniones anteriores del CCG17, así
como a la detallada respuesta facilitada en el examen de las políticas comerciales de China de 2021.
China también quiere informar a los Miembros pertinentes de la OMC de que, el 22 de abril de 2022,
publicó su proyecto de reglamento de control de las exportaciones de productos de doble uso para
la for mulación de observaciones por el público. China agradece al Japón y a los demás Miembros
pertinentes de la OMC sus observaciones y asesoramiento sobre el proyecto de reglamento durante
el período de presentación de observaciones. China está examinando esas observaciones en la
capital y seguirá colaborando con los Miembros pertinentes de la OMC en relación con esta cuestión.
33.25. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
34 INDIA – RESTRICCIÓN A LA IMPORTACIÓN DE ACONDICIONADORES DE AIRE –
SOLICITUD DEL JAPÓN Y TAILANDIA
34.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del Japón
y Tailandia.
34.2. El delegado del Japón dice lo siguiente:
34.3. El Japón reitera su preocupación por el hecho de que la prohibición impuesta por la India a
las importaciones de acondicionadores de aire, en particular de refrigerantes, e introducida en
octubre del año pasado mediante la Notificación Nº 41/2015 -2020, es una medida que entraña
injustificadamente una reestructuración de las cadenas de suministr o de las empresas. El Japón está
sumamente preocupado por el hecho de que esta medida pueda constituir una prohibición a la
importación incompatible con el artículo XI.1 del GATT, así como con el artículo 2.1 del Acuerdo
sobre las Medidas en materia de Inv ersiones relacionadas con el Comercio (Acuerdo sobre las MIC).
34.4. La India respondió en su examen de las políticas comerciales y en las reuniones anteriores
del Consejo que su medida es compatible con las obligaciones que ha contraído en virtud del
Protocolo de Montreal. No obstante, el Japón considera que esta prohibición a la importación es
superflua e irracional, ya que abarca una amplia gama de acondicionadores de aire que utilizan
gases refrigerantes. Además, estos acondicionadores de aire no están sujeto s a las obligaciones de
la India de reducir y eliminar su uso de conformidad con el Protocolo de Montreal, ni a la
reglamentación del gas freón que provoca el agotamiento de la capa de ozono, recogida en su
legislación interna.
17 Documento G/C/M/142, párrafos 29.24 a 29.32. G/C/M/143
- 83 -
34.5. A este respecto, tras examin ar las respuestas anteriores recibidas de la India, el Japón
presentó preguntas por escrito en la reunión del Comité de MIC de septiembre de 2021 para pedir
a la India información más detallada; preguntas a las cuales el Japón espera que la India responda
con prontitud. La India ha dicho que está dispuesta a examinar la cuestión con el Japón a nivel
bilateral. Sin embargo, para mantener un debate constructivo es importante que la India responda
de buena fe y por escrito a las preguntas escritas del Japón.
34.6. Además, como se ha dicho recientemente en el contexto del CAM acerca de los
acondicionadores de aire, estaba previsto que el sistema de certificación de la marca ISI, de acuerdo
con la Orden de Control de la Calidad relativa a los acondicionadores de aire y sus partes, entrara
en vigor en enero de 2022, pero el plazo se ha prorrogado hasta enero de 2023. El Japón agradece
que la India haya aplazado la fecha de entrada en vigor de la Orden. Sin embargo, para evitar
demoras en el procedimiento de certificación de productos importados, el Japón solicita que la Oficina
de Normas de la India lleve a cabo inspecciones ágiles de las fábricas en el extranjero o, en caso de
que resulte difícil viajar al extranjero, el Japón pediría a la India que se planteara la posib ilidad de
adoptar otros procedimientos de certificación además de las inspecciones de las fábricas en el
extranjero.
34.7. El delegado de Tailandia dice lo siguiente:
34.8. Tailandia se suma al Japón para expresar una preocupación, que ya han planteado
conjuntamente varias veces, con respecto a la prohibición impuesta por la India a las importaciones
de acondicionadores de aire con gases refrigerantes.
34.9. En primer lugar, esta medida sumamente restrictiva del comercio ha repercutido
considerablemente en las exportaciones de acondicionadores de aire de Tailandia a la India. Las
exportaciones de acondicionadores de aire de pared de Tailandia a la India disminuyeron un 6,21 %
en 2021 con respecto a 2019, antes de que se aplicara la medida. Durante los cuatro pri meros meses
de 2022, además, las exportaciones de acondicionadores de aire de pared o de techo a la India
procedentes de Tailandia disminuyeron un 47,85 % con respecto al mismo período en 2021, lo que
representa el mayor descenso de las exportaciones de aco ndicionadores de aire entre los
10 principales destinos de exportación de Tailandia para esos productos en todo el mundo.
Asimismo, dado que Tailandia es el mayor proveedor de acondicionadores de aire importados de la
India, evidentemente sufre el efecto m ás importante y desfavorable de esa medida restrictiva.
34.10. Tailandia respeta la determinación de la India de cumplir el Protocolo de Montreal. Sin
embargo, Tailandia no cree que la medida actual esté en conformidad con el Protocolo, como alega
la India. De co nformidad con el Protocolo de Montreal, toda medida para reducir el uso de
hidrofluorocarburos (HFC) se anunciará con antelación y proporcionará un período de transición
suficiente para los países afectados. Además, la medida debería aplicarse a los produc tores
nacionales antes de que pueda aplicarse a los productores extranjeros. Asimismo, en el caso del
Grupo 2 de las Partes que operan al amparo del artículo 5, del que la India forma parte, se han
determinado claramente las etapas de reducción del uso de HFC, que la India debería seguir. Sin
embargo, aunque la India pueda aplicar un plazo más breve para esa reducción, esto debe hacerse
de manera no discriminatoria entre los productores nacionales y extranjeros.
34.11. Este argumento lleva a la conclusión de que e sa medida constituye una infracción flagrante
del principio de trato nacional de la OMC en el marco del artículo III del GATT de 1994 y el artículo 2.1
del Acuerdo sobre las MIC, ya que los productores nacionales están autorizados a inyectar
refrigerante e n acondicionadores de aire de fabricación nacional, pero los productores importadores
no pueden. También constituye una infracción de facto del Acuerdo sobre las MIC, que prohíbe la
utilización de prescripciones en materia de contenido nacional, como en el caso de los refrigerantes
que deben rellenarse únicamente en los acondicionadores de aire vacíos importados en la India. Por
consiguiente, Tailandia reitera su petición de que la India modifique la medida lo antes posible para
garantizar que esta cumpla l os compromisos contraídos por la India en el marco de la OMC y que se
notifique la medida a la OMC.
34.12. El delegado de la India dice lo siguiente:
34.13. La India da las gracias a las delegaciones del Japón y Tailandia por su continuo interés en
esta cuestión. Desde la reunión anterior del CCM, la India ha compartido con el Japón los detalles G/C/M/143
- 84 -
de esas medidas, en particular en relación con los objetivos previstos y la evolución de la situación.
La India también da las gracias a Tailandia por compartir, en esta ocasión, sus datos pertinentes,
que se transmitirán a la capital. La India desea señalar a la atención de los Miembros de la OMC su
notificación al Comité de Licencias de Importación, de conformidad con los artículos 5.1 a 5.4 del
Acuerdo sobre Procedimientos para el Trámite de Licencias de Importación, que figura en el
documento G/LIC/N/2/IND/21. En esa notificación se especifican claramente los detalles de la
política de restricción a las importaciones de hidrofluorocarburos, que son pertinentes para este
punto d el orden del día.
34.14. De conformidad con la modificación del Reglamento sobre las Sustancias que Agotan la Capa
de Ozono (Regulación y Control) de 2014, las importaciones de acondicionadores de aire que
contienen sustancias del grupo VI (hidroclorofluorocarbon os) están prohibidas desde el 1 de julio
de 2015. Esta medida era necesaria para la aplicación de normas y reglamentos conformes con el
compromiso contraído por la India en el marco de la Enmienda de Kigali al Protocolo de Montreal.
La India desea reiterar que esta medida se ha adoptado para reducir el riesgo para la vida de las
personas y de los animales y para preservar los vegetales, y por motivos sanitarios.
34.15. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
35 NEPAL – PROHIBICIÓN A LAS IMPORTACIONES DE BEBIDAS ENERGÉTICAS –
SOLICITUD DE TAILANDIA
35.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de Tailandia.
35.2. El delegado de Tailandia dice lo siguiente:
35.3. Tailandia desea reiterar que está preocupada por la medida adoptada por el Gobierno de Nepal
en virtud de la cual se prohíben las importaciones de bebidas energéticas mezcladas con cafeína y
de bebidas sintéticas aromatizadas de Tailandia desde 2019. Dicho esto, Tailandia desea transmitir
su solidaridad al pueblo de Nepal, que se enfrenta a algunas de sus dificultades económicas más
difíciles, al registrar una disminución de las reservas de divisas, problemas crónicos de déficit
comercial, un elevado nivel de inflación y la agravación de la inseguridad alimentaria, lo que h a
obligado al Gobierno de Nepal a adoptar medidas restrictivas del comercio en un intento de impedir
que sus reservas de divisas se sigan agotando.
35.4. Tailandia desea recordar a Nepal que los Miembros de la OMC que se enfrentan a dificultades
de balanza de pa gos pueden aplicar restricciones a la importación, con sujeción a lo dispuesto por
el artículo XII del GATT, siempre que no excedan del nivel de restricción que sea necesario, se
atenúen progresivamente y solo se mantengan en la medida que la situación jus tifique todavía su
aplicación. Habida cuenta de ello, Tailandia insta a Nepal a que facilite información actualizada sobre
la situación de su balanza de pagos y sobre cómo sus medidas restrictivas del comercio pueden
ayudar a aliviar el problema. Tailandia también desea alentar a Nepal a que presente una notificación
oficial a la OMC para aclarar mejor el fundamento jurídico exacto en el marco de la OMC que
justifique ante los Miembros de la OMC su adopción temporal de tales medidas.
35.5. Por último, Tailandia a cogerá con satisfacción la celebración de consultas bilaterales con Nepal
con miras a hallar una solución mutuamente aceptable.
35.6. El delegado de Nepal dice lo siguiente:
35.7. Nepal agradece a Tailandia su declaración y su constante interés en las medidas de política
comercial de Nepal y señala que esta preocupación también se ha planteado en el CAM. Por
consiguiente, en respuesta a la preocupación planteada en la reunión en curso, Nepal desea remitirse
a las declaraciones que formuló en las reuniones del CAM celebradas en marzo de 2022 y en la
reunión del Consejo celebrada en abril de 202218 y señala que Nepal sigue enfrentándose a
problemas relacionados con su balanza de pagos.
35.8. Además, Nepal se complace en informar al Consejo de que su delegación y la Secreta ría de
la OMC han completado en gran medida la labor técnica de notificación. En efecto, Nepal espera que
18 Documento G/C/M/142, párrafos 24.6 y 24.7. G/C/M/143
- 85 -
su notificación se distribuya a los Miembros de la OMC con prontitud y en el formato adecuado. Por
último, Nepal desea resolver este asunto a nivel bi lateral y acoge con satisfacción la propuesta
formulada por Tailandia en relación con las consultas bilaterales.
35.9. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
36 SRI LANKA – PROHIBICIÓN DE LAS IMPORTACIONES DE DIVERSOS PRODUCTOS –
SOLICITUD DE TAILAND IA
36.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de Tailandia.
36.2. El delegado de Tailandia dice lo siguiente:
36.3. Como ha declarado en muchas reuniones anteriores del Consejo del Comercio de Mercancías
(CCM) y del Comité de A cceso a los Mercados (CAM), Tailandia desea expresar de nuevo su
preocupación por las medidas de importación de Sri Lanka, tales como la suspensión temporal de
las importaciones, las importaciones a crédito y las licencias de control de las importaciones, que
han afectado considerablemente a las exportaciones de Tailandia a Sri Lanka. Esto ha ocurrido
especialmente en el caso de las exportaciones de pequeños vehículos de pasajeros, que están
prácticamente paralizadas desde 2021.
36.4. Dicho esto, Tailandia sigue con mucho interés la situación económica de Sri Lanka y se
solidariza con su población, que se enfrenta a algunas de las dificultades económicas más críticas
de la historia moderna del país, al registrar en 2022 un elevado y creciente nivel de inflación, e l
agotamiento de sus reservas de divisas, el aumento de la deuda externa y una inminente y grave
contracción económica. Además, Tailandia acoge con satisfacción las conversaciones de Sri Lanka
con el Fondo Monetario Internacional para obtener un apoyo muy necesario y la aplicación de un
conjunto de medidas de alivio económico, en su caso.
36.5. Tailandia desea recordar a Sri Lanka que los Miembros de la OMC que se enfrentan a
dificultades de balanza de pagos pueden aplicar restricciones a la importación, con suje ción a lo
dispuesto por el artículo XII del GATT, siempre que no excedan del nivel de restricción que sea
necesario, se atenúen progresivamente y solo se mantengan en la medida que la situación justifique
todavía su aplicación. Habida cuenta de ello, Taila ndia solicita a Sri Lanka que examine la repercusión
de sus medidas en el alivio a su escasez de reservas de divisas y le insta a que notifique a la OMC
las medidas mencionadas anteriormente.
36.6. El delegado del Japón dice lo siguiente:
36.7. El Japón comparte las p reocupaciones expresadas por Australia y Tailandia. El Japón considera
que las medidas de Sri Lanka pueden constituir una prohibición de importar que infringe lo dispuesto
en el artículo XI.1 del GATT. El Japón entiende que Sri Lanka considera que estas me didas son
necesarias debido a las dificultades con su balanza de pagos. Al mismo tiempo, esa clase de
restricciones a la importación no debería introducirse con tanta facilidad sino aplicarse con la máxima
cautela, teniendo debidamente en cuenta las prescr ipciones sustantivas y de procedimiento
establecidas en el Acuerdo de la OMC.
36.8. Además, el Japón ha tomado nota de la explicación de Sri Lanka en las anteriores reuniones
del CCM y el CAM de que desde junio de 2020 no ha introducido ninguna medida, al margen de
algunas relativas a los vehículos automóviles, los productos plásticos y los productos químicos. En
la última reunión del CAM, Sri Lanka explicó asimismo que, por lo que respecta a determinados
vehículos automóviles y productos químicos, estas medidas se adoptaron tomando en consideración
su repercusión en el medio ambiente nacional.
36.9. A este respecto, el Japón pide a Sri Lanka que aclare lo siguiente: i) a qué artículos específicos
van dirigidas las restricciones a la importación que se están aplicando; ii) qué aspectos de qué
sistemas se corresponden con las medidas que toman en consideración los efectos en el entorno
nacional; y iii) en qué leyes y reglamentos internos se estipula el contenido de estas medidas.
Además de estos puntos, el Japón desea tam bién solicitar que se vuelva a informar de las medidas
de Sri Lanka y su compatibilidad con los Acuerdos de la OMC. G/C/M/143
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36.10. Si bien es consciente de la difícil situación económica que enfrenta actualmente Sri Lanka,
el Japón le pide que indique cuándo se levantará esta medida y que la suprima lo antes posible.
36.11. Con respecto a la posibilidad de que Sri Lanka elimine la prohibición de las importaciones
una vez que mejore su situación económica, el Japón celebra el hecho de que Sri Lanka esté
manteniendo conversaciones con el FMI sobre su crisis económica; sin embargo, el Japón desea
saber, de todos modos, cuáles son los criterios y el calendario para el levantamiento de estas
medidas.
36.12. La delegada de Nueva Zelandia dice lo siguiente:
36.13. Sri Lanka se enfrenta a una crisis económica sin precedentes. Mientras la comunidad
internacional trata de ayudar a Sri Lanka a hacer frente a esa crisis, es relevante que no se
mantengan obstáculos innecesarios a la importación de productos importantes y necesarios para la
población de Sri Lanka. Nueva Zelandia desea que Sri Lanka asegure que las medidas vigentes se
justifican y son compatibles con sus obligaciones internacionales. Nueva Zelandia agradecería recibir
más información al respecto, en Ginebra o Colombo.
36.14. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
36.15. La Unión Europea está al corriente de la grave crisis económica y de deuda externa que
padece actualmente Sri Lanka, y está dispuesta a seguir colaborando con Sri Lanka de manera
constructiva. Si bien entiende el difícil c ontexto de Sri Lanka, la UE desea reiterar las preocupaciones
que ha expresado en el marco de este punto en reuniones anteriores. A la UE también le preocupa
el muy elevado nivel de los recargos impuestos recientemente por el nuevo Gobierno, desde el 1 de
junio y por un período de seis meses, y la amplia gama de productos abarcados, entre ellos, muchos
productos agropecuarios y alimenticios/productos agropecuarios elaborados. Por consiguiente, la
Unión Europea invita a Sri Lanka a facilitar más información al respecto, incluido un calendario para
el levantamiento de sus restricciones a la importación.
36.16. El delegado de Sri Lanka dice lo siguiente:
36.17. Sri Lanka desea agradecer a la delegación de Tailandia su continuo interés en las medidas
de política comercial ado ptadas por Sri Lanka para paliar los efectos desfavorables de la pandemia
de COVID -19 en su economía. Como Sri Lanka informó a los Miembros de la OMC en la reunión
del CCM celebrada en abril de 2022, ha dado varios pasos positivos dirigidos a atenuar la ma yoría
de las recientes medidas de importación impuestas para suavizar el impacto de la pandemia
de COVID -19 de manera progresiva. A este respecto, Sri Lanka formuló una declaración detallada
en la reunión del Comité de Acceso a los Mercados celebrada el 30 de marzo de 2022, en particular,
sobre los pasos dados periódicamente para atenuar sus medidas relativas a la importación.
36.18. En la reunión anterior del CCM, varios Miembros de la OMC expresaron su preocupación por
las medidas relativas a la importación apli cadas por Sri Lanka mediante el Reglamento Nº 2270/18,
de fecha 9 de marzo de 2022, que exige a los importadores la obtención de licencias para la
importación de los 369 productos identificados. A Sri Lanka le complace informar al Consejo de que
la prescri pción relativa a la obtención de licencias de importación de los 369 productos identificados
ya se ha eliminado mediante el Reglamento Nº 2282/21, de fecha 31 de mayo de 2022, lo que
constituye una novedad positiva.
36.19. Como ya ha explicado Sri Lanka en las re uniones de diversos Comités, la importación de
vehículos al país depende en gran medida del número de permisos de importación de automóviles
en régimen de franquicia que se expiden periódicamente a los funcionarios públicos. Estos permisos
en régimen de fr anquicia (o permisos en régimen de franquicia para vehículos o permisos para
vehículos automóviles en condiciones favorables) son permisos expedidos por la Hacienda del
Gobierno de Sri Lanka que habilitan a su titular a importar un vehículo, independientem ente de su
cilindrada, con concesiones arancelarias o exenciones de determinados impuestos. Como se ha
declarado anteriormente, Sri Lanka considera que estas exenciones de derechos y la suspensión de
los derechos de aduana, la contribución de importación y los impuestos especiales de consumo en
el caso de los permisos de importación de automóviles en régimen de franquicia no pueden
considerarse actividades comerciales que tienen lugar "en el curso de operaciones comerciales
normales" (en el sentido de las n ormas de la OMC). Por consiguiente, los interlocutores comerciales G/C/M/143
- 87 -
de Sri Lanka no pueden presumir que las corrientes comerciales que se produzcan "en el curso de
operaciones comerciales no normales" sean la norma general y afirmar que las importaciones de
Sri Lanka de vehículos automóviles procedentes de sus interlocutores comerciales se han visto
afectadas debido a las medidas de restricción del comercio impuestas por Sri Lanka. En ausencia de
permisos de importación de automóviles en régimen de franquici a, no es de prever que aumente la
demanda de tales vehículos conjuntamente con la atenuación relativa a las importaciones. Además,
se ha estimado que Sri Lanka ha perdido hasta la fecha unos LKR 94.000 millones anuales por
concepto de esos permisos de impo rtación de vehículos automóviles en condiciones favorables,
monto casi equivalente al que recauda el Gobierno por gravar las importaciones de vehículos, lo que
hace que la política sea aún más contraproducente. En vista de ello, el Gobierno tuvo que adopta r
determinadas medidas restrictivas, incluida la de desactivar esos permisos para proteger la
economía al comienzo de la pandemia de COVID -19. Incluso en el caso de los titulares de permisos
de automóviles en régimen de franquicia expedidos antes de marzo de 2020, Sri Lanka no está en
condiciones de liberar unas divisas sumamente necesarias para importar vehículos automóviles, que
están clasificados como bienes no esenciales, debido a la grave crisis económica que atraviesa.
36.20. Sri Lanka está teniendo dificult ades para obtener divisas, incluso para importar artículos tan
esenciales como medicamentos, combustibles y productos alimenticios. En este contexto, es
probable que Sri Lanka pueda liberar divisas para la importación de productos no esenciales, como
los automóviles y sus piezas de repuesto, solo cuando la economía se recupere de la crisis económica
en curso.
36.21. Sri Lanka entiende que, de hecho, a varios Miembros de la OMC les preocupan las demoras
de Sri Lanka para notificar las medidas relativas a la importa ción adoptadas para frenar los efectos
de la pandemia de COVID -19. Como ha informado a los Miembros de la OMC en las reuniones
anteriores del CCM, Sri Lanka ya ha entablado negociaciones con el Fondo Monetario Internacional
destinadas a obtener ayuda para resolver su crisis económica, en particular, las dificultades con la
balanza de pagos que está padeciendo. Ya se han concluido varias rondas de negociaciones con
el FMI. En este contexto, Sri Lanka opina que, cuando sus conversaciones con el FMI permitan t ener
una idea más clara, podrá notificar a la OMC las medidas relativas a la importación adoptadas para
frenar los efectos desfavorables de la pandemia de COVID -19, incluidas las medidas más recientes.
Sri Lanka coordinará con la capital la labor de atende r a las preocupaciones específicas planteadas
en esta ocasión por varios Miembros de la OMC y mantendrá informado al Consejo de las respuestas
de la capital.
36.22. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
37 INDIA – ORDEN RELATIVA AL PAPEL SIMPLE PARA COPIADORA (CONTROL DE LA
CALIDAD) DE 2020 – SOLICITUD DE INDONESIA
37.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de
Indonesia.
37.2. El delegado de Indonesia dice lo siguiente:
37.3. Indonesia desea dar las gracias a la India por los progresos y esfuerzos realizados para
resolver la cuestión de los obstáculos a la exportación de papel indonesio a la India debidas a la
aplicación por la India de la Orden relativa al Papel Simple para Copiadora (C ontrol de la Calidad)
de 2020. Indonesia desea informar una vez más a la India de que se han eliminado las prescripciones
de observar cuarentenas y realizar pruebas PCR obligatorias para viajar a Indonesia. Sobre la base
de la información de los sectores e mpresariales indonesios, los auditores de la Oficina de Normas de
la India (BIS) realizarán en julio de 2022 sus inspecciones in situ de fábricas en Indonesia. Indonesia
espera poder recibir inmediatamente la fecha definitiva de la visita in situ de los au ditores de la BIS
a las fábricas.
37.4. El delegado de la India dice lo siguiente:
37.5. La India desea agradecer a Indonesia la información actualizada y el continuo interés con
respecto a esta cuestión. En particular, se comunicará a la capital la información actual izada de
Indonesia sobre las modificaciones de sus normas de cuarentena. La Oficina de Normas de la India
(BIS) desarrolla sus actividades de certificación de productos con arreglo a las disposiciones del G/C/M/143
- 88 -
sistema I del Reglamento de la BIS (Evaluación de l a Conformidad) de 2018. En el marco de este
sistema, la inspección en fábrica constituye una prescripción obligatoria para la concesión de
licencias. La licencia para utilizar la marca de certificación en un producto se concede después de
evaluar las capac idades de fabricación y prueba del fabricante que la solicita mediante una inspección
de las instalaciones de fabricación. En el Reglamento de la BIS (Evaluación de la Conformidad)
de 2018 no hay ninguna disposición que permita llevar a cabo inspecciones a distancia (virtuales)
para fines de evaluación de la conformidad.
37.6. Las inspecciones de fábrica se suspendieron anteriormente a causa de las restricciones a los
viajes internacionales impuestas debido a la pandemia de COVID -19. Esta posición no era
discrimi natoria para ningún Miembro concreto de la OMC. La BIS ha iniciado las inspecciones físicas
para las solicitudes recibidas de fabricantes extranjeros cuyo país facilita la visita de funcionarios de
la BIS, vacunados con la pauta completa o provistos de inf ormes negativos de prueba RT -PCR, para
los que el requisito de cuarentena bien no se aplica o bien se aplica por un período máximo de
tres días, en cuyo caso el solicitante deberá soportar los gastos incurridos.
37.7. Las normas de entrada en Indonesia mencionad as por su delegado en la reunión anterior
del CCM se han comunicado a la capital. La India también desea señalar que la Notificación
Nº 11/2015 -2020, de fecha 25 de mayo de 2022, hecha por la Dirección General de Comercio
Exterior, explica la condición de la política de importación de "libre sujeta al registro obligatorio" en
el Sistema de Vigilancia y Análisis de las Importaciones de Papel (PIMS).
37.8. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
38 FILIPINAS – SALVAGUARDIA ESPECIAL APLICADA AL CAFÉ INSTA NTÁNEO –
SOLICITUD DE INDONESIA
38.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de
Indonesia.
38.2. El delegado de Indonesia dice lo siguiente:
38.3. Indonesia desea reiterar una vez más su profunda preocupación por la aplicación po r parte
de Filipinas de medidas de salvaguardia especial para la agricultura (SGE) a los productos indonesios
de café instantáneo. Indonesia solicita al Gobierno de Filipinas que ponga fin inmediato a su
aplicación, desde hace casi cuatro años, de SGE al c afé instantáneo indonesio.
38.4. Indonesia considera que la aplicación de las SGE debería ser temporal o, de lo contrario,
socavarían los compromisos arancelarios contraídos por Filipinas, así como las expectativas legítimas
de otros Miembros de la OMC con respe cto a la liberalización arancelaria. De hecho, la prolongada
aplicación de las SGE en cuestión también creará una restricción a la exportación, distorsiones del
comercio y una amenaza para la seguridad alimentaria, que no están en consonancia con el espíri tu
de los resultados de la CM12 en la esfera de la agricultura y la seguridad alimentaria. Indonesia
seguirá vigilando esta cuestión en otros comités de la OMC competentes y espera que el Gobierno
de Filipinas adopte medidas concretas para resolverla lo an tes posible.
38.5. La delegada de Filipinas dice lo siguiente:
38.6. Filipinas desea agradecer a Indonesia su continuo interés en la medida de salvaguardia
especial (SGE) que Filipinas aplica al café instantáneo. Filipinas señala que Indonesia también
planteó esta cue stión en las reuniones del Comité de Agricultura y el Comité de Acceso a los
Mercados, así como durante la reunión del Consejo celebrada en abril de 2022, en las que Filipinas
facilitó sus respuestas.
38.7. Filipinas reitera que, de conformidad con el artículo 5 .1 del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura, se
pueden invocar las SGE para un producto que pueda acogerse a ellas cuando su precio de
importación CIF sea inferior al precio de activación. El precio de activación para el café instantáneo
figuraba entre los indicad os en 20 02 en la notificación previa de Filipinas que figura en el documento
G/AG/N/PHL/27, en la que se fundamenta para imponer SGE basadas en el precio. A pesar de la
notificación previa, Filipinas notificó a la OMC la imposición inicial de su SGE basada en el precio al G/C/M/143
- 89 -
café instantáneo mediante el documento G/AG/N/PHL/53, distribuido en abril de 2018, y el
mantenimiento de la SGE se ha reflejado en las notificaciones posteriores del cuadro MA.5.
38.8. El mecanismo de SGE basada en el precio se aplica en Filipi nas a través de una Ley nacional
que obliga al Gobierno a imponer la medida de SGE a las importaciones de productos que pueden
acogerse a ella que causen o amenacen causar daño a la rama de producción nacional y cuyos
precios CIF traspasen sus respectivos precios de activación.
38.9. Filipinas está dispuesta a seguir examinando esta cuestión con Indonesia y mantiene su
compromiso de abordarla en el foro apropiado.
38.10. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
39 REINO UNIDO – LEY DE MEDIO AMBIENTE: PRODUCTOS FORESTALES – SOLICITUD
DEL BRASIL E INDONESIA
39.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del Brasil
e Indonesia.
39.2. El delegado del Brasil dice lo siguiente:
39.3. El Brasil comparte el obje tivo de proteger los ecosistemas y entiende que estos estarán mejor
protegidos si los Gobiernos cooperan entre sí y si esta cooperación se basa en la observancia del
derecho interno y la territorialidad. El Brasil comparte en particular la preocupación del Reino Unido
por la deforestación ilegal y señala que, en la CP26, el Brasil se comprometió a erradicar esta
actividad de su territorio nacional para 2028.
39.4. El Gobierno brasileño considera que la mejora de la sostenibilidad del comercio agropecuario
interna cional debe ser consecuencia de la difusión de las mejores prácticas de producción a todos
los productores rurales. En consonancia con sus responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas en
relación con el cambio climático, los países desarrollados deben ayud ar a los países en desarrollo a
alcanzar este objetivo, mediante la aplicación de los compromisos contraídos en el marco de
diferentes acuerdos multilaterales sobre el medio ambiente, en particular, mediante la concesión de
financiación, la realización de actividades de formación y la transferencia de tecnología destinadas
a adoptar medidas de conservación y producción sostenible.
39.5. El Brasil cree que sus esfuerzos de conciliación y cooperación realizados con el Reino Unido
en diferentes formatos, entre ellos, el Diálogo sobre los Bosques, la Agricultura y el Comercio de
Productos Básico s (FACT), es el camino a seguir. La aplicación de medidas restrictivas del comercio
difícilmente ayudará a resolver el problema. A juicio del Brasil, las iniciativas de co laboración entre
los países productores y consumidores serían mucho más eficaces que las medidas restrictivas
unilaterales en cuanto a la promoción de las cadenas de valor sostenibles, la reducción de la
deforestación asociada a la conversión ilegal de bos ques y otros ecosistemas en tierras cultivables
y la generación de avances duraderos en el comercio mundial de productos agropecuarios. La acción
colectiva necesaria para apoyar la producción sostenible y el comercio de productos alimenticios y
agropecuari os resultantes solo es factible a través de la asociación multilateral, en la que los
Gobiernos nacionales estén de acuerdo sobre las medidas que atañen a las principales partes
interesadas.
39.6. En particular, el Brasil aprovecha esta oportunidad para manifest ar su preocupación por los
siguientes aspectos de la propuesta del Reino Unido.
39.7. En primer lugar, la definición del ámbito de aplicación de esta legislación secundaria en
relación con los países afectados es discriminatoria, ya que requerirá la adopción de medidas, casi
exclusivamente, a países en desarrollo con climas tropicales que en sus propios procesos de
desarrollo de los últimos siglos han logrado preservar sus bosques naturales.
39.8. En segundo lugar, en el caso del Brasil, debe tenerse en cuenta que más del 60 % de su
territorio está cubierto por vegetación nativa y que casi el 80 % de la selva amazónica está intacta.
Asimismo, la legislación brasileña, en particular, está entre las más rigurosas del mundo en materia
de protección del medio ambiente, además de que el Brasil es uno de los países más vigilados desde G/C/M/143
- 90 -
el punto de vista ambiental, debido a las grandes inversiones internas y a las asociaciones
internacionales, por ejemplo, mediante imágenes satelitales que proporcionan datos de dominio
público sob re incendios y deforestación.
39.9. En tercer lugar, una de las posibles consecuencias de esa discriminación es la desviación del
comercio hacia las importaciones de productos similares procedentes de terceros países que
recibirán un trato más favorable en virtu d de la legislación británica por no haber preservado su
cobertura forestal natural en la misma medida que los países a los que va dirigida. Además, esos
países no estarían obligados a proporcionar nueva información a su cadena de suministro para
apoyar a las empresas del Reino Unido en la aplicación de las normas y no estarían sujetos a
prohibiciones de importación.
39.10. Según se informa, la definición de bosque utilizada en la Ley de Medio Ambiente está en
consonancia con la de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura
(FAO). Sin embargo, omite un aspecto esencial de esta definición multilateralmente acordada, a
saber, la altura mínima de los árboles, que debería ser superior a cinco metros. Al omitir este aspecto
fundamental de la definición, que también se incluye en la definición de bosques utilizados por
la CMNUCC y el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB), el Gobierno británico está
distorsionando el concepto de bosques y, por lo tanto, crea una situación de incerti dumbre
conceptual, lo que podría dar lugar a arbitrariedad en la aplicación del proceso de debida diligencia.
39.11. La aplicación de la debida diligencia será muy costosa. En la práctica, la debida diligencia
podría tener el mismo efecto que un arancel prohibiti vo para los productos importados de países
discriminados en el marco de la legislación secundaria. El aumento de los costos influirá en el proceso
de adopción de decisiones de los importadores del Reino Unido, que podrían detener sus
importaciones si consi deraran que los precios son excesivamente elevados o los requisitos
excesivamente gravosos, y podría tener consecuencias no buscadas para las cadenas de suministro
internacionales (incluida la producción de productos industriales), para la economía interna cional en
general y, específicamente, para la seguridad alimentaria de la población. Los costos de la debida
diligencia y las dificultades técnicas de su aplicación variarán en gran medida en función de la
reglamentación adoptada.
39.12. No está claro en qué medi da se tendrán en cuenta los costos adicionales en que incurran las
empresas suministradoras de los productos regulados en los países de origen (incluidos los
exportadores, los productores, los intermediarios, etc.), además del tiempo necesario para
adaptar se a los diferentes escenarios en los mercados de origen. Tampoco está claro si, en forma
similar a las exenciones que concederá el Gobierno británico a sus empresas nacionales, se prevén
exenciones para las pequeñas y medianas empresas, especialmente de p roductores, en los países
exportadores. Las dificultades para cumplir los requisitos que se adoptarán podrían entrañar el riesgo
de perturbar las corrientes comerciales y de crear un escenario incierto para los operadores
comerciales, que podrían incurrir en costos sin ninguna garantía de que las autoridades británicas
consideren que han cumplido los requisitos jurídicos.
39.13. Los costos antes mencionados serían desproporcionadamente superiores en el caso de los
pequeños productores de ingresos más bajos si los importadores del Reino Unido les transmiten la
carga de la debida diligencia. Esto podría tener consecuencias negativas a nivel social para los países
en desarrollo al aumentar los niveles de pobreza y los problemas sociales conexos. Dichos costos
incremen tarían la pobreza porque reducirían los niveles de ingresos o incluso expulsarían a los
pequeños y medianos productores rurales del mercado, o porque tendrían un impacto sistémico en
sus economías nacionales al perturbar las cadenas de producción y, por co nsiguiente, disminuir la
generación de riqueza.
39.14. Cabe recordar que, al igual que los países desarrollados, la producción agropecuaria de los
países en desarrollo está intrínsecamente vinculada a los sectores industriales y de servicios, que
también se vería n afectados. Evidentemente, esto pondría en peligro el pilar social del desarrollo
sostenible perseguido. Además, como se plasma en el ODS 1, la lucha contra la pobreza tiene efectos
positivos desde el punto de vista ambiental y de la sostenibilidad, mient ras que lo contrario, el
aumento de la pobreza, tiene claros efectos negativos en los objetivos de sostenibilidad. G/C/M/143
- 91 -
39.15. Por último, teniendo en cuenta que el período de consulta pública sobre la legislación
secundaria finalizó, el Brasil pide que las contribuci ones del Gobierno del Brasil y de las asociaciones
brasileñas reciban la atención que merecen.
39.16. El delegado de Indonesia dice lo siguiente:
39.17. Indonesia desea reiterar su declaración formulada en la reunión anterior del Consejo19, que
se actualizará en función de la evolución de los debates internos del Gobierno del Reino Unido sobre
la legislación secundaria derivada de su Ley de Medio Ambiente. Indonesia también desea pedir al
Reino Unido aclaraciones acerca del mecanismo e información sobre los productos bás icos y otras
mercancías forestales importados que estarían abarcados por las disposiciones de su Ley de Medio
Ambiente, especialmente las disposiciones de debida diligencia relativas a los productos básicos que
presentan un riesgo para los bosques. Indones ia reconoce el derecho de los Miembros de la OMC,
así como la importancia, de preservar el medio ambiente. Con todo, considera que esas medidas
deberían ser conformes con las normas y los principios de la OMC, entre ellos, los principios de
nación más favo recida y trato nacional.
39.18. El delegado de la India dice lo siguiente:
39.19. La India sigue vigilando la evolución de la situación comercial debida a esta Ley del
Reino Unido. Como cuestión de principio, la India continúa oponiéndose a las medidas ambientales
unilaterales de los Miembros de la OMC que creen nuevos obstáculos no arancelarios.
39.20. La delegada de la Argentina dice lo siguiente:
39.21. La Argentina sigue con atención el proceso legislativo del Reino Unido, con la expectativa de
que la legislación resultante sea co mpatible con las reglas de la OMC. La Ley sobre Productos
Forestales constituye una medida unilateral susceptible de afectar al comercio y resultar
discriminatoria, por los altos costos que puede generar en términos de aplicación, aun para aquellos
países que ya cumplen con estándares estrictos en la materia. La Argentina desea reiterar que todas
las medidas unilaterales que persiguen un objetivo ambiental, deben ser diseñadas e implementadas
con un alto grado de cautela y precaución respecto de sus consecu encias para los países en
desarrollo y menos desarrollados, y especialmente consideradas a la luz del principio de
responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas.
39.22. El delegado del Japón dice lo siguiente:
39.23. Aunque el Japón entiende la importancia vital de la co nservación del medio ambiente, está
interesado en la compatibilidad de la debida diligencia, basada en el derecho ambiental del
Reino Unido, con los Acuerdos de la OMC. Por consiguiente, el Japón solicita al Reino Unido que
facilite información suficiente al respecto.
39.24. La delegada del Reino Unido dice lo siguiente:
39.25. El Reino Unido da las gracias a los Miembros de la OMC que han intervenido en esta ocasión
por su continuo interés en las disposiciones sobre debida diligencia de la Ley de Medio Ambiente
de 2021. La legislación sobre debida diligencia del Reino Unido forma parte de un conjunto más
amplio de medidas para mejorar la sostenibilidad de las cadenas de suministro y contribuir a los
esfuerzos mundiales, nacionales y locales para proteger los bosques y ot ros ecosistemas. La
legislación se aplicará únicamente a las empresas más grandes con actividad en el Reino Unido que
utilicen productos básicos regulados que entrañen un riesgo para los bosques, independientemente
de su lugar de producción.
39.26. El enfoque del Reino Unido hacia la legislación de debida diligencia se basa en la asociación.
El objetivo del Reino Unido es colaborar con países productores y apoyar sus esfuerzos por cumplir
su legislación y reforzar la protección del medio ambiente. El Reino Unido c elebró una segunda
consulta sobre esta medida del 3 de diciembre de 2021 al 11 de marzo de 2022, en la que invitó a
exponer opiniones para orientar la elaboración de los reglamentos de aplicación de estas
disposiciones y asegurarse de su eficaz formulación . El Reino Unido da las gracias a los Miembros
19 Documento G/C/M/142, párrafos 39.2 a 39.4. G/C/M/143
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de la OMC que han contribuido a la consulta. El 1 de junio de 2022 se publicó un resumen de las
respuestas a la consulta.
39.27. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
40 UNIÓN EUROPEA – DERECHOS COMPENSA TORIOS SOBRE EL ACERO INOXIDABLE
PLANO LAMINADO EN FRÍO – SOLICITUD DE INDONESIA
40.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de
Indonesia.
40.2. El delegado de Indonesia dice lo siguiente:
40.3. Como indicó anteriormente en su intervención en la reunión anterior del Consejo, Indonesia
desea plantear su grave preocupación relativa a la imposición simultánea por la Unión Europea de
tres medidas comerciales correctivas a los productos planos de acero inoxidable laminados en frío
procedentes de Indonesia que prácticamente han cerrado el acceso de dichos productos al mercado
de la Unión Europea. Indonesia no ve con buenos ojos la imposición de estas medidas.
40.4. En marzo de 2022, la Comisión Europea publicó el Reglamen to de Ejecución (UE) Nº 2022/433
relativo a la imposición de derechos compensatorios sobre las importaciones de productos planos de
acero inoxidable laminados en frío procedentes de Indonesia, a pesar de que en 2021 la Unión
Europea ya había impuesto tanto medidas de salvaguardia como derechos antidumping a dichos
productos indonesios. La imposición de derechos compensatorios por la UE ha dado lugar a un
aumento de los aranceles aplicados a los productos planos de acero inoxidable laminados en frío
proceden tes de Indonesia, lo que tuvo como consecuencia una disminución del valor de las
exportaciones y la competitividad de estos productos indonesios en el mercado europeo.
40.5. En cuanto a la declaración de la Unión Europea en la anterior reunión del CCM de que las
autoridades de Indonesia solo cooperaron parcialmente en algunas etapas del proceso de
investigación en materia de derechos compensatorios, Indonesia desea aclarar que siempre participó
activamente durante todo el proceso de investigación. Indonesia tambi én ha presentado a la UE
toda la información adecuada requerida. En este contexto, en una de las etapas de la investigación,
la UE solicitó datos sumamente confidenciales y otros datos que no están directamente relacionados
con la investigación mencionada. Por estas razones, la presentación de esos datos no pudo realizarse
de forma oportuna.
40.6. El delegado de China dice lo siguiente:
40.7. China da las gracias a Indonesia por añadir este punto al orden del día del Consejo. China
está muy preocupada por el recurso de la Unión Europea en este caso a la denominada investigación
de las subvenciones en varios países.
40.8. China considera que la investigación de la Unión Europea infringe tanto el artículo 1 como el
artículo 2 del Acuerdo SMC y el Reglamento (UE) 2016/1037, un R eglamento de base de la Unión
Europea. También ha interpretado y aplicado incorrectamente el Proyecto de artículos sobre la
responsabilidad del Estado por hechos internacionalmente ilícitos.
40.9. China también observa con preocupación que, en otros casos, se ll evaron a cabo
investigaciones similares. China considera que la práctica de la Unión Europea ha afectado
negativamente a los derechos legítimos de las empresas afectadas y perjudicado a la cooperación
económica y las inversiones transfronterizas normales e ntre los Miembros de la OMC. Por
consiguiente, China insta a la UE a rectificar su práctica errónea.
40.10. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
40.11. La Unión Europea toma debida nota de las declaraciones formuladas. Sin embargo, la UE no
tiene ningún el emento nuevo para comunicar, ya que la cuestión se planteó en la reunión anterior
del CCM. Por consiguiente, la UE se remite a su declaración anterior en este foro, ya que mantiene
la posición expresada previamente; además, la UE pide que su declaración an terior se recoja en el
acta de la reunión en la forma que se indica a continuación. G/C/M/143
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40.12. Como ha declarado anteriormente, la Unión Europea valora y respeta el derecho de
Indonesia a desarrollar su industria siderúrgica y explotar sus considerables reservas de n íquel. Sin
embargo, ese objetivo legítimo de política industrial debe perseguirse de conformidad con las normas
de la OMC. La UE recuerda que interpuso una reclamación ante la OMC contra la prohibición impuesta
por Indonesia a las exportaciones de mineral de níquel. Este procedimiento iniciado por la UE en
relación con los derechos compensatorios se centra en dos subvenciones fundamentales
perjudiciales para muchas ramas de producción competitivas de la UE en el nuevo panorama
emergente del comercio desleal : en primer lugar, las materias primas subvencionadas, que son
esenciales para las cadenas de valor industriales; y, en segundo lugar, las subvenciones
transfronterizas procedentes de China que Indonesia aceptó como propias, a juzgar por los
numerosos docu mentos encontrados.
40.13. Hay que destacar también otros dos hechos: en primer lugar, las autoridades indonesias solo
han cooperado parcialmente en muchos aspectos de la investigación, de modo que la Unión Europea
ha tenido que recurrir en parte a los llamados " hechos de que se tenga conocimiento"; y, en segundo
lugar, este caso ha sacado a la luz un gran número de acuerdos entre las autoridades de Indonesia
y de China para canalizar subvenciones transfronterizas.
40.14. La Unión Europea ha actuado en plena conformidad con las normas de la OMC. No ha
compensado subvenciones otorgadas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional del país exportador. De hecho,
las subvenciones chinas se pueden atribuir claramente al Gobierno indonesio, como pone de
manifiesto la densa red de acuerdos de Indonesia con el Gobierno chino en el marco de una estrecha
cooperación.
40.15. En resumen, la investigación de la Unión Europea ha revelado que, al otorgar subvenciones
a los productores exportadores establecidos en Indonesia con la aceptación y el reconocim iento
expresos de las autoridades indonesias, China está creando más capacidad y abriendo nuevos
canales para exportar productos subvencionados a la UE, causando de esta forma daño a los
productores de la UE.
40.16. Mientras unas subvenciones causantes de distors ión y susceptibles de compensación en el
marco de la OMC sigan causando daño a la industria siderúrgica de la UE y poniendo en peligro
decenas de miles de puestos de trabajo, la Unión Europea no tendrá más opción que ejercer sus
derechos legítimos ante la OMC en la mayor medida posible.
40.17. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
41 UNIÓN EUROPEA – PACTO VERDE EUROPEO (MECANISMO DE AJUSTE EN FRONTERA
POR EMISIONES DE CARBONO Y PRODUCTOS LIBRES DE DEFORESTACIÓN) – SOLICITUD
DEL BRASIL E INDONESIA
41.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del Brasil
e Indonesia.
41.2. El delegado del Brasil dice lo siguiente:
41.3. El Brasil considera que la propuesta de la Unión Europea plantea un obstáculo ilegítimo al
comercio internacio nal, es de carácter estrictamente discriminatorio y tendrá escasa o nula
repercusión en su supuesto objetivo de reducir la deforestación y la degradación de los bosques.
41.4. En primer lugar, el Brasil considera que el Reglamento propuesto no contribuye a la lu cha
contra la deforestación. La deforestación es un problema que presenta múltiples variables y que
debe abordarse con amplias políticas públicas. Debe ponerse fin a las actividades ilegales
relacionadas con la deforestación. Deben facilitarse medios de su bsistencia alternativos a los
millones de personas que viven cerca de bosques. Deben fomentarse y aumentarse las prácticas de
producción sostenible.
41.5. En este sentido, las restricciones comerciales son un instrumento muy limitado. Castigan
injustamente al 99 ,1% de los productores rurales y no prevén ninguna otra medida correctiva frente
a los factores que impulsan directa e indirectamente la deforestación. De hecho, al plantear un
obstáculo al desarrollo económico, las restricciones al comercio refuerzan algunas de las dinámicas G/C/M/143
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que han dado lugar a la deforestación y reducen la capacidad de los Gobiernos para abordar esta
cuestión.
41.6. En segundo lugar, el Reglamento propuesto también presenta un sesgo muy acusado hacia la
sanción y la desvinculación, ya que excluye del mercado de la UE a todo productor sospechoso de
estar relacionado con la deforestación (o, peor aún, que esté ubicado en una zona considerada de
alto riesgo, independientemente de las credenciales específicas en materia de sostenibilidad de cada
produ ctor) sin flexibilidades ni margen para aplicar medidas correctivas o compensatorias, como la
reforestación. Los productores, una vez repudiados, ya no tendrán incentivos para mejorar sus
prácticas y probablemente carecerán de medios para ello.
41.7. El Brasil s e ha comprometido con la protección de sus bosques. En su última contribución
determinada a nivel nacional (CDN) para el Acuerdo de París de la CMNUCC, el Brasil confirmó que
se esforzaría por poner fin a la deforestación ilegal en la Amazonia para 2028. E xigir que el Brasil
cumpla de inmediato sus objetivos definidos en la CDN no solo infringe el Acuerdo de París y
la CMNUCC, sino que también abre las compuertas a un torrente de iniciativas similares de otros
Miembros. ¿Debería el Brasil clasificar como de alto riesgo a aquellos Miembros que etiquetan las
inversiones en gas natural como "verdes"? ¿O a aquellos que no cumplen el criterio del Brasil de
contar con una red energética formada en un 80 % por fuentes de energía renovables y, en
consecuencia, prohib ir sus productos? Del mismo modo que el Brasil no critica a la Unión Europea
por los desafíos a los que se enfrenta para aumentar su dependencia de las energías renovables
pese a su nivel de ingresos muy alto y a la retórica que ha empleado, la UE debería tener en cuenta
los numerosos desafíos a los que se enfrenta el Brasil en la Amazonia, una superficie mayor que la
propia UE. Por otra parte, el Brasil destaca en la protección jurídica de sus ecosistemas naturales,
ya que el 30 % de la superficie terrestre y el 26 % de las zonas marinas del país están protegidas.
En la Amazonia, el porcentaje aumenta al 50 %. Son porcentajes mucho más altos que los de la UE.
También cabe señalar que 10,9 millones de hectáreas de tierra están en proceso de regeneración
natural en el Brasil.
41.8. En tercer lugar, la agricultura brasileña es sostenible. El Brasil ocupa el tercer lugar entre los
mayores exportadores de productos agropecuarios en el mundo, una posición que se consiguió
mediante un enorme incremento de la productividad. En los últimos 25 años, la producción de cereal
ha aumentado un 248 % en una superficie cosechada que se amplió solo un 58 %. En cuanto al
ganado, la cabaña del Brasil aumentó un 49 %, en tanto que los pastizales se redujeron un 11 %.
Asimismo, en el Brasil, l os propietarios de tierras rurales contribuyen activamente a la conservación
de los bosques. El Código Forestal del Brasil (Ley Nº 4771/95) reserva amplias zonas para la
naturaleza dentro de las propiedades rurales, preservando así los servicios ecosistémi cos, que son
cruciales para la agricultura y para el bienestar de las personas y los animales. En torno al 40 % de
todas las tierras rurales privadas del Brasil están reservadas para la protección de los bosques y los
ecosistemas, lo que complementa la red de zonas protegidas mencionada supra . En el bioma de la
Amazonia, puede exigirse que en las propiedades rurales se reserve hasta el 80 % de la superficie
para la conservación. La gran mayoría de los productores brasileños acatan la ley y cumplen sus
obligac iones ambientales. Los estudios recientes muestran que, en 2020, la deforestación se produjo
solo en un 0,9 % (52.766) de las propiedades rurales del Brasil.
41.9. En cuarto lugar, el Brasil considera que el comercio internacional contribuye a la lucha contra
la deforestación. El desarrollo sostenible solo se materializa a través de la mejora simultánea de sus
tres dimensiones básicas: la económica, la social y la ambiental. Es precisamente porque contribuye
a mejorar las condiciones en estas tres dimensiones que el comercio internacional puede ser una
herramienta tan poderosa en ese proceso. El comercio internacional tiene un efecto beneficioso
demostrado, ya que brinda oportunidades a las pequeñas y medianas empresas, así como a las
familias, para acceder a nuevo s mercados y mejorar sus ingresos, salir de la pobreza y mejorar sus
condiciones económicas y sociales. Con frecuencia, esto es también lo que se necesita para que las
partes interesadas mejoren sus prácticas ambientales y abandonen métodos de producción
perjudiciales para el medio ambiente. Estos efectos han sido ampliamente reconocidos y
demostrados por varios organismos de las Naciones Unidas, la OMC y la propia UE, uno de los
principales proveedores de Ayuda para el Comercio.
41.10. No obstante, la propuesta d e la Unión Europea hace caso omiso de esos efectos positivos y,
en cambio, propone restringir el comercio imponiendo una posible prohibición del comercio de varios
productos básicos basándose en el concepto innecesariamente estricto de "productos libres de
deforestación", que se aparta de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible y de todos los G/C/M/143
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acuerdos multilaterales sobre el medio ambiente pertinentes, entre ellos la CMNUCC y el CDB, en
los que se reconoce la importancia de conceptos tales como el uso sostenible, la regeneración de los
ecosistemas o la reforestación, entre otros.
41.11. Por consiguiente, es probable que el Reglamento propuesto por la Unión Europea tenga muy
pocas repercusiones en lo que respecta a la reducción efectiva de la deforestación. Car ece de
disposiciones o vías para la rehabilitación y no ofrece ningún incentivo para que los productores se
esfuercen por mejorar sus prácticas. Antes bien, castiga incluso a los productores que pueden haber
estado actuando de conformidad con la legislació n nacional y con las normas internacionales de
sostenibilidad.
41.12. En quinto lugar, el Brasil considera que el sistema de evaluación comparativa es
discriminatorio y distorsiona el comercio. El sistema de evaluación comparativa por países
propuesto, con su cla sificación por niveles, no contribuirá a luchar contra la deforestación y la
degradación forestal. Al contrario, solo promoverá la desviación del comercio en favor de productores
altamente subvencionados.
41.13. El Brasil considera que hay varias razones para creer que un sistema de evaluación
comparativa en general, y más concretamente el sistema propuesto por la Comisión Europea, es
una herramienta totalmente ineficaz para tratar de detener la deforestación y la degradación
forestal. En primer lugar, el siste ma de evaluación comparativa es intrínsecamente discriminatorio
e impondrá un trato diferente a los países productores sobre la base de una decisión unilateral
adoptada por la Comisión Europea, a la luz de criterios tan subjetivos como la idoneidad de las leyes
ambientales y la capacidad de observancia de un país (artículo 27.2 f)). En segundo lugar, al imponer
un "control exhaustivo" a los productos originarios de países de alto riesgo, estigmatiza a países
enteros y penaliza a los productores de esos país es que desarrollan su actividad de manera
sostenible. Por lo tanto, el sistema de evaluación comparativa, lejos de crear incentivos para mejorar
las prácticas y las credenciales en materia de sostenibilidad, promoverá la desvinculación en aquellas
zonas qu e más se beneficiarían de la cooperación y la participación y que probablemente más las
necesitan. Por esta razón, es muy poco probable que tenga efectos positivos, y puede incluso tener
efectos negativos, sobre la degradación de los bosques y las tasas de deforestación.
41.14. En sexto lugar, a juicio del Brasil, el Reglamento propuesto no es compatible con las normas
de la OMC. La propuesta plantea claros desafíos al espíritu y la letra del sistema multilateral de
comercio y varios de sus elementos pueden ser in compatibles con una o varias disposiciones de los
Acuerdos de la OMC. Por ejemplo, el Reglamento propuesto y, más concretamente, el sistema de
evaluación comparativa parece ser intrínsecamente discriminatorio y puede limitar y distorsionar
gravemente el co mercio. Además, un número significativo de otras disposiciones contiene elementos
arbitrarios y discriminatorios, que van desde el ámbito de aplicación de la medida hasta los
mecanismos de vigilancia y observancia previstos.
41.15. En séptimo lugar, en opinión de l Brasil, el Reglamento propuesto debe adaptarse a la realidad
de la producción sobre el terreno. En lugar de ello, el enfoque de la Unión Europea es imponer a los
comerciantes y operadores del mercado de la UE una obligación de debida diligencia que estab lece
exclusiones expresas, se aplica por igual a todos los casos, es muy detallada y engorrosa, supone
una carga considerable en términos de información y documentación, y estipula amplios requisitos
de localización geográfica y rastreabilidad en toda la c adena de suministro. Este sistema se
complementa a su vez con disposiciones amplias y estrictas en materia de vigilancia y observancia,
y con fuertes sanciones en caso de incumplimiento, por no mencionar la posibilidad de transferir los
costos de la observ ancia a los comerciantes y a los operadores.
41.16. Este sistema hace totalmente caso omiso de las muy importantes diferencias en la forma en
que se producen los productos abarcados y se organizan sus cadenas de suministro. Por ejemplo,
se pasa por alto el hecho de que algunos de los productos básicos son producidos en gran medida
por pequeños agricultores (como el café), así como el hecho de que en la cadena de suministro de
varios productos básicos (por ejemplo, el café y la soja) suele haber varios eslabones en tre el
productor y el comerciante/operador. Todo esto significa que el sistema de localización geográfica y
rastreabilidad previsto por la Comisión Europea y que supuestamente se aplica a los seis productos
básicos simplemente no es viable a corto o inclus o medio plazo, como han confirmado varias partes
interesadas tanto del Brasil como de Europa, en varias de las cadenas de suministro de los productos
afectados. G/C/M/143
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41.17. En octavo lugar, el Brasil considera que el Reglamento propuesto debería fomentar la
cooperació n y centrarse en el futuro. A este respecto, es decepcionante que la Comisión Europea
haya decidido aplicar una vía unilateral de legislación y observancia a una cuestión de tamaña
importancia como la reducción de la deforestación en todo el mundo. Hay var ios foros multilaterales
apropiados en los que las iniciativas para reducir la deforestación podrían haberse debatido con una
participación y un compromiso más significativos de los países productores.
41.18. En noveno lugar, el Brasil considera que el Reglamento propuesto debería tener criterios
objetivos. A este respecto, los criterios utilizados para evaluar el riesgo de incumplimiento del
Reglamento no son suficientemente claros y objetivos. Por ejemplo, contiene parámetros poco
claros, como criterios de gober nanza, que no siempre tienen que ver con el riesgo de deforestación.
Además, la Comisión puede aplicar esos criterios de manera discrecional, ya que no está obligada a
justificar la clasificación de los países ni las decisiones relativas al cumplimiento o incumplimiento
del Reglamento. Asimismo, esos criterios no están acordados internacionalmente ni existe una
metodología armonizada para medirlos ni evaluarlos. Esta falta de criterios objetivos, además de
reforzar la percepción de una legislación unilatera l y arbitraria, es un obstáculo a la misma
participación de los países y productores en el proceso de evaluación, que no se rige por valores y
medidas internacionales y consensuados.
41.19. En décimo lugar, en opinión del Brasil, la definición de "bosques" que fi gura en el Reglamento
propuesto no es objetiva. En particular, dicha definición excluye convenientemente la deforestación
que se está produciendo en la propia Unión Europea.
41.20. Además de estas observaciones sobre aspectos específicos de la propuesta de la Uni ón
Europea, el Brasil considera que la iniciativa de la UE debería examinarse en un contexto más amplio.
Si los Miembros considerasen en conjunto los debates mantenidos desde ayer, el Brasil señalaría
que, en la esfera de la agricultura, la UE se ha benefi ciado de condiciones desequilibradas en relación
con las subvenciones a la agricultura, no ha participado con arreglo a lo dispuesto en el artículo 20
del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura y ha adoptado sistemáticamente políticas que infringen el
Acuerdo MSF y concedido beneficios indebidos y discriminatorios a sus propios productores. De igual
modo, respecto del MAFC, el Brasil considera que la UE va en contra de la letra y el espíritu de
la CMNUCC y el GATT al otorgar beneficios indebidos a sus productores nac ionales. En cuanto a los
"productos libres de deforestación", como ha dicho el Brasil, hay numerosos argumentos para
afirmar que la propuesta puede infringir las normas de la OMC y de la CMNUCC y otorgar beneficios
indebidos a los productores nacionales. S e trata de una pauta sumamente preocupante que, de
persistir, debilitaría la capacidad de los regímenes tanto de comercio como ambientales de ofrecer
soluciones mundiales a los desafíos comunes de los Miembros. Y si los Miembros han de disponer de
un orden internacional adecuado basado en normas, no puede haber un Miembro tan importante de
la comunidad internacional que adopte políticas que se alejan de los principios y el espíritu de ambos
regímenes.
41.21. Un aspecto final que el Brasil desea abordar son las res ponsabilidades históricas, como
muchos Miembros se han referido a los principios del derecho ambiental internacional. En primer
lugar, permítanme abordar lo que no son. Las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas no son
una excusa para que los países en desarrollo eviten sus compromisos ambientales. Los Miembros
han visto a países en desarrollo de gran tamaño asumir ambiciosos compromisos de cero emisiones
netas en consonancia con la idea de las "capacidades respectivas", incluso en la India, que tiene una
de las menores tasas de emisiones per cápita. Y en el caso del Brasil, al igual que ha declarado que
puede renunciar al trato especial y diferenciado en futuras negociaciones en la OMC, ya que reconoce
que, como economía grande, puede, en muchas ocasi ones, hacer más, también ha adoptado
objetivos ambientales ambiciosos en la medida de sus capacidades. Sin embargo, lo que sí significan
las responsabilidades históricas es que los Miembros que durante siglos se han desarrollado
apoyándose en fuentes de en ergía sucia y en prácticas insostenibles tienen la obligación moral y
jurídica de hacer más. Las preferencias de consumo de unos cientos de millones de consumidores
no deben ser una excusa para trasladar los costos de transición a miles de millones de prod uctores
rurales del mundo en desarrollo, especialmente si esos consumidores están en condiciones de
hacerlo únicamente debido a siglos de prácticas insostenibles de sus países. Y, como bien saben los
consumidores de la UE, la transición hacia una economía con bajas emisiones de carbono debe
basarse en los principios de justicia y equidad.
41.22. Cabe lamentar que la declaración del Brasil haya tenido que ser tan larga, pero no
disponemos de los recursos necesarios para financiar grupos de reflexión o seminarios y pedir un G/C/M/143
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cambio de las normas ambientales según nuestros intereses o para apoyar nuestro relato. No
obstante, el Brasil tiene un legado de esfuerzo constructivo y de tender puentes en los regímenes
tanto de comercio como ambientales y ha venido haciendo ap ortaciones significativas y a menudo
decisivas para lograr los resultados que equilibren los intereses de todos los Miembros, situando así
a los Miembros en un camino adecuado para abordar los desafíos comunes. Por lo tanto, el Brasil
reitera que la Unión Europea lo encontrará como un interlocutor firme y comprometido en la
promoción del desarrollo sostenible e insta a la UE a que tenga debidamente en cuenta las
numerosas preocupaciones que el Brasil ha expresado y adopte un enfoque constructivo sobre estas
cuestiones, en beneficio de ambos regímenes y en beneficio, especialmente, de los pequeños
productores del mundo en desarrollo.
41.23. El delegado de Indonesia dice lo siguiente:
41.24. Indonesia desea reiterar de nuevo su declaración formulada en la reunión anterior d el CCM
sobre sus preocupaciones con respecto a la política del Pacto Verde Europeo, en particular en lo que
se refiere a las propuestas relativas al MAFC y los productos libres de deforestación. Indonesia opina
que este tipo de propuestas puede crear obstá culos innecesarios para el comercio internacional, así
como dar lugar a un trato diferenciado de los productos fabricados dentro de la Unión Europea
respecto de los productos importados.
41.25. Con respecto al MAFC, Indonesia solicita a la Unión Europea que indiq ue de una manera
clara y razonable cómo se justifica la ampliación de la cobertura de los productos comprendidos en
el MAFC, que en la actualidad incluye los productos químicos orgánicos, los plásticos, el hidrógeno
y el amoníaco; y también cómo se justifi ca la ampliación de la cobertura de las emisiones, que ahora
incluye las emisiones indirectas.
41.26. Con respecto a los productos libres de deforestación, aunque la Unión Europea ha declarado
que la política solo está destinada a los importadores de la UE, Indon esia subraya que, en última
instancia, la legislación propuesta tendría un efecto también en los países productores, entre ellos
Indonesia.
41.27. A juicio de Indonesia, los Miembros, para hacer frente a los desafíos ambientales, deben
actuar de conformidad con l as normas y los principios de la OMC, en particular el principio de las
responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y las capacidades respectivas. Indonesia también
considera que la Unión Europea, en lugar de aplicar un MAFC que podría entorpecer el comer cio
internacional, debería haber cumplido las obligaciones contraídas en el marco del Acuerdo de París
y sus acuerdos conexos, con inclusión de la prestación de asistencia técnica.
41.28. En el contexto de las crecientes tensiones geopolíticas actuales en Europa, Indonesia
comprende la importancia de que todos los Miembros de la OMC aúnen esfuerzos para mantener la
estabilidad de la cadena de suministro mundial dando prioridad a la cooperación comercial no
unilateral y no discriminatoria. Por consiguiente, Indones ia insta a la Unión Europea a que
reconsidere su política del Pacto Verde Europeo, en particular en lo que se refiere a las propuestas
sobre el MAFC y sobre los productos libres de deforestación, a fin de ponerla en conformidad con las
normas y los princip ios de la OMC y no entorpecer el comercio internacional.
41.29. La delegada del Paraguay dice lo siguiente:
41.30. El Paraguay agradece a l Brasil e Indonesia la presentación de esta preocupación comercial
y reitera su apoyo. El Paraguay nota con preocupación que la Unió n Europea continúa diseñando
una serie de medidas diseñadas para ser implementadas extraterritorialmente, con el argumento de
que las mismas buscan equilibrar el terreno de juego entre sus productores y la competencia
extranjera, con miras a evitar la migr ación de producción hacia otros Miembros que la UE considera
que tienen estándares menos ambiciosos y a evitar la fuga de carbono o restarle competitividad a
la producción europea. Estos objetivos se repiten continuamente ante este Consejo. El Paraguay
también nota con preocupación que, respecto al MAFC y en referencia a la declaración formulada
por la UE en el marco del punto 16 del orden del día, así como según los últimos reportes de Bruselas,
la UE se encuentra considerando subsidios a la exportación, l o que sería inconsistente con las
obligaciones de la UE ante esta Organización. G/C/M/143
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41.31. El Paraguay se hace eco de las palabras de l Brasil de que los Miembros tienen que mirar las
políticas europeas en conjunto, pues no se trata de medidas aisladas sino de complej as e
interconectadas medidas que generan obstáculos no arancelarios para acceder a un mercado que
ya se encuentra sumamente protegido por elevados y complejos aranceles que la UE se resiste a
reformar en el ámbito de las negociaciones en materia de agricul tura en esta Organización. El
Paraguay también debe mencionar los generosos subsidios que otorga la UE a sus productores.
41.32. En el ámbito agrícola, el Paraguay nota que la Unión Europea de por sí, previa
implementación de las nuevas políticas del Pacto Verde, brinda, según su última notificación, más
de 80 .000 millones de dólares para apoyar a sus productores, quienes se encuentran hoy en día
protestando contra muchas de estas políticas diciendo que, con esos nuevos ajustes y eficiencias,
no llegarán a finales de mes. El Paraguay se pregunta, entonces, si los agricultores de la UE reciben
80.000 millones de dólares pero no les alcanza, ¿cómo harán los agricultores de países en desarrollo,
que no reciben estos subsidios? A este respecto, el Paraguay señala tambi én que muchos de estos
subsidios, como los destinados a la producción orgánica, se conceden para generar condiciones de
competencia, desestimando el hecho de que los productores ya reciben una contrapartida en su
mercado. Se conceden otros subsidios a los abonos que, según la Unión Europea, los Miembros
deben reducir; o a la ganadería, la leche y la producción de azúcar; o a algunos de los productos
que estarían comprendidos en la legislación sobre deforestación.
41.33. Específicamente con respecto al mecanismo de los productos libres de deforestación, el
Paraguay reitera la importancia de tener en cuenta las dimensiones económica, social y
medioambiental del desarrollo sostenible y que las medidas sean aplicadas en concordancia con los
principios y normas internac ionales, en particular los de esta Organización en lo referente a medidas
con impacto comercial. La transición hacia la sostenibilidad de los sistemas productivos debe ser
gradual y determinada por los propios países en función de sus necesidades de desarr ollo económico
y social. Deben respetarse, además, las realidades locales en diferentes regiones y sus
características productivas, sociales y ambientales específicas.
41.34. Como se mencionó el punto 16 del orden del día, una combinación de penalidades pero
también incentivos debe ser puesta en marcha para que los Miembros alcancen los objetivos
comunes en la lucha contra los desafíos ambientales globales: cambio climático, pérdida de
biodiversidad y contaminación. Sin embargo, lo que ven los Miembros es que, mie ntras que solo los
productores de la Unión Europea se benefician con importantes subsidios, ya sea directamente para
cumplir con estas medidas o indirectamente, pero que ciertamente reduce los costos del productor
al hacerlo, los productores en países como el Paraguay que contribuyen con servicios ecosistémicos
y ambientales de forma gratuita y producen sin subsidios son penalizados teniendo que cumplir las
mismas medidas. Para los productores paraguayos, los costos de adaptarse a las medidas son una
parte de sus ganancias y no una pequeña fracción de las ayudas internas que reciben.
41.35. Con esto lo que se ve es que, mientras algunos Miembros se industrializaron y alcanzaron
su nivel actual de desarrollo a través de métodos altamente contaminantes y nocivos para el
ambiente y son responsables del cambio climático, otros Miembros, que solo contribuyeron
marginalmente al cambio climático, son penalizados y forzados a cumplir las mismas medidas sin el
mismo nivel de apoyo. Esto claramente no tiene en cuenta el princ ipio consagrado en el derecho
internacional ambiental de responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas.
41.36. Por esto, el Paraguay solicita a la Unión Europea que explique cómo estas medidas son
consistentes con el principio de no discriminación y cómo pueden co nciliarse los tres elementos del
desarrollo sostenible y las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas teniendo en cuenta que los
países que menos contribuyen al cambio climático somos los más afectados por este y a la vez son
los principales destinatar ios de medidas como la que la UE nos presenta hoy.
41.37. Además, no queda claro en el borrador de la medida qu é tipo de exigencia se 98ará en la
práctica en cuanto a los criterios de adecuaci ón y verificabilidad de la informaci ón al momento de la
implementaci ón de la medida. Tampoco quedan claros los criterios que se emplearán para la
metodolog ía de la evaluaci ón de riesgo y la obligaci ón de gesti ón del cumplimiento, c ómo clasificar á
la Unión Europea a los pa íses seg ún su sistema de evaluaci ón de rie sgo por pa ís de origen, ni cu ándo
serían estos pa íses notificados de su clasificaci ón. El Paraguay solicita a la UE que informe a la
Membres ía sobre estos elementos y presente las clarificaciones correspondientes. G/C/M/143
- 99 -
41.38. Antes de concluir, al Paraguay le gu staría llamar a la reflexión sobre el impacto que este tipo
de medidas tiene en los productores europeos que, como han visto los Miembros, se están
manifestando en contra de las mismas en varios países miembros de la UE y consideran que sus
intereses no so n atendidos. Cuánto más real es esto para los productores paraguayos que, en
condiciones de mercado, deben cumplir los mismos requisitos para acceder al mercado del principal
importador agrícola mundial.
41.39. La delegada de la Argentina dice lo siguiente:
41.40. Argen tina sigue con atención el proceso legislativo de la Unión Europea relativo a la
deforestación y nuestra preocupación por el concepto de modelo único que pretende imponer la UE
y que no tiene en cuenta las diferentes características de los modelos producti vos de los distintos
Miembros de la OMC. Argentina asimismo reitera que la normativa debe ser compatible con las
reglas de la OMC.
41.41. En relación con el MAFC, Argentina comparte la preocupación expresada por otras
delegaciones en reuniones anteriores acerca de la potencial inconsistencia con la normativa OMC
que podría plantear la coexistencia, aún temporaria, entre el Mecanismo y los derechos de emisión
gratuitos que hoy tiene asignados el régimen de comercio de derechos de emisión de la Un ión
Europea. A este respecto, Argentina está particularmente interesada en conocer si la UE planea
mantener algún sistema de devoluciones o descuentos ( rebates ) de certificados de emisiones para
las exportaciones de la UE a otros mercados, así como la form a o metodología subyacente que podría
asegurar que el cálculo de "carbón embebido" en los productos sujetos al Mecanismo no genere
distorsiones o un trato discriminatorio a y entre productos de terceros países.
41.42. En cuanto a las medidas para desincentivar la deforestación, Argentina comparte la
preocupación de Indonesia acerca de la clasificación de los países por un supuesto "riesgo de
deforestación" ( benchmarking ), dadas las características del sistema previsto para su
implementación a través del principio de "debida diligencia". De igual modo, no resulta claro el
criterio por el cual las autoridades de aplicación del Reglamento podrían determinar el cumplimiento
o incumplimiento de los productores de un tercer país con la legislación de su propio país.
41.43. Por último, Argentina, al igual que expresó en su intervención anterior, desea reiterar que
todas las medidas unilaterales que persiguen un objetivo ambiental deben ser diseñadas e
implementadas con un alto grado de cautela y precaución respecto de sus consecu encias para los
países en desarrollo y menos desarrollados, y deben ser especialmente consideradas a la luz del
principio de responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas.
41.44. El delegado de la India dice lo siguiente:
41.45. La India sigue estudiando las diversas dis posiciones del Pacto Verde Europeo y, en particular,
el MAFC. A primera vista, la India opina que esas medidas invaden los derechos soberanos de los
Miembros de formulación de políticas. A la India le siguen preocupando las recomendaciones de
incluir los p roductos químicos orgánicos, los plásticos, el hidrógeno y el amoníaco en el ámbito de
aplicación del MAFC.
41.46. Por una parte, la Unión Europea trata de incluir las emisiones indirectas en el cálculo de las
emisiones de carbono, pero, por otra, las normas prop uestas no incluyen ninguna compensación por
los impuestos inherentes al costo de los insumos basados en el carbono. Estas incompatibilidades
generales dan lugar a una conclusión desafortunada, a saber, que la UE no promulga estas leyes
para resolver los pr oblemas ambientales, sino que dichas leyes están diseñadas para crear un
entorno proteccionista para la industria nacional, distorsionando con ello las corrientes comerciales
mundiales.
41.47. Las medidas propuestas en el marco del Pacto Verde Europeo también con travienen los
principios básicos del derecho ambiental internacional, en particular las responsabilidades comunes
pero diferenciadas y las capacidades respectivas. La aplicación del derecho ambiental internacional
debe ser en todo caso completa, coherente y cohesionada y no basarse en consideraciones selectivas
de política interna. El derecho ambiental internacional antecede al derecho del comercio internacional
en al menos dos decenios. Estos principios consagrados hace tiempo deberían reflejarse en el Pac to G/C/M/143
- 100 -
Verde Europeo propuesto si la intención es realmente resolver un problema mundial mediante
medidas colectivas.
41.48. La India se sigue oponiendo a esa externalización de las leyes nacionales como cuestión de
principio y sigue analizando el aspecto sustantivo de la legislación propuesta.
41.49. La India está trabajando en la adopción de medidas ambientales en muchos frentes. En
noviembre de 2021, en Glasgow, el Primer Ministro de la India, Shri Narendra Modi, anunció los
planes de reducir a cero las emisiones para 207 0, presentó los cinco elementos o Panchamrit ,
algunos de los cuales incluyen compromisos a corto plazo para 2030, y subrayó la importancia de la
sigla LIFE (estilo de vida para el medio ambiente). En junio de 2022, la India puso en marcha un
movimiento sob re el estilo de vida para el medio ambiente en colaboración con organizaciones
mundiales como el PNUMA, el PNUD, el Banco Mundial y otras presentes. La India también ha
anunciado recientemente la prohibición de una serie de productos de plástico de un solo uso.
41.50. La India insta a la Unión Europea a que adopte una visión holística de este problema y no
trate de impulsar soluciones limitadas que distorsionen el comercio, que generan una gran
incertidumbre para las empresas mundiales.
41.51. El delegado del Uruguay dice lo siguiente:
41.52. Uruguay se hace eco de las declaraciones formuladas por el Brasil, la Argentina y el
Paraguay. Uruguay comparte los objetivos de lucha contra el cambio climático y protección del medio
ambiente, como lo demuestran los compromisos asumidos e n el marco de los acuerdos multilaterales
en la materia, incluyendo el Acuerdo de París, y las políticas adoptadas para su cumplimiento. No
obstante, a Uruguay le sigue preocupando que la Unión Europea busque imponer la visión de que
existe un modelo único de producción y desarrollo sostenible que debe ser emulado a nivel mundial,
sin tener en cuenta las características y condiciones específicas de los diferentes países y regiones,
las realidades de sus sistemas productivos, o sus contribuciones relativas a los problemas contra los
que se quiere luchar. También generan preocupación los efectos restrictivos que la implementación
práctica de varias de las estrategias y políticas anunciadas en el Pacto Verde Europeo puede tener
sobre el comercio internacional y la producción más allá de las fronteras de la UE.
41.53. Uruguay continúa siguiendo con atención las negociaciones en curso con respecto a la
propuesta de un MAFC. Al respecto, Uruguay desea resaltar, una vez más, la importancia de asegurar
la compatibilidad de esta medida, así como la de las otras medidas con efectos sobre el comercio a
ser adoptadas en el marco del Pacto Verde Europeo, con los compromisos asumidos por la Unión
Europea en los Acuerdos de la OMC. En el caso del MAFC, parece relevante vigilar la m edida final y
garantizar que no contravenga lo establecido en los artículos I, II y III del GATT.
41.54. En este sentido, Uruguay continúa interesado en conocer cómo se evitarían posibles
inconsistencias derivadas de la eventual aplicación en simultáneo del MAFC para los productos
importados y los derechos de emisión gratuitos para productores domésticos. Al Uruguay también
le interesa conocer cómo se aseguraría la compatibilidad con las normas de la OMC en materia de
subsidios a la exportación de cualquier propue sta que incluya bonificaciones a la exportación para
los sectores abarcados en la misma. Por otra parte, Uruguay agradecería saber cómo se prevé
considerar, en los cálculos correspondientes, las políticas de reducción de carbono de terceros países
distinta s de la fijación de precios de carbono, así como los criterios a ser empleados para determinar
si los regímenes de fijación de precios de carbono de los países que sí dispongan de los mismos son
equivalentes al de la Unión Europea. Finalmente, Uruguay dese aría preguntar cómo se tomaría en
cuenta en la medida el principio de "responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas", consagrado en
el Acuerdo de París.
41.55. Con respecto al otro tema abordado en este punto del orden del día, Uruguay continúa dando
seguimiento a la evolución de las discusiones sobre el Reglamento para evitar la deforestación y la
degradación forestal provocadas por la Unión Europea y espera que el Reglamento no genere un
incremento injustificado de los costos para el comercio bilateral, habida c uenta de las condiciones
de producción en su país. G/C/M/143
- 101 -
41.56. El delegado de la Federación de Rusia dice lo siguiente:
41.57. La Federación de Rusia comparte las preocupaciones de otros Miembros acerca de la
propuesta de Reglamento presentada por la Comisión Europea relativ o a la comercialización en el
mercado de la Unión y a la exportación desde la Unión de determinadas materias primas y productos
derivados asociados a la deforestación y la degradación forestal. Rusia reitera la declaración que
formuló en la reunión anterio r del CCM.
41.58. Rusia observa que la propuesta de Reglamento no es sino un ejemplo más de medida
climática unilateral relacionada con el comercio prevista en el marco del Pacto Verde Europeo. Esta
medida concreta tiene por objeto restringir el suministro de pro ductos agropecuarios con el pretexto
de la protección ambiental. La propuesta comporta procedimientos complejos de acceso a los
mercados que, a juicio de Rusia, no cumplen determinadas disposiciones del Acuerdo sobre
Facilitación del Comercio, en particula r. También establece una prohibición de las importaciones
cuando se determina que el suministro de los productos en cuestión está causando deforestación y
degradación forestal, o cuando su fabricación ha sido incompatible con la legislación nacional del
país de origen.
41.59. No está claro no solo cómo se propone la Unión Europea evaluar la deforestación o la
degradación forestal causada por la fabricación de cada producto concreto, sino tampoco qué
criterios aplicará la UE para valorar si la fabricación es confor me con la legislación del país de origen,
es decir, un tercer país.
41.60. La Federación de Rusia subraya que esta medida, así como muchas otras iniciativas en el
marco del Pacto Verde Europeo, puede perturbar las corrientes comerciales tradicionales,
obstaculiza r las cadenas de suministro y parece estar en contradicción con las normas de la OMC.
A la Federación de Rusia le gustaría recalcar una vez más que todas las denominadas "medidas
verdes" deberían llevarse a cabo de conformidad con los principios fundamenta les de la OMC.
41.61. El delegado del Japón dice lo siguiente:
41.62. Si bien el Japón atribuye gran importancia a la conservación del medio ambiente, le preocupa
en gran medida la compatibilidad del Reglamento de la Unión Europea relativo a los productos libres
de defo restación con los Acuerdos de la OMC, por lo que se pide amablemente a la UE que explique
con suficiente detalle este asunto.
41.63. La delegada de la Unión Europea dice lo siguiente:
41.64. Tras haber dado las gracias a los Miembros que hicieron uso de la palabra en el marco del
punto 16 del orden del día, la Unión Europea también agradece al Brasil, Indonesia, el Paraguay, la
Argentina, la India, el Uruguay y el Japón su interés en el Pacto Verde Europeo. La UE toma nota de
las declaraciones formuladas. En su intervenc ión, la UE abordará, en particular, la cuestión del MAFC
y la propuesta de Reglamento relativo a los productos libres de deforestación.
41.65. En relación con el MAFC, las negociaciones han avanzado considerablemente desde la
adopción de la propuesta e incluso má s rápidamente desde enero de 2022. La Unión Europea desea
aprovechar la oportunidad que le brinda la reunión del Consejo para ofrecer información actualizada
sobre la evolución reciente de los procedimientos internos de la UE. El 15 de marzo, el Consejo ll egó
a un acuerdo sobre el Reglamento por el que se establece un Mecanismo de Ajuste en Frontera por
Emisiones de Carbono. En general, el Consejo está de acuerdo con los objetivos de la propuesta de
la Comisión. Las modificaciones más significativas propues tas por la Presidencia de Francia se
referían al aumento de la centralización, a nivel de la UE, de las distintas tareas relacionadas con la
gobernanza del MAFC.
41.66. Por su parte, el Parlamento Europeo adoptó su posición sobre el MAFC en un voto en el Pleno
el 22 de junio. El Parlamento Europeo propuso lo siguiente: i) una ampliación significativa de los
productos comprendidos (incluidas las emisiones indirectas y la cobertura plena de todos los sectores
incluidos en el régimen de comercio de derechos de emisió n de la UE y los productos de elaboración
avanzada; ii) un período de transición más largo con una eliminación progresiva más rápida de los
derechos de emisión gratuitos, con excepción de las mercancías exportadas; iii) una centralización
plena de la admin istración del MAFC; iv) una mayor asistencia financiera a los PMA; y v) normas G/C/M/143
- 102 -
contra la elusión más estrictas. Puesto que todas las instituciones han adoptado su posición, las
negociaciones tripartitas podrían comenzar antes de la pausa estival o en septi embre. Según la
práctica habitual, la Comisión mantendrá informados a los Miembros de la OMC sobre la elaboración
de esta propuesta en el Comité de Comercio y Medio Ambiente (CCMA).
41.67. En cuanto a la propuesta de Reglamento relativo a los productos libres de deforestación, la
medida tiene por objeto mejorar el comercio de productos de las cadenas de suministro de estos
productos. El objetivo de la propuesta es crear cadenas de suministro más sostenibles y adoptar
medidas contra la deforestación y la degradació n forestal. Para ello, la medida propuesta establece
obligaciones de debida diligencia para los operadores que quieran colocar los productos
comprendidos en la propuesta en el mercado de la UE, con independencia de que sean de producción
nacional o importa dos. Así, los productos recibirían el mismo trato, en consonancia con el principio
de no discriminación. La propuesta también incluye otros principios fundamentales, como la
transparencia, la compatibilidad con los compromisos internacionales (en particula r, reducir la
deforestación al nivel de finales de diciembre de 2020, de conformidad con el ODS 15) y la
colaboración con los países asociados.
41.68. Las propuestas en el marco del Pacto Verde Europeo, al igual que toda la legislación de la UE,
se elaboran de ma nera transparente e inclusiva, incluidas las consultas con las partes interesadas y
las evaluaciones exhaustivas de los efectos ambientales, sociales y económicos. La UE también ha
facilitado periódicamente información actualizada en el CCMA sobre las prop uestas más pertinentes
para el comercio que figuran en el Pacto Verde Europeo. Los interlocutores comerciales tuvieron la
oportunidad de participar y expresar sus opiniones en ese contexto.
41.69. La Comisión seguirá trabajando con los Miembros productores afectados para luchar juntos
contra la deforestación y la degradación forestal. Esta labor también tendrá por objeto apoyar la
capacidad de esos Miembros para adaptarse a las nuevas normas y aprovechar las oportunidades
que brindan dichas norma s, sobre la base del diálogo y la colaboración con esos Miembros. La Unión
Europea dialogará con otros grandes importadores de productos básicos que estén considerando
adoptar medidas similares, y también dialogará y cooperará con los países productores de los
productos básicos abarcados por el Reglamento. Esa cooperación podría incluir, por ejemplo, el
apoyo al establecimiento de sistemas de rastreabilidad. La UE también está dispuesta a proporcionar
más información sobre el Reglamento y su aplicación en f oros multilaterales como la FAO, el PNUMA
o el CCMA, en la que la propuesta se presentó en febrero de 2022. También se ha examinado la
labor sobre la deforestación en el G7 y el G20. Además, la reducción de la deforestación es uno de
los principales objeti vos de la Iniciativa para el Cacao Sostenible que la Comisión ha puesto en
marcha junto con Ghana y Côte d' Ivoire, así como con las partes interesadas que intervienen en la
cadena de suministro del cacao.
41.70. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formulad as.
42 AUSTRALIA – INVESTIGACIÓN Y EXAMEN DE LOS DERECHOS ANTIDUMPING SOBRE EL
PAPEL DE FORMATO A4 PARA COPIADORA – SOLICITUD DE INDONESIA
42.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de
Indonesia.
42.2. El delegado de Indonesia dice lo siguiente:
42.3. Indonesia desea plantear su preocupación por la investigación inicial de 2021 y el examen por
extinción de los derechos antidum ping que Australia lleva a cabo sobre los productos de papel de
formato A4 para copiadora procedentes de Indonesia. Las autoridades australianas siguen realizando
las dos investigaciones y el examen por extinción de los derechos antidumping, aunque el volu men
de las exportaciones de productos de papel de formato A4 de Indonesia a Australia ha disminuido
drásticamente desde la imposición de derechos antidumping en 2017. Con la conclusión de esa
investigación, es muy probable que los productos de papel de for mato A4 procedentes de Indonesia
pierdan acceso a los mercados y cuota de mercado en Australia.
42.4. Indonesia opina que las dos investigaciones que las autoridades australianas están realizando
pueden infringir varias disposiciones del Acuerdo Antidumping de l a OMC. Indonesia espera que
Australia pueda reconsiderar su investigación sobre los productos de papel de formato A4 para G/C/M/143
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copiadora procedentes de Indonesia de conformidad con las normas y principios de la OMC, así como
con el espíritu de comercio abierto y transparente de la OMC.
42.5. El delegado de Australia dice lo siguiente:
42.6. Australia no fue informada de este punto antes de su inclusión en el orden del día del Consejo,
y tras la declaración de Indonesia ha quedado claro que se plantean dos preguntas distinta s
relacionadas con el papel de formato A4 para copiadora. Australia está llevando a cabo una
investigación antidumping sobre el papel de formato A4 para copiadora importado de Indonesia,
específicamente en relación con un exportador indonesio que no está a ctualmente sujeto a medidas
(el denominado Asunto Nº 583). Esta investigación se inició el 2 de junio de 2021 tras la recepción
de una solicitud debidamente documentada de la rama de producción australiana. La investigación
está actualmente en curso. El 29 de julio de 2022 se incluirá en el expediente público la exposición
de los hechos esenciales para que se formulen observaciones, en tanto que las recomendaciones
finales deberán presentarse al Ministro de Industria y Ciencia antes del 26 de septiembre de 2022.
Por otra parte, también se está llevando a cabo una revisión en cuanto al fondo de la decisión de
19 de abril de 2022 de mantener las medidas antidumping sobre las importaciones de papel de
formato A4 para copiadora, incluido el procedente de Indones ia. Esa revisión en cuanto al fondo no
se refiere al exportador indonesio objeto de la actual investigación antidumping en el Asunto Nº 583.
42.7. Australia se ha comprometido a asegurar que su sistema antidumping y las medidas
impuestas sean compatibles con las normas de la OMC. En la investigación del Asunto Nº 583,
Australia adopta un enfoque que tiene en cuenta las constataciones del Grupo Especial de solución
de diferencias de la OMC que se ocupó del asunto DS529 y se está procediendo en estricta
conformidad con las obligaciones de Australia en el marco de la OMC. Las investigaciones
antidumping de Australia se inician previa presentación de solicitudes por empresas o representantes
con suficientes pruebas prima facie de dumping causante de daño. Solo se impo ndrán medidas
cuando las pruebas demuestren que las exportaciones objeto de dumping han causado, o amenazan
causar, un daño importante a la rama de producción australiana. Si en el transcurso de la
investigación se constata que un exportador no incurre en dumping, se pondrá fin a la investigación
para ese exportador y no se aplicarán medidas a sus mercancías. Las investigaciones antidumping
de Australia son transparentes, independientes y basadas en pruebas. Todos los productores y
exportadores extranjeros afectados tienen una oportunidad plena y equitativa de presentar pruebas
y de formular declaraciones durante el proceso de investigación, de conformidad con las obligaciones
contraídas por Australia en el marco de la OMC. Australia se congratula de que el Gobierno de
Indonesia haya presentado comunicaciones relativas al Asunto Nº 583.
42.8. Con respecto a la revisión separada en cuanto al fondo, la autoridad independiente encargada
de procedimiento, el Comité de Exámenes Antidumping, recibió una solicitud de los exportadores en
la que se pedía por separado una revisión de la decisión del Ministro de continuar con las medidas
antidumping. Australia celebra que el Gobierno de Indonesia también haya presentado
comunicaciones en el marco de la revisión en cuanto al fo ndo. Dado que tanto la investigación como
la revisión en cuanto al fondo están actualmente en curso, no sería apropiado que Australia formulara
más observaciones. Australia sigue dispuesta a reunirse por separado con Indonesia para facilitar
más informació n sobre los procedimientos en curso, según sea necesario.
42.9. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
43 ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA – RESTRICCIONES A LA EXPORTACIÓN DE
PRODUCTOS AGROPECUARIOS E HIDROBIOLÓGICOS – SOLICITUD DEL PERÚ
43.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del Perú.
43.2. La delegada del Perú dice lo siguiente:
43.3. El Perú presenta ante los Miembros de la OMC su preocupación comercial referente a varias
medidas restrictivas aplicadas por el Gobiern o del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia a las exportaciones
peruanas de productos agropecuarios que restringen el ingreso de algunos de los principales
productos originarios del Perú al mercado boliviano, tales como la papa y cebolla; así como a la
exportaci ón de trucha entera. Cabe destacar que, el 9 de mayo de 2022, la Secretaría General de la
Comunidad Andina (SGCAN) emitió la Resolución Nº 2264 sobre procedimiento de investigación G/C/M/143
- 104 -
presentado por el Perú a Bolivia, la cual califica como restricciones de to do orden el conjunto de
medidas aplicadas por Bolivia, de carácter administrativo, bajo las modalidades de dejar de emitir
temporalmente los permisos fitosanitarios de importación, suspender temporalmente las
inspecciones fitosanitarias en el Centro Binaci onal de Atención en Frontera (CEBAF) Desaguadero y
dificultar el proceso de importación de diferentes productos vegetales peruanos.
43.4. En ese sentido, el Perú reitera su solicitud, presentada en la reunión anterior del Comité MSF,
en aras de que Bolivia cumpl a con lo dispuesto en la referida resolución y, que se informe al Perú
sobre los reportes trimestrales de la emisión de los permisos fitosanitarios de importación, de las
inspecciones fitosanitarias y del proceso de importación en el CEBAF Desaguadero, par a los
productos agrícolas perecederos de la Comunidad Andina, por el período de un año calendario. Por
otro lado, con relación al interés de Perú para exportar trucha entera, cabe destacar que, pese a
que la autoridad sanitaria boliviana comunicó oficialme nte la aprobación del certificado sanitario
armonizado para la exportación de trucha fresca -refrigerada/entera -granel en el año 2017, a la fecha
no ha cumplido con los compromisos correspondientes para permitir la exportación de trucha
peruana.
43.5. Es de suma preocupación que, en enero de 2022, el Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria
e Inocuidad Alimentaria (SENASAG) de Bolivia indicó que bajo su normativa vigente solo se podía
comercializar animales eviscerados y, por ello, no podrían aceptar otro tipo de productos. Es decir,
después de cinco años de haber aprobado un certificado sanitario para exportar trucha entera,
Bolivia restringe su acceso injustificadamente. Cabe mencionar que ninguna de las normas que
fueron compartidas por la delegación de Bolivia fueron notificadas al Comité MSF.
43.6. Además de ello, el Perú desea destacar nuevamente su profunda preocupación respecto a la
nueva información que recibió de Bolivia el 10 de junio de 2022, en una reunión sostenida entre
el SANIPES y el SENASAG, en la cual la autoridad sanitaria boliviana comunicó al Perú que, desde
abril de 2022, entró en vigencia una norma en la que sí se precisaría que solo se puede comercializar
animales eviscerados. Dicha norma tampoco fue notificada, vulnerando nuevamente el artículo 7 y
el Anexo B del Acuerdo MSF. Por lo anteriormente expuesto, y como fuese mencionado en el
Comité MSF, las acciones de Bolivia contravendrían las disposiciones del GATT, el Acuerdo MSF, así
como los acuerdos asumidos entre ambas partes. En ese sentido, el Perú reitera su solicitud a Bolivia
en dejar sin efecto cualquier restricción que venga aplicando a las exportaciones de perecibles y
trucha entera peruanos.
43.7. La delegada del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia dice lo siguiente:
43.8. El Estado Plurinacional de Bol ivia toma nota de la declaración del Perú, que se transmitirá a
la capital. Asimismo, dado que se ha manifestado esa preocupación en el Comité MSF, cuya reunión
se celebró hace menos de un mes, Bolivia se remite a su intervención realizada en esa ocasión.
Bolivia desea asimismo señalar que esa preocupación fue objeto de una resolución regional, en la
que también se estableció que "no se acredita que el SENASAG haya dificultado o retrasado los
procedimientos de inspección fitosanitaria, en el tiempo que empl ean para realizar los mismos,
en el horario de atención que brinda o en la toma de muestras que efectúa sobre la mercadería", y
que "no se llega a acreditar que el Gobierno de Bolivia haya aplicado restricciones bajo la figura
de otorgar cupos en los [perm isos fitosanitarios de importación]". En ese contexto, Bolivia
considera que se debe otorgar el plazo pertinente para cumplir las disposiciones de la citada
Resolución Nº 2264.
43.9. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
44 ECUADOR – RESTRICCIONES A LA IMPORTACIÓN DE UVAS Y CEBOLLAS – SOLICITUD
DEL PERÚ
44.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del Perú.
44.2. La delegada del Perú dice lo siguiente:
44.3. El Perú presenta su preocupación comercial por las medidas restrictivas aplicadas por el
Ecuador en la reapertura del acceso de la uva y cebolla procedentes del Perú. A pesar de que el
Acuerdo MSF establece que los procedimientos de aprobación deben ser at endidos sin demoras G/C/M/143
- 105 -
indebidas, el Ecuador ha brindado respuestas que continúan dilatando el acceso de la uva y cebolla
peruana a su mercado más allá de lo necesario. Cabe mencionar que la normativa ecuatoriana por
la cual se impusieron restricciones a las exportaciones peruanas de uva y cebolla no fue notificada
oportunamente al Comité MSF, a pesar de que esa medida exige requisitos adicionales que afectan
directamente en el comercio de otros Miembros.
44.4. En el caso de las uvas, el Ecuador continúa requiriendo que sean exportadas bajo el transporte
refrigerado, argumentando entre otros que la refrigeración de frutas y hortalizas es el mejor sistema
para mantener estos alimentos frescos y aumentar su vida útil comercial. No obstante, cabe destacar
que, a efectos del ingreso y la salida de la uva de otros países mucho más lejanos, la autoridad
sanitaria del Ecuador (AGROCALIDAD) no exige el cumplimiento de condiciones relacionadas a la
calidad de la fruta ni al transporte en frío. Por otro lado, respecto al caso d e las cebollas, a pesar de
que la prohibición de las importaciones peruanas ha sido considerada como una medida restrictiva
al comercio intrasubregional, conforme la Resolución Nº 2253 de la Comunidad Andina20, el Ecuador
insistió en solicitar un nuevo análisis de riesgo de plagas para brindar el acceso a su mercado.
44.5. En ese sentido, el Perú, conforme a lo solicitado por el Ecuador, remitió toda la información
necesaria para el análisis de riesgo de plagas y, con fecha 19 de abril de 2022, durante u na reunión
técnica bilateral entre el SENASA y AGROCALIDAD, dicha autoridad ecuatoriana se comprometió a
concluir con el referido ARP a inicios del mes de julio de 2022, comprometiéndose también a brindar
un período de revisión para comentarios de l Perú so bre los requisitos fitosanitarios entre el 8 y el
31 de julio de 2022. En ese sentido, el Perú espera recibir la propuesta de requisitos fitosanitarios a
más tarde al final de ese día, en aras de que se brinde cumplimiento a los compromisos asumidos
por am bas partes.
44.6. Considerando que las medidas aplicadas por el Ecuador contravienen las disposiciones del
Acuerdo MSF21, el Perú solicita al Ecuador: i) evitar proponer medidas que contravengan las
disposiciones del Acuerdo MSF y los principios básicos de la OM C; ii) evitar desconocer los acuerdos
técnicos previamente desarrollados; y iii) brindar acceso a las importaciones de uvas y cebollas
peruanas.
44.7. El delegado del Ecuador dice lo siguiente:
44.8. El Ecuador se remite a su declaración previa en este Consejo y se pe rmite destacar que, en
el contexto del derecho comunitario andino, la preocupación elevada por el Perú ha sido ya tratada.
Como resultado de ello, el Ecuador tomó la decisión de levantar las medidas relacionadas con la
importación de cebolla. No obstante, el Ecuador considera oportuno destacar la importancia de que
este tipo de productos cumplan con los estándares internacionales y regulaciones fitosanitarias.
44.9. El Ecuador está trabajando en la norma técnica para elaboración del análisis de riesgo de
plagas r espectivo; en tal sentido, se debe trabajar de forma conjunta con las autoridades peruanas
en el cumplimiento de los objetivos fitosanitarios reconocidos a nivel internacional.
44.10. En lo que respecta a los requisitos de inocuidad requeridos para la importación de uva a
territorio ecuatoriano, este asunto también ha sido debidamente tratado en el contexto andino. En
consecuencia, el Ecuador se encuentra a la espera de que el Perú remita una respuesta para los
requisitos de importación de uva.
44.11. Para concluir, el Ecuador reitera su disposición para continuar dialogando con el Perú tanto
en este Consejo como en los órganos del Sistema Andino de Integración que correspondan a fin de
encontrar una solución definitiva a esa preocupación.
44.12. El Consejo toma nota de las decl araciones formuladas.
20 Resolución disponible en:
https://www.comunidadandina.org/DocOficialesFiles/Gacetas/Gaceta%204415.pdf .
21 Preocupaciones presentadas previamente en el Comité MSF de marzo de 2022, así como mediante los
documentos G/SPS/GEN/1937, G/SPS/GEN/1975 y G/SPS/GEN/1907 y en el Comité MSF del 5, 6 y 13 de
noviembre de 2020. G/C/M/143
- 106 -
45 PANAMÁ – DEMORAS INDEBIDAS Y RESTRICCIONES A LA EXPORTACIÓN DE
PRODUCTOS AGROPECUARIOS E HIDROBIOLÓGICOS – SOLICITUD DEL PERÚ
45.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del Perú.
45.2. La delegada de l Perú dice lo siguiente:
45.3. El Perú presenta su preocupación comercial por las demoras indebidas para la renovación de
habilitaciones o la aprobación de nuevas habilitaciones de las plantas de empresas pesqueras y
pecuarias peruanas, así como por el restable cimiento del comercio de cebolla y papa peruana por
parte de Panamá.
45.4. El Perú desea destacar que, a pesar de las reuniones y gestiones bilaterales y multilaterales
sostenidas, así como las reiteradas preocupaciones comerciales planteadas en el Comité MSF,
Panamá no ha renovado las habilitaciones o incluido nuevas empresas habilitadas para exportar a
dicho mercado. Tampoco se tiene certeza sobre cuál es el plazo que se les daría a las empresas
peruanas en caso se logre la renovación o una nueva habilitación. Cabe destacar que, a la fecha,
son más de 30 establecimientos peruanos que se encuentran sin habilitación vigente. Esa situación
contraviene las disposiciones del Acuerdo MSF y además se discrimina en el período de habilitación
que se le pueda brindar a em presas de otros socios comerciales.
45.5. Por otro lado, respecto al caso de la papa y la cebolla, Panamá también ha aplicado medidas
que contravienen las disposiciones del Acuerdo MSF, ya que dichas medidas no tienen un debido
sustento técnico ni científico, no se han considerado normas internacionales fitosanitarias de
referencia, no se han tenido en cuenta medidas menos restrictivas al comercio, persisten las
demoras indebidas y tampoco se ha cumplido con las disposiciones de transparencia.
Lamentablemente, Pa namá continúa sin precisar ninguna razón sanitaria o fitosanitaria respecto a
las habilitaciones de empresas peruanas o para el acceso de la papa y cebolla, a pesar de que ese
tipo de medidas deben ser aplicadas solo cuando sean necesarias para proteger la salud y la vida de
las personas y de los animales o para preservar los vegetales y, además, deben estar basadas en
una evaluación de rie sgos. Por lo tanto y, en aras de evitar una vulneración de las disposiciones del
Acuerdo MSF, el Perú solicita a Panamá que habilite a las empresas peruanas para poder exportar a
dicho mercado y que brinde el acceso de cebolla y papa; así como evitar cualquier otra acción que
prolongue innecesariamente ambos procesos, generando barreras innecesarias e injustificadas en el
comercio.
45.6. La delegada de Panamá dice lo siguiente:
45.7. Panamá toma nota de las preocupaciones del Perú y las trasladará a la capital. Panamá desea
destacar que recientemente se celebró una reunión bilateral de alto nivel entre el Ministro de
Comercio e Industr ias de Panamá y el Viceministro de Comercio Exterior del Perú. En esa reunión
se acordó celebrar una reunión técnica de la Comisión Administradora del Tratado de Libre Comercio
(TLC) con el Perú en el segundo semestre de 2022. Panamá concede gran importanc ia a esa cuestión
y señala que su TLC con el Perú establece normas y beneficios mutuos que regulan el comercio y
aseguran un marco jurídico y comercial predecible para las empresas y la inversión. Panamá espera
que el impulso de esa reunión genere solucion es satisfactorias para ambas partes y reitera su
disposición a trabajar constructivamente con el Perú y con todos los Miembros interesados.
45.8. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
46 NIGERIA – POLÍTICAS RESTRICTIVAS EN RELACIÓN CON LOS PRODUCTOS
AGROPECUARIOS – SOLICITUD DEL BRASIL
46.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición del Brasil.
46.2. El delegado del Brasil dice lo siguiente:
46.3. El Brasil reconoce la importancia de fomentar la producción agrícola nacional, e specialmente
la relacionada con las explotaciones agrícolas familiares, pequeñas y medianas, que son los
productores prioritarios en las políticas agrícolas del Brasil. Sin embargo, es contrario a la letra y al G/C/M/143
- 107 -
espíritu de los Acuerdos abarcados que los Mi embros persigan ese objetivo mediante políticas
restrictivas que equivalen a prohibiciones de importación.
46.4. El Brasil ha planteado varias preocupaciones, tanto en el Comité de Agricultura como en el
Comité MSF, sobre una serie de cuestiones relacionadas con las políticas restrictivas de Nigeria.
A modo de ejemplo, hace un decenio el Brasil contribuía a la seguridad alimentaria de Nigeria a
través de las exportaciones de arroz, que aumentaron la oferta global y ayudaron a mantener los
precios bajo control. De sde 2014/2015, cuando Nigeria prohibió la utilización de divisas para las
importaciones, las exportaciones del Brasil han disminuido constantemente, hasta su completa
suspensión a partir de 2018. Y, a pesar de que el Brasil formuló varias preguntas en el C omité de
Agricultura, Nigeria no ha facilitado respuesta alguna.
46.5. En el Comité MSF el Brasil ha preguntado a Nigeria sobre su negativa a entablar negociaciones
con el objeto de establecer prescripciones sanitarias y fitosanitarias para la importación de var ios
productos. Del mismo modo, no se ha respondido a las preguntas del Brasil. Más recientemente, en
junio, durante la última reunión del Comité MSF, Nigeria afirmó que no habría medidas sanitarias y
fitosanitarias restrictivas en vigor contra el Brasil. E n respuesta, el Brasil señaló que la falta de
reacción ante sus propuestas constituía una clara infracción de los artículos 2, 5, 7, 8 y el Anexo C
del Acuerdo MSF.
46.6. Como se indica en el párrafo 2 de la Declaración Ministerial sobre la Respuesta de Emergenc ia
a la Inseguridad Alimentaria, "el comercio, junto con la producción nacional, desempeña un papel
vital en la mejora de la seguridad alimentaria mundial en todas sus dimensiones, así como en la
mejora de la nutrición". Tal como lo explica sucintamente el Banco Mundial, el comercio de
mercancías y de servicios contribuye a complementar la producción local, a superar las crisis
mundiales y a limitar su impacto de la siguiente manera: i) proporcionando acceso a bienes y
servicios esenciales (incluidos los in sumos materiales para su producción), reduciendo su costo y
mejorando su disponibilidad; ii) asegurando el acceso a los alimentos en todo el mundo;
iii) proporcionando a los agricultores los insumos necesarios (semillas, fertilizantes, equipo) para la
siguiente cosecha; iv) apoyando el empleo y el mantenimiento de la actividad económica ante una
recesión mundial; v) reduciendo el costo de los productos muy consumidos por los pobres, como los
alimentos; y vi) apoyando la eventual recuperación económica y creando resiliencia mediante una
mayor diversificación de las importaciones y exportaciones. Dicho de otro modo, no se debe tratar
al comercio como un enemigo, sino como un aliado en lo que respecta a la seguridad alimentaria y
a la prosperidad. Por las r azones expuestas, el Brasil insta a Nigeria a que vuelva a examinar el
derecho internacional y las publicaciones académicas sobre la cuestión, y a que levante las
restricciones impuestas a sus importaciones de productos agropecuarios.
46.7. El delegado de Nigeria dice lo siguiente:
46.8. Nigeria se remite a la declaración que formuló sobre esta cuestión en la reunión anterior del
Consejo22 y reafirma que las políticas agrícolas de Nigeria son compatibles con sus compromisos en
el marco de la OMC. L as restricciones a la importación de algunos productos agropecuarios son
medidas temporales adoptadas con el objeto de salvaguardar la situación financiera exterior de
Nigeria y de garantizar un nivel de reservas suficiente para la aplicación del programa de desarrollo
económico del país. Además, las medidas de Nigeria son compatibles con el artículo XII y con la
sección B del artículo XVIII del GATT.
46.9. Nigeria sigue sufriendo los efectos de las conmociones económicas que han repercutido
negativamente en su r eserva externa y han ejercido una presión sin precedentes sobre su moneda
(naira). Además, esas conmociones han debilitado significativamente la capacidad de Nigeria para
financiar sus importaciones, socavando su situación financiera exterior y aumentando sus
posibilidades de incumplir las obligaciones respecto de la deuda soberana si no se adoptan
oportunamente medidas apropiadas. Además, las dificultades derivadas de la extrema pobreza y la
inseguridad de los medios de subsistencia de Nigeria, junto a su elevada tasa de desempleo juvenil
(del 35 % en diciembre de 2021), han provocado también un aumento exponencial de los trastornos
sociales que han agravado aún más la situación en materia de seguridad nacional. Por consiguiente,
las medidas temporales de Ni geria están encaminadas a hacer frente a sus dificultades de seguridad
nacional con arreglo al artículo XXI del GATT. Pese a sus actuales dificultades, Nigeria está
trabajando con tesón para afrontar sus dificultades económicas y de seguridad nacional con miras a
22 Documento G/C/M/142, párrafos 28.5 -28.9. G/C/M/143
- 108 -
eliminar progresivamente esas medidas lo antes posible. En ese sentido, Nigeria agradece al Brasil
el interés que ha mostrado por sus políticas agrícolas.
46.10. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
47 UNIÓN EUROPEA – REGLAMENTO (UE) 2017/23 21 Y REGLAMENTO (UE) 2018/825 –
SOLICITUD DE LA FEDERACIÓN DE RUSIA
47.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de la
Federación de Rusia.
47.2. El delegado de la Federación de Rusia dice lo siguiente:
47.3. La Federación de Rus ia reitera su preocupación por las modificaciones del Reglamento de base
de la Unión Europea relativo a la defensa contra las importaciones que sean objeto de dumping,
introducidas en el Reglamento (UE) 2017/2321 y el Reglamento (UE) 2018/825. En anteriore s
reuniones del CCM, Rusia señaló el carácter discriminatorio de las modificaciones, que pueden
ilustrarse de la siguiente manera: i) la Comisión Europa penaliza doblemente a los exportadores por
la misma situación, que en las modificaciones se describe co mo "distorsiones significativas" y
"distorsiones del mercado de materias primas"; y ii) la Comisión Europea solo ha publicado
dos "informes" sobre las denominadas "distorsiones significativas" en dos países exportadores
concretos, lo que claramente demuest ra el carácter discriminatorio del enfoque de la UE relativo a
la aplicación de medidas antidumping. Sin entrar en detalles, la Federación de Rusia desea reiterar
su preocupación sistémica por la incompatibilidad de las modificaciones con las normas de la OMC.
Rusia insta a la Unión Europea a que se abstenga de aplicarlas y a que no incumpla las obligaciones
que le corresponden en el marco de la OMC.
47.4. El Consejo toma nota de la declaración formulada.
48 UNIÓN EUROPEA – REGLAMENTO (CE) Nº 1272/2008 (REGLAMENTO C LP) –
SOLICITUD DE LA FEDERACIÓN DE RUSIA
48.1. El Presidente recuerda que este punto se ha incluido en el orden del día a petición de la
Federación de Rusia.
48.2. El delegado de la Federación de Rusia dice lo siguiente:
48.3. La Federación de Rusia reitera las declaracion es formuladas durante las reuniones anteriores
de los diversos órganos de la OMC con respecto a la clasificación del cobalto como carcinógeno de
la categoría 1b para todas las vías de exposición. Rusia subraya que esa medida se adoptó sin
justificación cie ntífica alguna, ni de laboratorio ni epidemiológica, y también sin tener en cuenta ni
tomar como fundamento las observaciones y opiniones de los Miembros de la OMC y de las
empresas. Además, la medida se adoptó en un momento en el que la industria mundial del cobalto
se disponía a iniciar un estudio de laboratorio sobre la carcinogenicidad del cobalto por exposición
oral, de conformidad con los criterios establecidos en el Reglamento REACH. Al mismo tiempo, Rusia
agradece los esfuerzos de la Unión Europea p or adoptar el protocolo de bioelución en medio gástrico
a los niveles de la UE y la OCDE. Sin embargo, la UE aún no ha adoptado ese método y tampoco ha
incorporado su utilización en el Reglamento CLP como práctica habitual de clasificación de otras
aleacio nes y compuestos, lo cual permitiría excluir muchos productos que contienen cobalto del
ámbito de las nuevas restricciones que se establezcan en el marco de la aplicación de esa decisión
de clasificación. La Federación de Rusia insta a la Unión Europea a q ue adopte ese método lo antes
posible.
48.4. El Consejo toma nota de la declaración formulada.
49 OTROS ASUNTOS
49.1 Plan anual de reuniones
49.1. El Presidente señala a la atención de los Miembros el documento de sala RD/CTG/16, que
contiene la versión más reciente del plan anual de reuniones del CCM y de sus órganos subsidiarios G/C/M/143
- 109 -
para el año 2022, así como la información disponible actualmente sobre el año 2023. El documento
se ha preparado en estrecha coordinación entre el equipo del CCM y los funcionarios de la Secretaría
a cargo de los órganos subsidiarios del CCM con el fin de evitar superposiciones y asegurar una
programación óptima de las reuniones. Como se señaló en reuniones anteriores, la Secretaría
prepara una actualización del plan anual para cada reunión del CCM co n miras a facilitar la
identificación temprana de posibles problemas y a permitir que los Miembros se planifiquen
convenientemente. El Presidente invita a los Miembros a formular observaciones sobre el plan anual
o a plantear cualquier otra cuestión relaci onada con el funcionamiento del CCM y de sus órganos
subsidiarios. Ningún Miembro hace uso de la palabra en relación con este apartado del orden del
día.
49.2 Funcionamiento del CCM y sus órganos subsidiarios
49.2. A continuación, el Presidente se refiere a la cuesti ón que planteó la mañana anterior, al inicio
de la reunión, acerca de la posible labor que emprenderá el CCM tras la Duodécima Conferencia
Ministerial de la OMC. A ese respecto, desea formular algunas observaciones muy preliminares,
haciéndose eco de las p alabras del Presidente del Consejo General, el Embajador Didier Chambovey,
quien recordó a los Jefes de Delegación en la reunión del Consejo General del día anterior que en
los textos adoptados en la Duodécima Conferencia Ministerial de la OMC se ha previs to una larga
lista de trabajos de aplicación que han de llevarse a cabo en el marco de los distintos Consejos y
Comités de la OMC. En el documento preparado por la Secretaría y distribuido a los Miembros el día
anterior (documento RD/WTO/13) se han tratado de enumerar los elementos de esa labor de
aplicación, de manera puramente fáctica e informal, y sin ningún orden de prioridad, como la propia
Directora General recordó a los Jefes de Delegación en esa misma reunión. Por su parte, el
Presidente del CCM ha identificado al menos tres elementos que forman parte del Paquete de Ginebra
del 17 de junio y que pueden tener una incidencia en la labor del Consejo de Mercancías.
49.3. En primer lugar, pueden tener una incidencia en la labor del Consejo del Comercio de
Merca ncías los párrafos primero y segundo del "Programa de Trabajo sobre el Comercio Electrónico"
y la moratoria, documento WT/MIN(22)/32, que dicen así: "Convenimos en revitalizar la labor
llevada a cabo en el marco del Programa de Trabajo sobre el Comercio El ectrónico, sobre la base del
mandato establecido en el documento WT/L/274 y en particular con arreglo a su dimensión de
desarrollo. Intensificaremos los debates sobre la moratoria y encomendaremos al Consejo General
que realice exámenes periódicos sobre la base de los informes que puedan presentar los órganos
competentes de la OMC, incluidos los relativos al alcance, la definición y el impacto de la moratoria
sobre la imposición de derechos de aduana a las transmisiones electrónicas". Como saben los
Miembro s, el Consejo del Comercio de Mercancías ha desempeñado una función importante en
relación con esas cuestiones en el pasado, al igual que el Consejo del Comercio de Servicios y el
Consejo de Comercio y Desarrollo.
49.4. En segundo lugar, puede tener una incidenc ia en la labor del Consejo del Comercio de
Mercancías el párrafo 24 de la "Declaración Ministerial sobre la Respuesta de la OMC a la Pandemia
de COVID -19 y la Preparación para Futuras Pandemias", documento WT/MIN(22)/31, que dice así:
"Los órganos competen tes de la OMC, en sus ámbitos de competencia, y sobre la base de las
propuestas de los Miembros, continuarán o iniciarán lo antes posible la labor de análisis de las
enseñanzas extraídas y las dificultades experimentadas durante la pandemia de COVID -19. Se hará
en el Consejo General cada año, hasta finales de 2024, un balance de la labor realizada por los
órganos de la OMC en el marco de la presente Declaración, sobre la base de los informes de esos
órganos competentes". Y en la nota 1 de pie de página se a firma que los órganos competentes de
la OMC son, entre otros, "el Consejo del Comercio de Mercancías o sus órganos subsidiarios … ".
49.5. En tercer lugar, otro elemento que puede incidir en la labor del Consejo del Comercio de
Mercancías es el párrafo 3 del doc umento final de la CM12, WT/MIN(22)/24, relativo a la reforma de
la OMC, que concluye con la siguiente declaración: "Si bien reafirmamos los principios fundacionales
de la OMC, prevemos reformas para mejorar todas las funciones de la Organización. La labor estará
impulsada por los Miembros y será abierta, transparente e inclusiva, y deberá abordar los intereses
de todos los Miembros, incluidas las cuestiones relacionadas con el desarrollo. El Consejo General y
sus órganos subsidiarios llevarán a cabo la lab or, examinarán los progresos y considerarán las
decisiones, según proceda, que habrán de presentarse a la próxima Conferencia Ministerial". No se
menciona expresamente al Consejo del Comercio de Mercancías en ese contexto, pero es posible, si
los Miembros lo desean, que el Consejo opte por trabajar en determinados temas como órgano
subsidiario del Consejo General. G/C/M/143
- 110 -
49.6. El Presidente es muy consciente de que ha transcurrido muy poco tiempo desde la conclusión
de la CM12 y de que los Miembros, probablemente, sigue n manteniendo debates internos sobre la
forma exacta en que deberán aplicarse esas cuestiones en la práctica. Además, el Presidente del
Consejo General anunció el día anterior que la organización de los trabajos futuros será uno de los
puntos más important es del orden del día del Consejo General en su reunión de finales de julio. Por
último, el Presidente es también muy consciente de que toda esa labor debe estar "impulsada por
los Miembros" y basada en las propuestas de los Miembros. No obstante, dado que la siguiente
reunión formal del CCM no se celebrará hasta noviembre, el Presidente desea informar a los
Miembros de que su puerta sigue abierta, en caso de que tengan alguna sugerencia que deseen
presentar al Consejo sobre la posible labor futura. Con ello declara abierto el debate.
49.7. El delegado del Canadá dice lo siguiente:
49.8. El Canadá da las gracias al Presidente por la inclusión de ese apartado en el orden del día.
Del mismo modo, el Canadá es consciente de que los Miembros no deben entablar debates
sustantivos en el marco del punto "Otros asuntos". Por esa razón, el Canadá solo desea proponer
que el Presidente considere la posibilidad de celebrar debates bilaterales y consultas informales con
el Consejo en las siguientes semanas, o después de la paus a estival. El Canadá consideraría útiles
esos debates bilaterales y consultas informales, especialmente si pudieran celebrarse mucho antes
de la reunión de noviembre del CCM, con el fin de estudiar la mejor manera de que el propio Consejo
aporte alguna con tribución visible a la labor que se lleva a cabo primero en los órganos subsidiarios
del CCM, y de la que luego se informa al CCM antes de que finalice el año. A tal efecto, sería útil
mantener debates informales en el seno del Consejo sobre la mejor maner a de hacerlo, de cara al
futuro, en lo que respecta a la labor que ha surgido de la CM12.
49.9. Además, el Canadá considera que sería útil que los Miembros examinaran la mejor manera
de organizar la labor del Consejo para determinar si presentan propuestas en re lación con la CM12.
Y, como acaba de señalar acertadamente el Presidente, se menciona de forma expresa al propio
Consejo en un par de esos puntos de trabajo, e indirectamente en virtud de su condición de órgano
subsidiario del Consejo General. Por las razo nes expuestas, el Canadá considera que sería útil que
el CCM mantuviera un debate adicional sobre la organización de su labor y, en particular, sobre la
mejor manera de abordar las cuestiones transversales que puedan surgir en relación con las
cuestiones c omprendidas en el mandato del Consejo. El Canadá participará activamente en cualquier
reunión de ese tipo.
49.10. El Presidente da las gracias al Canadá por su excelente sugerencia y señala que su puerta
ya está abierta y seguirá estándolo.
49.11. El Consejo toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
49.3 Fecha de la próxima reunión
49.12. El Presidente indica que la próxima reunión del CCM se ha programado para los días 24
y 25 de noviembre de 2022. Estas fechas se confirmarán a su debido tiempo.
49.13. Se levanta la reunión. f
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Comité de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
Addendum
La siguiente comunicación, recibida el 14 de enero de 2021 , se distribuye a petición de la delegación
del Brasil .
_______________
Rectification of the Normative Instruction number 76, 5 November 2020 (Rectificación de la
Instrucción Normativa Nº 76, de 5 de noviembre de 2020 )
Se rectificaron los anexos II, IV y V de la Instrucción Normativa Nº 76, de 5 de noviembre de
2020, notificada anteriormente en el documento G/SPS/N/BRA/1638/Add.1, en la que se
actualizan las listas de componentes, los límites de uso, las declaraciones de propiedades
saludables y las indicaciones en el etiquetado de los complementos alimenticios.
Este reglamento también se notificará al Comité OTC.
El texto rectificado está di sponible solamente en portugués y puede descargarse del siguiente
enlace:
https://www.in.gov.br/web/dou/ -/retificacao -296824474 .
Este addendum se refiere a:
[ ] la modificación de la fecha límite para la presentación de observaciones
[ ] la notificación de la adopción, publicación o entrada en vigor del reglamento
[X] la modificación del contenido y/o ámbito de aplicación de un proyecto de
reglamento previamente notificado
[ ] el retiro del reglamento propuesto
[ ] la modificación de la fecha propuesta de adopción, publicación o entrada en vigor
[ ] otro aspecto:
Plazo para la presentación de observaciones : (Si el addendum amplía el ámbito de
aplic ación de la medida anteriormente notificada en cuanto a los productos abarcados
y/o los Miembros a los que puede afectar, deberá preverse un nuevo plazo para recibir
observaciones, normalmente de 60 días naturales como mínimo . En otros casos, como
el aplaz amiento de la fecha límite anunciada inicialmente para la presentación de
observaciones, el plazo previsto en el addendum podrá variar.)
[ ] Sesenta días a partir de la fecha de distribución del addendum a la notificación
y/o (día/mes/año) : No procede. G/SPS/N/BRA/1638/Add.2
- 2 -
Organismo o autoridad encargado de tramitar las observaciones : [ ] Organismo
nacional encargado de la notificación, [X] Servicio nacional de información . Dirección,
número de fax y dirección de correo electrónico (en su caso) de otra institución:
Internati onal Affairs Office (AINTE)
(Asesoría de Asuntos Internacionales)
Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA)
(Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria)
Teléfono : +(55 61) 3462 5402/5404/5406
Correo electrónico : [email protected]
Texto(s) disponible(s) en : [ ] Organismo nacional encargado de la notificación,
[X] Servicio nacional de información . Dirección, número de fax y dirección de correo
electrónico (en su caso) de otra institución:
International Affairs Office (AINTE)
(Asesoría de Asu ntos Internacionales)
Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA)
(Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria)
Teléfono : +(55 61) 3462 5402/5404/5406
Correo electrónico : [email protected]
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Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Original: Spanish
NOTIFICATION
Corrigendum
The following communication, received on 3 1 August 2 021, is being circulated at the request of the
delegation of Mexico .
_______________
Decision amending the similar decision giving notification of the National Emblem for Organic
Products and establishing the general rules for its use on the labels of products certified as organic,
published on 2 5 October 2 013
The present notification has been removed from the SPS platform, as it was notified in document
G/TBT/N/MEX/500 through the TBT platform.
Text(s) available from : [ ] National Notification Authority, [X] National Enquiry Point .
Address, fax number and email address (if available) of other body:
Secretaría de Economía (Ministry of the Econom y)
Unidad de Normatividad, Competitividad y Competencia (Unit for Standardization,
Competitiveness and Competition)
César Osvaldo Orozco Arce : [email protected]
Tania Daniela Fosado Soriano : [email protected]
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Comité de Agricultura
CUESTIONES PLANTEADAS POR LOS MIEMBROS
DURANTE EL PROCESO DE EXAMEN
RECOPILACIÓN DE PREGUNTAS PARA LA REUNIÓN DE LOS
DÍAS 22 Y 23 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 20201
En el presente documento se recopilan las preguntas recibidas por la Secretaría hasta la fecha límite
del 7 de septiembre de 2020 indicada en el aerograma WTO/AIR/AG/44.
_______________
1 El presente documento ha sido elaborado bajo la responsabilidad de la Secretaría y se entiende sin
perjuicio de las posiciones de los Miembros ni de sus derechos y obligaciones en el marco de la OMC. G/AG/W/207
- 2 -
ÍNDICE
1 CUESTIONES RELACIONADAS CON LA APLICACIÓN DE LOS COMPROMISOS:
ARTÍCULO 18.6 ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 7
1.1 China - Medidas adoptadas en la frontera para evitar la transmisión de la COVID -19 .......... 7
1.1.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95045) ................................ ................................ . 7
1.2 Exportaciones de productos agropecuarios por empresas de propiedad estatal de China ..... 7
1.2.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95023) ................................ ... 7
1.2.2 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95024) ................................ ... 7
1.2.3 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95025) ................................ ... 8
1.3 Unión Europea - Acuerdo de Reducción Arancelaria UE -EE.UU. ................................ ........ 8
1.3.1 Pregunta de China (AG -IMS ID 95048) ................................ ................................ ...... 8
1.4 Estados Unidos - Acuerdo de Reducción Arancelaria UE -EE.UU. ................................ ....... 8
1.4.1 Pregunta de China (AG -IMS ID 95073) ................................ ................................ ...... 8
1.5 UE - Programas nacionales de ayuda estatal en respuesta a la COVID -19 ......................... 9
1.5.1 Pregunta de Nueva Zelandia (AG -IMS ID 95049) ................................ ........................ 9
1.6 UE- Ayuda de Francia e Italia al sector del vino ................................ ............................. 9
1.6.1 Pregunta de Nueva Zelandia (AG -IMS ID 95050) ................................ ........................ 9
1.7 Gravámenes variables a la importación impuestos por la UE a los cereales ........................ 9
1.7.1 Pregunta del Brasil (AG -IMS ID 95001) ................................ ................................ ..... 9
1.8 India- Fondo para el Desarrollo de la Infraestructura Ganadera ................................ ....... 9
1.8.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95054) ................................ ................................ . 9
1.9 India - Fondo para la Infraestructura Agrí cola ................................ ............................. 10
1.9.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95055) ................................ ............................... 10
1.10 India - Programa de Remisión de Derechos e Impuestos sobre los Productos Exportados . 10
1.10.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95033) ................................ 10
1.11 Indonesia - Permiso de importación para el arroz ................................ ...................... 10
1.11.1 Pregunta del Japón (AG -IMS ID 95058) ................................ ................................ . 10
1.12 Prohibición de las importaciones impuesta por Nepal ................................ .................. 11
1.12.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95034) ................................ 11
1.13 Modificaciones propuestas por Noruega a su Lista XIV relativa a las mercancías ............. 11
1.13.1 Pregunta de Nueva Zelandia (AG -IMS ID 95065) ................................ .................... 11
1.14 Restricciones a la importación impuestas por la Federación de Rusia en respuesta a
la COVID -19 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 11
1.14.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95066) ................................ .............................. 11
1.15 Federación de Rusia - Contingente de exportación permanente para los cereales ........... 12
1.15.1 Pregunta de la Unió n Europea (AG -IMS ID 95067) ................................ .................. 12
1.16 Programa de Subvenciones de la Federación de Rusia para los Cereales ........................ 12
1.16.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95040) ................................ 12
1.17 Ayuda de Tailandia al sector del azúcar ................................ ................................ .... 13
1.17.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95069) ................................ .............................. 13 G/AG/W/207
- 3 -
1.18 Aranceles aplicados de Turquía ................................ ................................ ............... 13
1.18.1 Pregunta del Japón (AG -IMS ID 95070) ................................ ................................ . 13
1.19 Turquía - Verificación del régimen de perfeccionamiento activo ................................ ..... 13
1.19.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95039) ................................ 13
1.20 Control en fronte ra del Reino Unido durante el período de transición del Brexit .............. 14
1.20.1 Pregunta del Brasil (AG -IMS ID 95002) ................................ ................................ . 14
1.21 Notificaciones del cuadro DS.1 de los Estados Unidos ................................ ................. 14
1.21.1 Pregunta de Nueva Zelandia (AG -IMS ID 95075) ................................ .................... 14
1.22 Pagos directos de los Estados Unidos a los agricultores ................................ ............... 15
1.22.1 Pregunta del Canadá (AG -IMS ID 95072) ................................ ............................... 15
1.23 Políticas de ayuda interna de los Estados Unidos ................................ ....................... 15
1.23.1 Pregunta de la India (AG -IMS ID 95015) ................................ ............................... 15
1.24 Mecanismo de Asistencia para el Transporte Internacional de Australia ......................... 15
1.24.1 Pregunta del Canadá (AG-IMS ID 95041) ................................ ............................... 15
1.24.2 Pregunta del Canadá (AG -IMS ID 95042) ................................ ............................... 16
1.24.3 Pregunta de la India (AG -IMS ID 95008) ................................ ............................... 16
1.25 Préstamos subvencionados por el Brasil ................................ ................................ ... 17
1.25.1 Pregunta de la India (AG -IMS ID 95009) ................................ ............................... 17
1.26 Contingente de trigo del Brasil ................................ ................................ ................ 17
1.26.1 Pregunta de la India (AG -IMS ID 95010) ................................ ............................... 17
1.27 Canadá - Organismo de Crédito Agrícola del Canadá ................................ .................. 18
1.27.1 Pregunta de la India (AG -IMS ID 95011) ................................ ............................... 18
1.28 Nueva clase de ingredientes lácteos del Canadá ................................ ........................ 18
1.28.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95005) ................................ 18
1.28.2 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95006) ................................ 18
1.28.3 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95146) ................................ 18
1.29 Proceso de consultas del Canadá sobre los contingentes ................................ ............. 19
1.29.1 Pregunta de Nueva Zelan dia (AG -IMS ID 95043) ................................ .................... 19
1.30 China - Acuerdo Económico y Comercial entre China y los Estados Unidos ..................... 19
1.30.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95044) ................................ .............................. 19
1.31 Estados Unidos - Acuerdo Económico y Comercial entre China y los Estados Unidos ........ 20
1.31.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95071) ................................ .............................. 20
1.32 Medidas de ayuda de la UE en respuesta a la COVID -19 ................................ ............. 21
1.32.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95046) ................................ .............................. 21
1.32.2 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95047) ................................ .............................. 21
1.33 Políticas ambientales de la UE ................................ ................................ ................. 21
1.33.1 Pregunta de Colombia (AG -IMS ID 95116) y el Paraguay (AG -IMS ID 950 98) ............. 21
1.33.2 Pregunta del Paraguay (AG -IMS ID 95097) ................................ ............................ 22
1.34 Política de la UE en materia de intervención ................................ .............................. 22
1.34.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95026) ................................ 22 G/AG/W/207
- 4 -
1.34.2 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95027) ................................ 22
1.34.3 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95028) ................................ 23
1.34.4 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95029) ................................ 23
1.35 Asistencia de la India al transporte y la comercialización ................................ ............. 23
1.35.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95051) ................................ .............................. 23
1.36 Políticas de la India relativas a las leg uminosas ................................ ......................... 23
1.36.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95052) ................................ .............................. 23
1.36.2 Pregunta del Canadá (AG -IMS ID 95056) ................................ ............................... 24
1.36.3 Pregunta de la Federación de Rusia (AG -IMS ID 95057) ................................ ........... 24
1.37 Políticas de la India relativas al azúcar ................................ ................................ ..... 25
1.37.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95053) ................................ .............................. 25
1.38 Notificaciones en forma de cuadro DS.1 de la India ................................ .................... 27
1.38.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95030) ................................ 27
1.38.2 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95031) ................................ 27
1.38.3 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95032) ................................ 27
1.39 Paquete de ayuda del Japón ................................ ................................ ................... 28
1.39.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95059) ................................ .............................. 28
1.40 Régimen de contingentes para la importación de Mongolia ................................ .......... 28
1.40.1 Pregunta de la Federación de Rusia (AG -IMS ID 95060) ................................ ........... 28
1.41 Programa de Capacidad de Transporte Aéreo de Carga Internacional de Nueva Zelandia . 28
1.41.1 Pregunta del Canadá (AG -IMS ID 95061) ................................ ............................... 28
1.42 Notificaciones del cuadro DS de Nigeria ................................ ................................ .... 29
1.42.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95062) ................................ .............................. 29
1.43 Nigeria - Restricciones cambiarias en relación con las impo rtaciones de productos
lácteos y maíz ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 29
1.43.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95035) ................................ 29
1.44 Prohibiciones a la importación de determinados productos agropecuarios establecidas
por Nigeria ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 30
1.44.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95064) ................................ .............................. 30
1.45 Subvenciones a la exportación de la Federación de Rusia ................................ ............ 30
1.45.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95036) ................................ 30
1.45.2 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95037) ................................ 31
1.46 Subvención de la Federación de Rusia al transporte por ferrocarril de las exportaciones
(Resolución Nº 1104) ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 31
1.46.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95068) ................................ 31
1.47 Contingente de exportación de la Federación de Rusia ................................ ................ 32
1.47.1 Pregunta del Canadá (AG -IMS ID 95012) ................................ ............................... 32
1.48 Turquía - Junta de Cereales de Turquía (TMO) ................................ ........................... 32
1.48.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95 038) ................................ 32
1.49 Estados Unidos: Programa de Asistencia Alimentaria relacionada con el Coronavirus ....... 33
1.49.1 Pregunta de la India (AG -IMS ID 95014) ................................ ............................... 33 G/AG/W/207
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1.49.2 Pregunta de Nueva Zelandia (AG -IMS ID 95074) ................................ .................... 33
2 CUESTIONES PLANTEADAS EN RELACIÓN CON LAS DISTINTAS NOTIFICACIONES ... 33
2.1 Importaciones en el marco de com promisos sobre contingentes arancelarios y de otro
tipo (cuadro MA.2) ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 33
2.1.1 Australia (G/AG/N/AUS/135) ................................ ................................ ................. 33
2.1.2 República Dominicana (G/AG/N/DOM/36) ................................ ................................ 34
2.1.3 Japón (G/AG/N/JPN/253) ................................ ................................ ...................... 34
2.2 Salvaguardias especiales para la agricultura (cuadros MA.3 a MA.5) ............................... 34
2.2.1 Unión Europea (G/AG/N/EU/62) ................................ ................................ ............. 34
2.3 Compromisos en materia de ayuda interna (cuadro DS.1) ................................ ............ 35
2.3.1 Australia (G/AG/N/AUS/129) ................................ ................................ ................. 35
2.3.2 República Dominicana (G/AG/N/DOM/43) ................................ ................................ 35
2.3.3 Unión Europea (G/AG/N/EU/61, G/AG/N/EU/55) ................................ ....................... 36
2.3.4 Georgia (G/AG/N/GEO/23) ................................ ................................ .................... 37
2.3.5 Georgia (G/AG/N/GEO/23) ................................ ................................ .................... 37
2.3.6 India (G/AG/N/IND/18) ................................ ................................ ........................ 38
2.3.7 Japón (G/AG/N/JPN/254) ................................ ................................ ...................... 42
2.3.8 Panamá (G/AG/N/PAN/54) ................................ ................................ .................... 44
2.3.9 Federación de Rusia (G/AG/N/RUS/29) ................................ ................................ ... 44
2.3.10 Turquía (G/AG/N/TUR/36, G/AG/N/TUR/37) ................................ ........................... 46
2.3.11 Estados Unidos de América (G/AG/N/USA/123, G/AG/N/USA/135) ............................ 47
2.4 Introducción o modificación de medidas de ayuda interna (cuadro DS.2) ........................ 49
2.4.1 Australia (G/AG/N/AUS/130) ................................ ................................ ................. 49
2.4.2 Nueva Zelandia (G/AG/N/NZL/118) ................................ ................................ ........ 49
2.5 Notificaciones de subvenciones a la exportación (cuadros ES.1, ES.2 y ES.3) .................. 50
2.5.1 Australia (G/AG/N/AUS/127) ................................ ................................ ................. 50
2.6 Prohibiciones y restricciones a la exportación (cuadro ER.1) ................................ .......... 50
2.6.1 República Kirguisa (G/AG /N/KGZ/8) ................................ ................................ ....... 50
2.6.2 Viet Nam (G/AG/N/VNM/13) ................................ ................................ .................. 50
3 NOTIFICACIONES PENDIENTES ................................ ................................ ................ 50
3.1 Australia ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 50
3.2 Turquía ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 51
4 DEBATE ESPECÍFICO SOBRE LA COMPETENCIA DE LAS EXPORTACIONES ................ 51
4.1 Argentina ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 51
4.2 Australia ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 51
4.3 Brasil ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 52
4.4 China ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 52
4.5 Colombia ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 53
4.6 Unión Europea ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 54
4.7 India ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 55
4.8 Indonesia ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 55 G/AG/W/207
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4.9 Israel ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 55
4.10 Nueva Zelandia ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 55
4.11 Noruega ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 56
4.12 Pakistán ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 56
4.13 Federación de Rusia ................................ ................................ .............................. 56
4.14 Tailandia ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 57
4.15 Estados Unidos de América ................................ ................................ .................... 58
4.16 Venezuela, República Bolivariana de ................................ ................................ ........ 58
G/AG/W/207
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1 CUESTIONES RELACIONADAS CON LA APLICACIÓN DE LOS COMPROMISOS:
ARTÍCULO 18.6
1.1 China - Medidas adoptadas en la frontera para evitar la transmisión de la COVID -19
1.1.1 Pregunta de Austr alia (AG -IMS ID 95045)
Australia señala la aplicación por China de varias medidas en su frontera destinadas a impedir la
transmisión de la COVID -19, incluidos los ensayos de los productos agropecuarios importados y sus
envases para detectar la COVID -19. Australia es partidaria de que los Miembros apliquen medidas
destinadas a luchar contra la propagación de la COVID -19 y observamos el compromiso compartido
de velar por que las medidas de urgencia sean selectivas, proporcionadas, transparentes y
temporales, no creen obstáculos innecesarios al comercio ni perturben las cadenas de suministro
mundiales, y sean compatibles con las normas de la OMC.
Teniendo esto presente, se ruega a China que indique:
a. La razón de política de estas medidas, teniendo en cuenta la información de la
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) y la
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) según la cual hasta la fecha no hay pruebas
científicas de que la COVID -19 sea transmisible a través de productos alimenticios y
agropecuarios.
b. Las consideraciones de política/los umbrales para levantar estas medidas, incluidos los
posibles plazos para garantizar que el comercio agropecuario no se vea afectado
innecesariamente por la COVID -19.
1.2 Exportaciones de productos agropecuarios por empresas de propiedad estatal de
China
1.2.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95023)
Para todos los productos agropecuarios exportados por empresas de propiedad estatal:
a. Sírvanse indicar el precio medio de exportación, el precio medio de adquisición y el
precio medio representativo de las ventas en el mercado interno que se solicitan en el
cuadro II del cuestionario sobre competencia de las exportaciones. Si no se dispone de
esa información, sírvanse explica r por qué no.
b. Sírvanse enumerar los destinos de exportación del arroz y el tabaco en el año 2017 y
del maíz y el algodón en los años 2016 y 2017. Si no es posible facilitar esa información,
sírvanse explicar por qué no.
c. Sírvanse actualizar el cuestionari o sobre competencia de las exportaciones de 2020 con
los datos de 2018 y 2019.
1.2.2 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95024)
Según datos aduaneros, China exportó las siguientes cantidades de arroz entre 2017 y 2020.
Año 2017 2018 2019 2020 (e nero a junio)
Cantidad exportada
(toneladas) 1.195.755 2.089.298 2.747.499 1.361.266
a. De estas exportaciones, ¿cuánto (cantidad) exportaron las empresas comerciales del
Estado?
b. De las exportaciones realizadas por las empresas comerciales del Estado ¿qué volumen
de existencias públicas se mantenían anteriormente? Si procede, ¿en qué año se
adquirieron esas existencias? G/AG/W/207
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1.2.3 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95025)
A partir de las estadísticas de la Administración de Aduanas de Chi na, los Estados Unidos entienden
que, en 2017, China exportó 4.000 toneladas métricas de arroz a Puerto Rico a un precio de
USD 370/tm o 2.180 RMB/tm. En ese momento, China aplicaba un precio mínimo de sostenimiento
de 2.600 RMB/tm al mismo tipo de arroz c on cáscara (paddy). Durante el mismo período, el precio
medio en el mercado mayorista nacional para el arroz Japonica blanqueado se situaba entre
4.200 RMB/tm y 4.800 RMB/tm.
En 2018 China exportó 64.250 tm a un precio de USD 352/tm, y 63.000 tm en 2019 a un precio de
USD 317/tm.
Además, habida cuenta de que China ha señalado en su notificación de empresas comerciales del
Estado que "[l]os precios de exportación de las empresas se fijan en función de los precios del
mercado internacional y la oferta en el m ercado interno, así como teniendo en cuenta el precio de
costo más los gastos de distribución (derechos por concepto de almacenamiento y transporte,
intereses bancarios y derechos de inspección, entre otros)":
a. Sírvanse explicar por qué los precios por ton elada métrica de arroz exportado a Puerto
Rico fueron considerablemente inferiores en 2018 y 2019 en comparación con 2017, y
por qué estos precios de exportación son de momento inferiores al precio mínimo de
sostenimiento para el arroz.
1.3 Unión Europea - Acuerdo de Reducción Arancelaria UE -EE.UU.
1.3.1 Pregunta de China (AG -IMS ID 95048)
China celebra el acuerdo alcanzado entre los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea el 21 de agosto
relativo a la reducción de los aranceles aplicados a determinados produc tos agropecuarios y no
agropecuarios que, según se ha anunciado, se elaboró sobre una base NMF. Con arreglo a la
declaración conjunta del USTR y el Comisario de Comercio de la UE, este conjunto de reducciones
arancelarias tiene por objeto marcar "el comien zo de un proceso que contribuirá al establecimiento
de acuerdos adicionales que creen un comercio trasatlántico más libre, justo y recíproco". Por lo
tanto, deseamos lograr que haya transparencia en relación con este acuerdo de liberalización del
comercio y para ello pedimos a los Estados Unidos y a la UE que proporcionen información relativa
a la importación de los productos de que se trate para los tres últimos años, incluidos el volumen y
el valor del comercio, cualquiera que sea el origen partida por pa rtida, lo cual resultará útil para
supervisar la aplicación del acuerdo y garantizar los efectos positivos sobre la promoción del
comercio bilateral y la mejora del sistema multilateral de comercio.
1.4 Estados Unidos - Acuerdo de Reducción Arancelaria UE -EE.UU.
1.4.1 Pregunta de China (AG -IMS ID 95073)
China celebra el acuerdo alcanzado entre los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea el 21 de agosto
relativo a la reducción de los aranceles aplicados a determinados productos agropecuarios y no
agropecuarios, que se ha an unciado que se elaboró sobre una base NMF. Con arreglo a la declaración
conjunta del USTR y el Comisario de Comercio de la UE, este conjunto de reducciones arancelarias
tiene por objeto marcar "el comienzo de un proceso que contribuirá al establecimiento d e acuerdos
adicionales que creen un comercio trasatlántico más libre, justo y recíproco". Por lo tanto, deseamos
lograr que haya transparencia en relación con este acuerdo de liberalización del comercio y para ello
pedimos a los Estados Unidos y a la UE qu e proporcionen información relativa a la importación de
los productos de que se trate para los tres últimos años, incluidos el volumen y el valor del comercio,
cualquiera que sea el origen partida por partida, lo cual resultará útil para supervisar la apli cación
del acuerdo y garantizar los efectos positivos sobre la promoción del comercio bilateral y la mejora
del sistema multilateral de comercio. G/AG/W/207
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1.5 UE - Programas nacionales de ayuda estatal en respuesta a la COVID -19
1.5.1 Pregunta de Nueva Zelandia (AG -IMS ID 95 049)
Varios Estados miembros de la Unión Europea han anunciado programas nacionales de ayuda estatal
dedicados al sector agrícola en respuesta a la crisis generada por la COVID -19. Con respecto a los
programas específicos enumerados infra, nos gustaría sab er i) qué parte de la cuantía asignada ha
sido distribuida ya a los agricultores, y ii) cuáles han sido, según las evaluaciones realizadas, los
efectos sobre los precios y los niveles de producción actuales y futuros de los productos de que se
trate.
1. Ayuda de Irlanda al sector de la carne de bovino (EUR 50 millones) SA.58387;
2. Ayuda de Lituania a los productores de animales de la especie bovina y leche
(EUR 30,5 millones) SA.57514;
3. Ayuda de Eslovenia a la carne y los productos lácteos (se anunciará) SA.7139 y
SA.57140;
4. Ayuda de los Países Bajos al sector de la patata (EUR 50 millones) SA.57217;
5. Ayuda de Bélgica al sector de la patata (EUR 10 millones) SA.58014.
1.6 UE- Ayuda de Francia e Italia al sector del vino
1.6.1 Pregunta de Nueva Zelandia (AG -IMS ID 95050)
Con respecto a la ayuda anunciada para los sectores vitivinícolas francés e italiano, ¿puede la UE
aclarar si estos fondos constituyen ayuda estatal o si proceden de los presupuestos nacionales de
apoyo existentes, y de manera similar a la pregun ta anterior de Nueva Zelandia, indicar i) qué parte
de la cuantía asignada ha sido ya distribuida, y ii) cuáles han sido, según las evaluaciones realizadas,
los efectos sobre los precios y los niveles de producción actuales y futuros del vino?
a. Ayuda de Fr ancia al sector del vino (EUR 246 millones);
b. Ayuda de Italia al sector del vino (EUR 100 millones).
1.7 Gravámenes variables a la importación impuestos por la UE a los cereales
1.7.1 Pregunta del Brasil (AG -IMS ID 95001)
A lo largo del año, el Brasil ha observado q ue la UE ha aplicado gravámenes variables a la
importación a fin de mantener precios mínimos de importación para diversos tipos de cereales.
Habida cuenta de ello, se ruega a la UE que responda a las siguientes preguntas:
a. ¿Cuántas veces ha modificado la UE sus aranceles aplicados para los cereales desde
enero de 2020?
b. ¿Cómo da a conocer la UE esas modificaciones al sector privado?
c. ¿Tienen esas modificaciones un efecto inmediato? ¿Se aplica un trato específico a los
envíos en camino?
1.8 India - Fondo para el Desarrollo de la Infraestructura Ganadera
1.8.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95054)
El 12 de mayo, el Primer Ministro Modi anunció un conjunto especial de medidas económicas y de
ayuda, que incluía varias medidas de creación de capacidad para lo s sectores agropecuario y de
elaboración de productos alimenticios. G/AG/W/207
- 10 -
Una de las medidas anunciadas fue el establecimiento del Fondo para el Desarrollo de la
Infraestructura Ganadera, que tiene por objeto apoyar la inversión privada en la elaboración de
productos lácteos, la adición de valor y la infraestructura para la alimentación de ganado. En el
anuncio se señalaba que "[s]e otorgarán incentivos a la creación de plantas para la exportación de
productos especializados".
Se ruega a la India que dé más detal les de los incentivos que se otorgarán a la creación de plantas
para la exportación de productos especializados, en particular:
i. qué productos tendrán derecho a los incentivos; y
ii. cuáles son esos incentivos.
1.9 India - Fondo para la Infraestructura Agrícola
1.9.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95055)
El 9 de agosto, el Primer Ministro Modi anunció el Fondo para la Infraestructura Agrícola, que es un
servicio de financiación de deudas a medio y largo plazo destinado a proyectos de inversión para la
creación de infrae structura de gestión poscosecha y activos agrícolas comunitarios, en particular,
para que el sector agrícola pueda ser competitivo a nivel mundial. Las directrices del programa para
el Fondo indican que los proyectos admisibles incluyen la concesión de inf raestructura de la cadena
de suministro para los "bloques de cultivos, incluidos los bloques de exportación".
Se ruega a la India que proporcione más detalles de cómo se otorgarán los fondos para los proyectos,
en particular:
i. ¿Qué cultivos se incluyen en l a definición de "grupo de exportación "?
1.10 India - Programa de Remisión de Derechos e Impuestos sobre los Productos
Exportados
1.10.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95033)
Los Estados Unidos entienden que la India ha presentado el Programa de R emisión de Derechos e
Impuestos sobre los Productos Exportados y que varios productos agropecuarios, incluido el arroz,
reúnen los requisitos para acogerse a este programa que, según se informa, sustituye al Programa
de Exportaciones de Mercancías de la In dia (MEIS).
a. ¿Qué productos agropecuarios tienen derecho a beneficiarse de esta medida?
b. Sírvanse proporcionar una explicación de esta medida, en particular, qué derechos e
impuestos específicos pueden ser objeto de un reembolso en el caso de los productos
agropecuarios como el arroz.
1.11 Indonesia - Permiso de importación para el arroz
1.11.1 Pregunta del Japón (AG -IMS ID 95058)
El Japón reconoce que los importadores de arroz a Indonesia deben obtener un permiso de
importación del Ministerio de Comercio antes de la importación, con arreglo a la reglamentación
pertinente. Sin embargo, recientemente no se ha importado arroz japonés porque los importadores
no pueden obtener el permiso debido a la demora sustancial que ha sufrido el proceso.
En las consultas bilaterales mantenidas a comienzos del verano, Indonesia acordó verificar la
situación, respondiendo a las preocupaciones expresadas por el Japón. Dado que no se ha facilitado
información desde entonces y no se han observado mejoras, la preocupación del Japón acerca d e
esta cuestión es cada vez más seria. G/AG/W/207
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El Japón desea que Indonesia resuelva este problema con prontitud y aclare la situación de la
demora, así como lo que se ha examinado, y que indique las medidas de mejora que ha adoptado.
1.12 Prohibición de las importacio nes impuesta por Nepal
1.12.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95034)
El 29 de marzo de 2020, el Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Abastecimientos del Gobierno de
Nepal promulgó una prohibición para varios productos básicos de todos los orígenes, con inclusión
de los guisantes secos, las nueces de betel, los dátiles secos, la pimienta negra, los aguardientes y
los vehículos de lujo.
a. Sírvanse indicar el motivo de la prohibición y especificar el período en el que es probable
que se mantenga la prohibición.
b. ¿Cómo cumple esto el párrafo 2 del artículo 4 del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura, teniendo
especialmente en cuenta la nota a pie 1?
1.13 Modificaciones propuestas por Noruega a su Lista XIV relativa a las mercancías
1.13.1 Pregunta de Nueva Zelandia (AG -IMS ID 95065)
Nueva Zelandia hace referencia al documento G/MA/TAR/RS/592 de 17 de diciembre de 2019, en el
que Noruega propuso modificaciones de su Lista XIV relativa a las mercancías, eliminando
determinados contingentes acordados como parte de los resu ltados de la Ronda Uruguay en materia
de acceso a los mercados.
Noruega sostiene que la eliminación de estos volúmenes contingentarios es una "rectificación " de
conformidad con la Decisión de 26 de marzo de 1980 (C/M/139) relativa a los procedimientos para
la modificación o rectificación de las listas de concesiones arancelarias (los "Procedimientos de
1980") y que no cambia el alcance de las concesiones ofrecidas por Noruega, dado que los derechos
consolidados dentro del contingente son iguales a los conso lidados fuera del contingente.
Nueva Zelandia disiente de esta interpretación y considera que la eliminación de los volúmenes
contingentarios no es "de pura forma " como prevé el párrafo 2 de los Procedimientos de 1980. En
particular nos preocupa que:
• se eliminarían 211 contingentes individuales, incluidos muchos productos de interés
para Nueva Zelandia. Esto representa la mayor parte de las concesiones arancelarias
actuales de Noruega.
• En cualquier negociación futura sobre el acceso a los mercados que abor de la cuestión
de los aranceles dentro del contingente o la ampliación de los volúmenes de
contingentes arancelarios, los Miembros podrían esperar razonablemente que Noruega
hiciera concesiones sobre esos productos para los que hay volúmenes contingentario s
consignados.
• Estos contingentes constituyeron una parte fundamental de los debates sobre el acceso
a los mercados en la Ronda Uruguay. Si los volúmenes no hubieran sido importantes
para los Miembros, no se habrían consignado de esta manera.
¿Puede Norueg a explicar cómo no se consideran sustantivos los cambios propuestos?
1.14 Restricciones a la importación impuestas por la Federación de Rusia en respuesta a
la COVID -19
1.14.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95066)
Australia entiende que la Federación de Rusia ha apl icado restricciones a la importación de varios
productos agropecuarios en respuesta a los efectos de la COVID -19. La lista de productos sujetos a G/AG/W/207
- 12 -
restricciones, según el Decreto Nº 445 promulgado por el Primer Ministro Mishustin, incluye, pero
no exclusiva mente: pescado, carne de bovino, ternera, carne de porcino, aves de corral, productos
lácteos, arroz, azúcar y hortalizas. Con respecto a estas restricciones a la importación, se ruega a
la Federación de Rusia que indique a los Miembros:
a. la razón de política de estas medidas.
b. el plazo de aplicación previsto de estas medidas.
c. los fundamentos de estas medidas en el marco de la OMC.
d. el impacto previsto sobre las importaciones rusas de cada producto incluido en el
Decreto Nº 445, i. por ejemplo, el promed io de las importaciones de cada producto en
los últimos años frente a los volúmenes de importación registrados y/o previstos en el
año en curso o años futuros.
1.15 Federación de Rusia - Contingente de exportación permanente para los cereales
1.15.1 Pregunta de la Uni ón Europea (AG -IMS ID 95067)
La Federación de Rusia prevé introducir con carácter permanente un contingente de exportación de
cereales fijado en abril -junio de 2020 en respuesta a la pandemia de COVID -19, según informó TASS
a mediados de julio. El Ministro de Agricultura Dmitry Patrushev declaró: "Queremos que el
mecanismo de contingentes pase a ser constante. Tenemos previsto determinar los parámetros de
los contingentes junto con los participantes en el mercado después de recibir los datos definitivos
sobre la cosecha de la nueva temporada - presumiblemente en octubre del año en curso".
Según TASS, la Federación de Rusia debería exportar 45 millones de toneladas de cereales en la
temporada 2020/2021, que comenzó el 1 de julio. El Ministerio de Agricultura espera una cosecha
de cereales de 122,5 de millones de toneladas en 2020.
La Federación de Rusia, en el marco de su adhesión a la OMC (WT/ACC/RUS/70 - WT/MIN(11)/2)
se comprometió a cumplir el artículo XI del GATT (párrafo 647, página 179):
647. En respues ta a la pregunta de un Miembro, el representante de la Federación de Rusia confirmó
que, a partir de la fecha de adhesión a la OMC, la Federación de Rusia aplicaría esas restricciones
cuantitativas de las exportaciones de conformidad con las disposiciones del artículo XI del GATT
de 1994 y del artículo 12 del Acuerdo de la OMC sobre la Agricultura.
El artículo XI.2 a) del GATT dispone lo siguiente: " Prohibiciones o restricciones a la exportación
aplicadas temporalmente para prevenir o remediar una escasez a guda de productos alimenticios
o de otros productos esenciales para la parte contratante exportadora .
La introducción de una restricción a la exportación permanente constituirá una infracción del Acuerdo
sobre la Agricultura y estará en contradicción direc ta con la respuesta dada por la Federación de
Rusia en el proceso de adhesión. ¿Puede la Federación de Rusia confirmar que respetará el Acuerdo
sobre la Agricultura y que no se introducirán restricciones a la exportación permanentes? La UE
subraya que, en su opinión, un contingente de exportación temporal anual y repetitivo constituye
una infracción del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura.
1.16 Programa de Subvenciones de la Federación de Rusia para los Cereales
1.16.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 9504 0)
El 15 de agosto de 2019, la Federación de Rusia aprobó una estrategia para el desarrollo del sector
de cereales a largo plazo a fin de reforzar su posición como productor y proveedor mundial de
cereales para 2035. Se estima que el programa de subvencion es ascenderá a 8.000 millones de
rublos (aproximadamente USD 120 millones) antes de 2024.
a. Sírvanse confirmar si la estrategia incluye subvenciones de insumos para la compra de
nuevos equipos agrícolas, con inclusión de cosechadoras y tractores y otros insu mos. G/AG/W/207
- 13 -
1.17 Ayuda de Tailandia al sector del azúcar
1.17.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95069)
Australia entiende que Tailandia ha aprobado medidas de ayuda para su sector azucarero, que ha
sufrido las distorsiones causadas por la COVID -19. Entendemos que el paquete de medidas de ayuda
alcanza un valor de THB 10.000 millones (unos USD 320 millones).
¿Podría Tailandia facilitar información sobre este paquete de medidas de ayuda, con inclusión de
los detalles siguientes:
a. las diferentes partes de ese paquete de medidas de ayuda?;
b. los objetivos de política de cada parte?; y
c. la forma en que se calculan los pagos correspondientes a cada parte?
1.18 Aranceles aplicados de Turquía
1.18.1 Pregunta del Japón (AG -IMS ID 95070)
a. El Japón reconoce que Turquía ha introducido aranceles adicionales sobre determinados
productos y ha ampliado la gama de productos sujetos a los aranceles aumentados
desde el pasado mes de abril; la introducción de aranceles a menudo se anuncia
públicamente sin previo aviso. Nos preocupa la falta de previsibil idad. Aun cuando el
Japón entiende que los aranceles adicionales están dentro de los niveles consolidados,
agradeceríamos que Turquía aclarara las razones en que se basan dichos aranceles
adicionales y las fechas previstas de retirada, y también que expliq ue si se han
previsto/programado medidas similares, a saber, la imposición de aranceles adicionales,
así como el contexto general de la necesidad de adoptar esas medidas. Esta información
sería esencial para garantizar la transparencia y estabilidad de las empresas entre los
dos países.
b. El Japón reconoce que recientemente Turquía comenzó a otorgar acceso libre de
derechos a un Miembro para determinados productos agropecuarios. El Japón
agradecería que Turquía aclarara la situación e indicara cuándo se otorg a el mismo
acceso a otros Miembros con arreglo al principio de trato de la nación más favorecida.
c. Asimismo, el Japón señala que algunos de esos productos (por ejemplo, el chocolate)
para los que Turquía recientemente comenzó a otorgar acceso libre de derec hos a un
Miembro al parecer están sujetos a aranceles adicionales cuando son importados de
otros Miembros. El Japón agradecería que Turquía proporcionara aclaraciones.
1.19 Turquía - Verificación del régimen de perfeccionamiento activo
1.19.1 Pregunta de los Estados Un idos de América (AG -IMS ID 95039)
Turquía es uno de los mayores exportadores mundiales de productos de trigo, especialmente harina
y pasta. Prácticamente todas estas exportaciones se efectúan en régimen de perfeccionamiento
activo, que permite importar tri go en franquicia arancelaria para una cantidad equivalente de
exportaciones de productos de trigo.
a. Sírvanse enumerar los códigos arancelarios de 12 dígitos de los productos incluidos en
el capítulo 10 de la lista arancelaria que pueden ser importados en ré gimen de
perfeccionamiento activo.
b. Sírvanse asimismo enumerar los códigos arancelarios de 12 dígitos de los productos
elaborados resultantes producidos a partir de insumos incluidos en el capítulo 10. G/AG/W/207
- 14 -
Los Estados Unidos tratan de entender cómo aplica Turqu ía su sistema de verificación en el marco
del régimen de perfeccionamiento activo para asegurarse de que sea apropiado para los productos
de trigo, que se pueden mezclar fácilmente.
c. Sírvanse proporcionar los enlaces web a los certificados aplicables neces arios para
importar trigo y exportar productos a base de trigo que incorporan trigo nacional. Si
estos certificados no están a disposición del público, sírvanse indicar por qué no; se
ruega al Gobierno turco que proporcione copias que contengan la informac ión requerida.
d. Sírvanse enumerar los criterios relativos a la cantidad, la calidad y las características
del trigo y de los productos de trigo que se exigen en el marco del sistema de
verificación.
1.20 Control en frontera del Reino Unido durante el período de transición del Brexit
1.20.1 Pregunta del Brasil (AG -IMS ID 95002)
Entre los preparativos del Reino Unido para el final del período de transición, según varios informes
el Reino Unido introducirá gradualmente controles en frontera cuando concluya el pe ríodo de
transición en diciembre de 2020 para que las empresas afectadas por la COVID tengan tiempo para
adaptarse a los cambios. En cuanto a los productos agropecuarios, la información de que se dispone
indica lo siguiente:
- Desde abril de 2021, todos los productos de origen animal -por ejemplo, la carne, los
alimentos para animales de compañía, la miel, la leche o los productos a base de huevo -
y todos los vegetales y productos vegetales regulados también requerirán la notificación
previa y la documentació n sanitaria pertinente.
- A partir de julio de 2021, los comerciantes que transporten todas las mercancías tendrán
que presentar sus declaraciones en el punto de importación y pagar los aranceles
pertinentes. Se exigirán declaraciones de total seguridad, mi entras que para los
productos sanitarios y fitosanitarios se aumentarán los controles físicos y la toma de
muestras: los controles de animales, vegetales y sus productos se realizarán en los
puestos de control fronterizos del Reino Unido.
A la luz de lo an terior, se ruega al Reino Unido que responda a las siguientes preguntas:
a. ¿Es exacta la información supra ? ¿Qué más conlleva la introducción gradual de controles
en frontera en lo que respecta al comercio de productos agropecuarios?
b. ¿Recibirán el mismo trat o todos los productos agropecuarios de cada socio comercial?
c. En el caso de que la respuesta a la pregunta supra sea negativa, ¿cómo cumple esta
política la cláusula NMF?
1.21 Notificaciones del cuadro DS.1 de los Estados Unidos
1.21.1 Pregunta de Nueva Zelandia (AG -IMS ID 95075)
Nueva Zelandia espera con interés recibir oportunamente las notificaciones relativas a la ayuda
interna de los Estados Unidos correspondientes a las campaña de comercialización 2018 en adelante.
A la luz del Programa de Asistenci a Alimentaria relacionada con el Coronavirus recientemente
publicado y las anteriores rondas de pagos en el marco del Programa de Facilitación del Comercio,
¿pueden los Estados Unidos explicar cómo tienen previsto notificar estos desembolsos en concepto
de ayuda interna y si esperan que estas notificaciones excedan los niveles autorizados de la MGA
agrícola? G/AG/W/207
- 15 -
1.22 Pagos directos de los Estados Unidos a los agricultores
1.22.1 Pregunta del Canadá (AG -IMS ID 95072)
El 2 de septiembre de 2020, el Servicio de Investigacione s Económicas del USDA publicó cifras
actualizadas sobre los indicadores financieros del sector agrícola de los Estados Unidos. Está previsto
que los desembolsos del Programa de Pagos Directos del Gobierno federal alcancen
USD 37.200 millones en 2020 o el 3 6,2% de los ingresos agrícolas netos de los Estados Unidos. Tras
aumentar un 64 % en 2017 -2018 y otro 65 % en 2019 -2020, se prevé que los pagos del Gobierno
federal eleven los ingresos agrícolas netos a su nivel más alto en 7 años en medio de la disminución
de los ingresos en efectivo de las explotaciones agrícolas.
a. En las últimas semanas, los funcionarios de la Administración han indicado que en breve
quizá se anuncie una segunda oleada de pagos en el marco del Programa de Asistencia
Alimentaria relacionada con el Coronavirus. ¿Podrían los Estados Unidos indicar si esta
tendencia de pagos en rápido crecimiento del Gobierno federal se mantendrá en
2020-2021?
b. ¿Podrían los Estados Unidos explicar con detalle sus planes para que sus agricultores
no dependan tanto de los pagos del Gobierno y facilitar detalles sobre cómo cumplirá
esta ayuda su compromiso relativo a la ayuda interna en el marco de la OMC?
1.23 Políticas de ayuda interna de los Estados Unidos
1.23.1 Pregunta de la India (AG -IMS ID 95015)
Los Estados Unidos en lo s últimos tiempos han aumentado su ayuda interna a la agricultura a través
de diversas medidas de alivio, paquetes de medidas de rescate y otras medidas. Sobre la base de
los datos del Departamento de Agricultura, el Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Medio Ambient e ha estimado
que se asignaron o gastaron USD 34.000 millones en la campaña agrícola 2019. A continuación se
indican algunos de los programas en cuyo marco se otorgó ayuda para la campaña agrícola 2019.
Cuadro: pagos agrícolas federales para la campaña agr ícola 2019
Categoría Cuantía
(USD)
Cobertura de Riesgos Agrícolas / Cobertura del riesgo de oscilaciones de los precios 5.000 millones*
Programa de Facilitación del Comercio 14.500 millones
Programa de Asistencia Alimentaria relacionada con el Coronavirus 5.900 millones
Subvención de las primas del seguro de las cosechas 6.300 millones
Socorro en casos de catástrofes y todas las demás subvenciones 2.300 millones
Total 34.000 millones
* La cuantía final se desconoce hasta octubre de 2020.
Fuente: Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Medio Ambiente, sobre la base de los datos del Departamento de
Agricultura.
a. Se pide a los Estados Unidos que precisen la naturaleza de los programas supra .
b. ¿Cómo se asegurarán los Estados Unidos de que se cumpla el l ímite de
USD 19.100 millones en el marco del compartimento ámbar en 2019?
1.24 Mecanismo de Asistencia para el Transporte Internacional de Australia
1.24.1 Pregunta del Canadá (AG -IMS ID 95041)
El 3 de julio, el Gobierno australiano anunció otros AUD 241,9 millones pa ra subvencionar el costo
de transporte de las exportaciones de productos agropecuarios de alto valor a través del Mecanismo
de Asistencia para el Transporte Internacional (IFAM). En total, está previsto que el IFAM proporcione
hasta AUD 351,9 millones para reducir los costos de transporte para la exportación de productos
agropecuarios australianos. G/AG/W/207
- 16 -
El Canadá agradece la transparencia demostrada por Australia en relación con el IFAM. Dicho eso,
en opinión del Canadá, el IFAM no parece operar como un programa de subvenciones a la
exportación.
a. ¿Podría Australia indicar si tiene previsto notificar esta ayuda al transporte como una
subvención a la exportación?
b. Sírvanse indicar cómo cumple el IFAM la Decisión Ministerial de Nairobi y los
compromisos de Australia relativos a las subvenciones a la exportación.
c. ¿Podría Australia explicar las razones para triplicar con creces el presupuesto del IFAM?
1.24.2 Pregunta del Canadá (AG -IMS ID 95042)
El Canadá seña la que, en su respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 94034, Australia ha compartido
información sobre el Mecanismo de Asistencia para el Transporte Internacional (IFAM) con la OMC
como parte del informe de vigilancia del comercio de la OMC y en forma de una not ificación ad hoc
relativa a la COVID -19 para el rastreador de mercancías de la OMC ante la COVID -19. Sin embargo,
teniendo en cuenta que esta medida claramente forma parte del mandato del Comité de Agricultura
y dado el gran interés en el IFAM, ¿podría Australia indicar c uándo presentará una notificación ad
hoc con los detalles pertinentes sobre el IFAM a este Comité?
1.24.3 Pregunta de la India (AG -IMS ID 95008)
El 3 de julio de 2020, el Gobierno australiano se comprometió a otorgar otros AUD 241,9 millones
para mantener el Meca nismo de Asistencia para el Transporte Internacional (IFAM), contribuyendo
a mantener los vuelos y las rutas de transporte de carga internacionales hasta finales de año. Esta
financiación se suma a los AUD 110 millones anunciados en abril de 2020 para el e stablecimiento
del IFAM en el marco del Fondo de Rescate y Recuperación por valor de AUD 1.000 millones a fin de
apoyar a las regiones, las comunidades y los sectores industriales afectados de manera
desproporcionada por la COVID -19.
Según la nota descript iva del Gobierno australiano, podrán optar al programa los productos
siguientes:
• productos del mar (incluidos los bogavantes);
• carne roja de calidad superior (incluida la de ganado bovino, ovino y porcino);
• productos lácteos (tales como leche fresca y yogu r);
• productos hortícolas (tales como fruta de calidad superior y ensaladas u hortalizas
envasadas).
El IFAM parece tratarse de una ayuda para reducir los costos de comercialización de las
exportaciones de productos agropecuarios, a saber, los costos de los transportes y fletes
internacionales. En ese sentido, parece tratarse de una subvención a la exportación según se define
en el artículo 9.1 d) del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura, que abarca "el otorgamiento de subvenciones
para reducir los costos de comerci alización de las exportaciones de productos agropecuarios
(excepto los servicios de asesoramiento y promoción de exportaciones de amplia disponibilidad)
incluidos los costos de manipulación, perfeccionamiento y otros gastos de transformación, y los
costos de los transportes y fletes internacionales". En el caso de los Miembros de la OMC que son
países desarrollados, como Australia, en el párrafo 6 de la Decisión Ministerial de Nairobi, de 19 de
diciembre de 2015 (documento WT/MIN(13)/40 de la OMC), se dispo ne la eliminación de las
subvenciones a la exportación a partir de la fecha de adopción de la Decisión.
a. ¿Puede Australia explicar cómo asegura el IFAM el respeto de sus obligaciones
dimanantes de la OMC relativas a las subvenciones a las exportaciones agro pecuarias
establecidas en la Decisión Ministerial de Nairobi y el Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura? G/AG/W/207
- 17 -
b. ¿Puede Australia pormenorizar el modo en que se distribuyen esos fondos, indicando
específicamente cómo se determinan las tarifas de los fletes para los exporta dores de
productos agropecuarios y si los exportadores pueden recibir directamente algunos de
los fondos?
1.25 Préstamos subvencionados por el Brasil
1.25.1 Pregunta de la India (AG -IMS ID 95009)
En relación con la respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93044 relativa a la política de "Plano Safra"
del Brasil, un programa general que abarca muchos elementos de la política agrícola del Brasil, la
India agradece al Brasil su respuesta. La India desea formular las siguientes preguntas
complementarias:
a. Dado que el Brasil no da respuesta a la parte b) de la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93044, la
India desea preguntar nuevamente cuánto se gastó en el marco de esta iniciativa en
2017-2018. Además, sírvanse esclarecer la disposición del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura
e indicar en qué cuadro jus tificante figura el programa notificado en 2018.
b. ¿Cuánto se ha gastado en el marco de esta iniciativa en 2018 -2019 y 2019 -2020?
c. Con arreglo a la información disponible en el sitio web pertinente, el crédito facilitado
en el marco del programa ha aumentado un 6,1 % en la última campaña agrícola hasta
alcanzar BRL 236.300 millones en el período 2020 -2021. La India desea saber qué llevó
al aumento del valor del crédito reservado para la agricultura y la ganadería en
2019-2020 y 2020 -2021.
d. El programa establece que el crédito se otorgará a los productores "a tipos compatibles
con su negocio". En este sentido, ¿qué porcentaje del interés se subvenciona en el
marco del programa?
e. Sírvanse especificar los criterios para distinguir entre productores pequeños y medianos
para la aplicación de la política.
f. ¿Cuáles son las distintas opciones de financiación disponibles en el marco del programa?
1.26 Contingente de trigo del Brasil
1.26.1 Pregunta de la India (AG -IMS ID 95010)
Esta pregunta se refiere al compromiso del Brasil co n el establecimiento de un contingente
arancelario libre de derechos de 750.000 toneladas métricas para el trigo. A tal efecto, pedimos al
Brasil que proporcione detalles relativos a los siguientes aspectos:
a. Detalles sobre la entidad pública o institución comercial o administrativa competente
para conceder las licencias o el acceso a los contingentes.
b. ¿Se aplican limitaciones relativas a las condiciones que han de reunir los solicitantes?
c. ¿Cómo asigna el organismo competente las licencias o el acceso (por e jemplo por orden
de recepción de las solicitudes, pro rata)?
d. ¿Se aplican cualesquiera limitaciones al período de validez o a la utilización de las
licencias concedidas?
e. ¿Cuánto trigo se importó en el marco del contingente arancelario en 2018 -2019 y
2019-2020? G/AG/W/207
- 18 -
1.27 Canadá - Organismo de Crédito Agrícola del Canadá
1.27.1 Pregunta de la India (AG -IMS ID 95011)
La India celebra la respuesta del Canadá a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 94053. En su respuesta, el Canadá
señaló que "los clientes existentes y potenciales del Organismo de Crédito Agrícola deben cumplir
los criterios de admisibilidad del Organismo". En una noticia conexa, se ha indicado lo siguiente:
"Gracias al aumento de 200 millones de dólares de la capacidad de préstamo, la Comisión de
Productos Lácteos del Canadá pue de otorgar ayudas más cuantiosas para el sistema de gestión de
la oferta mediante la compra y el almacenamiento de más mantequilla y queso. Es una forma
fantástica de ayudar a gestionar la producción y apoyar a nuestros productores y elaboradores,
garantiz ando al mismo tiempo un suministro seguro de productos lácteos locales a los canadienses".
En este sentido, la India solicita al Canadá que responda a las siguientes preguntas:
a. ¿Podría el Canadá precisar los criterios que hay que cumplir para acogerse a es te
programa?
b. ¿Puede el Canadá indicar cómo piensa garantizar que esas medidas no tengan efectos
negativos en los mercados mundiales?
1.28 Nueva clase de ingredientes lácteos del Canadá
1.28.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95005)
En la pregunta A G-IMS 87015, el Canadá señaló que "[l]a facultad federal de comercializar los
productos lácteos se delega a las juntas provinciales de comercialización de leche o a los organismos
provinciales encargados del comercio interprovincial de los productos lácteo s y de la exportación de
estos productos en virtud de la Ley de la Comisión de Productos Lácteos del Canadá y la Ley de
Programas de Comercialización de los Productos Agropecuarios. Esto también incluye la facultad de
fijar los precios. Además, la facultad provincial de fijar los precios se ha delegado a las juntas y los
organismos provinciales en virtud de la legislación provincial. En el marco del Comité Canadiense de
Gestión de la Oferta de Leche (CMSMC) y con arreglo a los acuerdos federales -provinciale s, estas
entidades coordinan el ejercicio de las facultades federales y provinciales que les han sido delegadas.
Aunque las responsabilidades varían de una provincia a otra, las juntas y los organismos
generalmente conceden permisos a los productores, asig nan los contingentes de leche y establecen
o negocian los precios o los valores contables cobrados a los elaboradores, en función de la utilización
final de la leche".
¿Podría el Canadá explicar los acuerdos federales -provinciales en cuyo marco las juntas y los
organismos provinciales ejercen autoridad sobre la fijación de precios de la leche?
1.28.2 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95006)
El Canadá ha dejado claro que el Gobierno del Canadá está decidido a concluir la labor relacionada
con la compensación íntegra y equitativa por los acuerdos comerciales recientes, incluido el T -MEC
(véase, por ejemplo, la pregunta AG -IMS 93003). Los medios de comunicación canadienses han
publicado artículos que hacen afirmaciones sobre el valor monetario de la compensación que sería
adecuada para los productores lácteos.
¿Tiene el Gobierno del Canadá un valor de referencia para la compensación íntegra y equitativa
prevista?
1.28.3 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95146)
En la pregunta AG -IMS 93002, el Canadá señaló lo siguiente: "…el Canadá no dispone de un
calendario para la comunicación de datos relacionados con los precios, la utilización y las ventas de
las distintas clases de leche. Se requieren diversas verificaciones para garantizar la exactitud de los
datos. El Canadá se ha comprometido a asegurar que toda la información publicada refleje con
exactitud los datos facilitados al Gobierno federal por la rama de producción". G/AG/W/207
- 19 -
¿Podría el Canadá dar a conocer la frecuencia con que tiene lugar generalmente el intercambio de
información o el plazo para mantener ese intercambio, en cuyo marco la industria facilita datos
relacionados con los precios, la utilización y las ventas de las distintas clases de leche al Gobierno
federal?
1.29 Proceso de consu ltas del Canadá sobre los contingentes
1.29.1 Pregunta de Nueva Zelandia (AG -IMS ID 95043)
¿Cuándo tiene previsto el Canadá reanudar su proceso de consultas sobre los contingentes
arancelarios?
1.30 China - Acuerdo Económico y Comercial entre China y los Estados Unido s
1.30.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95044)
En relación con la fase uno del Acuerdo Económico y Comercial entre China y los Estados Unidos, al
parecer China importó productos agropecuarios de los Estados Unidos por valor de aproximadamente
USD 10.000 millone s (sobre la base de los datos de importación de China) en los primeros seis
meses desde la entrada en vigor del Acuerdo. Nunca se han alcanzado los objetivos mensuales de
China para las compras agrícolas, situándose las compras reales en los primeros tres meses muy
por debajo de sus objetivos, y en el segundo período de tres meses solo ligeramente por encima de
la mitad de su objetivo mensual. A este ritmo, los Miembros pueden esperar razonablemente que
las compras chinas de productos agropecuarios estadoun idenses no lleguen a la mitad del nivel de
referencia de 2017 y se sitúen muy por debajo del objetivo previsto en el Acuerdo.
Habida cuenta de esta situación, Australia solicita a China que responda a las siguientes
preguntas:
a. ¿Puede China indicar si todas las compras realizadas hasta la fecha se han efectuado a
precios de mercado sobre la base de consideraciones de carácter comercial?
i. ¿Puede precisar si todas las medidas aplicadas para facilitar estas compras se han
aplicado sobre una base NMF en los casos pertinentes?
ii. Y en caso afirmativo, ¿puede describir el método utilizado para evaluar estas
consideraciones?
b. ¿Puede China proporcionar un desglose de las compras realizadas en los primeros seis
meses de aplicación del Acuerdo para cada producto agropecuari o enumerado en el
anexo 6.1 del Acuerdo?
c. ¿Puede China indicar las actuales tasas de utilización de los contingentes arancelarios
para el trigo, el arroz y el maíz desde el 1 de enero de 2020?
i. ¿Puede China indicar si el contingente arancelario se utilizará o presentará altas
tasas de utilización en los restantes seis meses de 2020 para alcanzar los
objetivos de compra?
d. ¿Ha cambiado o introducido China nuevas medidas para facilitar las compras de
productos agropecuarios estadounidenses más allá de lo que requ iere el Acuerdo, en
particular:
i. aconsejar a las empresas de propiedad estatal chinas la compra de mayores
volúmenes de productos agropecuarios estadounidenses?
ii. reducir los aranceles aplicados para determinados productos?
iii. cambiar o eliminar las medidas no a rancelarios o modificar la administración de
las importaciones? G/AG/W/207
- 20 -
iv. introducir mejoras adicionales en los protocolos técnicos de acceso a los
mercados?
e. ¿Prevé China introducir cambios en el futuro o nuevas medidas para facilitar las
importaciones de productos agropecuarios estadounidenses a fin de alcanzar los
objetivos de compra previstos en el Acuerdo?
1.31 Estados Unidos - Acuerdo Económico y Comercial entre China y los Estados Unidos
1.31.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95071)
En relación con la fase uno del Acuerdo Económico y Comercial entre China y los Estados Unidos, al
parecer China importó productos agropecuarios de los Estados Unidos por valor de aproximadamente
USD 10.000 millones (sobre la base de los datos de importación de China) en los primeros sei s
meses desde la entrada en vigor del Acuerdo. Nunca se han alcanzado los objetivos mensuales de
China para las compras agrícolas, situándose las compras reales en los primeros tres meses muy
por debajo de sus objetivos, y en el segundo período de tres mes es solo ligeramente por encima de
la mitad de su objetivo mensual. A este ritmo, los Miembros pueden esperar razonablemente que
las compras chinas de productos agropecuarios estadounidenses no lleguen a la mitad del nivel de
referencia de 2017 y se sitúen muy por debajo del objetivo previsto en el Acuerdo.
Habida cuenta de esta situación, Australia solicita a los Estados Unidos que responda a las siguientes
preguntas:
a. ¿Pueden los Estados Unidos indicar si todas las compras realizadas hasta la fecha se
han e fectuado a precios de mercado sobre la base de consideraciones de carácter
comercial?
i. ¿Pueden indicar si todas las medidas aplicadas para facilitar estas compras se han
aplicado sobre una base NMF en los casos pertinentes?
ii. Y en caso afirmativo, ¿pueden des cribir el método utilizado para evaluar estas
consideraciones?
b. ¿Pueden los Estados Unidos proporcionar un desglose de las compras realizadas en los
primeros seis meses de aplicación del Acuerdo para cada producto agropecuario
enumerado en el anexo 6.1 del Acuerdo?
c. ¿Tratan los Estados Unidos de que China aplique alguna medida adicional específica
para asegurarse de que aumente sus compras en los últimos seis meses del primer año
de aplicación del Acuerdo a fin de alcanzar los objetivos de compra para 2020?
d. ¿Han cambiado o introducido los Estados Unidos nuevas medidas para facilitar las
importaciones de productos agropecuarios chinos más allá de lo que requiere el
Acuerdo, en particular:
i. reducir los aranceles aplicados para determinados productos?
ii. cambiar o el iminar las medidas no arancelarios o modificar la administración de
las importaciones?
iii. introducir mejoras adicionales en los protocolos técnicos de acceso a los
mercados?
e. ¿Prevén los Estados Unidos introducir cambios en el futuro o nuevas medidas para
facilitar las importaciones de productos agropecuarios chinos? G/AG/W/207
- 21 -
1.32 Medidas de ayuda de la UE en respuesta a la COVID -19
1.32.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95046)
Australia da las gracias a la UE por su respuesta a la pregunta 94011, presentada en la nonagésima
cuarta reunión del Comité de Agricultura. Australia señala que el Consejo Europeo ha adoptado el
Reglamento (UE) 2020/872, que permite a los Estados miembros pagar a los agricultores hasta
EUR 7.000 y a las pequeñas y medianas empresas agrícolas hasta EUR 50.00 0 de los fondos de
desarrollo rural no gastados restantes para ayudar a compensar los efectos de la COVID -19 en las
explotaciones agrícolas.
Además de limitaciones de tiempo, ¿ha aplicado la UE alguna otra limitación sobre cómo se puede
otorgar esta ayuda financiera reduciendo al mismo tiempo los efectos sobre el comercio y los
mercados de terceros países?
1.32.2 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95047)
El 16 de julio, la Comisión Europea anunció la aprobación de un programa italiano por valor de
EUR 1.200 millones para apoyar a las empresas con actividades en los sectores de la agricultura, la
silvicultura, la pesca y la acuicultura y actividades conexas afectadas por el brote de COVID -19
(G/AG/GEN/159/Add.1). Las medidas de ayuda incluirán donaciones directas, ant icipos
reembolsables, ventajas fiscales y relacionadas con los pagos, la reducción o cancelación del pago
de las contribuciones a la seguridad social y al sistema de bienestar social, la condonación de deudas
y otras facilidades de pago.
a. ¿Qué criterios deb e cumplir una empresa del sector agropecuario primario para poder
beneficiarse de esta ayuda?
b. ¿Puede una empresa individual con derecho a ayuda recibir múltiples formas de ayuda
(por ejemplo, una donación directa y ventajas fiscales)?
c. ¿Qué porcentaje de las empresas que han optado al programa hasta la fecha participan
en el sector agropecuario primario?
d. ¿Cuál es el desglose porcentual por medida de la ayuda otorgada hasta la fecha?
1.33 Políticas ambientales de la UE
1.33.1 Pregunta de Colombia (AG -IMS ID 95116) y el Paraguay (AG -IMS ID 95098)
En sus respuestas a las preguntas AG -IMS ID 93300 y 93301 de Colombia y Paraguay, la Unión
Europea (UE) indicó que no se encontraba en condiciones de presentar respuestas específicas a las
preguntas planteadas debi do a que la reforma de la Política Agrícola Común (PAC) 2021 -2027 y la
estrategia de la granja a la mesa están siendo debatidas actualmente entre el Parlamento y el
Consejo europeos.
Considerando que el inicio de la PAC 2021 -2027 es inminente, y que los re cursos financieros
aprobados bajo la misma son relevantes para la financiación de las medidas previstas en la estrategia
de la granja a la mesa2, Colombia y Paraguay le solicitan a la UE que tenga a bien indicar las fechas
estimadas para la aprobación de la versión definitiva de la PAC 2021 -2027. Asimismo, quisiéramos
resaltar que, cuando se cuenten con los detalles suficientes, esperamos que la UE pueda otorgar
respuestas específicas a nuestras preguntas presentadas bajo el ítem 93300/93301.
a. Pregunta 93239 – Subsidios a la producción europea resultantes de la implementación
de MSFs:
En su respuesta a la pregunta 93060 la UE indicó que "it is no tab le to answer the first question as
it does not hold data at such level of detail " y que "concerning the second question, (…) the EU is
2 Farm to Fork Strategy, For a fair, healthy and environmentally -friendly food system, pág inas 8, 11. G/AG/W/207
- 22 -
no table to answer the question raised until more precise information from Paraguay as to the specific
measures referred to".
En seguimiento a dichas respuestas quisiéramos saber si:
b. La UE podría brindar datos de montos totales a ser recibido, un promedio del subsidio
per cápita y una lista indicativa de los productos que podrían verse beneficiados.
c. La UE si nos pudiese conf irmar que debemos entender de la segunda respuesta que no
se han introducido ni existen planes de introducir subsidios similares (en compensación
por la no utilización de ciertos pesticidas) en alguno de los otros 26 miembros de la UE.
1.33.2 Pregunta del Paragua y (AG -IMS ID 95097)
En la pasada sesión del CoA, la delegación de Paraguay, en sus preguntas AG -IMS ID 93059 y 93238,
realizó consultas especificas a la UE sobre el proyecto de Pacto Verde Europeo y el Mecanismo de
Ajuste de Carbono. En dicha oportunidad l a UE respondió que:
"The EU is not in a position to elaborate further on the very detailed questions from Paraguay, which
could only be answered if and when a formal proposal is adopted and agreed by the EU co -
legislators ".
Si bien entendemos que la UE no se posee a estas alturas el nivel de detalle solicitado en las
preguntas formuladas, quisiéramos saber si:
a. La UE se encuentra en condiciones de brindar un marco de tiempo aproximado para los
distintos plazos de este proceso legislativo.
b. Si la frase citada más arriba, contenida en la respuesta, debe interpretarse como que
solo la medida final será notificada y no se planea notificar un borrador.
Quisiéramos resaltar que, cuando se cuenten con los detalles suficientes, esperamos que la UE pueda
dar una respue sta a nuestras preguntas detalladas en las consultas AG -IMS ID 93059 y 93238.
1.34 Política de la UE en materia de intervención
1.34.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95026)
La UE señala en las respuestas a varias preguntas AG -IMS que se esfuerza por evitar toda
perturbación del mercado al colocar las existencias de intervención pública de la leche desnatada en
polvo. Como se ha mencionado anteriormente, este principio también se refleja en el artículo 16 1)
del Reglamento Nº 1308. 2013 de la UE.
a. Sírvanse describir en detalle el proceso que sigue la UE para determinar si la
liberalización de las existencias creará perturbaciones en el mercado.
b. ¿Estima la UE el efecto sobre los precios en los mercados extranjeros y, en caso
afirmativo, qué factores tiene en cuenta en su cálculo?
1.34.2 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95027)
En su respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 92006, la UE indicó que "[l]os precios de venta de las
reservas de intervención pública de leche des natada en polvo en 2018 y 2019 eran conformes a la
realidad del mercado, teniendo en cuenta el envejecimiento del producto y, por ende, su relativa
pérdida de valor comercial (no la calidad intrínseca del producto)".
a. Sírvanse describir qué entiende la UE p or relación entre la antigüedad de la leche
desnatada en polvo y el valor del producto comercial. G/AG/W/207
- 23 -
b. Sírvanse describir exactamente cómo se tomaba en consideración el envejecimiento del
producto y/o la calidad del producto en el proceso de licitación. Por eje mplo, ¿cómo
afectaba a los precios mínimos o máximos de venta? Sírvanse asimismo proporcionar
datos sobre los precios reales de las ventas de existencias en cada año.
c. ¿Afectaba la antigüedad de la leche desnatada en polvo en el momento de la venta de
las existencias a que fuera vendida para su uso en alimentos o en piensos, tanto en el
mercado nacional como internacional? En caso afirmativo, sírvanse explicar.
d. Para cada año, sírvanse proporcionar un desglose (real o estimado) de cuánta leche
desnatada en po lvo se vendió para su uso en alimentos o en piensos, tanto en el
mercado nacional como internacional.
e. Para cada año, sírvanse indicar la cantidad de leche desnatada en polvo vendida en
función de su antigüedad en el momento de la venta de las existencias.
1.34.3 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95028)
Sírvanse proporcionar datos sobre la producción, el consumo nacional y las exportaciones anuales
de leche desnatada en polvo de la UE en 2016 -2019.
1.34.4 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95029)
Sírvanse proporcionar datos actualizados sobre los niveles actuales de las existencias de leche
desnatada en polvo de la UE.
1.35 Asistencia de la India al transporte y la comercialización
1.35.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95051)
Australia desea volv er a examinar junto con la India la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93065, presentada para
la nonagésima tercera reunión del Comité de Agricultura, con respecto al Programa de Asistencia al
Transporte y la Comercialización de la India.
La India no respondió a ninguna d e las preguntas que Australia planteó con claridad en el marco de
la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93065 con respecto a la asistencia al transporte y la comercialización, y cómo
es esta compatible con la Decisión de Nairobi. Australia solicita amablemente a la India que responda
a las siguientes preguntas:
a. ¿Cuál fue el nivel medio de subvenciones a la exportación previsto para esos productos
comprendidos en la asistencia al transporte y la comercialización en los últimos cinco
años?
b. ¿Qué pasos ha seguido y qué evaluac iones ha emprendido la India al elaborar el
Programa de Asistencia al Transporte y la Comercialización para asegurarse de que sea
compatible con el párrafo 11 de la Decisión de Nairobi y tenga, a lo sumo, un efecto
mínimo de distorsión del comercio para lo s demás Miembros?
c. ¿Considera la India que los párrafos 9 a 11 no son aplicables a la India?
i. En caso afirmativo, ¿por qué no?
1.36 Políticas de la India relativas a las leguminosas
1.36.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95052)
Con respecto a las medidas restrictivas de la India relativas a las leguminosas, Australia reconoce
que la India ha remitido a los Miembros a la declaración que hizo en la reunión del Consejo del
Comercio de Mercancías de junio de 2020. G/AG/W/207
- 24 -
En la citada declaración, la India dijo que se gún su interpretación de la "interacción " entre el
artículo XI del GATT y el artículo 4.2 del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura, nunca fue obligatorio
arancelizar las restricciones cuantitativas en el marco de las negociaciones de la Ronda Uruguay,
por lo que l a prohibición de restricciones cuantitativas prevista en el artículo 4.2 del Acuerdo sobre
la Agricultura no se aplica. El artículo 4.2 del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura dispone lo siguiente:
"Salvo disposición en contrario en el artículo 5 y en el Anexo 5, ningún Miembro mantendrá, adoptará
ni restablecerá medidas del tipo de las que se ha prescrito se conviertan en derechos de aduana
propiamente dichos. [nota a pie 1]".
La nota a pie 1 al artículo 4.2 del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura establece claramente q ue "[e]n estas
medidas están comprendidas las restricciones cuantitativas de las importaciones…". Esto es
inequívoco y los Miembros estarán de acuerdo en que regula con claridad las restricciones
cuantitativas, temporales o de otro tipo.
a. ¿Puede la India ex plicar la finalidad y la elaboración de la nota a pie 1, si no es reflejar
rigurosamente las restricciones cuantitativas previstas en el artículo 4.2?
Con respecto a las otras preguntas que figuran en la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93058, la India parece
haber pedi do a los Miembros que se remitan a la declaración que hizo en la reunión del CCM que
tuvo lugar en junio. Australia ha examinado la declaración de la India y entiende que justifica las
otras medidas cuestionadas como compatibles en virtud de las excepcione s generales previstas en
el artículo XX del GATT de 1994. Si esta información es correcta, se ruega a la India que responda
en este Comité a las siguientes preguntas adicionales:
b. ¿En virtud de qué disposición específica del artículo XX del GATT de 1994 jus tifica la
India:
i. la restricción de las importaciones de guisantes a un único puerto?
ii. el precio mínimo de importación para los guisantes?
iii. la restricción de importaciones adicionales de frijoles urd solo a las fábricas y
refinerías indias?
iv. un plazo tan breve para la presentación de las solicitudes de importación de
frijoles urd?
c. ¿Puede la India explicar cómo cada medida que figura en la pregunta b. es conforme a
la disposición específica del artículo XX del GATT de 1994?
1.36.2 Pregunta del Canadá (AG -IMS ID 95056)
Restricciones cuantitativas sobre las leguminosas
En respuesta a las preguntas ID 93066 e ID 93283 del Canadá, la India remite al Canadá a la
declaración que hizo en la reunión del Consejo del Comercio de Mercancías celebrada el 11 de junio
de 2020, relati va a sus restricciones cuantitativas sobre las leguminosas. El Canadá pide a la India
que responda directamente a la pregunta en beneficio de este Comité o que facilite una copia de la
declaración que hizo al Consejo del Comercio de Mercancías para fomenta r la transparencia.
1.36.3 Pregunta de la Federación de Rusia (AG -IMS ID 95057)
Damos las gracias a la India por sus respuestas a las preguntas (ID 93067, ID 93229).
En la respuesta a la pregunta ID 93229 la India correctamente indicó que el contingente para los
guisantes para 2020 -2021 era el mismo que en años anteriores. Esto pone de relieve una vez más
que el régimen contingentario se mantuvo en vigor durante muchos años consecutivos, si bien
cuando en 2018 la India introdujo un contingente por primera vez, lo presentó como una medida
temporal. G/AG/W/207
- 25 -
a. La Federación de Rusia hace referencia al hecho de que el contingente total para los
guisantes es de 150.000 toneladas métricas para 2020 -2021. Sírvanse confirmar que
la participación de los guisantes amarillos en el c ontingente total para los guisantes es
nula y, por ende, la importación de guisantes amarillos está prohibida. Si la importación
de guisantes amarillos está permitida, sírvanse indicar dentro de qué contingente y en
qué condiciones se pueden importar guisa ntes amarillos en la India.
b. La Federación de Rusia agradecería que la India proporcionara aclaraciones sobre la
forma en que se aplica el precio mínimo de importación para los guisantes además de
las respuestas a las preguntas AG -IMS ID 93067 y AG -IMS ID 93229. Sírvanse describir
qué opciones tendrá el importador si el precio de los guisantes es inferior al precio
exigido. ¿Estará el importador autorizado a vender esos guisantes o no? En caso de
denegación, ¿tendrá el importador la op ortunidad de recurrir? ¿Cómo es la medida
compatible con las disposiciones del artículo 4 del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura y los
principios para el cálculo del importe del valor real prescrito en el artículo VII.2 del
GATT?
c. En su respuesta a las pregunt as ID 93067 e ID 93229, la India hizo referencia a la
declaración que formuló en la reunión del Consejo del Comercio de Mercancías relativa
a la necesidad de aplicar las medidas relativas a los guisantes a fin de eliminar todo
sobrante de leguminosas, con arreglo al artículo XI.2 c) ii) del GATT, y proteger la moral
pública y la salud y la vida de las personas y de los animales o preservar los vegetales
en la India, conforme a lo previsto en los artículos XX a) y b) del GATT de 1994. En este
sentido, la Fed eración de Rusia formula las siguientes preguntas:
Respecto del artículo XI.2 c) ii) del GATT:
d. La Federación de Rusia desea destacar que después de la entrada en vigor del Acuerdo
sobre la Agricultura, el artículo XI.2 c) ii) dejó de aplicarse a los pro ductos
agropecuarios. ¿Podría la India explicar por qué utiliza el artículo XI.2 c) ii) para
justificar los contingentes aplicados a los guisantes cuando este artículo ya no se aplica
a los guisantes?
Respecto del artículo XX del GATT:
e. ¿Podría la India explicar de qué manera protegen las restricciones a la importación de
leguminosas la moral pública, así como la salud y la vida de las personas y de los
animales, y cómo preservan los vegetales?
f. ¿Ha considerado la India la utilización de medidas menos r estrictivas del comercio con
respecto a la importación de guisantes amarillos?
1.37 Políticas de la India relativas al azúcar
1.37.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95053)
Como saben los Miembros, la ayuda de la India a su industria azucarera reviste un gran interés para
Australia y es actualmente objeto de un procedimiento de solución de diferencias. Como hemos
explicado a lo largo de muchos años en ese procedimiento de solución de diferencias y en este
Comité, si se evalúa con arreglo a las normas establecidas en el Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura, parece
que la India otorga a su industria azucarera una ayuda sustancial con efectos de distorsión del
comercio y de la producción.
Esta ayuda se sigue prestando, y la India ha anunciado un incremento en agosto de su "precio
equitativo y remunerativo" (FRP) para la caña de azúcar de 2.750 rupias/tonelada a
2.850 rupias/tonelada. Asimismo, según entendemos a partir de informes como el del grupo de
trabajo de la institución NITI Aayog, la India podría volver a subir el precio mí nimo del azúcar en el
mercado interno (que actualmente se conoce como "precio mínimo de sostenimiento para el azúcar"
o MSP) 2 rupias para situarlo en 33 rupias por kilogramo. G/AG/W/207
- 26 -
Además de la continuación de estas dos medidas, Australia observa que la India también ha fijado
precios remunerativos para el etanol, cuya diferenciación en los últimos años se había basado en la
materia prima utilizada, entre ellas determinados tipos de melaza (de grado C y B), jugo de caña de
azúcar, azúcar y jarabe de azúcar. Si bien Australia apoya los esfuerzos de la India por promover y
favorecer la producción y el consumo de etanol, estas medidas no pueden suplir unas reformas
significativas que abo rden la sobreproducción subyacente de azúcar propiciada por las subvenciones.
Así lo confirma el reciente informe del grupo de trabajo de la NITI Aayog, en el que se señala que
"[a]l ordenar a las empresas comercializadoras de petróleo la adquisición de et anol a precios fijos
en el marco del Programa de Gasolina Mezclada con Etanol, el Gobierno ha estado subvencionando
en la práctica a la industria azucarera".
La combinación eficaz de estas tres medidas implica que la India está fijando los precios en tres
etapas del proceso de producción de la caña de azúcar y el azúcar. En la India el FRP para la caña
de azúcar y el precio mínimo de sostenimiento para el azúcar han dado lugar de manera sistemática
a un importante exceso de producción de azúcar altamente su bvencionado, lo que ha llevado al país
a aplicar contingentes de exportación para el azúcar. Es desalentador leer informaciones que
apuntan a que la India probablemente volverá a introducir un contingente de exportación de
7 millones de toneladas para el a zúcar en la campaña azucarera 2020 -2021, con el fin de hacer
frente a esta sobreproducción.
Por consiguiente, Australia pide a la delegación de la India que responda a las siguientes preguntas
relativas a la campaña azucarera 2020 -2021:
a. ¿Subirá el preci o mínimo de sostenimiento para el azúcar? En caso afirmativo, ¿a cuánto
ascenderá?
b. ¿Cuáles son las actuales previsiones de exportación de azúcar de la India para la
campaña azucarera 2020 -2021?
c. ¿Aplicará la India un contingente de exportación? De ser así, ¿se respaldará este con
otras subvenciones?
Australia también está interesada en los precios remunerativos fijos impuestos al etanol. Como
hemos explicado claramente a la India y a otros Miembros, no nos oponemos a que la India desarrolle
un sector a zucarero sostenible y orientado al mercado -lo que podría incluir un sector de producción
de etanol. Y, de hecho, esperamos que tales medidas contribuyan a reducir el excedente de azúcar
en la India -y eliminen la necesidad de aplicar contingentes de expor tación.
A este respecto, rogamos a la India que responda a las siguientes preguntas:
d. ¿Qué producción de caña de azúcar y azúcar, en toneladas, prevé la India para la
campaña azucarera 2020 -2021?
e. ¿A cuánto ascienden actualmente los atrasos en los pago s de la caña que adeudan los
ingenios? (En rupias indias);
f. ¿Qué cantidad de caña de azúcar y azúcar, en toneladas, está previsto que se desvíe a
la producción de etanol en la campaña azucarera 2020 -2021?
g. ¿Se otorgará a los ingenios alguna otra ayuda por el aumento de los costos relacionados
con el desvío de caña de azúcar y sus derivados a la producción de etanol?
i. ¿Estará esta ayuda supeditada al cumplimiento de cualesquiera otras órdenes o
directivas del sector de la caña de azúcar o el azúcar?
h. ¿Qué objetivo de política se persigue con la fijación de precios remunerativos para el
etanol?
i. ¿Se trata fundamentalmente de mejorar la liquidez de los ingenios que adeudan
atrasos en los pagos a los agricultores con arreglo al FRP para la ca ña de azúcar? G/AG/W/207
- 27 -
ii. En caso negativo, ¿qué otros objetivos de política tiene esta medida?
iii. ¿Pagan las empresas comercializadoras de petróleo a precios remunerativos fijos
a los ingenios azucareros?
iv. ¿Perciben las empresas comercializadoras de petróleo una subvención para
sufragar posibles atrasos en los pagos de los precios remunerativos fijos?
i. ¿Comunicará la India estas medidas de apoyo al etanol en sus notificaciones relativas a
la ayuda interna?
1.38 Notificaciones en forma de cuadro DS.1 de la India
1.38.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95030)
Habida cuenta de que la India no ha respondido por escrito a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93271, los
Estados Unidos señalan que esta había informado verbalmente a los Miembros de que facilitaría
oportuna mente una respuesta en relación con las bonificaciones de los estados.
a. Sírvanse informar sobre la presentación de esa respuesta.
b. ¿Revisará la India sus notificaciones en forma de cuadro DS.1, incluidos el cuadro
justificante DS.1, el anexo y apéndice estadístico de la Decisión Ministerial de Bali, para
incorporar las bonificaciones pertinentes de los estados y territorios de la Unión
correspondientes a cada año?
c. En caso negativo, sírvanse explicar por qué.
1.38.2 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG-IMS ID 95031)
Habida cuenta de que la India no ha respondido por escrito a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93267,
deseamos señalar que esta había declarado verbalmente que facilitaría de manera oportuna la
información solicitada sobre diferentes programas nutric ionales/de bienestar social.
a. Para cada medida indicada, sírvanse responder al apartado 2 e del anexo del documento
G/AG/N/IND/18 ("Fecha de inicio del programa").
1.38.3 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95032)
Teniendo en cuenta que la Indi a no ha respondido todavía por escrito a la pregunta
AG IMS ID 93251, los Estados Unidos quisieran repasar la información que se ha presentado en
relación con las preguntas formuladas:
En respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 92009 sobre las bonificaciones est atales, la India respondió
que ningún estado había anunciado una bonificación para el trigo en las campañas de
comercialización 2016/2017, 2017/2018 y 2018/2019. Sin embargo, Madhya Pradesh otorgó una
bonificación para el trigo de 2.000 rupias/tonelada mét rica en la campaña de comercialización de
2017/2018 y de 2.650 rupias/tonelada métrica en la campaña de comercialización de 2018/2019,
además del precio mínimo de sostenimiento, según se indica en
http://mpkrishi.mp.gov.in/hindisite_New/pdfs/MKSY_24042018.pdf . Se ha afirmado que el Ministro
de Agricultura de Madhya Pradesh declaró: "Esto significa que el estado pagará 2.000 rupias por
quintal de trigo comprado".
a. Sírvanse confi rmar cualquier pago realizado a los productores por encima del precio
mínimo de sostenimiento anunciado para el trigo en Madhya Pradesh, desde 2016/2017
hasta la actual campaña de comercialización.
b. Sírvanse confirmar cualquier pago de ese tipo que se ha ya efectuado a los productores
en otros estados y territorios de la India, así como respecto de otros productos básicos. G/AG/W/207
- 28 -
1.39 Paquete de ayuda del Japón
1.39.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95059)
Australia agradece al Japón las respuestas brindadas a las preguntas de otros Miembros en relación
con la ayuda destinada a los sectores de la alimentación, la agricultura, la silvicultura y la pesca
para hacer frente a la pandemia de COVID -19. Según entendemos, el Japón ha ejecutado un
programa de JPY 3.500 millones (USD 32 millones) para ayudar a los fabricantes de alimentos
elaborados y proveedores de servicios de comidas a sustituir los ingredientes importados por
ingredientes nacionales. Como complemento a las respuestas brindadas por el Japón a anteriores
preguntas so bre este programa:
a. ¿Podría el Japón indicar los criterios y las medidas que ha establecido para limitar los
efectos del programa en el acceso a los mercados para otros países?
b. ¿Podría el Japón explicar si se trata de alguna forma de prescripción en materia de
contenido nacional que deba satisfacerse para poder beneficiarse de la ayuda?
c. ¿Podría el Japón indicar si se contemplaron otras medidas para ayudar a los fabricantes
de alimentos y los proveedores de servicios de comidas a man tener un suministro
constante de insumos agrícolas, por ejemplo, mejores condiciones de acceso a los
mercados para hacer que las importaciones fueran más viables desde el punto de vista
comercial?
1.40 Régimen de contingentes para la importación de Mongolia
1.40.1 Pregunta de la Federación de Rusia (AG -IMS ID 95060)
Pregunta complementaria a las preguntas AG -IMS ID 87094, AG -IMS ID 88104, AG -IMS ID 90027,
AG-IMS ID 91011, AG -IMS ID 92098 y AG -IMS ID 93072.
La Federación de Rusia da las gracias a Mongolia por su respues ta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93072.
Según la información de que se dispone actualmente, en 2020 Mongolia no abrió contingentes para
la importación de leche y harina de trigo, y declaró que no había restricciones cuantitativas para
dichos productos correspond ientes a ese año. Sin embargo, Mongolia no excluyó la harina de trigo
y la leche de la lista de productos agropecuarios sujetos al régimen de contingentes, lo cual significa
que podrían imponerse contingentes en el futuro. La Federación de Rusia pide a Mon golia que facilite
más aclaraciones sobre estas medidas, en particular:
a. Teniendo presente la declaración de Mongolia en el sentido de que el régimen de
contingentes se aplicó de manera temporal hasta que entró en vigor la Ley de
Enriquecimiento en dicie mbre de 2019, ¿tiene Mongolia previsto excluir la harina de
trigo y la leche de la lista de productos agropecuarios sujetos a dicho régimen?
¿Cuándo?
b. ¿Tiene previsto Mongolia introducir nuevos contingentes para la importación de estos
productos en el fu turo (en 2021 y en adelante)?
1.41 Programa de Capacidad de Transporte Aéreo de Carga Internacional de Nueva
Zelandia
1.41.1 Pregunta del Canadá (AG -IMS ID 95061)
En sus respuestas a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 94038, Nueva Zelandia parece indicar que su Programa
de Capacid ad de Transporte Aéreo de Carga Internacional, dotado con USD 330 millones, no prestó
ayuda para la exportación de productos agropecuarios nacionales. Según interpreta el Canadá el
programa, este permite a las compañías aéreas y de transporte de carga ofre cer tarifas que en la
actualidad no serían comercialmente viables de no ser porque el Gobierno de Nueva Zelandia
concede esta subvención. G/AG/W/207
- 29 -
a. ¿Podría Nueva Zelandia explicar en qué medida esta subvención al transporte no
financia sus exportaciones de produc tos agropecuarios frente a otros Miembros de la
OMC que no han aplicado un programa similar?
b. ¿Podría Nueva Zelandia indicar si tiene previsto notificar esta ayuda como una
subvención a la exportación?
c. Sírvanse indicar en qué medida se ajusta el progr ama a lo dispuesto en la Decisión de
Nairobi y a los compromisos en materia de subvenciones a la exportación asumidos por
Nueva Zelandia.
1.42 Notificaciones del cuadro DS de Nigeria
1.42.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95062)
Australia desea formular una pregunta complementaria a la pregunta que formuló a Nigeria, AG -IMS
ID 93131 (complementaria, a su vez, a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 92117, planteada en la nonagésima
segunda reunión del Comité de Agricultura), en relación con sus notificaciones del cuadro DS
correspond ientes al período 2012 -2016 (G/AG/N/NGA/17), en las que indicó que no había concedido
ninguna ayuda interna durante esos años. No se ha recibido ninguna respuesta.
a. Australia desearía saber si Nigeria tiene previsto incluir elementos agropecuarios
fundam entales de su Plan de Crecimiento y Recuperación Económicos (2017 -2020) en
sus futuras notificaciones relativas a la ayuda interna.
b. Concretamente, ¿cómo notificará Nigeria su programa de ayuda a la transformación
integrada del sector agropecuario destin ado a impulsar la productividad y a mejorar el
acceso a los mercados?
1.43 Nigeria - Restricciones cambiarias en relación con las importaciones de productos
lácteos y maíz
1.43.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95035)
El Banco Central de Nigeria ( CBN) ha impuesto restricciones cambiarias en relación con los productos
lácteos y el maíz. El 11 de febrero de 2020, el Gobernador del CBN, Godwin Emefiele, informó de
que el objetivo de la imposición de restricciones cambiarias sobre los productos lácteos era fomentar
la retrointegración en el sector lácteo nacional.
a. ¿Qué criterios aplica el Gobierno de Nigeria para determinar si una empresa reúne las
condiciones necesarias para obtener divisas destinadas a la importación de productos
lácteos? ¿Pueden l as empresas que no emprendan actividades de retrointegración optar
de todos modos a la adquisición de divisas para las importaciones de productos lácteos?
b. Según informó el Gobernador del CBN, existe una excepción para las empresas que
importan productos que no se encuentran disponibles en el mercado interno. ¿Cómo
determina el Gobierno de Nigeria si un producto no se encuentra disponible en el
mercado interno?
c. El 13 de julio de 2020, mediante un aviso publicado por el Dr. O.S. Nnaji, Director del
Departamento de Comercio y Cambios del CBN, se ordenó a los agentes autorizados
que no tramitasen más formularios M para la solicitud de divisas destinadas a la
importa ción de maíz. ¿Pueden los importadores de maíz obtener divisas del CBN u otras
fuentes? En caso afirmativo, ¿qué criterios deben cumplir estos importadores? G/AG/W/207
- 30 -
1.44 Prohibiciones a la importación de determinados productos agropecuarios
establecidas por Nigeria
1.44.1 Pregunta de Australia (AG -IMS ID 95064)
Australia desea remitirse a la pregunta 93015 de los Estados Unidos relativa a las prohibiciones a la
importación de varios productos agropecuarios establecidas por Nigeria.
Rogamos a Nigeria que facilite al Comité una respuesta a las cuestiones planteadas en la
pregunta 93015, las cuales se reproducen a continuación:
a. ¿Cuáles son los reglamentos de aplicación de estas medidas?
b. ¿Cuáles son los fundamentos de estas medidas en el marco de la OMC?
c. ¿Por qué se han calificado estas medidas de temporales cuando llevan en vigor más de
diez años?
1.45 Subvenciones a la exportación de la Federación de Rusia
1.45.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95036)
En septiembre de 2019, la Federación de Rusia aprobó la modi ficación del artículo 78 de su Código
Presupuestario, que ahora parece permitir la concesión de subvenciones a los "productos alcohólicos
destinados a la exportación". La modificación reza así:
"1. Se otorgan, sin gasto y de manera irrevocable , subvencione s a personas jurídicas
(excluidas las instituciones estatales (municipales)), empresarios individuales, así como particulares
—productores de bienes, obras, servicios — a fin de reembolsar la pérdida de ingresos y (o) los
costos derivados de garantías finan cieras (reembolso) que tengan que ver con la
producción (venta) de bienes , salvo aquellos sujetos a impuestos especiales sobre el consumo,
pero incluidos los automóviles y las motocicletas, los productos alcohólicos destinados a la
exportación , las uvas, l os productos de vino elaborados a partir de las uvas designadas: vino, vinos
espumosos (champaña), bebidas alcohólicas con indicación geográfica protegida, con denominación
protegida (especialidades de vino) (material vinícola), la ejecución de obras y la prestación de
servicios". [Sin resalte en el original ].
En respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93017, la Federación de Rusia indica respecto de la
modificación que en ella "se enumeran personas jurídicas a efectos de la indemnización de los costos
ocasionado s por la producción/comercio de productos alcohólicos, entre otras cosas, destinados a la
exportación". En dicha respuesta se dice, a continuación, que "las normas para la concesión de
subvenciones se habrían establecido en otros instrumentos jurídicos con arreglo a la legislación
presupuestaria de la Federación de Rusia. Tales instrumentos jurídicos no han sido adoptados por el
Gobierno de la Federación de Rusia".
a. ¿Ha promulgado y/o adoptado la Federación de Rusia esos instrumentos que
dispondrían la ad opción del artículo 78 de su Código Presupuestario? En caso afirmativo,
sírvanse facilitar tales medidas jurídicas.
b. Sírvanse explicar cuál es el objetivo previsto de las modificaciones del artículo 78 del
Código Presupuestario introducidas en la Ley Fed eral Nº 330 -FZ, concretamente en lo
referente a los "productos alcohólicos destinados a la exportación".
c. Sírvanse facilitar los criterios aplicados a los solicitantes para recibir subvenciones
respecto de los productos alcohólicos destinados a la export ación.
d. ¿Cuáles son los "costos ocasionados por la producción/comercio de productos
alcohólicos" por los que pueden ser compensados los productores y exportadores rusos
en virtud de la Ley Federal Nº 330 -FZ? G/AG/W/207
- 31 -
En las modificaciones del artículo 78 del Códi go Presupuestario, se excluye de la categoría de bienes
que pueden beneficiarse de las subvenciones la categoría general "bienes sujetos a impuestos
especiales sobre el consumo", pero a continuación se incluyen específicamente determinados bienes
de ese ti po, principalmente "productos alcohólicos destinados a la exportación", uvas y determinados
tipos de vino.
e. Sírvanse facilitar una definición del término "productos alcohólicos destinados a la
exportación".
f. Sírvanse aclarar si los productos alcohólico s "destinados a la exportación" tienen que
exportarse realmente para que los particulares puedan reciban una subvención.
g. Sírvanse describir cómo asegurará la Federación de Rusia que cualquier subvención que
se conceda en virtud del artículo 78 del Códig o Presupuestario será compatible con las
obligaciones que ha asumido en el marco de la OMC de no otorgar subvenciones a la
exportación.
1.45.2 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95037)
En el Decreto N° 1816 del Gobierno de la Federación de Rusia , de 25 de diciembre de 2019, se
estipula lo siguiente:
"El Gobierno de la Federación de Rusia decide aprobar lo siguiente:
a. Normas relativas a la concesión de subvenciones, con cargo al presupuesto federal, a
las organizaciones para compensar parcialmente los costos relacionados con la
certificación de productos agropecuarios en los mercados extranjeros;
"Descripción del ámbito de certificación: "certificación de productos agropecuarios en los mercados
extranjeros" —conjunto de requisitos aplic ados a efectos de evaluar la conformidad de los productos
agropecuarios con las prescripciones de los mercados extranjeros, medidas sanitarias y
fitosanitarias, transporte, almacenamiento, realización de pruebas y eliminación de las muestras de
pruebas, y evaluación de la conformidad de los productos con las prescripciones incluidas en el
contrato de comercio exterior para el suministro de productos agropecuarios a los mercados
extranjeros (en adelante, el contrato), incluida la certificación voluntaria par a la obtención de los
certificados Halal y Kosher".
b. Sírvanse indicar los que criterios deben satisfacer los solicitantes para recibir
subvenciones federales por los costos de certificación de productos agropecuarios en
los mercados extranjeros.
c. Sírvanse precisar qué costos de certificación concretos pueden beneficiarse de una
compensación en virtud de este Decreto, y cómo se calculan dichos costos.
1.46 Subvención de la Federación de Rusia al transporte por ferrocarril de las
exportaciones (Resolución Nº 1 104)
1.46.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 95068)
Los Estados Unidos observan que el Gobierno de la Federación de Rusia ha actualizado el Programa
de Apoyo al Transporte de Productos Agropecuarios y Alimenticios, administrado por el Centro R uso
de Exportación (REC) y regulado mediante el Decreto Nº 1104 del Gobierno de la Federación de
Rusia, de 15 de septiembre de 2017, modificado por la Resolución Nº 104 del Gobierno de la
Federación de Rusia, de 6 de febrero de 2020. El cambio más importan te que se observado es la
cuantía de las asignaciones presupuestarias para el ejercicio económico en curso (2020):
RUB 4.100 millones (USD 56,2 millones). Esta cantidad es sensiblemente superior a los
RUB 49,3 millones de 2017.
Como complemento a la pregun ta AG -IMS ID 91161: G/AG/W/207
- 32 -
a. Sírvanse explicar de forma detallada los cambios introducidos recientemente en el
programa, incluidos los productos abarcados, los límites de las ayudas y la cobertura
regional.
b. Sírvanse explicar cómo se calculan los pagos.
1.47 Contin gente de exportación de la Federación de Rusia
1.47.1 Pregunta del Canadá (AG -IMS ID 95012)
La Federación de Rusia ha impuesto contingentes de exportación para los cereales con el fin de hacer
frente a la pandemia de COVID -19. Hay noticias de que dichos contingen tes han adquirido carácter
permanente. ¿Cómo evalúa la Federación de Rusia el efecto de dichos contingentes en relación con
la demanda mundial de alimentos?
1.48 Turquía - Junta de Cereales de Turquía (TMO)
1.48.1 Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América (AG -IMS ID 9 5038)
Compras de la TMO
En su respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93019, Turquía indicó que "los precios de compra de la
TMO no se consideran precios administrados", porque esta entidad compra y vende en condiciones
de mercado.
No obstante, en el sitio web d e la TMO se puede encontrar un documento titulado "2020 Dönemi
TMO Müdahale Alım Fiyatları", que se traduce por "Precios de compra de intervención de la TMO
para el período 2020". Estos precios se anuncian antes de la cosecha y los establece el Presidente
de Turquía, es decir, se trata de una decisión de política, no de una decisión de mercado. Se puede
consultar más información en la siguiente dirección: http://www.tmo.gov.tr/Main.aspx?ID=29233 .
Turquía sostiene que estos no son precios administrados aplicados, pero el Grupo Especial de la
diferencia China - Productores agropecuarios (párrafo 7.177) define el precio administrado aplicado
como "el precio fijado por el Gobierno al cual las entidades especificadas comprarán determinados
productos agropecuarios de base". Esta definición parece encajar perfectamente con las políticas de
Turquía, que comprenden precios fijados por el Gobierno a los cuales la TMO comprará productos
agropecuarios de base, como trigo y otros cereales.
Turquía también anunció programas de sostenimiento de los precios para los cereales (a saber,
trigo, cebada, maí z, arroz y avena) que incluían precios administrados aplicados hasta su notificación
de 2001, pero en la notificación correspondiente a 2002 (presentada 15 años después) no incluyó
un cálculo con los precios administrados aplicados. En respuesta a la pregu nta AG -IMS ID 85068,
Turquía declaró que "se aplicó una política más orientada al mercado, en cuyo marco las decisiones
relativas a la producción y la fijación de los precios fueron administradas por el propio mercado, sin
intervención pública".
a. Agradec eríamos que Turquía analizase detenidamente los cambios normativos que
explican el cambio ocurrido entre 2001 y 2002, aportando copias de cualesquiera leyes,
reglamentos y demás documentos oficiales del Gobierno pertinentes.
b. Sírvanse aclarar en qué medi da el anuncio del Presidente de Turquía (Precios de compra
de intervención de la TMO para el período 2020) se corresponde con la respuesta que
se brinde a la parte a) de la presente pregunta y con la afirmación de Turquía en el
sentido de que "la TMO compr a y vende en condiciones de mercado".
c. ¿Hay algún cereal producido en Turquía que la TMO no tenga derecho a comprar
mientras esté en vigor el programa de intervención?
d. Sírvanse facilitar cualquier otra información que pueda ayudar a los Miembros a
comprender cómo puede considerarse que estas actividades no constituyen G/AG/W/207
- 33 -
sostenimiento de los precios del mercado, como ha indicado Turquía en anteriores
respuestas y en sus notificaciones.
1.49 Estados Unidos: Programa de Asistencia Alimentaria relacionada con el Coronavirus
1.49.1 Pregunta de la India (AG -IMS ID 95014)
El Programa de Protección de Salarios previsto en la Ley de Asistencia, Alivio y Protección Económica
contra el Coronavirus (CARES) es un programa de préstamos con una dotación de
USD 350.000 millones, garantizado por la Administración de Pequeñas Empresas (SBA). Este
Programa se puso en marcha en abril de 2020 para proporcionar a las pequeñas empresas
estadounidenses asistencia durante ocho semanas para mejorar el flujo de caja, por medio de
préstamos con una garantía federal del 100 %. En este sentido, la India agradece la respuesta de
los Estados Unidos a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 94047 formulada por la Unión Europea. La India quisiera
plantear las siguientes preguntas complementarias:
a. ¿Hay alg una asignación u objetivo presupuestados para el sector agropecuario en el
marco de este conjunto de medidas de ayuda? En caso afirmativo, sírvanse indicar la
cuantía presupuestaria asignada al sector agropecuario.
b. Habida cuenta de que el programa se cl ausuró en agosto de 2020, ¿está previsto que
este programa siga adelante durante más tiempo?
1.49.2 Pregunta de Nueva Zelandia (AG -IMS ID 95074)
Nueva Zelandia desea agradecer a los Estados Unidos su respuesta a la pregunta anterior (AG -IMS
ID 94026) sobre su Pro grama de Asistencia Alimentaria relacionada con el Coronavirus (CFAP).
Observamos que, el 11 de agosto de 2020, casi 60 productos básicos más pasaron a beneficiarse de
los pagos en el marco del CFAP. Teniendo en cuenta que, a 31 de agosto de 2020, los Esta dos Unidos
habían desembolsado USD 9.500 millones de los fondos asignados y dada la reciente ampliación del
ámbito de aplicación del CFAP, rogamos a los Estados Unidos que informen sobre las siguientes
cuestiones:
a. si los Estados Unidos prevén prorrogar el plazo de solicitud más allá del 11 de
septiembre, habida cuenta de las actuales perturbaciones que afrontan los productores;
b. si los Estados Unidos prevén ofrecer más ayuda directa a los productores, ya sea en el
marco del CFAP o de otras medidas; y
c. cómo pretenden los Estados Unidos retirar estas ayudas de un modo que garantice la
viabilidad de sus sectores afectados y la estabilidad de los mercados mundiales.
2 CUESTIONES PLANTEADAS EN RELACIÓN CON LAS DISTINTAS NOTIFICACIONES
2.1 Importaciones en el mar co de compromisos sobre contingentes arancelarios y de otro
tipo (cuadro MA.2)
2.1.1 Australia (G/AG/N/AUS/135)
AG-IMS ID 95076: Pregunta de China - Cuestiones de transparencia
Australia administra su importación de queso mediante contingentes arancelarios, con una cantidad
comprometida de 11.500 toneladas. En su reciente notificación en forma de cuadro MA.2
(G/AG/N/AUS/135), Australia notificó que había importado 11.472,77 toneladas de queso en el
ejercicio económico de 2019.
a. ¿Podría Australia indicar los lug ares de origen de las importaciones de queso y la
cantidad importada de cada uno de ellos? G/AG/W/207
- 34 -
Según consta en el informe sobre el examen de las políticas comerciales de Australia elaborado por
la Secretaría (WT/TPR/S/396), "[e]l derecho específico y el régime n de contingentes arancelarios a
que están sujetos los quesos y el requesón proporcionan al sector de los productos lácteos una cierta
protección frente a las importaciones", pero esa protección se ha suprimido en el caso de algunos
interlocutores comercia les, como los países insulares miembros del Foro del Pacífico Sur, los PMA y
los interlocutores preferenciales abarcados por los ACR y ALC de Australia.
b. ¿Podría Australia facilitar información sobre las importaciones de queso y requesón de
estos interlo cutores comerciales, incluidos los volúmenes y valores correspondientes al
ejercicio económico de 2019?
2.1.2 República Dominicana (G/AG/N/ DOM /36)
AG-IMS ID 95077: Pregunta de Australia - Utilización de los contingentes arancelarios
Australia agradece a la Repúb lica Dominicana la presentación de sus notificaciones en forma de
cuadro MA.2 hasta el período de notificación de 2019, que estaban pendientes.
En dicho período de notificación (G/AG/N/DOM/36), en lo relativo a los productos DOMQ001 (carne
de pollo), DOMQ0 06 (arroz), DOMQ007 (azúcar) y DOMQ008 (leche en polvo, entera o descremada),
que registraron en todos los casos niveles de utilización de los contingentes arancelarios del 0 % o
inferiores al 65 %, rogamos a la República Dominicana que responda a las siguie ntes cuestiones:
a. Sírvanse aclarar los motivos de la subutilización de estos contingentes, muchos de los
cuales han experimentado una tendencia descendente durante los cinco últimos años.
b. ¿Ha contemplado la República Dominicana la posibilidad de aplicar medidas para
mejorar el nivel de utilización de los contingentes correspondientes a esos productos,
por ejemplo, el mecanismo aplicable en caso de subutilización de los contingentes
arancelarios previsto en la Decisión de Bali?
2.1.3 Japón (G/AG/N/ JPN/253)
AG-IMS ID 95078: Pregunta de China - Utilización de los contingentes arancelarios
Según las notificaciones sobre las importaciones realizadas dentro de contingentes arancelarios del
Japón, las tasas de utilización para el cacahuete (maní) se mantuvieron bajas durante los tres
últimos años (43 %, 49,3 % y 47,7 %). ¿Podría el Japón indicar los motivos de esas bajas tasas de
utilización? Si es posible, sírvanse facilitar información sobre la producción y el consumo de
cacahuete (maní) durante lo s años en cuestión.
2.2 Salvaguardias especiales para la agricultura (cuadros MA.3 a MA.5)
2.2.1 Unión Europea (G/AG/N/EU/62)
AG-IMS ID 95003: Pregunta del Brasil - Relación con los compromisos en materia de
contingentes arancelarios
Según la notificación G/AG/N/EU/ 62, la UE ha adoptado medidas de salvaguardia especial basadas
en el precio respecto de las importaciones de trozos deshuesados de gallo o gallina (02071410).
Teniendo en cuenta que varios de los contingentes arancelarios de la UE (EU -Q023, EU -Q025 y
EU-Q026) incluyen la línea 02071410, sírvanse facilitar la siguiente información voluntaria:
a. ¿Se activaron las medidas de salvaguardia especial basadas en el precio para las
importaciones dentro del volumen del contingente?
b. ¿Qué volumen de las importacion es se vio afectado por el derecho adicional? G/AG/W/207
- 35 -
c. ¿En virtud de qué escala del artículo 5 5) del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura se estableció
el derecho adicional impuesto con arreglo al párrafo 1 b)?
2.3 Compromisos en materia de ayuda interna (cuadro DS.1)
2.3.1 Austr alia (G/AG/N/AUS/129)
AG-IMS ID 95016: Pregunta de la India - Cuestiones de transparencia (con inclusión del
cuadro DS.2)
En la notificación en forma de cuadro DS.1 presentada más recientemente por Australia, documento
G/AG/N/AUS/129 (ejercicio financiero de 2017 -2018), no queda claro dónde se notifican los
siguientes programas:
a. Gobierno de Australia: Subprograma de Investigación Orientado al Sector: en el marco
del Subprograma se financiarán proyectos a fin de optimizar la utilización del agua de
riego y mejorar la gestión de riesgos en las explotaciones agrícolas.
b. Territorio Septentrional: Investigación de nuevas tecnologías y productos para
aumentar la competitividad de la agroindustria del Territorio Septentrional.
c. Australia Meridional: Centro d e Excelencia para el Sector de la Almendra. El Centro de
Excelencia se ocupará de las limitaciones actuales de la producción y dará a los
productores de almendras la capacidad de maximizar las cosechas en el contexto de las
nuevas restricciones ambientales .
d. Australia Meridional: Centro Nacional de Tecnología del Insecto Estéril: investigación y
desarrollo para contribuir a erradicar la propagación de la mosca de la fruta en Australia
Meridional.
e. Gobierno de Australia: Renovación del Centro de Investi gación de Loxton: renovación
del Centro a fin de fomentar la investigación agrícola y la colaboración en la cuenca
Murray -Darling de Australia Meridional.
Rogamos a Australia que informe sobre si estos programas han concluido y, de no ser ese el caso,
que indique bajo qué epígrafe figuran en la notificación en forma de cuadro DS.1.
AG-IMS ID 95019: Pregunta de la India - Servicios generales: investigación
En la notificación en forma de cuadro DS.1 de Australia correspondiente al ejercicio financiero de
2017-2018, que figura en el documento G/AG/N/AUS/129, por lo que respecta al programa de
investigación notificado como "Gobierno de Australia: Investigación y Desarrollo en relación con la
Carne Roja: investigación y desarrollo para mejorar la productivida d y los resultados comerciales
del sector ganadero y de la carne y promover una utilización y una gestión más sostenibles de los
recursos naturales", se observa que la cuantía notificada ha experimentado un enorme incremento,
del 44 %, con respecto a la not ificación anterior.
a. ¿Podría Australia dar más detalles sobre el tipo de actividades abarcadas por el
programa?
b. ¿Podría también explicar el motivo de ese fuerte incremento de la cuantía notificada?
2.3.2 República Dominicana (G/AG/N/DOM/43)
AG-IMS ID 95079: Pregunta de Australia - Cuestiones de transparencia (con inclusión del
cuadro DS.2)
Australia desea referirse a las sietes notificaciones en forma de cuadro DS.1 presentadas por la
República Dominicana. Esta es una demostración clara del comprom iso de la República Dominicana
con la transparencia, y Australia la aplaude y felicita por ello. G/AG/W/207
- 36 -
En cuanto a la notificación más reciente, correspondiente a 2019, que figura en el documento
G/AG/N/DOM/43, rogamos a la República Dominicana que responda a la s siguientes preguntas:
a. Australia observa que el gasto del compartimento verde en concepto de lucha contra
plagas y enfermedades aumentó en casi un 1.600 % de 2018 a 2019. ¿Podría la
República Dominicana explicar este aumento?
b. Australia observa que lo s servicios de divulgación y asesoramiento del compartimento
verde disminuyeron casi un tercio de 2018 a 2019. ¿Podría la República Dominicana
explicar esta disminución?
2.3.3 Unión Europea (G/AG/N/EU/61, G/AG/N/EU/55)
AG-IMS ID 95117: Pregunta de Colombia - Clasificación de las medidas
En respuesta a las preguntas AG -IMS ID 93302 y 93303 de Colombia y el Paraguay, la UE indicó
que el "apoyo y protección de la producción orgánica mediante la creación de condiciones de
competencia justa " son "programas ambientales " en el sentido del párrafo 12 del Anexo 2 del
Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura debido a que, entre otros asuntos, el objetivo del apoyo es "to restore,
preserve and enhance biodiversity ".
Sin embargo, el informe de marzo de 2019 del Grupo de Expertos sobre el Futuro de la Ciencia y la
Tecnología del Parlamento Europeo titulado "Farming without plant protection products - Can we
grow without using herbicides, fungicides and insecticides? " señala que los productos para la
protección de las plantas, incluyendo lo s herbicidas, fungicidas y plaguicidas tienen efectos
secundarios no deseados e inevitables, como su impacto negativo en la biodiversidad debido a los
cambios de uso del suelo. Sin embargo, el Grupo de Expertos del Parlamento Europeo nota que:
"[...] it is clear that organic farming, and its implementation in agro -ecology, is often not the best
choice. At farm level, all scientific meta -studies indicate that the increase in biodiversity is rather
marginal, but that, at global level, there will be a drastic decrease in biodiversity, since organic
farming is approximately 25 % less productive than conventional farming. This implies that, to feed
11 billion people, more land is needed at the expense of biodiversity. Moreover, the perception that
natural PPPs, us ed in organic farming, are less toxic and lead to less residues is not always correct
and needs further scientific confirmation ".
En ese sentido, dicho estudio publicado por el Parlamento Europeo reconoce que la agricultura
orgánica puede tener efectos neg ativos en términos de biodiversidad. En vista de este informe y el
documento "Commission Staff Working Document Accompanying the document Report From The
Commission To The European Parliament And The Council Evaluation of Regulation (EC) No
1107/2009 on th e placing of plant protection products on the market and of Regulation (EC) No
396/2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides {COM(2020) 208 final} ", identificado ya en la
pregunta 93302/93303, reiteramos nuestra inquietud:
¿Cómo considera la Unión Europ ea que los pagos para fomentar la agricultura orgánica, que fueron
notificados en G/AG/N/EU/61 (página 5), así como en G/AG/N/EU/55 (página 5), pueden notificarse
bajo el rubro "Programas ambientales" del párrafo 12 del Anexo 2 del Acuerdo sobre la Agricul tura?
AG-IMS ID 95099: Pregunta del Paraguay - Clasificación de las medidas
En respuesta a las preguntas AG -IMS ID 93302 y 93303 de Colombia y el Paraguay, la UE indicó
que el "apoyo y protección de la producción orgánica mediante la creación de condiciones de
competencia justa " son "programas ambientales " en el sentido del párrafo 12 del Anexo 2 del
Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura debido a que, entre otros asuntos, el objetivo del apoyo es " to restore,
preserve and enhance biodiversity ".
Sin embargo , el informe de marzo de 2019 del Grupo de Expertos sobre el Futuro de la Ciencia y la
Tecnología del Parlamento Europeo titulado Farming without plant protection products: Can we grow
without using herbicides, fungicides and insecticides? señala que los p roductos para la protección de
las plantas, incluyendo los herbicidas, fungicidas y plaguicidas tienen efectos secundarios no G/AG/W/207
- 37 -
deseados e inevitables, como su impacto negativo en la biodiversidad debido a los cambios de uso
del suelo. Sin embargo, el Grupo de Expertos del Parlamento Europeo nota que:
"[...] it is clear that organic farming, and its implementation in agro -ecology, is often not the best
choice. At farm level, all scientific meta -studies indicate that the increase in biodiversity is rather
marginal, but that, at global level, there will be a drastic decrease in biodiversity, since organic
farming is approximately 25 % less productive than conventional farming. This implies that, to feed
11 billion people, more land is needed at the expense of bio diversity. Moreover, the perception that
natural PPPs, used in organic farming, are less toxic and lead to less residues is not always correct
and needs further scientific confirmation ".3
En ese sentido, dicho estudio publicado por el Parlamento Europeo r econoce que la agricultura
orgánica puede tener efectos negativos en términos de biodiversidad. En vista de este informe y el
documento Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the document Report from the
Commission to the European Parliament and th e Council Evaluation of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009
on the placing of plant protection products on the market and of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 on
maximum residue levels of pesticides {COM(2020) 208 final }4, identificado ya en la pregunta
93302/93303, r eiteramos nuestra inquietud: ¿Cómo considera la Unión Europea que los pagos para
fomentar la agricultura orgánica, que fueron notificados en G/AG/N/EU/61 (página 5), así como en
G/AG/N/EU/55 (página 5), pueden notificarse bajo el rubro "Programas ambiental es" del párrafo 12
del Anexo 2 del Acuerdo de Agricultura?
2.3.4 Georgia (G/AG/N/GEO/23)
AG-IMS ID 95080: Pregunta de Australia - Pagos directos: asistencia para el reajuste
estructural otorgada mediante ayudas a la inversión
Australia agradece a Georgia la pres entación de su notificación en forma de cuadro DS.1
correspondiente al año civil 2019. Con respecto al cuadro justificante DS.1, sírvanse explicar cómo
funciona el programa Créditos Agrícolas Preferenciales, esto es:
a. ¿Qué sector o grupo de productores r ecibe financiación en el marco de este programa?
b. ¿Qué desventaja estructural presenta ese sector o grupo de productores?
c. ¿En qué consiste la financiación y qué condiciones vienen aparejadas a los créditos
agrícolas?
2.3.5 Georgia (G/AG/N/GEO/23)
AG-IMS ID 95081: Pregunta del Canadá - Pagos directos: asistencia para el reajuste
estructural otorgada mediante ayudas a la inversión
En su notificación relativa a la ayuda interna correspondiente a 2019, Georgia notifica una ayuda en
virtud del párrafo 11 del Anexo 2 del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura (Asistencia para el reajuste
estructural otorgada mediante ayudas a la inversión) denominada Créditos Agrícolas Preferenciales.
¿Podría Georgia explicar qué desventaja estructural pretende reso lver el programa y en qué medida
cumple este los criterios definidos en el párrafo 11 del Anexo 2 del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura?
3 Grupo de Expertos sobre el Futuro de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, "Farming without plant protection
products - Can we grow without using herbicides, fungicides and insecticides? ", marzo de 2019, página II.
4 Commission Staff Working Document Accompanying the document Report From The Commission To
The European Parliament And The Council Evaluation of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 on the placing of plant
protection products on the market and of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 on maximum residue levels of
pesticides {COM(2020) 208 final} , página 87. G/AG/W/207
- 38 -
2.3.6 India (G/AG/N/IND/18)
AG-IMS ID 95082: Pregunta del Canadá - Cuestiones de transparencia (con inclusión del
cuadro DS.2)
En su respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93291, la India señaló que respondería oportunamente a
la pregunta del Canadá referente a las discrepancias en la información estadística sobre las
existencias de arroz que figuran en su notificación relativa a la ayuda interna (G/AG/N/IND/18)
correspondiente a 2018/2019.
¿Está la India en condiciones de brindar una respuesta a la pregunta del Canadá?
AG-IMS ID 95085: Pregunta de la Unión Europea - Cuestiones de transparencia (con
inclusión del cuadro DS.2)
a. Condonació n de préstamos agrícolas
En su notificación correspondiente a 2017/2018, la India incluyó la medida "condonación
de un préstamo agrícola" con un importe de USD 8.070 millones. No se menciona ningún
importe en relación con esta medida para el período 2018/2 019.
¿Puede la India aclarar si esta medida se ha suprimido, o si todavía se aplica, pero no
se efectuaron pagos por medio de este instrumento?
b. Asignación para la distribución y las existencias reguladoras
Para esta medida se indica una dotación de USD 18.000 millones.
i. ¿Puede la India indicar qué cuantía se destina a la distribución y qué cuantía, a
la constitución de las existencias reguladoras?
ii. ¿Puede la India indicar la cantidad de productos que se incluyeron y que dejaron
de incluirse en las e xistencias reguladoras durante la campaña de
comercialización de 2018/2019, por producto?
c. Cuadro justificante DS.2
En la nota, se indica que el 99,43 % de los agricultores de la India tienen ingresos bajos.
¿Podría la India indicar la superficie total (en hectáreas) que está utilizando el 0,57 %
restante de los agricultores y el porcentaje que esta representa del total de la superficie
agrícola utilizada de la India?
d. Cuadro justificante DS.2
La india indica subvenciones de insumos por un monto de USD 24.180 millones.
Rogamos a la India que indique por separado las cuantías consignadas para:
- riego;
- abonos;
- electricidad;
- combustibles/gasóleo.
e. Cuadro justificante DS.4
La India no ha indicado en una nota el valor de la producción de ningún producto, aparte
del arroz. Esta cuestión ya se ha debatido varias veces en anteriores reuniones
ordinarias del Comité de Agricultura, y la UE vuelve a alentar encarecidamente a la
India a que incluya en el cuadro justificante DS.4 las cifras sobre el valor de la
producción de todos los productos, como hacen la UE y la mayoría de Miembros. G/AG/W/207
- 39 -
¿Podría la India indicar las cifras sobre el valor de la producción de todos los productos
del cuadro justificante DS.4?
f. Cuadro justificante DS.5
Según las estadísticas de la India, la producción total de arroz blanqueado en el período
2018/2019 fue de 116 millones de toneladas. La India solo ha computado
44,33 millones de toneladas en el cálculo del sostenimiento de los precios del mercado.
¿Podría la India explicar detalladamente por qué los 72 millones de toneladas restantes
no se beneficiaron del precio administrado? ¿No cumplía ese arroz los mismos criterios
de calidad que los 44,33 millones de toneladas adquiridas? ¿Cuáles son los criterios?
AG-IMS ID 95086: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América - Cuestiones de
transparencia (con inclusión del cuadro DS.2)
En el anexo del documento G/AG/N/IND/18, la India menciona como "leyes y reglamentos
pertinentes" la "Ley de Seguridad Alimentaria Nacion al de 2013; diversas órdenes relativas al control
del Sistema de Distribución Pública y sus modificaciones posteriores emitidas con arreglo a la Ley
de Productos Esenciales de 1955; y diversas leyes/órdenes estatales".
a. Sírvanse señalar todas las leyes y reglamentos pertinentes, incluidas cada una de las
leyes/órdenes estatales.
b. Sírvanse indicar el documento o la medida que contiene objetivos preestablecidos en
materia de seguridad alimentaria.
AG-IMS ID 95087: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América - Cuestiones de
transparencia (con inclusión del cuadro DS.2)
En el anexo del documento G/AG/N/IND/18, la India indicó "desde el decenio de 1960" como "fecha
de inicio del programa" para el Sistema de Distribución Pública.
a. Sírvanse señalar todos los pr ogramas en cuyo marco se aplican precios mínimos de
sostenimiento para el arroz, el trigo, los cereales secundarios y las legumbres, y
especificar la fecha de inicio de cada programa.
b. Sírvanse indicar todas las entidades que compran cualesquiera product os básicos en el
marco de cada uno de estos programas y especificar qué productos básicos compra
cada una de ellas.
AG-IMS ID 95088: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América - Cuestiones de
transparencia (con inclusión del cuadro DS.2)
En el anexo del doc umento G/AG/N/IND/18, en el epígrafe "Criterios o directrices objetivos
publicados oficialmente", la India señaló "[l]os principales objetivos de los programas de seguridad
alimentaria".
a. Sírvanse definir los criterios o las directrices correspondientes a todos los programas
pertinentes que se enumeren en la respuesta a la pregunta 2 a) supra .
b. ¿Cómo publica o facilita la India información sobre el proceso de acumulación de
existencias?
c. Sírvanse especificar las disposiciones relativas al volumen y la acumulación de las
existencias, con inclusión de cualesquiera disposiciones relacionadas con objetivos
preestablecidos y límites cuantitativos. G/AG/W/207
- 40 -
AG-IMS ID 95089: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América - Cuestiones de
transparencia (con inclu sión del cuadro DS.2)
En el anexo de la Decisión de Nairobi se exige "[u]na descripción de las medidas encaminadas a
reducir al mínimo los efectos de distorsión de la producción o del comercio del programa". En el
documento G/AG/N/IND/18, la India respondi ó que "[e]l Gobierno no realiza exportaciones de las
existencias públicas sobre una base comercial". No obstante, cabe señalar que, según informa la
Corporación de Alimentos de la India, se exportó arroz a Egipto con fines comerciales en el período
2016/20 17 y con fines humanitarios en el período 2017/2018.
a. Sírvanse explicar la prohibición de las exportaciones "sobre una base comercial" y de
qué manera se aplica esta. ¿Incluyen las medidas de aplicación la vigilancia de los datos
relativos a las exportac iones?
b. En caso afirmativo, sírvanse explicar cómo puede demostrar esa vigilancia que las
exportaciones no contienen volúmenes de existencias públicas. Sírvanse especificar qué
datos pueden emplearse para la vigilancia y si esos datos están disponibles
públicamente.
c. En el anexo de la India también se indica que "solo se efectúan ventas en el mercado
libre de cereales alimenticios procedentes de las existencias públicas cuando el
comprador se compromete a no realizar exportaciones de los cereales adquir idos".
Sírvanse explicar de qué manera asume el comprador este compromiso y cómo se hace
cumplir tal compromiso.
d. En cuanto a las ventas en el mercado libre de cereales alimenticios procedentes de las
existencias públicas, sírvanse indicar cómo efectúa l a India las ventas y cómo establece
los precios, es decir, qué metodología de fijación de precios emplea.
AG-IMS ID 95090: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América - Cuestiones de
transparencia (con inclusión del cuadro DS.2)
En el apéndice estadístico (a rroz) del documento G/AG/N/IND/18, la India no facilitó datos en
relación con los puntos m a p (importaciones y exportaciones totales, por valor y cantidad), e incluyó
la nota: "Solamente se han tenido en cuenta las exportaciones e importaciones a partir d e las
existencias públicas".
a. Sírvanse aclarar por qué no se facilitó esta información.
b. Teniendo en cuenta que la India aún no ha brindado una respuesta por escrito a la
pregunta AG -IMS ID 93198, sírvanse facilitar estadísticas sobre las importaciones de
arroz de la India correspondientes a los períodos 2016/2017, 2017/2018 y 2018/2019.
AG-IMS ID 95091: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América - Cuestiones de
transparencia (con inclusión del cuadro DS.2)
En el documento G/AG/N/IND/18, la India notific ó la medida "Constitución de existencias públicas
con fines de seguridad alimentaria - Asignación para la distribución y las existencias reguladoras"
(en millones de USD): USD 17.212,05.
a. ¿Cuál es el gasto relativo a la acumulación y el mantenimiento de las existencias de
arroz de los productos señalados, incluido el almacenamiento?
AG-IMS ID 95084: Pregunta del Canadá - Pagos directos: ayuda a los ingresos
desconectada
Para contestar a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93294 del Canadá sobre la conformidad del progr ama
denominado Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM -KISAN) con los criterios del compartimento
verde, la India facilitó un enlace, en lugar de una respuesta. El enlace facilitado por la India
(https://pmkisan.gov.in /) no funcionaba cuando el Canadá lo consultó la primera semana de
septiembre. Por tanto, el Canadá ruega a la India que responda directamente a las preguntas G/AG/W/207
- 41 -
formuladas en ID 93294, en relación con el programa Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (las
cuales se reproducen a continuación).
a. ¿Podría la India aclarar quién puede beneficiarse de ese programa y cuáles son los
criterios de admisibilidad para percibir un pago?
b. ¿Podría la India indicar si la cuantía de los pagos se determina en función de los in gresos
de los productores y, de ser así, cuál es el período de base definido y fijado para
determinar la admisibilidad?
AG-IMS ID 95100: Pregunta del Paraguay - Subvenciones a los insumos agrícolas para los
productores con ingresos bajos o pobres en recurs os
En su respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93234/5, la India indicó que: " Input subsidies notified
under Article 6.2 are generally available to low income and resource poor farmers. This support is
on account of power, fertilizer and irrigation in agriculture ".
Podría la India confirmar:
a. Si dichos subsidios de electricidad, fertilizante e irrigación son brindados también a
medianos y grandes productores;
b. la cantidad de productores medianos y grandes en la India y las hectáreas que abarcan
dichas fincas;
c. los principales rubros de producción a los que estos medianos y grandes productores se
dedican.
AG-IMS ID 95101: Pregunta del Paraguay - Sostenimiento de los precios del mercado
En seguimiento a las respuestas brindadas en sala por la India a las preguntas 93233/36, que
notamos aún no han sido cargadas al sistema AG -IMS, solicitamos a la India realizar las siguientes
precisiones:
a. ¿Por qué considera que el anexo solo debe presentarse a partir del momento que se
han excedido o estén en riesgo de exceder sus límites y no desde la existencia del
programa, como requiere el inc. 3 c) de la Decisión de Bali?
b. ¿En qué lugar específico de la notificación DS.1 G/AG/N/IND/18 considera que se
encuentra la información referente a los volúmenes y notificación de stocks, de
conformidad con el párrafo 3 b) de la Decisión de Bali?
c. Agradecemos la confirmación de la India de que los stocks no son reexportados. Sin
embargo, la pregunta solicitaba una explicación sobre el mecanismo sobre cómo se
asegur an de que estos no sean reexportados. Solicitamos una vez más detalles sobre
las medidas desarrolladas por la India para asegurar que no son reexportados sus
stocks. Notamos que, de conformidad con las estadísticas de la OMC contenidas en el
documento G/AG /W/32/Rev.18, la India es el principal exportador de arroz a nivel
mundial. Sus exportaciones de arroz para el periodo comprendido en dicha notificación
fueron equivalentes a casi el 30 % de las exportaciones mundiales de arroz.
d. ¿Por qué la India se demo ró tanto en notificar que se habían excedido en su de minimis
para el arroz, siendo que la Decisión permite la notificación ante el riesgo de violación?
e. Si los 44,33 millones de toneladas de arroz que figuran en el cuadro DS.5 corresponden
a la totalida d de la producción de arroz de la India para el año correspondiente a dicha
notificación. G/AG/W/207
- 42 -
AG-IMS ID 95092: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América - Cuestiones de
transparencia (con inclusión del cuadro DS.2)
En el documento G/AG/N/IND/18, la India notif icó el sostenimiento de los precios del mercado para
el arroz por valor de USD 5.004,97 (en millones de USD) e indicó en una nota: "Ulteriormente se
notificarán otros tipos de ayuda para el arroz, esto es, de ayuda que no está destinada a la
constitución d e existencias públicas con fines de seguridad alimentaria". Habida cuenta de que la
India todavía no ha respondido por escrito a las preguntas AG -IMS ID 93198 y AG -IMS ID 93272:
a. Sírvanse especificar la legislación nacional en que se basan los otros tipo s de ayuda
para el arroz.
b. Sírvanse describir brevemente esos otros tipos de ayuda.
c. ¿Por qué motivo no se incluyeron esas medidas en la notificación relativa a la ayuda
interna de la India?
d. ¿Se introdujeron esos otros tipos de ayuda por primera en vez en el período 2018/2019?
y ¿sigue dicha ayuda en vigor respecto de los años posteriores?
e. Sírvanse informar de si la India tiene intención de presentar una notificación revisada
que incluya esta información, como señaló verbalmente durante la última reunión del
Comité de Agricultura.
AG-IMS ID 95083: Pregunta del Canadá - Clasificación de las medidas
Para contestar a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93293 del Canadá sobre la conformidad del programa
denominado Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) con los cri terios del compartimento verde,
la India facilitó un enlace en lugar de una respuesta. El Canadá consultó el enlace facilitado por la
India y encontró las directrices operativas del PMFBY. En ese documento se menciona lo siguiente:
"El rendimiento medio de un cultivo notificado en una unidad de seguro consistirá en el rendimiento
medio de los cinco mejores años de los últimos siete. El rendimiento umbral del cultivo notificado es
igual al rendimiento medio multiplicado por el nivel de indemnización. El rend imiento umbral para
cualquier cultivo y unidad de seguro debe incluirse obligatoriamente en la notificación
correspondiente a la campaña y no deberá modificarse en ningún momento durante dicha campaña".
El rendimiento medio del período de referencia de est e programa, establecido en los cinco mejores
años de los últimos siete, no se ajusta a los criterios relativos al período de base para calcular el
promedio de la producción, definidos en el párrafo 8 a) del Anexo 2, el cual debe establecerse en el
trienio anterior o un promedio trienal de los cinco años precedentes de los que se hayan excluido el
de mayor y el de menor producción.
a. Teniendo en cuenta esta información, ¿podría la Indica indicar cómo justifica que este
programa esté actualmente clasificado en el marco del párrafo 8 del compartimento
verde?
b. ¿Podría la India indicar cuándo reclasificará esta ayuda en el compartimento ámbar,
dado que este programa no cumple los requisitos para la exención establecidos en el
Anexo 2 del Acuerdo sobre la Agric ultura?
2.3.7 Japón (G/AG/N/JPN/254)
AG-IMS ID 95004: Pregunta del Brasil - Cuestiones de transparencia (con inclusión del
cuadro DS.2)
El Brasil celebra el hecho de que el Japón reconozca que técnicas como la rotación de cultivos y
tecnologías como las variedad es resistentes a las plagas sean sostenibles e inocuas para el medio
ambiente. En este sentido, solicita al Japón que facilite la siguiente información: G/AG/W/207
- 43 -
a. ¿Se presta apoyo a la introducción de variedades resistentes a las plagas en las zonas
de cultivo extensivo para la adquisición de esas semillas?
b. ¿Los agricultores que han aplicado la rotación de cultivos en sus explotaciones antes de
la introducción del Programa de Transición Estructural para los Cultivos Extensivos
también pueden acogerse a esta ventaja?
c. ¿Se tiene en cuenta el aumento de productividad derivado de la utilización de esas
técnicas y tecnologías para evaluar los gastos extraordinarios o pérdidas de ingresos
que conlleva el cumplimiento del programa gubernamental?
AG-IMS ID 9 5093: Pregunta de China - Cuestiones de transparencia (con inclusión del
cuadro DS.2)
En su notificación de la ayuda interna correspondiente al ejercicio fiscal de 2017 (G/AG/N/JPN/254),
el Japón declaró que había efectuado pagos directos en el marco de pr ogramas de limitación de la
producción por valor de JPY 70.500 millones. Según el Informe de la Secretaría para el examen de
las políticas comerciales del Japón (WT/TPR/S/397), el Gobierno japonés suprimió el pago directo a
los productores de arroz y la as ignación administrativa de los volúmenes de producción de arroz
definidos como objetivos en 2018. Al mismo tiempo, el MAFF sigue proporcionando pagos directos
a los agricultores que producen cultivos distintos del arroz de mesa en el arrozal. ¿Podría expli car el
Japón las posibles repercusiones de esas modificaciones de la política, incluidos los cambios en la
esfera de la plantación y la producción de arroz? ¿Afectará el cambio a la importación y exportación
de arroz del Japón?
AG-IMS ID 95102: Pregunta de l Paraguay - Cuestiones de transparencia (con inclusión
del cuadro DS.2)
Paraguay quisiera agradecer al Japón la presentación de su notificación DS.1, correspondiente al
año fiscal 2017 -2018 (G/AG/N/JPN/254). Notamos que de un ejercicio fiscal a otro, las ayudas de
precio de mercado (MPS) otorgadas a la producción de carne bovina han sufrido un importante
aumento. Específicamente, vemos que en la notificación anterior, contenida en el documento
G/AG/N/JPN/236, el MPS del Japón para dichos productos consistí a en 237,3 miles de millones de
yenes; sin embargo, para el año fiscal siguiente vemos que dicho apoyo ha aumentado a 243,9 miles
de millones de yenes, suponiendo un incremento de 6,6 miles de millones de yenes . Teniendo en
cuenta esto, solicitamos al Japón que se sirva en responder:
a. ¿A qué se debió dicho aumento del MPS otorgado a la producción de carne bovina?
b. ¿A qué porcentaje de la producción corresponde dicho apoyo, tanto en la notificación
G/AG/N/JPN/236 como en la notificació n G/AG/N/JPN/254? Notamos que en ambas
notificaciones, no se incluye el VOP ni total ni el porcentaje correspondiente al MPS
brindado. Instamos al Japón a incluir dichos datos en sus notificaciones DS.1 en todos
los casos y no solo cuando se encuentran por debajo del nivel de minimis , en aras de
la transparencia.
c. ¿Podría Japón brindar información referente a dichos años (2016 -2017 y 2017 -2018)
sobre los principales mercados de exportación de carne bovina japonesa y los
volúmenes de exportación?
d. Notamo s con preocupación adicional que la información siendo evaluada el día de hoy
corresponde al año fiscal 2017 -2018, siendo que nos encontramos en el año fiscal
2020-2021, lo que representa un atraso significativo en las notificaciones del Japón para
la pres entación de sus notificaciones en DS.1.
i. ¿Podría Japón brindar información actualizada, correspondiente a los años de
atraso de sus notificaciones sobre el MPS para carne bovina que haya sido
otorgado?
ii. ¿Qué medidas se encuentra tomando el Japón para reducir los atrasos en la
presentación de sus notificaciones DS.1? G/AG/W/207
- 44 -
2.3.8 Panamá (G/AG/N/PAN/54)
AG-IMS ID 95094: Pregunta de Australia - Nivel de compromiso consignado
Australia desea formular una pregunta complementaria a su pregunta AG -IMS ID 93221, relativa a l
incumplimiento del límite de minimis para el arroz que Panamá notificó en el año civil 2019, como
se expone detalladamente en el documento G/AG/N/PAN/54. Australia da las gracias a Panamá por
la respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93221.
a. Teniendo en cue nta la respuesta de Panamá a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93221, en la que
afirma que no se realizarían modificaciones sustanciales a la Ley Nº 17, ¿puede Panamá
confirmar si todavía llevará a cabo un examen de la Ley?
i. En caso afirmativo, ¿puede Panamá informa r sobre cuándo tendrá lugar el
examen?
b. Al margen de cualquier examen, ¿puede Panamá explicar cómo se asegurará de cumplir
sus obligaciones en el marco de la OMC en el próximo año de notificación y en el futuro?
2.3.9 Federación de Rusia (G/AG/N/RUS/29)
AG-IMS ID 95095: Pregunta de Australia - Cuestiones de transparencia (con inclusión del
cuadro DS.2)
Australia agradece a la Federación de Rusia la presentación del cuadro DS.1 correspondiente al año
civil 2018. Con respecto a los cuadros justificantes DS.4 y DS .6, Australia observa que la Federación
de Rusia ha notificado ayuda del compartimento ámbar para productos específicos del sector de la
uva que suman en total USD 27,4 millones, aproximadamente el 7,38% del valor de la producción
de uva. Si bien esto supe ra el nivel de minimis de Rusia, Australia reconoce que está dentro del total
de la MGA final consolidada.
Australia observa que la Federación de Rusia ha aplicado recientemente la Ley Federal Nº 468 -FZ
de Viticultura y Vinificación en la Federación de Rusia. La Federación de Rusia ha informado a los
Miembros en el Consejo del Comercio de Mercancías de que esta medida tenía por objeto desarrollar
el sector vitivinícola en la Federación de Rusia y que se aplicaría a los vinos de producción nacional
así como a los importados. Teniendo esto en cuenta, Australia desea saber si la Federación de Rusia
tiene previsto s eguir prestando apoyo -por encima de los límites de minimis - a la uva (y, por tanto,
indirectamente al vino) en los años venideros. Si ese apoyo se mantiene en combinación con las
prescripciones de la nueva Ley Federal, a Australia le preocupa que los prod uctores de vino de otros
países queden en desventaja y sean desplazados en el mercado ruso. Teniendo esto en cuenta,
¿puede la Federación de Rusia proporcionar la siguiente información sobre las subvenciones a la
producción que otorga a los productores de uva a nivel federal y subfederal?
a. Los nombres completos de los programas;
b. sus objetivos;
c. detalles sobre la financiación prestada; y
d. los criterios de admisibilidad .
AG-IMS ID 95103: Pregunta de la Unión Europea - Cuestiones de transparencia (con
inclusión del cuadro DS.2)
a. ¿Puede la Federación de Rusia indicar qué cambio ha utilizado en la notificación de 2018
para convertir los rublos a dólares EE.UU. ?
b. ¿Puede la Federación de Rusia explicar más detalladamente el funcionamiento de las
subven ciones, federales y subfederales, a la producción en el sector lácteo, con inclusión
de los criterios de admisibilidad y los objetivos, así como el nivel de pagos (también por
montos unitarios)? G/AG/W/207
- 45 -
AG-IMS ID 95105: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América - Sostenimiento de los
precios del mercado
Cuadro justificante DS.5
La Federación de Rusia no ha notificado el sostenimiento de precios del mercado correspondiente
a 2018. En su respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 92064, La Federación de Rusia declaró que el
Ministerio de Agricultura anuncia el precio de compra mínimo de los cereales y que no se ha
notificado ninguna medida de sostenimiento de los precios del mercado en 2017 debido a la ausencia
de compras, pero que la posibilidad de aplicar esas medidas sigue vigente.
a. Sírvanse confirmar los precios mínimos de compra del trigo, la cebada y otros productos
básicos beneficiarios de apoyo cuyos precios se hubiesen anunciado en 2018.
b. ¿Es la ausencia de compras la razón por la que no se han notificado medidas d e
sostenimiento de los precios del mercado para 2018?
c. Dado que aún podían aplicarse medidas de sostenimiento de los precios del mercado a
los productos básicos, ¿notificará la Federación de Rusia las medidas de sostenimiento
de precios al mercado en los próximos años, independientemente de que no se efectúen
compras?
AG-IMS ID 95106: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América - Otra MGA/MAE por
productos específicos
Cuadro justificante DS.6
Los desembolsos de las subvenciones federales y subfederales a la producción de aves de corral,
ganado porcino y ciervos han aumentado un 482%, un 118% y un 117%, respectivamente, entre
2017 y 2018.
a. Sírvanse explicar la razón de ese aumento significativo en cada uno de los productos
indicados.
AG-IMS ID 95096: Pregun ta de Australia - MGA no referida a productos específicos
Con respecto al cuadro justificante DS.9, Australia señala que los desembolsos presupuestarios
correspondientes a "Subvenciones de los intereses de las inversiones y los créditos a corto plazo"
han descendido en más de USD 450 millones en comparación con 2017.
a. ¿Puede la Federación de Rusia proporcionar la siguiente información sobre esta medida?
i. ¿Qué programas de subvenciones están abarcados en esta medida?
ii. ¿Por qué la financiación se redu jo en más del 40% entre 2017 y 2018?
Australia también señala que el valor de la ayuda correspondiente a "Federal - Otras subvenciones
de los intereses relativos a apoyos crediticios" ha aumentado anualmente en más de
USD 300 millones.
b. ¿Puede la Federación de Rusia proporcionar la siguiente información sobre esta medida?
i. ¿Qué programas de subvenciones están abarcados en esta medida?
ii. ¿Cuáles son los tipos de interés y las condiciones de este programa y cuáles son
sus criterios de admisibilid ad?
iii. ¿Por qué el valor de la ayuda correspondiente a esta medida ha aumentado en
más del 260% entre 2017 y 2018? G/AG/W/207
- 46 -
2.3.10 Turquía (G/AG/N/TUR/36, G/AG/N/TUR/37)
AG-IMS ID 95104: Pregunta del Paraguay - Cuestiones de transparencia (con inclusión
del cuadro DS.2)
En seguimiento a las respuestas brindadas por Turquía a las preguntas 93154, 93178, 93156
y 93157, solicitamos a Turquía realizar las siguientes precisiones:
a. ¿Por qué se brindan subsidios a la producción orgánica en dos categorías distintas, bajo
el art. 6.2 y en programas ambientales?
b. ¿Cómo considera Turquía que estos subsidios a la producción orgánica, que son
definidos por la propia Turquía como " support payments " y no como " input subsidies "
en su respuesta a la pregunta 93145, califican bajo lo estipulado en el art. 6.2. del AsA
y no deben ser notificados bajo la caja ámbar como MPS?
c. ¿Por qué considera Turquía que la producción orgánica puede ser notificada bajo
programas ambientales, atendiendo que la producción orgánica puede derivar en un
aumento del CO 2?
d. Atendiendo a su preocupación por el medio ambiente y la cantidad importante de
subsidios que brinda Turquía bajo el concepto de programas ambientales y que Turquía
ha respondido a la pregunta 93154, que:
"Turkey's vision within the scop e of climate change is to develop fully integrated climate
change -related objectives in its policies, (…), increase the use of clean and renewable
energy resources, (…), and provide its citizens with a high quality of life and welfare
with low -carbon inten sity. Turkey is dedicated to protect the environment and mitigate
the negative effects of climate change. "
i. ¿Por qué brindan subsidios al combustible diésel en la agricultura?
ii. ¿Se encuentra considerando suspender sus subsidios al combustible?
e. En su respuesta a la pregunta 93152 Turquía indica que " it intends to maintain its
production habit in oilseeds " al tiempo de señalar que " is well aware of the de minimis
commitments and doing its utmost to fulfill its obligations ", que parecieran ser
respuest as contradictorias.
De igual modo, notamos que, de conformidad a las estadísticas presentadas en el documento
G/AG/W/32/Rev.18, cuyas estadísticas muestran el porcentaje de comercio mundial de los
principales exportadores de ciertos productos/grupos de pro ductos, Turquía figura desde 2011 y
hasta 2018, casi de manera ininterrumpida, entre la lista de exportadores de soja.
Reiteramos nuestra pregunta concreta sobre ¿qué acciones específicas se encuentra implementando
Turquía para asegurarse de no superar sus niveles de minimis en la producción de soja?
f. ¿Cuáles fueron los niveles de apoyo brindado a la soja para los años en los cuales se
registra un atraso de las notificaciones de Turquía?
g. ¿Podría Turquía brindar un calendario estimativo de cuándo planean presentar sus
notificaciones DS.1 pendientes?
Instamos además a la delegación de Turquía, en aras de la transparencia y con ánimos de facilitar
el monitoreo de sus políticas agrícolas en manera de subsidios, a:
i. Responder la totalidad de las preg untas, en lugar de referirse a otras respuestas
en el sistema.
ii. Incluir en sus notificaciones el porcentaje correspondiente al VOP. G/AG/W/207
- 47 -
2.3.11 Estados Unidos de América (G/AG/N/USA/123, G/AG/N/USA/135)
AG-IMS ID 95107: Pregunta del Paraguay - Cuestiones de transpa rencia (con inclusión
del cuadro DS.2)
Paraguay quisiera agradecer a los Estados Unidos la presentación de su notificación DS.1,
correspondiente al año 2017 (G/AG/N/USA/135). Notamos que de un ejercicio fiscal a otro, el VOP
de la producción de sésamo ha s ufrido un importante aumento.
En la notificación anterior, contenida en el documento G/AG/N/USA/123, el VOP de sésamo consistía
en 1.371 millones de dólares y que en dicho año los Estados Unidos otorgaron un MPS del 19,33%
de su VOP, equivalente a 0,265 mi llones de dólares. Para el año fiscal siguiente vemos que dicho
apoyo ha aumentado a 0,38 millones de dólares y el MPS ha alcanzado solamente un 3,47%, pero
esto debido a que el VOP ha aumentado a 11,065 millones de dólares. Se ha incrementado de este
modo , de un año fiscal a otro, el VOP del sésamo en los Estados Unidos por casi 9,7 millones de
dólares. Teniendo en cuenta esto, solicitamos a los Estados Unidos que se sirvan en responder :
a. ¿A qué se debió dicho aumento del VOP de sésamo? ¿Podrían los Esta dos Unidos
confirmar el papel que jugaron los subsidios del año anterior en el aumento drástico de
este VOP?
b. ¿Podrían los Estados Unidos brindar información referente a dichos años (2016 y 2017)
sobre los principales mercados de exportación de sésamo y los volúmenes de
exportación?
c. Notamos con preocupación adicional que la información siendo evaluada el día de hoy
corresponde al año 2017, lo que representa un atraso significativo en las notificaciones
de los Estados Unidos para la presentación de sus notificaciones en DS.1.
i. ¿Podrían los Estados Unidos brindar información actualizada, correspondiente a
los años de atraso de sus notificaciones, sobre el VOP del sésamo y el MPS que
haya sido otorgado para dicho producto?
ii. ¿Qué me didas se encuentran tomando los Estados Unidos para reducir los atrasos
en la presentación de sus notificaciones DS.1?
AG-IMS ID 95013: Pregunta de la India - Cuestiones de transparencia (con inclusión del
cuadro DS.2)
La India acoge con satisfacción la no tificación del cuadro DS.1 relativa a la ayuda interna, presentada
por los Estados Unidos y correspondiente a la campaña de comercialización 2017
(G/AG/N/USA/135). La India señala que la ayuda referida a productos específicos como porcentaje
del valor de l a producción de bananos ha aumentado significativamente del 0,27% en 2016 al
64,43% en 2017. Análogamente, la ayuda destinada específicamente al café también ha aumentado,
del 0,63% al 189,8%, durante el mismo período.
a. ¿Podrían los Estados Unidos explic ar la razón de este aumento exponencial?
b. Asimismo, se solicita a los Estados Unidos que proporcionen información detallada sobre
los programas/medidas en cuyo marco se concedió ayuda a estos dos cultivos en 2017.
AG-IMS ID 95108: Pregunta del Canadá - Servicios generales: otros
Con respecto a 2017, los Estados Unidos consignaron en el apartado 2 h) (Otros servicios generales)
USD 2.935 millones en concepto de programas estatales para la agricultura. Esto supone un
incremento de USD 275 millones respecto de los montos notificados en 2016.
¿Podrían los Estados Unidos aclarar en qué programas se ha producido un aumento significativo de
los desembolsos entre 2016 y 2017? G/AG/W/207
- 48 -
AG-IMS ID 95109: Pregunta del Canadá - Otra MGA/MAE por productos específicos
Cuadro justificante DS.7
Entre 2016 y 2017, las subvenciones a las primas del seguro de las cosechas de soja de los Estados
Unidos aumentaron en casi USD 450 millones. Al mismo tiempo, la producción de soja de los Estados
Unidos se mantuvo bastante estable . ¿Podrían los Estados Unidos explicar qué cambios se
produjeron en el mercado o en el conjunto de los programas de seguros para que se generase tal
incremento?
AG-IMS ID 95110: Pregunta del Canadá - Otra MGA/MAE por productos específicos
Cuadro justifican te DS.6
Con respecto al Programa de Protección de los Márgenes de Utilidad (MPP) de los fabricantes de
productos lácteos, los Estados Unidos notifican un total de USD 18,2 millones en concepto de pagos
directos en 2017 (de septiembre de 2017 de agosto de 2 018), lo que incluye tasas administrativas
y primas. En febrero de 2018, el Congreso, a través de la Ley Bipartidaria de Presupuesto de 2018,
introdujo ajustes en ese programa, como reducciones significativas de las primas, entre otras cosas,
para reforzar su apoyo a los fabricantes de productos lácteos. El período de inscripción se prorrogó
dos veces al 22 de junio de 2018, y la elección de la cobertura y la admisibilidad de los pagos
en 2018 se aplicaron con carácter retroactivo a partir del 1 de enero de 2018.
Según la información disponible en el sitio web del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados
Unidos ( https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs -and-services/Dairy -MPP/index ), el margen
correspondiente a los meses de febrero, marzo, abril, mayo, junio, julio y agosto de 2018 fue inferior
al nivel máximo asegurable de USD 8,00 por quintal, y en esos meses fue posible efectuar pagos
por la producción asegurada al nivel máximo. Al in scribirse en junio de 2018, los productores ya
sabían, antes de presentar sus solicitudes, qué pagos recibirían si se aseguraban por el nivel máximo
para febrero, abril y marzo. En un anuncio de 12 de junio de 2018, el Departamento de Agricultura
mencionó que "el Departamento ha emitido más de USD 89 millones en concepto de márgenes
activados en febrero marzo y abril". En el informe de pagos mensuales procesados de 2018 de su
sitio web ( https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Assets/USDA -FSA-Public/usdafiles/Price -
Support/Excel/2018%20Monthly%20Payments%20Processed%20 -%20December.pdf ), el
Departamento de Agricultura indica q ue, a 10 de diciembre de 2018, se habían procesado cerca de
USD 254 millones en concepto de pagos. Dado que muchos de esos pagos se activaron entre febrero
y agosto de 2018, ¿podría el Departamento de Agricultura aclarar cómo se calcularon esos pagos
directos totales por valor de USD 18,2 millones en el marco del MPP?
En virtud de la Ley de Agricultura de 2018, se autorizó el reembolso de las primas en el marco del
MPP a los productores que pagaran primas con arreglo a ese programa en los años civiles de 20 14
a 2017. La cuantía del reembolso es igual a la diferencia entre el total de las primas satisfechas por
la explotación lechera en cada año civil aplicable de la cobertura y el total de pagos efectuados a la
explotación lechera participante en el MPP de l os fabricantes de productos lácteos en ese año civil
aplicable. Las explotaciones podían elegir recibir el 50% del reembolso en efectivo o percibir el 75%
de la cuantía en forma de crédito, que podían destinar a las primas en el marco del Programa de
Cober tura de los Márgenes de los Productos Lácteos (DMC). ¿Podrían los Estados Unidos aclarar si,
respecto del ejercicio de 2017, esos reembolsos se han incluido en esta notificación, y podrían indicar
las cuantías reembolsadas en efectivo y en forma de crédito a los productores en el marco del DMC?
https://www.fsa.usda.gov/news -room/ne ws-releases/2019/usda -announces -repayment -options -
for-producers -with-coverage -in-previous -margin -protection -program -for-dairy
AG-IMS ID 95111: Pregunta de Nueva Zelandia - Otra MGA/MAE por productos específicos
Nueva Zelandia observa que el total de los pa gos directos no exentos respecto del ganado vacuno
prácticamente se duplicó (de USD 33,322 millones a USD 60,551 millones) en la campaña de
comercialización de 2017. Análogamente, el total de los pagos directos no exentos respecto del
ganado aumentó de USD 290,498 millones a USD 367,954 millones en la campaña de
comercialización de 2017. ¿Podrían los Estados Unidos explicar cuál fue la causa de ese incremento
de los pagos y si cabe esperar un aumento continuado de los pagos para el ganado bovino y demás G/AG/W/207
- 49 -
ganado en las campañas de comercialización de 2018 y ulteriores? (Véase el cuadro
justificante DS.6).
2.4 Introducción o modificación de medidas de ayuda interna (cuadro DS.2)
2.4.1 Australia (G/AG/N/AUS/130)
AG-IMS ID 95018: Pregunta de la India - Cuestiones de transp arencia (con inclusión del
cuadro DS.2)
Según la notificación más reciente del cuadro DS.1 de Australia, que figura en el documento
G/AG/N/AUS/130, ha finalizado el período declarado de aplicación de las siguientes medidas:
Mantenimiento de la Condición de Zona Libre de la Mosca de la Fruta en Tasmania; Iniciativa para
un Riego Sostenible en el Futuro; Programa Provisional de Inversión en Infraestructura en la Gran
Cuenca Artesiana; Estudio de Viabilidad para East Grampians y West Wimmera, Estudio de Viabil idad
de una Red de Abastecimiento de Agua en Mitiamo; Proyecto de Abastecimiento de Agua para Zonas
Rurales del Suroeste de Loddon (SWL); Programa de Donaciones del Territorio de la Capital de
Australia (ACT) para el Medio Rural (ARG) 2017-2018; y Conserva ción de las Cuencas de los Ríos
Welcome y Montagu. ¿Cuál es la situación actual de cada uno de estos programas? En el caso de
que estos programas todavía se estén aplicando, sírvanse proporcionar detalles al respecto.
AG-IMS ID 95020: Pregunta de la India - Cuestiones de transparencia (con inclusión del
cuadro DS.2)
De acuerdo con la notificación del cuadro DS.2 de Australia, que figura en el documento
G/AG/N/AUS/130, el Programa de Asociación para la Exportación ha sido sustituido por el Programa
SA Export Accelerator. Se solicita a Australia que proporcione la información siguiente:
a. ¿Qué productos se han beneficiado de donaciones en el marco del Programa de
Asociación para la Exportación durante su período de aplicación?
b. ¿En qué se diferencia el Prog rama SA Export Accelerator del programa que ha
sustituido?
c. ¿En virtud de qué disposición del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura notifica Australia el nuevo
programa?
d. ¿Cómo justifica Australia la consideración de las donaciones en el marco del Programa
de Asociación para la Exportación como una medida de ayuda exenta de conformidad
con el Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura y no como una subvención a la exportación?
2.4.2 Nueva Zelandia (G/AG/N/NZL/118)
AG-IMS ID 95022: Pregunta de la India - Cuestiones de transparencia (con inclusión del
cuadro DS.2)
En la reciente notificación del cuadro DS.2 de Nueva Zelandia, que figura en el documento
G/AG/N/NZL/118, referida a la introducción o modificación de medidas de ayuda interna exentas de
la reducción, Nueva Zelandia menciona una medida denominada "Futuro Sostenible para los
Alimentos y las Fibras (SFFF)". Se solicita a Nueva Zelandia que proporcione más información sobre
lo siguiente:
a. Los criterios aplicables a las ramas de producción para solicitar financiación en el marco
del programa.
b. ¿Por qué razón se han fusionado el fondo de la Asociación para el Crecimiento del Sector
Primario y el Fondo para la Agricultura Sostenible?
c. En el documento G/AG/N/NZL/118 se explica que el programa cumple los criterios
específicos del párrafo 2, relativo a los servicios generales, a saber: a) investigación;
b) lucha contra plagas y enfermedades; c) servicios de formación; d) servicios de G/AG/W/207
- 50 -
divulgación y asesoramiento; e) serv icios de inspección; f) servicios de comercialización
y promoción; o g) servicios de infraestructura. Sin embargo, en la notificación del
cuadro DS.1 correspondiente a 2018 -2019, que figura en el documento
G/AG/N/NZL/119, solo se ha notificado el component e de investigación de ese
programa. ¿Qué ayuda se otorgó a los demás componentes del párrafo 2 del anexo 3,
a saber: b) lucha contra plagas y enfermedades; c) servicios de formación; d) servicios
de divulgación y asesoramiento; e) servicios de inspección; f) servicios de
comercialización y promoción; o g) servicios de infraestructura?
2.5 Notificaciones de subvenciones a la exportación (cuadros ES.1, ES.2 y ES.3)
2.5.1 Australia (G/AG/N/AUS/127)
AG-IMS ID 95021: Pregunta de la India - Cantidad de exportaciones totale s
En su notificación del cuadro ES.2 correspondiente al año civil 2018, que figura en el documento
G/AG/N/AUS/127, Australia menciona que, en lo que respecta a las prescripciones en materia de
notificación de las subvenciones a la exportación, ha pasado de presentar las notificaciones por
ejercicio fiscal a presentarlas sobre la base del año civil. ¿Puede Australia explicar el motivo de este
cambio del período de notificación?
2.6 Prohibiciones y restricciones a la exportación (cuadro ER.1)
2.6.1 República Kirguisa ( G/AG/N/KGZ/8)
AG-IMS ID 95112: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América - Cuestiones de
transparencia
¿Podría la República Kirguisa confirmar que todas sus restricciones a la exportación notificadas
finalizarán el 22 de septiembre de 2020?
2.6.2 Viet Nam (G/AG/ N/VNM/13)
AG-IMS ID 95113: Pregunta del Japón - Notificación oportuna
El Japón reconoce la notificación de la medida que Viet Nam presentó al Comité de Agricultura el
4 de agosto de 2020 tras el debate que tuvo lugar en la reunión extraordinaria. Lamentabl emente,
la notificación se demoró a la luz del artículo 12 del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura, pero al menos
representa un recordatorio para otros países que no han notificado sus medidas sobre la obligación
de transparencia, que no cesa aun tras la retirada de dichas medidas. El Japón agradece la
notificación de Viet Nam a este respecto.
En el futuro, al Japón le complacerá ver que Viet Nam dedica todos sus esfuerzos a evitar la
introducción de restricciones a la exportación y que, en el caso de que tales me didas sean necesarias,
cumpla sus obligaciones de notificación. El Japón agradecería que Viet Nam pudiese compartir con
el Comité cualquier experiencia provechosa sobre la manera de evitar la demora, con miras a
asegurar el cumplimiento de la obligación de notificación en el futuro.
3 NOTIFICACIONES PENDIENTES
3.1 Australia
AG-IMS ID 95017: Pregunta de la India
La última notificación del cuadro DS.1 de Australia corresponde al período comprendido entre el 1
de julio de 2017 y el 30 de junio de 2018. ¿Puede Austra lia indicar cuándo presentará su notificación
del cuadro DS.1 correspondiente a 2018 -2019? G/AG/W/207
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3.2 Turquía
AG-IMS ID 95114: Pregunta del Canadá
Subvenciones a la exportación
El Canadá señala que Turquía presentó el proyecto de lista de subvenciones a la exportación en junio
de 2019 y que lo certificó en septiembre de 2019. Sin embargo, Turquía se reserva el derecho de
aplicar subvenciones a la exportación para un número relativamente grande de productos
agropecuarios. ¿Podría Turquía indicar cuándo tiene previsto presentar las notificaciones de
subvenciones a la exportación posteriores a 2013, año de su notificación más reciente?
AG-IMS ID 95115: Pregunta del Canadá
Notificación relativa a la ayuda interna
El Canadá señala que, en respuesta a las preguntas ID 93151 e ID 93153, Turquía indicó que estaba
trabajando en sus notificaciones anuales relativas a la ayuda interna correspondientes al período
2014-2016. ¿Podría Turquía proporcionar al Comité información actualizada sobre cuándo tiene
previsto presenta r esas notificaciones?
4 DEBATE ESPECÍFICO SOBRE LA COMPETENCIA DE LAS EXPORTACIONES
4.1 Argentina
AG-IMS ID 95118: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Créditos a la exportación
Los Estados Unidos señalan que la Argentina no ha proporcionado información actualizada
desde 2018. Por lo que respecta al Banco de Inversión y Comercio Exterior (BICE), sírvanse
actualizar las respuestas al cuestionario sobre competencia de las exportaciones con datos de 2018
y 2019.
4.2 Australia
AG-IMS ID 95119: Pregunt a de la Unión Europea
Australia - Pregunta complementaria a la pregunta 94048 - Australia: Mecanismo de Asistencia para
el Transporte Internacional
En su respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 94048, Australia se ha referido a su respuesta a una
pregunta formul ada por el Canadá. Esa respuesta ofrece información general útil sobre las razones
del establecimiento del Mecanismo de Asistencia para el Transporte Internacional (IFAM). Sin
embargo, no despeja las dudas que la UE expresaba en su pregunta.
Como se indica en la pregunta AG -IMS ID 94048, el IFAM parece ser una subvención a la exportación
según se define en el artículo 9.1 d) del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura, que abarca "el otorgamiento
de subvenciones para reducir los costos de comercialización de las expor taciones de productos
agropecuarios (excepto los servicios de asesoramiento y promoción de exportaciones de amplia
disponibilidad) incluidos los costos de manipulación, perfeccionamiento y otros gastos de
transformación, y los costos de los transportes y f letes internacionales". En el caso de los Miembros
de la OMC que son países desarrollados, como Australia, en el párrafo 6 de la Decisión Ministerial de
Nairobi, de 19 de diciembre de 2015 (documento WT/MIN(13)/40 de la OMC), se dispone la
eliminación de l as subvenciones a la exportación a partir de la fecha de adopción de la Decisión.
a. Australia fue uno de los más firmes defensores de endurecer las disciplinas relativas a
la competencia de las exportaciones; de hecho, fue el primer Miembro que modificó s u
Lista de conformidad con la Decisión de Nairobi. ¿Puede Australia explicar cómo asegura
el IFAM el respeto de las obligaciones dimanantes de la OMC relativas a las subvenciones G/AG/W/207
- 52 -
a las exportaciones agropecuarias establecidas en la Decisión Ministerial de Nairobi, en
el Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura y en su propia Lista?
b. ¿Durante cuánto tiempo se seguirá aplicando esta subvención a la exportación?
AG-IMS ID 95120: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Empresas comerciales del Estado
Con respecto a su notificación relativa a la actividad de la empresa comercial estatal de la Junta de
Comercialización del Arroz del Estado de Nueva Gales del Sur, ¿podría Australia proporcionar el
precio de exportación medio y el precio medio representativo de las ventas d e arroz en el mercado
interno en las campañas de comercialización de 2015/2016 a 2018/2019? Si Australia no puede
facilitar esta información, sírvanse explicar por qué no.
4.3 Brasil
AG-IMS ID 95121: Pregunta de la Unión Europea
Actualización de la Lista después de Nairobi
Transcurridos más de cuatro años desde Nairobi, el Brasil no ha facilitado su Lista actualizada.
¿Cuándo cumplirá el Brasil los compromisos contraídos a este respecto en N airobi?
4.4 China
AG-IMS ID 95143: Pregunta del Canadá
El Canadá señala que la información facilitada en el punto Nº 3 (Valor total de las exportaciones de
productos agropecuarios cubiertas por créditos a la exportación, garantías de créditos a la
exportación o programas de seguro, y utilización por programa) se refiere a programas del Banco
de Desarrollo Agrícola de China y del Banco de Exportación e Importación de China correspondientes
a los años 2015 -2016.
¿Podría China indicar cuándo proporcionará datos má s recientes?
AG-IMS ID 95122: Pregunta de la Unión Europea
China - Respuestas pendientes a las preguntas AG -IMS ID 91064 y 91070
La UE desea reiterar sus preguntas AG -IMS ID 91064 y 91070, formuladas en la última sesión
específica sobre la competencia de l as exportaciones, a cuyo respecto China todavía no ha
respondido:
a. AG-IMS ID 91064: Los datos sobre la financiación de las exportaciones no se han
actualizado desde 2016. ¿Cuándo facilitará China la información que falta
correspondiente a 2017 y 2018?
b. AG-IMS ID 91070: ¿Cuándo facilitará China las respuestas al cuestionario sobre
competencia de las exportaciones relativas a las empresas comerciales del Estado
exportadoras de productos agropecuarios que notificó al Grupo de Trabajo de la OMC
sobre las Em presas Comerciales del Estado?
AG-IMS ID 95123: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Créditos a la exportación
Como complemento de la pregunta AG -IMS ID 92031, los Estados Unidos señalan que China ha
utilizado en su respuesta datos de 2017 y 2018. Sin embargo, los Estados Unidos observan que el G/AG/W/207
- 53 -
cuestionario sobre competencia de las exportaciones de 2020 no incluye esta notificación actualizada
sobre los programas de financiación de las exportaciones de China.
a. Sírvanse actualizar el cuestionario sobr e competencia de las exportaciones de 2020 con
los datos de 2017, 2018 y 2019.
b. Sírvanse explicar qué medidas adoptará China para informar sobre la utilización del
programa por producto o grupo de productos respecto de SINOSURE.
AG-IMS ID 95124: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Ayuda alimentaria
En respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 92031, China declara que "entre 2017 y 2018 proporcionó
ayuda alimentaria por un valor total de RMB 2.000 millones a los países pertinentes por medio de
canales multil aterales y bilaterales".
Sírvanse facilitar las cantidades por productos básicos de la ayuda alimentaria en especie
proporcionada y las cuantías de toda la ayuda alimentaria en efectivo no vinculada para cada año
en concreto. Si esta información no puede f acilitarse, sírvanse explicar por qué no.
AG-IMS ID 95125: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Empresas comerciales del Estado
a. Por cada producto enumerado en el cuestionario sobre competencia de las
exportaciones, sírvanse facilitar el precio de e xportación medio, el precio de compra
medio y el precio medio representativo de las ventas en el mercado interno en las
campañas de comercialización de 2015 a 2017.
b. Si esta información no puede proporcionarse, sírvanse explicar por qué no.
c. Sírvanse enumerar los destinos de exportación del arroz y el tabaco en el año 2017 y
del maíz y el algodón en los años 2016 y 2017. Si China no puede facilitar esta
información, sírvanse explicar por qué no.
d. Por último, sírvanse actualizar el cuestionar io sobre competencia de las exportaciones
de 2020 con los datos de 2018 y 2019.
4.5 Colombia
AG-IMS ID 95126: Pregunta de la Unión Europea
Colombia - Pregunta complementaria a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93183 - Fondo para el azúcar
La respuesta de Colombia a la pre gunta AG -IMS ID 93183 es incompleta. En relación con las tres
últimas campañas de comercialización (2017, 2018 y 2019), ¿podría Colombia facilitar los datos
siguientes?
a. Pagos totales para la exportación de azúcar realizados con cargo al Fondo para el
azúcar.
b. Importe medio por tonelada de azúcar pagado al Fondo a partir del azúcar vendido en
el mercado colombiano.
c. Al parecer, debido a la naturaleza del Fondo y a la participación del Gobierno en su
establecimiento y su función en el comité, el Fondo de Estabilización de Precios del
Azúcar (FEPA) podría considerarse una subvención de facto mencionada en el
artículo 9.1 c) del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura de la OMC. En la medida en que el precio
de referencia es mayor que el precio medio de exportación, la compensación resultante G/AG/W/207
- 54 -
que perciben los exportadores podría considerarse una subvención a la exportación,
aunque este resultado no fuese deliberado.
d. ¿Puede Colombia explicar cómo tiene previsto asegurar que el FEPA cumpla lo
establecido en la Decis ión de Nairobi sobre la Competencia de las Exportaciones?
4.6 Unión Europea
AG-IMS ID 95127: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Bulgaria - Créditos a la exportación
Como complemento de la pregunta AG -IMS ID 91118, los Estados Unidos señalan que Bulgaria no
ha facilitado los plazos máximos de reembolso por programa ni los plazos medios anuales de
reembolso por programa en la notificación relativa al cuestionario sobre competencia de las
exportaciones de 2020.
Sírvanse actualizar el cuestionario con los pl azos máximos y los plazos medios anuales de reembolso.
AG-IMS ID 95128: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Dinamarca - Créditos a la exportación
Como complemento de la pregunta AG -IMS ID 91118, los Estados Unidos señalan que Dinamarca
no ha actualiz ado los datos de su programa de reaseguro.
Sírvanse explicar qué medidas adoptará Dinamarca para facilitar esta información.
AG-IMS ID 95129: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Italia - Créditos a la exportación
Los Estados Unidos agradecen a Italia la transparencia al responder al cuestionario sobre
competencia de las exportaciones facilitando los datos de SACE Spa correspondientes a 2019.
a. Sírvanse facilitar también los datos de SACE Spa correspondientes a 2016, 2017 y 2018.
Los Estados Unidos observan que, en el informe anual de SACE SIMEST de 2018, las operaciones de
seguros de crédito en el extranjero sumaron un total de EUR 800 millones , de los cuales el sector
agroalimentario rep resentó el 10,9%.
b. Sírvanse explicar por qué las filiales de SACE, como SIMEST, no son objeto de
notificación en el cuestionario sobre competencia de las exportaciones de la UE.
AG-IMS ID 95130: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
España - Créditos a la exportación
Como complemento de la pregunta AG -IMS ID 91118, los Estados Unidos reiteran que la Decisión
sobre la Competencia de las Exportaciones no se limita únicamente a programas específicos para la
agricultura.
Sírvanse proporcionar información sobre los programas ICO de financiación de las exportaciones
para la agricultura que no sean específicos del sector. G/AG/W/207
- 55 -
AG-IMS ID 95131: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Ayuda alimentaria
Los Estados Unidos señalan que la Unión Europea ha presentado una notificación relativa a la ayuda
alimentaria de Austria, Eslovenia, la República Checa y Suecia en el marco del cuestionario sobre
competencia de las exportaciones. Sin embargo, los Estados Unidos observan que la UE no ha
proporcionado una respuesta en relación con la Comisión Europea y varios otros Estados miembros,
como Dinamarca, España, Finlandia, Francia y Luxemburgo, todos ellos miembros del Convenio
sobre Asistencia Alimentaria.
Como complemento de las preguntas AG -IMS ID 91119, 87052 y 84122, ¿p ueden la UE y los Estados
miembros mencionados facilitar el valor total de la ayuda alimentaria en efectivo no vinculada
correspondiente a todos los años no notificados? Si esta información no puede facilitarse, sírvanse
explicar por qué no.
4.7 India
AG-IMS I D 95132: Pregunta de la Unión Europea
India - Respuestas pendientes a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 92007
La UE desea recordar a la India que sigue pendiente la respuesta al punto c) de la pregunta 92007:
"c. ¿Puede la India indicar la cantidad de azúcar exportado durante la campaña de
comercialización 2018/2019 (total y con subvenciones) y la cuantía total destinada a la
subvención de esas exportaciones (por las autoridades nacionales y provinciales)?".
4.8 Indonesia
AG-IMS ID 95133: Pregunta de la Unión Euro pea
Indonesia - Actualización de la Lista después de Nairobi
Transcurridos más de cuatro años desde Nairobi, Indonesia no ha facilitado su Lista actualizada.
¿Cuándo cumplirá Indonesia los compromisos contraídos a este respecto en Nairobi?
4.9 Israel
AG-IMS ID 95007: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Empresas comerciales del Estado
¿Puede Israel facilitar el precio de exportación medio y el precio medio representativo de las ventas
en el mercado interno correspondientes a los años 2016 a 2019? Si est a información no puede
facilitarse, sírvanse explicar por qué no.
4.10 Nueva Zelandia
AG-IMS ID 95144: Pregunta del Canadá
Financiación de las exportaciones
El Canadá señala que la información facilitada en el punto Nº 8 (Utilización del programa por
producto o grupo de productos) incluye una lista de más de 20 productos en el período 2013 -2019.
¿Qué productos o grupos de productos quedaron abarcados por los programas de Nueva Zelandia
en 2019? G/AG/W/207
- 56 -
AG-IMS ID 95134: Pregunta de la Unión Europea
Nueva Zelandia - Pregu nta complementaria a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 94050 - Programa de Mejora
de la Capacidad de Transporte Aéreo Internacional de Carga
Nueva Zelandia ha introducido el Programa de Mejora de la Capacidad de Transporte Aéreo
Internacional de Carga (IAFC), por el q ue apoya la exportación por vía aérea de productos nacionales
a los destinos de exportación. En su respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 94050 de la UE, Nueva
Zelandia ha proporcionado información sobre el contexto y el funcionamiento del Programa, pero no
queda clara su conformidad con las disciplinas de competencia de las exportaciones de la OMC.
a. ¿Podría Nueva Zelandia explicar en qué modo el Programa no es una subvención a la
exportación contemplada en el artículo 9.1 d), que dice: "el otorgamiento de
subvenciones para reducir los costos de comercialización de las exportaciones de
productos agropecuarios (…) incluidos (…) los costos de los transportes y fletes
internacionales"?
b. ¿Durante cuánto tiempo se seguirá aplicando esta subvención a la exportación ?
4.11 Noruega
AG-IMS ID 95135: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Ayuda alimentaria
Los Estados Unidos señalan que Noruega no responde las preguntas sobre la ayuda alimentaria
siguiendo la estructura del cuestionario sobre competencia de las exportacion es. Sin embargo,
Noruega pide a los Miembros que se remitan a sus notificaciones del cuadro NF:1, que no indican la
cuantía total de la ayuda alimentaria proporcionada, sino más bien datos incompletos notificados al
Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo (CAD) de la OCDE.
Sírvanse actualizar el cuestionario sobre competencia de las exportaciones de 2020 y de incluir
información siguiendo la estructura del anexo de la Decisión Ministerial de Nairobi, con inclusión del
valor total de la ayuda alimentaria mul tilateral y bilateral de 2016 a 2019.
4.12 Pakistán
AG-IMS ID 95136: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Empresas comerciales del Estado
En la respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 91125, los Estados Unidos señalan que el Pakistán no
respondió a la pregunta r elativa a la Corporación de Comercio del Pakistán Ltd. (TCP). Por
consiguiente, volvemos a formular la pregunta.
Sírvanse explicar la razón por la que no se notifica la TCP como una empresa comercial del Estado
exportadora de productos agropecuarios.
4.13 Federación de Rusia
AG-IMS ID 95145: Pregunta del Canadá
Empresas comerciales del Estado
El Canadá se refiere a las respuestas de la Federación de Rusia a las preguntas formuladas por los
Estados Unidos (AG -IMS ID 87058 y AG -IMS ID 91127) en relación con e l funcionamiento de la
Compañía Unida de Cereales (sociedad anónima UGC) y la afirmación de la Federación de Rusia de
que esa entidad no es una empresa comercial del Estado. G/AG/W/207
- 57 -
¿Podría la Federación de Rusia aclarar si la condición jurídica de la sociedad anó nima UGC ha
cambiado desde la respuesta a las preguntas de los Estados Unidos, a tenor de la siguiente
descripción de la sociedad anónima UGC en su sitio web (sin negrita en el original)?
La sociedad anónima UGC, como operador estratégico de propiedad esta tal en el mercado
cerealista ruso y actuando en interés de aplicar la estrategia estatal para el desarrollo de
infraestructuras e instalaciones logísticas y el potencial exportador de los productos
agropecuarios , lleva a cabo grandes proyectos de inversión .
AG-IMS ID 95137: Pregunta de la Unión Europea
Federación de Rusia - Pregunta complementaria a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93186 - Subvenciones a
la "certificación de los productos agropecuarios en los mercados extranjeros"
En su respuesta a la pregunta AG -IMS ID 93186, la Federación de Rusia ha declarado que la ayuda
pública a entidades jurídicas para compensar parte de los costos de certificación de los productos
agroindustriales en mercados extranjeros, prevista en la Resolución Nº 1816 del Gobierno de la
Federación de Rusia, de 25 de diciembre de 2019, no es una subvención a la exportación en el
sentido del artículo 9.1 d).
¿Podría la Federación de Rusia justificar su respuesta? En particular:
a. ¿Cómo se asegura de que esta nueva subvención no compense los c ostos originados en
el proceso de venta de un producto en mercados extranjeros ni constituya una
subvención ilegal a la exportación?
b. ¿En qué sentido el decreto en cuestión está en conformidad con las prescripciones de
los artículos 8 a 10 del Acuerdo so bre la Agricultura?
AG-IMS ID 95138: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Como complemento de la pregunta AG -IMS ID 92032, los Estados Unidos agradecen a la Federación
de Rusia su transparencia en relación con el programa de apoyo a los tipos de inter és del Centro
Ruso de Exportación para la financiación de las exportaciones de productos agropecuarios. Sin
embargo, los Estados Unidos observan que el cuestionario sobre competencia de las exportaciones
de 2020 no contiene ninguna notificación de esta med ida.
Sírvanse actualizar el cuestionario sobre competencia de las exportaciones de 2020 y de incluir
también datos de 2019.
4.14 Tailandia
AG-IMS ID 95139: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Créditos a la exportación
Los Estados Unidos señalan que Tailan dia respondió al cuestionario sobre competencia de las
exportaciones de 2020.
Sírvanse proporcionar el valor de la utilización del programa por producto o grupo de productos. Si
esa información no puede facilitarse, sírvanse explicar la razón y las medidas que Tailandia adoptará
para facilitarla.
AG-IMS ID 95140: Pregunta de los Estados Unidos de América
Empresas comerciales del Estado
Los Estados Unidos dan las gracias a Tailandia por su respuesta al cuestionario sobre competencia
de las exportaciones de 2 020 y por incluir la Organización de Almacenes Públicos como empresa
comercial estatal exportadora de productos agropecuarios. G/AG/W/207
- 58 -
¿Puede Tailandia actualizar el cuestionario de 2020 y proporcionar información estadística, como la
cantidad exportada por las em presas comerciales estatales, el precio de exportación medio y los
destinos, correspondiente a los años civiles 2014 y 2019? Si esta información no puede facilitarse,
sírvanse explicar por qué no.
4.15 Estados Unidos de América
AG-IMS ID 95141: Pregunta de China
Según la notificación de los Estados Unidos sobre la ayuda alimentaria internacional
(G/AG/N/USA/138), en el ejercicio fiscal de 2018 (del 1 de octubre de 2018 al 30 de septiembre
de 2019) se exportó un total de 414.540 tonelad as de cereales secundarios. Sin embargo, en sus
respuestas a los cuestionarios sobre competencia de las exportaciones presentados en 2019 y 2020,
los Estados Unidos notificaron 354.700 toneladas de sorgo como ayuda alimentaria en el ejercicio
fiscal de 201 8 y 413.830 toneladas de sorgo en el ejercicio fiscal de 2019. ¿Podrían los Estados
Unidos aclarar si existe alguna conexión entre esos productos y volúmenes mencionados, es decir,
si la parte correspondiente al sorgo de la ayuda alimentaria se notificó co mo "cereales secundarios"?
Asimismo, somos plenamente conscientes de que el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos elige los
productos agropecuarios destinados a la ayuda alimentaria basándose en un análisis detallado del
mercado, por lo que quisiéramos solicitar a los Estados Unidos información adicional sobre los
destinos y los usos del sorgo proporcionado como ayuda alimentaria, así como la evaluación de la
demanda de cada donación.
AG-IMS ID 95142: Pregunta de la Unión Europea
Estados Unidos - Ayuda alimentaria
En el ejercicio fiscal de 2019, los Estados Unidos proporcionaron 2,0 millones de toneladas de ayuda
alimentaria en especie por un valor total de USD 741 millones, en la que se permitió la monetización
¿Pueden los Estados Unidos explicar de qué modo cumpl en los párrafos 27 y 28 de la Decisión de
Nairobi, que define las condiciones en las que puede tener lugar la monetización de la ayuda
alimentaria en especie?
4.16 Venezuela, República Bolivariana de
AG-IMS ID 95063: Pregunta de la Unión Europea
Venezuela, Repú blica Bolivariana de - Actualización de la Lista después de Nairobi
Transcurridos más de cuatro años desde Nairobi, la República Bolivariana de Venezuela no ha
facilitado su Lista actualizada. ¿Cuándo cumplirá los compromisos contraídos a este respecto en
Nairobi?
__________
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15 de mayo de 2019
(19-3366) Página: 1/1
Comité de Agricultura Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
La siguiente comunicación, de fecha 29 de abril de 2019 , se distribuye a petición de la delegación
de Tayikistán . La notificación, correspondiente al año civil comprendido entre el 1º de enero y
el 31 de diciembre de 2016 , se refiere a los compromisos en materia de subvenciones a la
exportación ( cuadro ES.1 ).
_______________
Tayikistán notifica que no se concedieron subvenciones a la exportación de productos agropecuarios
durante el año civil comprendido entre el 1º de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2016 .
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25 de julio de 2022
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Comité de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias Original: inglés/francés
NOTIFICACIÓN
1. Miembro que notifica : CANADÁ
Si procede, nombre del gobierno local de que se trate:
2. Organismo responsable : Health Canada (Ministerio de Salud del Canadá)
3. Productos abarcados (número de la(s) partida(s) arancelaria(s) según se
especifica en las listas nacionales depositadas en la OMC ; deberá indicarse
además, cuando proceda, el número de partida de la ICS) : ampliar el uso de
determinados disolventes en los extractos no aromatizantes (ICS : 67.220.20).
4. Regiones o países que podrían verse afectados, en la medida en que sea
procedente o factible:
[X] Todos los interlocutores comerciales
[ ] Regiones o países específicos:
5. Título del documento notificado : Notice of Modification to the List of Permitted Carrier
or Extraction Solvents to Extend the Use of Certain Solvents to Non -flavouring Extracts
(Aviso de modificación de la Lista de disolventes de soporte o extracción autorizados a fin
de ampliar el uso de determinados disolventes en los extra ctos no aromatizantes) .
Idioma(s) : inglés y francés . Número de páginas : 4.
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2022/SPS/CAN/22_4900_00_e.pdf
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2022/SPS/CAN/22_4900_00_f.pdf
6. Descripción del contenido : Ocasionalmente, el Ministerio de Salud del Canadá puede
modif icar las Listas de aditivos alimentarios autorizados , a fin de armonizarlas con las
modificaciones de la Parte B del Reglamento s obre los Alimentos y los Medicamentos (el
Reglamento).
El Ministerio de Salud del Canadá publicó el Reglamento por el que se modifica el
Reglamento sobre los Alimentos y los Medicamentos y el Reglamento sobre el Cannabis
(Alimentos enriquecidos) en la Part e II de la Gaceta del Canadá , con el que se creó un
marco reglamentario para la venta de alimentos enriquecidos en el Canadá . En
consecuencia, el Ministerio de Salud del Canadá modificó la Lista de disolventes de soporte
o extracción autorizados a fin de ampliar el uso de determinados dis olventes en los
extractos no aromatizantes o los extractos de cafeína, o ambos, que puedan utilizarse
como ingredientes en los alimentos enriquecidos . La modificación notificada entrará en
vigor el 21 de julio de 2022 .
El objetivo de esta comunicación es a nunciar públicamente la decisión del Departamento a
este respecto y facilitar los datos de los puntos de información a los que se pueden dirigir
las consultas o las observaciones sobre la modificación notificada.
7. Objetivo y razón de ser : [X] inocuidad de los alimentos, [ ] sanidad animal,
[ ] preservación de los vegetales, [ ] protección de la salud humana contra las
enfermedades o plagas animales o vegetales, [ ] protección del territorio contra
otros daños causados por plagas. G/SPS/N/CAN/1446
- 2 -
8. ¿Existe una norma in ternacional pertinente ? De ser así, indíquese la norma:
[ ] de la Comisión del Codex Alimentarius (por ejemplo, título o número de
serie de la norma del Codex o texto conexo) :
[ ] de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) (por ejemplo, número
de capítulo del Código Sanitario para los Animales Terrestres o del Código
Sanitario para los Animales Acuáticos) :
[ ] de la Convención Internacional de Protección Fitosanitaria (por ejemplo,
número de NIMF) :
[X] Ninguna
¿Se ajusta la reglamentación que se propone a la norma internacional pertinente?
[ ] Sí [ ] No
En caso negativo, indíquese, cuando sea posible, en qué med ida y por qué razón
se aparta de la norma internacional:
9. Otros documentos pertinentes e idioma(s) en que están disponibles : Sitio web del
Ministerio de Salud del Canadá : Food and Nutrition - 'Public Involvement and Partnerships' ,
publicado el 21 de julio de 2022 en inglés y francés:
https://www.canada.ca/en/health -canada/services/food -nutrition/public -involvement -
partnerships.html
https://www.canada.ca/fr/sante -canada/services/aliments -nutrition/participation -public -
partenariats.html
10. Fecha pro puesta de adopción (día/mes/año) : 21 de julio de 2022
Fecha propuesta de publicación (día/mes/año) :
11. Fecha propuesta de entrada en vigor : [ ] Seis meses a partir de la fecha de
publicación, y/o (día/mes/año) : 21 de julio de 2022
[ ] Medida de facilitación del comercio
12. Fecha límite para la presentación de observaciones : [ ] Sesenta días a partir de la
fecha de distribución de la notificación y/o (día/mes/año) : 3 de octubre de 2022
Organismo o autoridad encargado de tramitar las observacione s: [ ] Organismo
nacional encargado de la notificación, [X] Servicio nacional de información .
Dirección, número de fax y dirección de correo electrónico (en su caso) de otra
institución: G/SPS/N/CAN/1446
- 3 -
13. Texto(s) disponible(s) en : [ ] Organismo nacional encargado de la notificación,
[X] Servicio nacional de información . Dirección, número de fax y dirección de
correo electrónico (en su caso) de otra institución:
El Aviso de modificación de la Lista de disolventes de soporte o extracción autorizados a fin
de ampliar el uso de determinados disolventes en los extractos no aromatizantes se puede
consultar en los siguientes enlaces:
https://canada.ca/en/health -canada/services/food -nutrition/public -involvement -
partnerships/notice -modification -list-permitted -carrier -extraction -solvents -extend -
solvents -non-flavouring -extracts.html (inglés)
https://canada.ca/fr/sante -canada/services/aliments -nutrition/part icipation -public -
partenariats/avis -modification -liste-agents -solvants -support -dextraction -autorises -afin-
detendre -certains -solvants -extraits -aromatisants.html (francés)
Canada's Notification Authority and Enquiry Point (Organismo encargado de la Notifi cación
y Servicio de Información del Canadá)
Technical Barriers and Regulations Division (División de Reglamentos y Obstáculos
Técnicos)
Global Affairs Canada (Ministerio de Asuntos Mundiales del Canadá)
111 Sussex Drive
Ottawa (Ontario), K1A 0G2
Canadá
Teléfono : +(343) 203 4273
Fax: +(613) 943 0346
Correo electrónico: [email protected]
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INFORME ( 2022 ) DEL COMITÉ DE VALORACIÓN EN ADUANA
AL CONSEJO DEL COMERCIO DE MERCANCÍAS
1 ANTECEDENTES
1.1. El Acuerdo relativo a la Aplicación del Artículo VII del Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles
Aduaneros y Comercio de 1994 (el Acuerdo) entró en vigor el 1 de enero de 1995. E n el presente
informe, que abarca el período comprendido entre el 25 de octubre de 2021 y el 4 de noviembre
de 2022, se examina la labor llevada a cabo por el Comité de Valoración en Aduana (el Comité)
respecto de los objetivos del Acuerdo . Esos objetivos son : conseguir una mayor uniformidad y
certidumbre en la aplicación de lo dispuesto en el artículo VII del GATT de 1994; e stablecer
un sistema equitativo, uniforme y neutro de valoración en aduana de las mercancías que excluya la
utilización de valores arbitrarios o ficticios ; asegurar que la base para la valoración en aduana de las
mercanc ías sea, en la mayor medida posible, su valor de transacción ; y lograr beneficios adicionales
para el comercio internacional de los países en desarrollo.
1.2. Durante el período objeto de examen, el Comité celebró dos reuniones formales . La primera
tuvo lugar e l 17 de mayo de 2022 (G/VAL/M/ 73) y estuvo presidida por el Sr . Buddhi UPADHYAYA
(Nepal) , quien había sido elegido el 30 de julio de 2021. L a segunda se celebró el 4 de noviembre
de 2022 (G/VAL/M/ 74)1 y estuvo presidida por el Sr . Frank RITTNER (Alemania) , quien había
resultado elegido mediante procedimientos escritos el 30 de mayo de 2022.
1.3. Todos los Miembros de la OMC pueden participar en el Comité . Además, asisten
como observadores a las reuniones d el Comité los Gobiernos a los que el Consejo General de la OMC
ha concedido la condición de observador . En la reunión celebrada en abril de 1997, el Comité otorgó
la condición de observador a las organizaciones a las que se había reconocido ad hoc tal cond ición
hasta ese momento, a saber, la UNCTAD y la OMA, así como al Grupo ACP y el BID . El Comité tomó
nota de que el Banco Mundial y el FMI tenían la condición de observador en virtud de los Acuerdos
firmados entre esas organizaciones y la OMC.
1.4. En el docume nto G/L/146 figura el reglamento del Comité, que fue aprobado por el Consejo
del Comercio de Mercancías.
2 APLICACIÓN DEL ACUERDO
2.1. Durante el período objeto de examen ningún país en desarrollo Miembro mantenía la moratoria
para la aplicación de las disposicio nes del Acuerdo de conformidad con lo dispuesto en su
artículo 20.1. En la fecha de distribución del presente informe ningún Miembro mantenía la prórroga
de la moratoria de conformidad con las disposiciones del párrafo 1 del Anexo III del Acuerdo.
2.2. Hasta la fecha, han notificado su legislación nacional sobre valoración en aduana
111 Miembros, incluidos 16 Miembros que han presentado comunicaciones en las que se indica que
su legislación nacional notificada en el marco del Acuerdo sobre Valoración en Aduana d e la Ronda
de Tokio sigue siendo válida en el marco del Acuerdo sobre Valoración en Aduana de la OMC
(en ambas cifras se cuenta a la Unión Europea como un solo Miembro) . Además, 78 Miembros han
facilitado respuestas a la lista de cuestiones con respecto a su legislación . Véase el
documento G/VAL/W/232/Rev. 16.
1 Por distribuir. G/L/1442
- 2 -
3 ACTIVIDADES DEL COMITÉ
3.1. El Comité llevó a cabo estas actividades en sus reuniones del 17 de mayo y el 4 de noviembre :
a) Examen de la información relativa a la aplicación y administración del Acuerdo sobre
Valoración en Aduana
- Tomó nota de las notificaciones relativas la legislación aduanera presentadas por el
Brasil (G/VAL/N/1/ BRA/4), Georgia (G/VAL/N/1/GEO/2) , y Ucrania (G/VAL/N/1/UKR/3) ;
- tomó nota de las notificaciones de la lista de cuestiones de l Estado Plurinacional de
Bolivia (G/VAL/N/2/BOL/1) y Viet Nam (G/VAL/N/2/VNM/1 );
- asimismo, prosiguió el examen en curso de las notificaciones relativas a las legislaciones
aduaneras nacionales notificadas por los Miembros siguientes, que no se identifican
supra : Afganistán, Belice, Benin, Burundi, Colombia, El Salvador, Federación de Rusia,
Gambia, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, India, Islandia, Islas Salomón, Is rael, Malawi,
Mongolia, Namibia, Nepal, Nigeria, Paraguay, Reino Unido, Saint Kitts y Nevis,
Sri Lanka, Togo, Tonga, Unión Europea y Vanuatu. ;
- concluyó el examen de las legislaciones aduaneras nacionales notificadas por
Kazajstán, Níger, la República Dom inicana, la República Kirguisa y Rwanda;
- tomó nota de los documentos G/VAL/W/232/Rev. 15 y G/VAL/W/232/Rev. 16, que fueron
publicados por la Secretaría en el período objeto de examen y que resumen las últimas
informaciones sobre las notificaciones.
b) Información sobre la aplicación de las Decisiones del Comité de Valoración en Aduana
- Tomó nota de las actualizaciones de la información resumida preparada por la Secretaría
en relación con la situación más reciente de las notificaciones relativas a la Decisi ón
sobre el trato de los intereses en el valor en aduana de las mercancías importadas y a
la Decisión sobre la valoración de los soportes informáticos con software para equipos
de proceso de datos que figuran en los documentos G/VAL/W/5/Rev. 35
y G/VAL/W/5/ Rev.36;
- tomó nota de las notificaciones presentadas por El Salvador (G/VAL/N/3/SLV/1 y
G/VAL/N/3/SLV/2), Filipinas (G/VAL/N/3/PHL/1), Liechtenstein (G/VAL/N/3/LIE/1),
Suiza (G/VAL/N/3/CHE/1) y Viet Nam (G/VAL/N/3/VNM/1 ; G/VAL/N/3/VNM/2).
c) Asistencia técnica
- Tomó nota de las actividades de asistencia técnica llevadas a cabo por la OMC y de la
información recopilada por el Comité Técnico de Valoración en Aduana sobre las
actividades de asistencia técnica llevadas a cabo por la secretaría de la OMA, que figuran
en los documentos G/VAL/8/Add. 43 y G/VAL/8/Add. 44.
d) Preocupaciones comerciales específicas
- No se plantearon preocupaciones comerciales específicas en el período objeto de
examen.
e) Acuerdo sobre Inspección Previa a la Expedición
- Tomó nota de la información sobre las notificaciones que se habían recibido acerca de
la inspección previa a la expedición, que se refleja en los documentos G/PSI/N/1/Rev.5,
G/PSI/N/1/Rev.5/Add.1 y G/PSI/N/1/Rev.5/Add.2 ; G/L/1442
- 3 -
- tomó nota de las declaraciones f ormuladas en el marco del punto del orden del día
"Preguntas y respuestas" relativas a las notificaciones presentadas por China, Indonesia
y Santa Lucía;
- tomó nota de los informes más recientes del Consejo de Pruebas, Inspección y
Certificación sobre los países que utilizan servicios de inspección previa a la expedición,
distribuidos con las signaturas G/VAL/W/63/Rev. 28 y G/VAL/W/63/Rev. 29.
f) Informes del Comité Técnico de Valoración en Aduana
- Tomó nota de los informes de la Organización Mundial de Adu anas sobre la labor del
Comité Técnico de Valoración en Aduana, incluidas sus sesiones 54a y 55a
(3 a 5 de mayo de 2022 y 17 a 21 de octubre de 2022, respectivamente).
g) Examen anual e informe anual al Consejo del Comercio de Mercancías
- Adoptó el examen anual de la aplicación y funcionamiento del Acuerdo sobre Valoración
en Aduana (que figura en el documento G/VAL/W/ 383);
- adoptó el informe anual al Consejo del Comercio de Mercancías (que figura en el
documento G/VAL/W/ 384).
__________
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8 avril 2022
(22-2860) Page: 1/2
Comité des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION DE MESURES D'URGENCE
1. Membre notifiant : JAPON
Le cas échéant, pouvoirs publics locaux concernés:
2. Organisme responsable : Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries - MAFF
(Ministère de l'agriculture, des forêts et des pêches)
3. Produits visés (Prière d'indiquer le(s) numéro(s) du tarif figurant dans les listes
nationales déposées à l'OMC . Les numéros de l'ICS devraient aussi être indiqués,
le cas échéant) : Volailles viva ntes, viande de volaille et ovoproduits
4. Régions ou pays susceptibles d'être concernés, si cela est pertinent ou faisable:
[ ] Tous les partenaires commerciaux
[X] Régions ou pays spécifiques : Départements de la Vienne et de la Charente
(France)
5. Intitulé du texte notifié : Import suspension of live poultry, poultry meat and egg
products from the departments of Vienne and Charente in France (Suspension de
l'importation de volailles vivantes, de viande de volaille et d'ovoproduits en provenance
des d épartements de la Vienne et de la Charente (France)) . Langue(s) : . Nombre de
pages:
6. Teneur : Afin de prévenir l'introduction au Japon du virus de l'influenza aviaire de haute
pathogénicité (IAHP), le MAFF a suspendu depuis le 1 5 mars 2022 l'importation de
volailles vivantes, de viande de volaille et d'ovoproduits en provenance des départements
de la Vienne et de la Charente (France), y compris ceux expédiés par des pays tiers,
conformément aux exigences de police sanitaire régissant l'exportation vers le Japon de
volailles d'un jour en provenance de France, aux exigences de police sanitaire régissant
l'exportation vers le Japon de viande de volaille etc. en provenance de France et aux
articles 37 et 44 de la de la Loi sur les épizooties.
7. Objectif et r aison d'être : [ ] innocuité des produits alimentaires, [X] santé des
animaux, [ ] préservation des végétaux, [ ] protection des personnes contre les
maladies ou les parasites des animaux/des plantes, [ ] protection du territoire
contre d'autres dommages at tribuables à des parasites.
8. Nature du (des) problème(s) urgent(s) et raison pour laquelle la mesure
d'urgence est prise : La présence d'un foyer d'IAHP a été confirmée dans un élevage de
volailles du département des Deux -Sèvres (France) et la zone soumi se à restriction a été
étendue aux départements de la Vienne et de la Charente (France).
9. Existe -t-il une norme internationale pertinente ? Dans l'affirmative, indiquer
laquelle:
[ ] Commission du Codex Alimentarius (par exemple, intitulé ou numéro de
série de la norme du Codex ou du texte apparenté) : G/SPS/N/JPN/966
- 2 -
[X] Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) (par exemple, numéro
de chapitre du Code sanitaire pour les animaux terrestres ou du Code
sanitaire pour les animaux aquatiques) : Chapitre 10.4. Infectio n par les virus
de l'influenza aviaire de haute pathogénicité
[ ] Convention internationale pour la protection des végétaux (par exemple,
numéro de la NIMP) :
[ ] Néant
La réglementation projetée est -elle conforme à la norme internationale
pertinente?
[X] O ui [ ] Non
Dans la négative, indiquer, chaque fois que cela sera possible, en quoi et
pourquoi elle diffère de la norme internationale:
10. Autres documents pertinents et langue(s) dans laquelle (lesquelles) ils sont
disponibles : Exigences de police sanitaire actuelles régissant l'exportation vers le Japon
de volailles d'un jour en provenance de France et exigences de police sanitaire actuelles
régissant l'exportation vers le Japon de viande de volaille etc. en provenance de France:
https://www.maff.go.jp/aqs/hou/require/attach/pdf/chick_i_france.pdf
https://www.maff.go.jp/aqs/hou/require/pdf/fr_ahr_poultrymeat_20181109.pdf
(disponibles en anglais et en japonais) .
11. Date d'entrée en vigueur ( jj/mm/aa )/période d' application (le cas échéant) :
15 mars 2022
[ ] Mesure de facilitation du commerce
12. Organisme ou autorité désigné pour traiter les observations : [ ] autorité
nationale responsable des notifications, [X] point d'information national .
Adresse, numéro de fax et adresse électronique (s'il y a lieu) d'un autre
organisme:
Japan Enquiry Point (Point d'information du Japon)
International Trade Division (Divis ion du commerce international)
Economic Affairs Bureau (Bureau des affaires économiques)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministère des affaires étrangères)
Fax: +(81 31) 5501 8343
Courrier électronique: [email protected]
13. Texte(s) disponible(s) auprès de : [ ] autorité nationale responsable des
notifications, [X] point d'information national . Adresse, numéro de fax et
adresse électronique (s'il y a lieu) d'un autre organisme:
Japan Enquiry Point (Point d'information du Japon)
International Trade Division (Division du commerce international)
Economic Affairs Bureau (Bureau des affaires économiques)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministère des affaires étrangères)
Fax: +(81 31) 5501 8343
Courrier éle ctronique: [email protected]
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21 June 2021
(21-5058) Page: 1/3
Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Original: English
INFORMATION ON ACTIVITIES
COMMUNICATION FROM THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION (CODEX)
The following communication, received on 18 June 2021, is being c irculated at the request of
the Codex secretariat.
_______________
NOTE: All Codex meetings in 2021 are being held virtually.
1 CODEX MEETINGS HELD SINCE THE LAST SESSION OF THE SPS COMMITTEE
(25-26 MARCH 2021)
1.1 14th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (CCCF14, 3 -13 May
2021)
1.1.1 Industrial, environmental and other nat urally occurring toxicants
1.1. CCCF14 agreed to advance :
− the draft Maximum Levels (MLs) for cadmium in chocolates containing or declaring <30%
total cocoa solids on a dry matter basis for final adoption, and the proposed draft MLs for
cadmium in chocolates containing or declaring ≥30% to <50% total cocoa solids on a dry
matter basis for preliminary adoption by CAC44;
− the proposed draft code of practice for the prevention and reduction of cadmium
contamination in cocoa beans for preliminary adoptio n by CAC44; and
− The revision of the Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of lead contamination
in foods (CXC 56 -2004) for final adoption by CAC44.
1.2. The proposed draft MLs for cadmium in cocoa powder containing or declaring 100% total cocoa
solids ready for consumption and the proposed draft MLs for lead in certain food categories were
agreed to be retained in the step procedure for further consideration.
1.1.2 Toxins
1.3. CCCF14 agreed to retain in the step procedure for further consideration: The proposed draft
MLs for total aflatoxins in cereals and cereal -based products including foods for infants and young
children; sampling plans and performance criteria for total aflatoxins in certain cereals and
cereal -based products including foods for infants and y oung children; the proposed draft MLs for
total aflatoxins in ready -to-eat peanuts and associated sampling plan; and the proposed draft MLs
for total aflatoxins and ochratoxin a in nutmeg, dried chili and paprika, ginger, pepper and turmeric
and associated sampling plans.
1.1.3 Other issues
1.4. CCCF14 agreed to submit the project document for new work on MLs for methylmercury in
orange roughy and pink cusk eel to CAC44 for approval and request the JECFA Secretariat to issue
a call for data specific for orange roughy, pink cusk eel and all toothfish. CCCF14 also agreed to G/SPS/GEN/1920
- 2 -
submit the project document for new work on development of a Code of practice for the prevention
and reduction of mycotoxins contamination in cassava and cassava -based products to CAC44 for
approval.
1.5. The report of CCCF14 will be available on the Codex webpage (at the time of submission of this
document only the draft report was available on the CCCF 14 page).
1.2 41st Session of the Codex Committee on Methods of Analysis and Sampling (CCMAS41,
17-25 May 2021)
1.2.1 Review of Methods of Analysis in IN CXS 234
1.6. CCMAS41 is continuing its review of all methods of analysis in the Standard for methods of
analysis and sampling (CXS 234 -1999), the single reference for methods of analysis and sampling
in Codex. CCMAS41 completed work on methods of analysis for provisions in standards for milk and
milk products; made progress on methods of analysis for provisions in standa rds for fats and oils,
and will continue working on cereal, pulses and legumes and a new package of methods of analysis
for provisions in standards for processed fruits and vegetables.
1.2.2 Revision of the Guidelines on Measurement Uncertainty (CXG54 –2004)
1.7. CCMA S41 advanced the revised Guidelines for final adoption by CAC44. An information
document to support the implementation of the Guidelines will be finalised at its next session.
1.2.3 Revision of the Guidelines on Sampling (CXG 50 -2004)
1.8. CCMAS41 agreed to advance t he revised Guidelines for preliminary adoption by CAC44 and
agreed to continue to review the document and to develop the supporting documents (e -book and
the guide to the selection and design of sampling plans) for the consideration at the session.
1.9. The rep ort of CCMAS41 is available on the Codex webpage .
1.3 25th Session of the Codex Committee on Food Import and Export Inspection and
Certification Systems ( CCFICS25, 31 May to 8 June 2021)
1.3.1 Principles and guidelines for the assessment and use of voluntary Third -Party
Assurance (vTPA) programmes
1.10. CCFICS25 agreed to forward the draft Principles and guidelines for the assessment and use
of voluntary Third -Party As surance (vTPA) programmes to CAC44 for final adoption.
1.3.2 Guidance on paperless use of electronic certificates
1.11. CCFICS25 agreed to forward the proposed draft guidance on paperless use of electronic
certificates (revised Guidelines for Design, Production, Issua nce and Use of Generic Official
Certificates (CXG 38 -2001)) to CAC44 for final adoption.
1.3.3 Guidance on the prevention and control of food fraud
1.12. CCFICSS25 agreed to forward the project document for new work on the development of
guidance on the prevention and control of food fraud to CAC44 for approval.
1.13. The report of CCFICS25 will be available on the Codex webpage (at the time of submission of
this document only the draft report was available on the CCFICS25 page).
2 OTHER CODEX EVENTS
2.1. Several virtual working group meetings and webinars in support of upcoming sessions of Codex
subsidiary bodies were held to support d elegations ' preparations and facilitate discussions and
consensus -building: G/SPS/GEN/1920
- 3 -
− Webinar on the draft revision of the Code of Practice to Minimize and Contain Foodborne
Antimicrobial Resistance, 8 April 2021 ;
− Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in F oods (CCRVDF) Webinar, 23 April
2021;
− Pre-CCFICS25 webinar, 26 May 2021 ;
− Codex Committee on Food Labelling (CCFL) Webinar: Preparation for CCFL46, 9 June 2021 ;
− Ad hoc Intergovernmental Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance (TFAMR) virtual meetings
of the working groups on the Code of Practice to Minimize and Contain Foodborne
Antimicrobial Resistance and the Guidelines on Integrated Monitoring and Surveillance of
Foodborne AMR , 10 -18 June 2021 ;
− Codex Committee on Food Additives (CCFA) working groups on th e General Standard for
Food Additives (GSFA)/Alignment/Endorsement/Note 161, 21 -25 June 2021 .
3 FORTHCOMING CODEX MEETINGS
− 25th Session of the Codex Co mmittee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods (12-19 July
2021) ;
− 52nd Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (26–31 July 2021) ;
− 52nd Session of the Codex Committee on Food Additives (1-10 September 2021) ;
− 46th Session of the Codex Committee on Food Labelling (27 September – 7 October 2021) .
3.1. Regular updates on the status of work of these Committees are published on their dedicated
webpages on the Codex website . For specific questions on the status of work in Codex comm ittees
of interest to SPS delegates please check the dedicated webpages or send an email to
[email protected] .
3.2. The Codex secretariat in collaboration with host secretariats and working group leads will are
continuing to con vene working group meetings and webinars in advance of Codex subsidiary sessions
to support delegations ' preparations and facilitate discussions and consensus -building. Further
information is available on the Committee webpages and the Codex calendar .
4 WORLD FOOD SAFETY DAY
4.1. The third World Food Safety Day (WFSD) was celebrated on 7 June 2021. It provided an
important opportunity to make people aware of food safety issues; to d emonstrate how to prevent
illness through food safety; to discuss collaborative approaches to improving food safety across
sectors; and to promote solutions and ways of being more food safe.
4.2. This year under the theme "Safe Food Now for a Healthy Tomorrow ", the Directors General of
FAO and WHO urged global action to ensure that everyone has access to safe food, essential to
achieve more efficient, inclusive, resilient and sustainable agri -food systems and to reduce hunger,
malnutrition and infant mortality. The action -oriented campaign called upon countries and decision
makers, the private sector, civil society, UN organizations and everyone involved at the various
stages of the food chain to take action to keep food safe. A report on World Food Safety Day 20 21
is under preparation.
4.3. See the World Food Safety Day website in Codex .
__________
| 1,389 | 8,809 |
WTO_1
|
WTO
|
WTO_1/r_G_ADP_N357UKR.pdf
|
r_G_ADP_N357UKR
|
G/ADP/N/357/UKR
14 octobre 2021
(21-7758) Page: 1/9
Comité des pratiques antidumping Original: anglais
RAPPORT SEMESTRIEL AU TITRE DE
L'ARTICLE 16.4 DE L'ACCORD
UKRAINE
On trouvera ci -joint le rapport semestriel présenté par l' Ukraine pour la période du 1er janvier au
30 juin 2021 .
_______________
G/ADP/N/357/UKR
- 2 -
Membre présentant le rapport : UKRAINE1
RAPPORT SEMESTRIEL SUR LES ACTIONS ANTIDUMPING2
POUR LA PÉRIODE DU 1ER JANVIER AU 30 JUIN 2021
Enquêtes initiales
Pays/
territoire
douanier Produit Ouverture de
l'enquête Mesures
provisoires et
déterminations
préliminaires Mesures finales Absence de
mesures
finales/
clôture de
l'enquête Autres Données commerciales
(provenant du (des)
rapport(s) publié(s)) Base de la
détermination
de la valeur
normale Droit
définitif Engagement
en matière de
prix
Désignation ; catégorie à
6 chiffres du SH3 visant le
produit faisant l'objet de
l'enquête4; numéro
d'identification;
(*) si l'enquête vise
plusieurs pays Date; durée
couverte par
l'enquête
(D: dumping;
I: dommage) Date des droits ;
fourchette des
marges de
dumping
individuelles ;
"autres" taux ;
[fourchette des
taux appliqués en
cas de différence,
raison] Date des droits ;
fourchette des
marges de
dumping
individuelles ;
"autres" taux ;
[fourchette des
taux appliqués en
cas de différence,
raison] Date
d'application ;
fourchette des
marges de
dumping
individuelles ou
des prix
minimaux Date,
raison Date,
explication Volume ou
valeur des
importations
(unité/
monnaie) ;
produits visés,
durée , si
différents des
colonnes 2
et 3 Volume des
importations
en % de la
consommation
intérieure
apparente ou
en % des
importations
totales Symboles de
toutes les bases
utilisées dans la
procédure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Bélarus Matériaux d'isolation
thermique (*)
ex 6806 10 00 00
AD-468/2020/4411 -03/BLR 25/11/2020
D: 01/01/2020-
31/12/2020
I: 01/01/ 2017-
31/12/2020 - - - - - - - -
Bois contre -plaqués
4412 32 10 00, 4412 32 90
00, 4412 39 00 00, 4412 99
40 00, 4412 99 50 00, 4412
99 85 00
AD-455/2020 /4411 -03 25/06/2020
D: 01/07/2019 -
30/06/2020
I: 01/01/2017 -
31/12/2019 - - - - - - - --
Panneaux de particules (*)
4410 11 10 00, 4410 11 30
00, 4410 11 90 00
N° AD -480/2021/4411 -03/BLR 20/02/2021
D: 01/01/2020 -
31/12/2020
I: 01/01/2018 -
31/12/2020 - - - - - - - -
1 Adresse du site Web où les rapports publiés sur les enquêtes sont disponibles: http://www.me.gov.ua/Documents/List?lang=uk -
UA&tag=OfitsiiniPovidomlenniaProRishenniaMizhvidomchoiKomisiiZMizhnarodnoiTorgivli .
2 Tous les termes et en -têtes des colonnes figurant dans le présent modèle ont le sens qui leur est attribué dans les instructions.
3 Classification selon le Code UKTZED (classification ukrainienne des marchandises faisant l'objet d'activités économiques exté rieures, fondée sur le Système harmonisé ).
4 Uniquement à des fins de référence.
G/ADP/N/357/UKR
- 3 -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Bélarus
(suite) Fécule de pommes de terre
1108 13 00 00
N° AD -483/2021/4411 -03 21/04/2021
D: 01/01/2020 -
31/12/2020
I: 01/01/2017 -
31/12/2020 - - - - - - - -
Certains ouvrages en
asphalte/en produits
similaires, en rouleaux
(rouleaux ou bardeaux) (*)
ex 6807 10 00 21,
ex 6807 10 00 29,
ex 6807 90 00 90
N° AD -485/2021/4411 -03/BLR 21/04/2021
D: 01/01/2020 -
31/12/2020
I: 01/01/2018 -
31/12/2020 - - - - - - - -
Chine
Produits en acier au carbone
laminés, avec revêtement
7210 70, 7210 90, 7212 40
AD-471/2020/441 -03 19/12/2020
D: 01/ 01/2019 -
30/06/2020
I: 01/01/201 8-
30/06/2020 - - - - - - - -
Roues de voiture en
aluminium (*)
8708 70 50 90
AD-423/2019/4411 -03/CHN 19/07/2019
D: 01/07/2018 -
30/06/2019
I: 01/01/2016 -
30/06/2019 - - - 16/01/2021
(P)
Détermination
finale négative 25/06/2020
(P)
Prorogation
de l'enquête - - -
Fils
7229 20 00 00
N° AD -488/2021/4411 -03 28/04/2021
D: 01/ 01/2020-
31/12/2020
I: 01/01/20 18-
31/12/2020 - - - - - - -
Fédération
de Russie Matériaux d'isolation
thermique (*)
ex 6806 10 00 00
AD-468/2020 /4411 -03/RUS 25/11 /2020
D: 01/01/ 2020-
31/12/ 2020
I: 01/01/ 2017-
31/12/ 2020 - - - - - - - -
Roues de voiture en
aluminium (*)
8708 70 50 90
AD-423/2019/4411 -03/RUS 19/07/2019
D: 01/07/2018 -
30/06/2019
I: 01/01/2016 -
30/06/2019 - - - 16/01/2021
(P)
Détermination
finale négative 25/06/2020
(P)
Prorogation
de l'enquête - - -
Panneaux de particules (*)
4410 11 10 00, 4410 11 30
00, 4410 11 90 00
N° AD-480/2021/4411 -03
/RUS 20/02/2021
D: 01/01/2020 -
31/12/2020
I: 01/01/2018 -
31/12/2020 - - - - - - - -
G/ADP/N/357/UKR
- 4 -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Fédération
de Russie
(suite) Certains ouvrages en
asphalte/en produits
similaires, en rouleaux
(rouleaux ou bardeaux) (*)
ex 6807 10 00 21,
ex 6807 10 00 29,
ex 6807 90 00 90
N°
AD-485/2021/4411 -03/RUS 21/04/2021
D: 01/01/2020 -
31/12/2020
I: 01/01/2018 -
31/12/2020 - - - - - - - -
Turquie Dispositifs (mécanismes)
d'inclinaison à pivot pour
cadres de fenêtre et de porte
de balcon
8302 41 50 10
АD-439/2020/4411 -03 25/02/2020
D: 01/01/2019 -
31/12/2019
I: 01/01/2017 -
31/12/2019 - 20.06.2021
"Uryadoviy
Courier"
n° 95 du
20/05/2021
Droit: pour Ileri
Pencere Kapi
Sistemleri Sanayi
ve Ticaret Anonim
Sirketi – 30,78%;
pour Vorne
Pencere Kapi
Sistemleri
Pazarlama Dis
Ticaret Anonim
Sirketi – 30,78%;
pour les autres
producteurs et
exportateurs –
35,10% - - 16/02/2021
(P)
Prorogation
de l'enquête - - -
Ciment
2523 10 00 00,
2523 21 00 00, 2523 29 00 00
АD-463/2020/4411 -03 05/09/2020
D: 01/07/2019 -
30/06/2020
I: 01/01/2017 -
30/06/2020 - - - - - - - -
G/ADP/N/357/UKR
- 5 -
Réexamens/autres procédures ultérieures
Pays/
territoire
douanier
Produit Ouverture de
l'enquête Résultats/
déterminations
préliminaires Résultats finals Abrogation
de mesures Autres (par
exemple
procédures ne
visant pas le
niveau des droits) Données commerciales
(si disponibles dans le(s)
rapport(s) publié(s) sur
la procédure) Base de la
détermination
de la valeur
normale Droit
définitif Engagement
en matière de
prix
Désignation; catégorie à
6 chiffres du SH visant
le produit faisant l'objet
de l'enquête; numéro
d'identification;
(*) si l'enquête vise
plusieurs pays Date, type de
réexamen ou de
procédure
(symbole),
durée couverte Date d'entrée en
vigueur;
fourchette de s
marges de
dumping
individuelles;
"autres" taux;
[fourchette des
taux appliqués en
cas de différence,
raison] Date d'entrée en
vigueur; fourchette
des marges de
dumping
individuelles;
"autres" taux;
[fourchette des taux
appliqués en cas de
différence, rai son] Date d'entrée
en vigueur;
fourchette des
marges de
dumping
individuelles ou
des prix
minimaux; ou
autre résultat
(symbole) Date
raison Date, explication Volume ou
valeur des
importations
(unité/
monnaie);
produits visés,
durée, si
différents des
colon nes 2 et 3 Volume des
importations
en % de la
consommation
intérieure
apparente ou
en % des
importations
totales Symboles de
toutes les
bases utilisées
dans la
procédure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Fédération
de Russie Soude caustique
2815 12 00 10
N° AD324/2014/4421 -
06 - - - - 05/06/2021
Expiration
effective
des
mesures
antidumpin
g
définitives - - - -
Panneaux de fibres
4411 92 10 00
АD116/2005 /52-87 16/02/2021
(P) (E) - - - - 16/02/2021
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 31 du
16/02/2021
La mesure a été
prorogée pour la
durée du réexamen
à l'expiration. - - -
République
kirghize Ampoules électriques à
usage général
8539 22 90 10
AD-311/2014/4421 -06 28/07/2020
(P) (E) - - - - 28/07/2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 143 du
28/07/2020. La
mesure a été
prorogée pour la
durée du réexamen
à l'expiration. - - -
P Date de publication .
C Date du début du recouvrement des droits .
HMP Prix sur le marché intérieur .
CV Valeur construite .
I Réexamen intérimaire .
E Réexamen à l'expiration .
G/ADP/N/357/UKR
- 6 -
ANNEXES
MESURES ANTIDUMPING DÉFINITIVES EN VIGUEUR
AU 30 JUIN 2021
Pays/
territoire
douanier Produit, numéro
d'identification de
l'enquête Mesure(s) Date d'imposition
initiale ; référence
de la publication Date(s) de
prorogation ;
référence(s) de la
publication
Bélarus Sel de cuisine qualité
supérieure
AD-378/2017/4411 -05 Droit 03/03/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 21 du 01/02/2019 -
Engagement
en matière
de prix 03/03/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 21 du 01/02/2019 -
Lampes électriques à
incandescence
AD-381/2017/4411 -05 Droit 03/03/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 21 du 01/02/2019 -
Ciment
AD-394/2018/4411 -05/BLR Droit 27/06/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 98 du 28/05/2019 -
Barres en acier au carbone
et autres aciers non alliés
AD-393/2018/4411 -05/BLR Droit 06/01/2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 235 du 06/12/2019 -
Blocs de béton cellulaire
AD-414/2019/4411 -03 Droit 27/03/2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 36 du 25/02/2020 -
Allumettes
AD-422/2019/4411 -
03/BLR Droit 29/06/2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 101 du 29/05/2020 -
Chine Lampes électriques à
incandescence
AD-115/2005/52 -88 Droit 22/07/2006
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 135 du 22/07/2006 04/10/2013
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 181 du 04/10/2013
03/10/2018
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 185 du 03/10/20181
28/08/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 163 du 28/08/2019
Câbles, fils, fil torsadé,
tresses et articles similaires,
en fer ou en acier
AD-164/2007/143 -48 Droit 30/08/2008
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 138 du 30/07/2008 19/09/2014
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 172 du 19/09/2014
19/07/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 136 du 19/07/20191
28/05/2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 100 du 28/05/2020
Tuyaux en acier sans
soudure
AD-300/2013/4423 -06 Droit 30/12/2014
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 223 du 29/11/2014 07/12/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 236 du 07/12/20191
20/12/2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 248 du 19/12/2020
1 Droit prorogé dans l'attente des constatations finales de l'enquête menée dans le cadre du réexamen à
l'expiration. G/ADP/N/357/UKR
- 7 -
Pays/
territoire
douanier Produit, numéro
d'identification de
l'enquête Mesure(s) Date d'imposition
initiale ; référence
de la publication Date(s) de
prorogation ;
référence(s) de la
publication
Chine
(suite) Engagement
en matière de
prix 30/12/2014
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 223 du 29/11/2014 07/12/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 236 du 07/12/20191
20/12/2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 248 du 19/12/2020
Bouchons en caoutchouc à
usage médical
AD-386/2018/4411 -05/CHN Droit 20/05/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 77 du 20/04/2019 -
Produits laminés avec
revêtement résistant à la
corrosion
AD-397/2018/4411 -05/CHN Droit 28/07/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 121 du 28/06/2019 -
Tuyaux en acier sans
soudure déformés à chaud
AD-415/2019/4411 -03 Droit 28/06/2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 100 du 28/05/2020 -
Éléments de fixation en
acier
AD-434/2019/4411 -03 Droit 29/09 /2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 188 du 26/09 /2020 -
Fédération
de Russie Récipients en verre à usage
médical d'une contenance
inférieure ou égale à 0,15 l
AD-277/2012/4423 -08 Droit 29/06/2013
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 94 du 29/05/2013 27/04/2018
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 82 du 27/04/20182
06/04/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 67 du 06/04/2019
Panneau de fibres
AD-116/2005/52 -87 Droit 22/08/2006
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 135 du 22/07/2006 17/02/2010
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 30 du 17/02/2010
16/02/2016
"Uryadoviy "Courier"
n° 30 du 16/02/2016
16/02/2016
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 31 du 16/02/20 212
Éléments d'aiguillage
АD-23/2001/52 -63 Droit 10/07/2002
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 123 du 10/07/2002 29/11/2014
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 223 du 29/11/2013
28/11/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 229 du 28/11/20192
20/12/2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 248 du 19/12/2020
Meules en céramique
AD-347/2015/4411 -06 Droit 16/05/2017
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 72 du 15/04/2017 -
Certains types de chocolat et
autres produits alimentaires
transformés contenant du
cacao
AD-357/2016/4411 -05 Droit 20/06/2017
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 92 du 20/05/2017 -
Certains engrais azotés
(urée, urée et nitrate
d'ammonium)
AD-331/2015/4442 -06 Droit 21/05/2017
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 92 du 20/05/20173 -
2 Droit prorogé dans l'attente des constatations finales de l'enquête menée dans le cadre du réex amen à
l'expiration.
3 Le droit a été imposé initialement le 1er mars 2017 ("Uryadoviy Courier" n° 248 du 30 décembre 2016).
Toutefois, il a fait l'objet d'une suspension dans les faits jusqu'au 21 mai 2017. G/ADP/N/357/UKR
- 8 -
Pays/
territoire
douanier Produit, numéro
d'identification de
l'enquête Mesure(s) Date d'imposition
initiale ; référence
de la publication Date(s) de
prorogation ;
référence(s) de la
publication
Fédération
de Russie
(suite) Barres d'armature et fil
machine
AD-366/2017/4411 -05 Droit 28/02/2018
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 246 du 29/12/2017 -
Résines à base d'urée -
formaldéhyde
AD-372/2017/4411 -05 Droit 18/08/2018
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 122 du 04/07/2018 -
Ciment
AD-394/2018/4411 -05/RUS Droit 27/06/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 98 du 28/05/2019 -
Produits laminés avec
revêtement résistant à la
corrosion
AD-397/2018/4411 -05/RUS Droit 28/07/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 121 du 28/06/2019 -
Certains câbles
AD-408/2019/4411 -03 Droit 27/03/2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 36 du 25/02/2020 -
Allumettes
AD- 422/2019/4411 -
03/RUS Droit 29/06/2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 101 du 29/05/2020
Kazakhstan Roulements à rouleaux
cylindriques
AD-403/2018/4411 -05 Droit 06/01/2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 235 du 06/12/2019 -
Moldova,
République
de Ciment
AD-394/2018/4411 -05/MDA Droit 27/06/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 98 du 28/05/2019 -
Barres en acier au carbone
et autres aciers non alliés Droit 06/01/2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 235 du 06/12/2019 -
Pologne Bouchons en caoutchouc à
usage médical
AD-386/2018/4411 -05/POL Droit 20/05/2019
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 77 du 20/04/2019 -
République
kirghize Ampoules électriques à
usage général
AD-311/2014/4421 -06 Droit 01/08/2015
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 116 du 01/07/2015 28/07/2020
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 143
du 28/07/20202
Turquie Dispositifs (mécanismes)
d'inclinaison à pivot pour
cadres de fenêtre et de
porte de balcon
No. AD 439/2020/4411 03 Droit 20/06/2021
"Uryadoviy Courier"
n° 95 du 20/05/2021
DEMANDES DE REMBOURSEMENT PRÉSENTÉES AU TITRE DE L'ARTICLE 9.3
PENDANT LA PÉRIODE ALLANT DU 1ER JANVIER AU 30 JUIN 2021
Pays/territoire
douanier Produit, numéro
d'identification de
l'enquête Date initiale
d'entrée en
vigueur ; date de
la prorogation la
plus récente Nombre de
demandes de
remboursement
reçues Nombre de
réexamens aux
fins du
remboursement
commencés,
achevés
Néant G/ADP/N/357/UKR
- 9 -
SUPPRESSION DE MESURES PENDANT LA PÉRIODE ALLANT
DU 1ER JANVIER AU 30 JUIN 2021
Pays/
territoire douanier Produit, numéro
d'identification de l'enquête Date de suppression Raison de la
suppression
Fédératio n de Russie Soude caustique
N° AD -324/2014/4421 -06 05/06/2021 Expiration effective des
mesures antidumping
définitives
__________
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G/TBT/N/ISR/1323
29 February 2024
(24-1915) Page: 1/2
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English
NOTIFICATION
The following notification is being circulated in accordance with Article 10.6
1. Notifying Member: ISRAEL
If applicable, name of local government involved (Article 3.2 and 7.2):
2. Agency responsible:
Israel WTO-TBT Enquiry Point
Name and address (including telephone and fax numbers , email and website
addresses, if available) of agency or authority designated to handle comments
regarding the notification shall be indicated if different from above:
Israel WTO -TBT Enquiry Point
Ministry of Economy and Industry
Tel: + (972) 74 7502236
E-mail: [email protected]
3. Notified under Article 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ], 3.2 [ ], 7.2 [ ],
other :
4. Products covered (HS or CCCN where applicable, otherwise national tariff
heading. ICS numbers may be provided in addition, where applicable): Natural
stone slabs for stairs surfacing (HS code( s): 68022; 68029; 681019); (ICS code(s):
91.060.30; 91.100.15)
5. Title, number of pages and language(s) of the notified document: SI 1554 part 1
– Slabs for stairs surfacing: Slabs of terrazzo or of concrete covered with terrazzo; (24
page(s), in Hebrew)
6. Description of content: The existing Mandatory Standard, SI 1554 part 2, dealing with
natural stone slabs for stair surfacing, shall be declared voluntary. This declaration aims
to remove unnecessary obstacles to trade and lower trade barriers.
7. Objective and rationale, including the nature of urgent problems where
applicable: Reducing trade barriers and facilitating trade
8. Relevant documents:
Israel Mandatory Standard SI 1554 part 2 (May 2009)
9. Proposed date of adoption: To be determined
Proposed date of entry into force: To be determined
10. Final date for comments: 60 days from notification G/TBT/N/ISR/1323
- 2 -
11. Texts available from: National enquiry point [ ] or address, telephone and fax
numbers and email and website addresses, if available , of other body:
WTO-TBT Enquiry Point
[email protected]
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2024/TBT/ISR/24_01763_00_x.pdf
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G/SPS/N/KWT/87
28 de enero de 2021
(21-0781) Página: 1/2
Comité de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN DE MEDIDAS DE URGENCIA
1. Miembro que notifica : ESTADO DE KUWAIT
Si procede, nombre del gobierno local de que se trate:
2. Organismo responsable : Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Ministerio de Comercio e
Industria), Public Authority for Food and Nutrition (Autoridad Pública de Alimentación y
Nutrición)
3. Productos abarcados (número de la(s) partida(s) arancelaria(s) según se
especifica en las listas nacionales depositadas en la OMC; deberá indicarse
además, cuando proceda, el número de partida de la ICS) : todos los tipos de aves
de corral y huevos/productos a base de huevo (frescos, refrigerados, congelados y
elaborados), excepto los tratados térmicamente a 70 °C.
4. Regiones o países que podrían verse afectados, en la medida en que sea
procedente o factible:
[ ] Todos los interlocutores comerciales
[X] Regiones o países específicos : Hawes, Richmond shire (Reino Unido)
5. Título del documento notificado : Ministerial Decision number 139 for 2021 (Hawes,
Richmondshire) (Decisión Ministerial Nº 139, de 2021 [Hawes, Richmondshire]) .
Idioma(s) : árabe. Número de páginas : 1.
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2021/SPS/KWT/21_0697_00_x.pdf
6. Descripción del contenido : Decisión por la que se establece la prohibición de todos los
tipos de aves de corral procedentes de Hawes, distrito de Richmondshire (Reino Unido)
debido a un brote de gripe aviar (H5N1), excepto los tratados térmicamente a 70º C.
7. Objetivo y razón de ser : [X] inocuidad de los alimentos, [X] sanidad animal, [ ]
preservación de los vegetales, [X] protección de la salud humana contra las
enfermedades o plagas animales o vegetales, [ ] protección del territorio contra
otros daños causados por plagas.
8. Naturaleza del (de los) problema(s) urgente(s) y justificación de la medida de
urgencia : Evitar la entrada de la gripe aviar de alta patogenicidad en Kuwait.
9. ¿Existe una norma internacional pertinente ? De ser así, indíquese la norma:
[ ] de la Comisión del Codex Alimentarius (por ejemplo, título o nú mero de
serie de la norma del Codex o texto conexo) :
[X] de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) (por ejemplo,
número de capítulo del Código Sanitario para los Animales Terrestres o
del Código Sanitario para los Animales Acuáticos) : Capítulo 10. 4, Infección
por los virus de la influenza aviar.
[ ] de la Convención Internacional de Protección Fitosanitaria (por ejemplo,
número de NIMF) : G/SPS/N/KWT/87
- 2 -
[ ] Ninguna
¿Se ajusta la reglamentación que se propone a la norma internacional
pertinente?
[X] S í [ ] No
En caso negativo, indíquese, cuando sea posible, en qué medida y por qué razón
se aparta de la norma internacional:
10. Otros documentos pertinentes e idioma(s) en que están disponibles:
11. Fecha de entrada en vigor (día/mes/año) /período de aplicación (según
corresponda) : 28 de enero de 2021
[ ] Medida de facilitación del comercio
12. Organismo o autoridad encargado de tramitar las observaciones : [X] Organismo
nacional encargado de la notificación, [X] Servicio nacional de información .
Dirección, número de fax y dirección de correo electrónico (en su caso) de otra
institución:
Public Authority for Food and Nutrition (Autoridad Pública de Alimentación y Nutrición)
207, Sabah Al Salem (Kuwait)
Sitio web: http://svc.kmun.gov.kw/
13. Texto(s) disponible(s) en : [X] Organismo nacional encargado de la notificación,
[X] Servicio nacional de información . Dirección, número de fax y dirección de
correo electrónico (en su caso) de otra institución:
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G/TBT/N/TJK/8
2 February 2021
(21-0876) Page: 1/2
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English
NOTIFICATION
The following notification is being circulated in accordance with Article 10.6
1. Notifying Member: TAJIKISTAN
If applicable, name of local government involved (Article 3.2 and 7.2):
2. Agency responsible: Agency for Standardization, Metrology, Certification and Trade
Inspection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan
Name and address (including telephone and fax numbers , email and website
addresses, if available) of agency or authority designated to handle comments
regarding the notification shall be indicated if different from above:
734018, 42/2 N.Karabaeva str., Dushanbe
Phone: (+992 37) 233 -68-69
Fax: (+992 37) 233 -44-99
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.standard.tj
3. Notified under Article 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ], other :
4. Products covered (HS or CCCN where applicable, otherwise national tariff
heading. ICS numbers may be provided in addition, where applicable): Safety of
paintwork materials; TANNING OR DYEING EXTRACTS; TANNINS AND THEIR
DERIVATIVES; DYES, PIGMENTS AND OTHER COLOURING MATTER; PAINTS AND
VARNISHES; PUTTY AND OTHER MASTICS; INKS (HS 32); PAINT AND COLOUR
INDUSTRIES (ICS 87)
5. Title, number of pages and language(s) of the notified document: Technical
regulation "Safety of paintwork materials" (23 page(s), in Russian)
6. Description of content: Developed in accordance with the law of the Republic of
Tajikistan "On techni cal regulation" in order to define single requirements for labeling,
packaging and free circulation of paints on the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan
7. Objective and rationale, including the nature of urgent problems where
applicable: This technic al regulation establishes safety requirements for paint and
varnish materials; Consumer information, labelling
8. Relevant documents:
• www.standard.tj
• Technical regulation
9. Proposed date of adoption: 6 months from adoption
Proposed date of entry into force: 6 months from adoption
10. Final date for comments: 2 April 2021 G/TBT/N/TJK/8
- 2 -
11. Texts available from: National enquiry point [X] or address, telephone and fax
numbers and email and website addresses, if available , of other body:
Agency of Standardization, Metrology, Certification and Trade Inspection under the
Government of the Republic of Tajikistan
734018, 42/2 N.Karabaeva str., Dushanbe
Phone: (+992 37) 233 -68-69
Fax: (+992 37) 233 -44-99
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.standard.tj
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WTO_1/q_G_TBTN22_USA1817A1.pdf
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G/TBT/N/USA/1817/Add.1
19 January 2023
(23-0441) Page: 1/2
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English
NOTIFICATION
Addendum
The following communication , dated 19 January 2023, is being circulated at the request of the
delegation of the United States of America .
_______________
Title: Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedure for Dishwashers
Reason for Addendum:
[ ] Comment period changed - date:
[ ] Notified measure adopted - date:
[X] Notified measure published - date: 18 January 2023
[X] Notified measure enters into force - date: 17 February 2023
[X] Text of final measure available from1:
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2023-01-18/html/2022 -27879.htm
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2023-01-18/pdf/2022 -27879.pdf
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2023/TBT/USA/final_measure/23_0492_00_
e.pdf
[ ] Notified measure withdrawn or revoked - date:
Relevant sym bol if measure re -notified:
[ ] Content or scope of notified measure changed and text available from1:
New deadline for comments (if applicable):
[ ] Interpretive guidance issued and text available from1:
[ ] Other:
Description: TITLE: Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedure for Dishwashers
AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of Energy
ACTION: Final rule
SUMMARY: The U.S. Department of Energy ("DOE") is amending the current test pro cedures for
dishwashers , adopting a new test procedure appendix, incorporating by reference Association of
Home Appliance Manufacturers ("AHAM") standards --AHAM DW -1-2020 and DW-2-2020--and
applying certain provisions of the industry standards to the test procedures appen dices. The
amendments to the current appendix establish requirements for water hardness, relative humidity,
and loading pattern; update requirements for ambient temperature, detergent dosage, and standby
power measurement; and include testing approaches fr om published dishwasher waivers. The new
1 This information can be provided by including a website address, a pdf attachment, or other
information on where the text of the final /modified measure and/or interpretive guidance can be obtained. G/TBT/N/USA/1817/Add.1
- 2 -
test procedure appendix additionally includes provisions for a minimum cleaning index threshold to
validate the selected test cycle and updated annual number of cycles and low -power mode hours for
the calculation of annual energy consumption.
DATES: The effective date of this rule is 17 February 2023. The amendments to appendix C1 will be
mandatory for product testing starting 17 July 2023. Manufacturers will be required to use the
amended test procedure at appendix C1 until the compliance date of any final rule establishing
amended energy conservation standards based on the newly established test procedure at appendix
C2. At such time, manufacturers will be required to begin using the newly established test procedure
at appendix C2. The incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in the rule is approved
by the Director of the Federal Register on 17 February 2023.
This final rule and the notice of proposed rulemaking; request for comment notified as
G/TBT/N/USA/1817 are identified by Docket Number EERE -2016-BT-TP-0012. The Docket Folder is
available on Regulations.gov at https://www.regulations.gov/docket/EERE -2016-BT-TP-
0012/document and provides access to primary and supporting documents as well as comments
received. Documents are also accessible from Regulations.gov by searching the Docket Number.
__________
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RESTRICTED
GPA/ACC/MKD/13
17 de septiembre de 2019
(19-5974) Página: 1/1
Comité de Contratación Pública Original: inglés
ADHESIÓN DE MACEDONIA DEL NORTE AL ACUERDO
SOBRE CONTRATACIÓN PÚBLICA
COMUNICACIÓN DEL JAPÓN
La siguiente comunicación, de fecha 17 de septiembre de 2019, se distribuye a petición de la
delegación del Japón.
_______________
El Japón agradece a Macedonia del Norte que haya presentado su oferta inicial de acceso a los
mercados (GPA/ACC/MKD/4) . El siguiente documento incluye las observaciones y peticiones de
mejora del Japón sobre la oferta inicial de Macedonia del Norte . El Japón se res erva el derecho de
modificar cualquiera de sus peticiones de mejora en el transcurso de estas negociaciones.
Anexo 1 - Entidades del Gobierno central
1. El Japón pide a Macedonia del Norte que suprima la referencia al Japón en el párrafo 2 de sus
notas al Ane xo 1.
Anexo 2 - Entidades de los gobiernos subcentrales
2. El Japón pide a Macedonia del Norte que suprima la referencia al Japón en el párrafo 2 de sus
notas al Anexo 2.
3. El Japón pide a Macedonia del Norte que suprima la referencia al Japón en el párrafo 3 d e sus
notas al Anexo 2.
4. El Japón pide a Macedonia del Norte que suprima la referencia al Japón en el párrafo 4 de sus
notas al Anexo 2.
Anexo 3 - Otras entidades
5. El Japón pide a Macedonia del Norte que suprima la referencia al Japón en el párrafo 6.g de
sus notas al Anexo 3.
6. El Japón pide a Macedonia del Norte que suprima la referencia al Japón en el párrafo 6.h de
sus notas al Anexo 3.
7. El Japón pide a Macedonia del Norte que suprima la referencia al Japón en el párrafo 6.k de
sus notas al Anexo 3.
8. El Japón pide a Macedonia del Norte que suprima la referencia al Japón en el párrafo 7 de sus
notas al Anexo 3.
9. El Japón pide a Macedonia del Norte que suprima la referencia al Japón en el párrafo 8 de sus
notas al Anexo 3.
__________
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EN EN
EUROPEAN
COMMISSION
Brussels, XXX
PLAN/1279/2023 ANNEX
(POOL/E4/2023/1279/1279 -EN
ANNEX.docx)
[…](2023) XXX draft
ANNEX
ANNEX
to the
COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) .../...
approving formic acid as an existing active substance for use in biocidal products of
product -types 2, 3, 4 and 5 in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 of the
European Parliament and of the Council
EN 1 EN ANNEX
Common Name IUPAC Name
Identification
Numbers Minimum degree of purity
of the active substance1 Date of
approval Expiry
date of
approval Product
type Specific conditions
Formic acid Methanoic Acid
EC No: 200-579-1
CAS No: 64-18-6 99 % w/w
1
November
2024 31 October
2034 2 The authorisation of biocidal products is subject to the
following conditions:
(1) the product assessment pays particular attention to
the exposures, the risks and the efficacy linked to
any uses covered by an application for authorisation,
but not addressed in the Union -level risk assessment
of the active substance;
(2) the product assessment pays particu lar attention to:
(i) professional users ;
(ii) non-professional users;
(iii) secondary exposure of the general public and
children.
3 The authorisation of biocidal products is subject to the
following conditions:
(1) the product assessment pays particular attention to
the exposures, the risks and the efficacy linked to
any uses covered by an application for authorisation,
but not addressed in the Union -level risk assessment
of the active substance;
(2) the product assessment pays particular atten tion to
professionals users ;
(3) for products that may lead to residues in food or
feed, it shall be assessed whether new maximum
residue levels ( ‘MRLs’) need to be set or the
1 The purity indicated in this column was the minimum degree of purity of the active substance evaluated. The active substance i n the product placed on the market can be of
equal or different purity if it has been proven to be technically equivalent to the evaluated active substance.
EN 2 EN existing MRLs need to be amended in accordance
with Regulation (EC) No 470/2009 of the European
Parliament and of the Council2 or Regulation (EC)
No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the
Council3, and any appropriate risk mitigation
measures shall be taken to ensure that such MR Ls
are not exceeded.
4 The authorisation of biocidal products is subject to the
following condition s:
(1) the product assessment pays particular attention to
the exposures, the risks and the efficacy linked to
any uses covered by an application for authorisation,
but not addressed in the Union -level risk assessment
of the active substance;
(2) the product assessment pays particular attenti on to
professional users;
(3) for products that may lead to residues in food or
feed, it shall be assessed whether new maximum
residue levels (MRLs) need to be set or the existing
MRLs need to be amended in accordance with
Regulation (EC) No 470/2009 of the European
Parliament and of the Council2 or Regulation (EC)
No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the
Council3, and any appropriate risk mi tigation
measures shall be taken to ensure that such MRLs
are not exceeded.
2 Regulation (EC) No 470/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 May 2009 laying down Community procedures for the establishment of residue limits of
pharmaco logically active substances in foodstuffs of animal origin, repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 2377/90 and amending Direct ive 2001/82/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 152, 16.6.2009, p. 11).
3 Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pe sticides in or on food and feed of plant
and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC (OJ L 70, 16.3.2005, p. 1).
EN 3 EN 5 The authorisation of biocidal products is subject to the
following condition s:
(1) the product assessment pays particular attention to
the exposures, the risks and the efficacy linked to
any uses covered by an application for authorisation,
but not addressed in the Union -level risk assessment
of the active substance;
(2) the product assessment pays particular attenti on to:
(i) professional users;
(ii) the environment: soil compartment ;
(3) for products that may lead to residues in food or
feed, it shall be assessed whether new maximum
residue levels (MRLs) need to be set or the existing
MRLs need to be amended in accordan ce with
Regulation (EC) No 470/2009 of the European
Parliament and of the Council2 or Regulation (EC)
No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the
Council3, and any appropriate risk mitigation
measures shall be taken to ensure that such MRLs
are not e xceeded.
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المواصفة القياسية الخليجية GSO FDS 05
1 هيئة التقييس لدول مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية
STANDARDIZATION ORGANIZATION FOR G.C.C (GSO)
مشروع تحديث مواصفة نهائي
Final Draft of Standard FDS
TC05اعداد اللجنة الخليجية رقم
Prepared by GSO Technical Committee No. TC05
GSO DS GSO / 2019
مسحوق الكاسترد
CUSTARD POWDER
هذه الوثيقة مشروع لمواصفة قياسية خليجية تم
توزيعها لإبداء الرأي والملحوظات بشأنها ، لذلك
فإنها عرضة للتغيير والتبديل، ولا يجوز الرجوع
إليها كمواصفة قياسية خليجية إلا بعد اعتمادها من
الهيئة. This document is a draft GSO
Standa rd circulated for comments. It
is, therefore, subject to alteration and
modification and may not be referred
to as a GSO Standard until approved
by GSO.
ICS: 67.060
المواصفة القياسية الخليجية GSO FDS 05
2
تقديم
هيئةة التقيةي لةدو مجلة التعةاو لةدو الخلةي العربيةة هيئةة إقليميةة تضةم فة عضةويتها
أجهةة التقيةي الونييةة فة الةدو الأعضةاء، ومةن مهةا الهيئةة إعةداد المواصةفات القياسةية
واللوائح الفيية الخليجية بواسطة لجا فيية متخصصة.
قرر (المجل الفي لـ/مجل إدار ) هيئة التقيي لدو مجل التعاو لدو الخلي العربية ف
اجتماعه رقم ( ) الذي عقد بتاريخ / / هـ ،الموافق / / اعتماد المواصفة القياسية الخليجية رقم (
(2279قواعد الممارسات الخاصة بميع وخفض التلوث بالدايوكسييات ومركبات ثيائية الفيييل عديد
الكلور المشابهة للدايوكسين ف الأغذية والأعلاف) باللغة العربية والإنجليةية والت تم دراستها
وإعدادها ضمن برنام عمل اللجية الفيية الخليجية رقم TC05 " اللجية الفيية الخليجية
للمواصفات الغذائية والةراعية" المدرجة ف خطة المملكة العربية السعودية.
المواصفة القياسية الخليجية GSO FDS 05
3
مسحوق الكاسترد
1 المجال ونطاق التطبييق
تختص هذه المواصفة القياسية بالمتطلبات الواجب توافرها في مسحوق الكاسترد.
2 المراجع التكميلية
1.2 GSO 9 " بطاقات المواد الغذائية المعبأة.
2.2 GSO 150 -2 "فترات صلاحية المنتجات الغذائية - الجزء الثاني".
3.2 GSO 21 " الشروط الصحية في مصانع الأغذية والعاملين بها ".
4.2 GSO 382 "الحدود القصوى المسموح بها من بقايا مبيدات الآفات في المنتجات الزراعية
والغذائية " .
5.2 GSO 841 " الحددددود القصدددوىللسدددمول الفطريددد ة المسدددموح بهدددا فدددو الأغذيدددة والأعدددلا -
الافلاتوكسينات" .
6.2 GSO 1016" الحدود الميكروبيولوجية للسلع والمواد الغذائية
7.2 GSO CAC 19 3 "مواصفة عامة للملوثات والسمول في الأغذية
8.2 GSO 2500 "المواد المضافة المسموح باستخدامها في المواد الغذائية"
9.2 GSO 2052 " نشاالطعال"
10.2 GSO 2055 -1 "الأغذية الحلال – الجزء الأول: الاشتراطات العامة للأغذية الحلال"
11.2 GSO 839 "عبوات المواد الغذائية الجزء الأول: اشتراطات عامة"
12.2 GSO 1863"عبوات المواد الغذائية– الجزء الثاني: العبوات البلاستيكية – اشتراطات عامة"
13.2 GSO 1863 " النشا المحور ( درجة غذائية
المواصفة القياسية الخليجية GSO FDS 05
4 3 التعاريف
1.3 مسحوقالكاسترد: هو مسحوق متجانس أو أكثر من نشا الطعال المضا اليه إليه مواد
ملونة ومواد منكهة مناسبة ويجوز إضافة واحد أو أكثر من المواد المذكورة في البند 15.4
2.3 الهلال : مادة صلبة مرنة ، يتوق السائل الموجود فيها عن الحركة بواسطة جزيئات الماء
المحدثة للتهلل .
4 المتطلبات
يجب أن يتوافر في المنتج المتطلبات التالية:
1.4 أن يكون متجانس النعومة وخالياً منالتكتلات.
2.4 أن يكون له الطعل واللون والرائحة المميزة قبل وبعد الإعداد عند اتباع الإرشادات الموضحة علو
بطاقة العبوة .
3.4 أن تكون جميع المواد المستخدمة مطابقة للمواصفات القياسية الخليجية الخاصة بها.
4.4 أن تكون جميعالمواد الداخلة في التركيب طبقا للمواصفة القياسية الخليجية الواردة في البند
(10.2.)
5.4 أن يتل الإنتاج طبقاللمواصفة القياسية الخليجية الواردة في البند 3.2.
6.4 أن يكون نظيفاً وخالياً من الشوائب والحشرات الحية والإصابات الحشرية والفطرية والتلوث
بالقوارض وا فرازاتها .
7.4 ألاً تزيد نسبة الرطوبة علو12.5% .
8.4 ألاً تزيد نسبة الرماد الكلي علو0.5% (علو أساس الوزن الجا.
9.4 ألاً تزيد نسبة الرماد غير الذائب في الحمض علو0.05% (علو أساس الوزن الجا .
10.4 ألاً تزيد نسبة ثاني أكسيد الكبريت علو100 جزء في المليون .
11.4 أن تكون الملوثات طبقا لما ورد في البند (7.2 ).
12.4 ألاً تزيد حدود بقايا المبيدات علو الحدود المسموح بها في البند (4.2) . المواصفة القياسية الخليجية GSO FDS 05
5 13.4 ألاً تزيد الحدود الميكروبيولوجيةوالسمول الفطرية علو الحدود المسموح بها في البند (6.2)
و5.2) .
14.4 ألاً تقلنسبة النشا المستخدل عن 80% .
15.4 يجوز إضافة المواد الاختيارية التالية
1.15.4 مسحوق البيض
2.15.4 مسحوق الحليب
3.15.4 الفاني
4.15.4ملح الطعال.
5.15.4 محسنات النشا مثل النشاالمحور
16.4 في حال تل استخدال النشاالمحور يجب ان يكون مطابق لما ورد في البند (13.2)
17.4 يجب ان يكون النشا المستخدل في التحضير مطابقا لما ورد في البند9.2)).
18.4 يجب ان تكون المواد المضافة المستخدمة في التصنيع مطابقة لما ورد في البند (8.2.)
5 التعبئة
يجب ان تكون العبوات المستخدمة في التعبئة طبقا لما ورد في البند ين (11.2) و12.2)
6 النقل والتخزين
يتل نقل وتخزين المنتج في أماكن نظيفة وجيدة التهوية تحافظ عليه من التل والتعرض
للحرارة والرطوبة العالية والمؤثرات الجوية الأخرى، كما تحافظ عليه من الإصابات الحشرية
أو القوارض أو التلوث بالمبيدات الكيمائية.
7 البيانات الإيضاحية
1.7 يجب ان تكون طبقاً لما ورد في البند1.2) و2.2)
2.7 يجب ان يوضح علو بطاقة المنتج طريقة الاستعمال. المواصفة القياسية الخليجية GSO FDS 05
6 المصطلح ـات الفنيـة
مسحوق الكاسترد .............................................................. Custard powder
نشا الطعال ................................................................ .......... Edible starch
ثاني أكسيد الكبريت ........................................................... Sulphur dioxide
نشا ذرة صالح للأكل ......................................................... Edible corn Starch
الهلال ................................................................ ......................... Gel
نشا محور ................................................................ ....... Modified starch المواصفة القياسية الخليجية GSO FDS 05
7 المراجع
المواصفة الهندية IS 1007
المواصفة المصريةES 799
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63808 Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 223 / Tuesday, November 19, 2019 / Rules and Regulations
EPA—A PPROVED OHIONONREGULATORY AND QUASI-REGULATORY PROVISIONS —Continued
Title Applicable geographical or non-attain-
ment area State date EPA approval Comments
Ozone (8-
Hour,
1997).Steubenville-Weirton (Jefferson County) 4/12/2019 11/19/2019, [insert Federal
Register citation].
Ozone (8-
Hour, 1997).Toledo (Lucas and Wood Counties) ...... 4/12/2019 11/19/2019, [insert Federal
Register citation].
Ozone (8-
Hour, 1997).Wheeling (Belmont County) ................... 4/12/2019 11/19/2019, [insert Federal
Register citation].
Ozone (8-
Hour, 1997).Youngstown (Columbiana, Mahoning
and Trumbull Counties).4/12/2019 11/19/2019, [insert Federal
Register citation].
Ozone (8-
Hour, 2015).Columbus (Delaware, Fairfield, Franklin,
and Licking Counties.4/23/2019 8/21/2019, 84 FR 43508.
*******
[FR Doc. 2019–24937 Filed 11–18–19; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
40 CFR Part 721
[EPA–HQ–OPPT–2017–0464; FRL–10001–
43]
RIN 2070–AB27
Significant New Use Rules on Certain
Chemical Substances (17–3); Technical Correction
AGENCY : Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION : Final rule; technical correction.
SUMMARY : EPA issued a final rule in the
Federal Register of September 18, 2019 for 19 chemical substances that were the subject of premanufacture notices (PMNs). For the chemical substance that was the subject of PMN P–17–170, EPA made several errors when including hazard communication requirements. Certain references are inconsistent with the hazards identified for this chemical substance by EPA. This document is being issued to correct these errors.
DATES : This technical correction is
effective on November 19, 2019.
ADDRESSES : The docket for this action,
identified by docket identification (ID) number EPA–HQ–OPPT–2017–0464, is available at http://www.regulations.gov or at the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Docket (OPPT Docket), Environmental Protection Agency Docket Center (EPA/DC), West William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., Rm. 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC. The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The
telephone number for the Public Reading Room is (202) 566–1744, and
the telephone number for the OPPT Docket is (202) 566–0280. Please review the visitor instructions and additional information about the docket available at http://www.epa.gov/dockets.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT :
For technical information contact:
Kenneth Moss, Chemical Control Division, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460–0001; telephone number: (202) 564–9232; email address: [email protected].
For general information contact: The
TSCA-Hotline, ABVI-Goodwill, 422 South Clinton Ave., Rochester, NY 14620; telephone number: (202) 554– 1404; email address: [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION :
I. What does this technical correction do?
EPA issued a final rule in the Federal
Register of September 18, 2019 (84 FR
49025) (FRL–9998–12) for significant new uses for 19 chemical substances that were the subject of PMN notices. EPA made several errors when specifying hazard communication requirements for the chemical substance listed in the significant new use rule (SNUR) codified in 40 CFR 721.11107 (PMN P–17–170). This action corrects these errors as follows:
•In 40 CFR 721.11107—Alkanediol,
2,2-bis (substituted alkyl)-polymer with substituted alkane, heteromonocycles, alkenoate (generic); the hazard communication requirements in paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of the SNUR will be corrected to remove the reference to 40 CFR 721.72(g)(1)(v) and instead reference 40 CFR 721.72(g)(1)(iv). It will also be corrected to remove the reference to 40 CFR 721.72(g)(4).
II. Why is this correction issued as a
final rule?
Section 553 of the Administrative
Procedure Act (APA) (5 U.S.C. 553(b)(3)(B)) provides that, when an Agency for good cause finds that notice and public procedure are impracticable, unnecessary or contrary to the public interest, the Agency may issue a final rule without providing notice and an opportunity for public comment. EPA has determined that there is good cause for making this technical correction final without prior proposal and opportunity for comment. Correcting the hazard communication requirements specified in the September 18, 2019 SNUR is necessary for the proper identification of the human health and environmental hazards associated with PMN substance P–17–170 consistent with the associated TSCA section 5(e) Order for the substance. EPA finds that this constitutes good cause under 5 U.S.C. 553(b)(3)(B).
III. Do any of the statutory and
Executive Order reviews apply to this action?
No. For a detailed discussion
concerning the statutory and Executive Order review, refer to Unit XII. of the September 18, 2019 final rule.
IV. Congressional Review Act (CRA)
Pursuant to the CRA (5 U.S.C. 801 et
seq.), EPA will submit a report
containing this rule and other required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United
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1Depending on the industry, SBA considers
businesses to be small by virtue of having less than
between $7.5 million and $38.5 million in average annual revenue.
2The Department considers a rule to have a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities if at least 5% of small entities experience an impact of more than 3% of revenue. 3Section 608(b) provides that except as provided
in section 605(b), an agency head may not waive the requirements of section 604 for final rules. An agency head may delay the completion of the requirements of section 604 of the title for a period of not more than one hundred and eighty days after the date of publication in the Federal Register of a final rule by publishing in the Federal Register, not later than such date of publication, a written finding, with reasons therefor, that the final rule is being promulgated in response to an emergency that makes timely compliance with the provisions of section 604 of the title impracticable. If the agency has not prepared a final regulatory analysis pursuant to section 604 of the title within one hundred and eighty days from the date of publication of the final rule, such rule shall lapse and have no effect. Such rule shall not be repromulgated until a final regulatory flexibility analysis has been completed by the agency. 5 U.S.C. 608(b). States prior to publication of the rule in
the Federal Register. This action is not
a ‘‘major rule’’ as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 721
Environmental protection, Chemicals,
Hazardous substances, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements.
Dated: November 5, 2019.
Tala Henry,
Deputy Director, Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics.
Therefore, 40 CFR part 721 is
corrected as follows:
PART 721—[AMENDED]
■1. The authority citation for part 721
continues to read as follows:
Authority: 15 U.S.C. 2604, 2607, and
2625(c).
■2. In § 721.11107, revise paragraph
(a)(2)(ii) to read as follows:
§ 721.11107 Alkanediol, 2,2-bis
(substituted alkyl)-polymer with substituted alkane, heteromonocycles, alkenoate (generic).
(a) * * *
(2) * * * (ii) Hazard communication.
Requirements as specified in § 721.72(a)
through (e) (concentration set 0.1 percent), (f), (g)(1)(i), (ii), (iv), (vii), (ix), (respiratory sensitization), (g)(2)(i), (v), and (g)(5). Alternative hazard and warning statements that meet the criteria of the Globally Harmonized System and OSHA Hazard Communication Standard may be used.
* * * * *
[FR Doc. 2019–24945 Filed 11–18–19; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND
HUMAN SERVICES
45 CFR Part 75 Notification of Nonenforcement of
Health and Human Services Grants Regulation
AGENCY : Office of the Secretary, HHS.
ACTION : Notification of exercise of
enforcement discretion.
SUMMARY : This notification is to inform
the public that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has determined that the rulemaking that resulted in the regulatory provisions promulgated on Dec. 12, 2016, regarding HHS’s grant regulations, raises significant concerns about compliance with the Regulatory Flexibility Act. The provisions will not be enforced pending a repromulgation that complies with the
Act.
DATES : November 19, 2019.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT :
Richard Brundage at (202) 401–6107.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION : The
Department of Health and Human Services has determined that the rulemaking which promulgated or amended 45 CFR 75.101(f), 75.110(a), 75.300(c) and (d), 75.305(a), 75.365, 75.414(c) and (f), and 75.477, published at 81 FR 89393 (Dec. 12, 2016), raises significant concerns about compliance with the requirements of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq. The Department has accordingly
determined to exercise its enforcement discretion not to enforce the regulations until they have been repromulgated with a proper RFA analysis.
I. Statutory Background
The RFA generally requires that when
an agency issues a proposed rule, or a
final rule (after publishing a proposed rule) pursuant to section 553(b) of the APA or another law, the agency must prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis that meets the requirements of the RFA and publish such analysis in the Federal Register. 5 U.S.C. 603, 604. The RFA is a ‘‘[p]urely procedural’’ statute, but ‘‘set[s] out precise, specific steps an agency must take.’’ Nat’l Telephone Co- op Ass’n v. FCC, 563 F.3d 536, 540 (D.C.
Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). Specifically, the RFA normally requires agencies to describe the impact of a rulemaking on small entities by providing a regulatory impact analysis. Such analysis must address the consideration of regulatory options that would lessen the economic effect of the rule on small entities. The RFA defines a ‘‘small entity’’ as (1) a proprietary firm meeting the size standards of the Small Business Administration (SBA);
1(2) a
nonprofit organization that is not
dominant in its field; or (3) a small government jurisdiction with a population of less than 50,000. 5 U.S.C. 601(3)–(6).
2The requirement does not
apply if the head of the agency ‘‘certifies that the rule will not, if promulgated, have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.’’ Id. section 605(b). The agency must,
however, publish the certification in the Federal Register at the time of publication of the proposed or final
rule, ‘‘along with a statement providing the factual basis for such certification.’’ Id. The RFA also requires the agency to
provide the certification and the statement with the factual justification to the SBA Chief Counsel for Advocacy. Id.
If the agency head has not waived the
requirements for a regulatory flexibility analysis in accordance with the RFA’s waiver provision, and no other RFA exception applies, the agency must prepare the regulatory flexibility analysis and publish it in the Federal Register at the time of promulgation or,
if the rule is promulgated in response to an emergency that makes timely compliance impracticable, within 180 days of publication of the final rule. 5 U.S.C. 604(a), 608(b).
3In addition, the
RFA provides for judicial review of an agency’s compliance with its provisions under some circumstances, which can result in a court ordering the agency to take corrective action by remanding the rule to the agency and deferring enforcement of the rule against small entities. Id. section 611(a)(4).
II. Absence of RFA Analysis or Certification
The rulemaking that promulgated and
amended 45 CFR 75.101(f), 75.110(a), 75.300(c) and (d), 75.305(a), 75.365, 75.414(c) and (f), and 75.477, published at 81 FR 89393 (Dec. 12, 2016), raises significant concerns about compliance with the requirements of the RFA, 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq. The Department neither performed the RFA analysis described in 5 U.S.C. 602–604, nor expressly certified that the rules ‘‘will not . . . have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities’’ and provided a statement with the factual basis for such certification as provided for by section 605(b). See 81
FR 89393 (Dec. 12, 2016). The rulemaking simply declared that it would ‘‘not have a significant economic
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G/AG/N/NGA/25
2 juillet 2021
(21-5286) Page: 1/1
Comité de l'agriculture Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
La communication ci -après, datée du 1er juillet 2021, est distribuée à la demande de la délégation
du Nigéria . La notification concerne les engagements en matière de subventions à l'exportation
(tableau ES:1 ) pour l 'année civile 2019.
_______________
Le Nigéria notifie qu'aucune subvention à l'exportation n'a été accordée pour des produits agricoles
pendant l'année civile 2019.
__________
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EN EN
EUROPEAN
COMMISSION
Brussels, XXX
SANTE/11656/2020 ANNEX
(POOL/E4/2020/11656/11656 -EN
ANNEX.docx)
[…](2020) XXX draft
ANNEX
ANNEX
to the
COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) .../...
approving active chlorine generated from sodium chloride as an active sustance for use
in biocidal products of product -type 1
EN 1 EN ANNEX
Common Name IUPAC Name
Identification
Numbers Minimum degree of purity
of the active substance1 Date of
approval Expiry
date of
approval Product
type Specific conditions
Active chlorine
generated from
sodium chloride
by electrolysis IUPAC name: not
applicable
EC No: not
applicable
CAS No: not
applicable
Precursor :
IUPAC Name:
Sodium Chloride
EC No 231-598-3
CAS No 7647 -14-5 The specification s for active
chlorine generated from
sodium chloride by
electrolysis in situ are
dependent on the precursor
sodium chloride which must
comply with purity
requirements of one of the
following standards: NF
Brand, EN 973 A, EN 973
B, EN 14805 Ty pe 1, EN
14805 Type 2, EN 16370
Type 1, EN 16370 Type 2,
EN 16401 Type 1, EN
16401 Type 2, CODEX
STAN 150 -1985 or
European Pharmacopoeia
9.0.
1 July
2021 30 June
2031 1 The product assessment shall pay particular attention to the
exposures, the risks and the efficacy linked to any uses covered
by an application for authorisation, but not addressed in the
Union -level risk assessment of the active substance.
1 The purity indicated in this column was the minimum degree of purity of the active substance evaluated. The active substance in the product placed on the market can be of
equal or different purity if it has been proven to be technically equivalent to the evaluated active substance .
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DEAS 908: 2023
ICS 65.080
© EAC 2023 Second Edition 2023
FINAL DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD
Fertilizers — Potassium chloride (muriate of potash) — Specification
EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY FDEAS 908:2023
ii © EAC 2023 – All rights reserved
Copyright notice
This EAC document is copyright -protected by EAC. While the reproduction of this document by
participants in the EAC standards development process is permitted without prior permission from EAC,
neither this document nor any extract from it may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form for
any other purpose without prior written permission from EAC.
Requests f or permission to reproduce this document for the purpose of selling it should be addressed
as shown below or to EAC’s member body in the country of the requester:
© East African Community 2019 — All rights reserved
East African Community
P.O. Box 1096 ,
Arusha
Tanzania
Tel: + 255 27 2 162100
Fax: + 255 27 2162190
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.eac -quality.net
Reproduction for sales purposes may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted . FDEAS 908:2023
© EAC 2023 – All rights reserved iii
Foreword
Development o f the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing requirements
governing quality of products and services in the East African Community. It is envisaged that through
harmonized standardization, trade barriers that are encounter ed when goods and services are exchanged
within the Community will be removed.
The Community has established an East African Standards Committee (EASC) mandated to develop and
issue East African Standards (EAS) . The Committee is composed of representative s of the National
Standards Bodies in Partner States, together with the representatives from the public and private sector
organizations in the community .
East African Standards are developed through Technical Committees that are representative of key
stakeholders including government, academia, consumer groups, private sector and other interested parties.
Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders through the National Standards Bodies in the
Partner States. The comments received are discu ssed and incorporated before finalization of standards, in
accordance with the Principles and procedures for develop ment of East African Standards .
East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances. Users of the East
African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the latest versions of the standards
they are implementing .
The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee EASC /TC 020, Agriculture and
agrochemicals .
DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD DEAS 908: 2023
© EAC 2023 – All rights reserved 1
Fertilizer s — Potassium chloride (muriate of potash) — Specification
1 Scope
This Draft East African Standard specifies requirements of sampling and test methods for potassium chloride
(muriate of potash) fertilizer.
2 Normative r eferences
The following referenced d ocuments are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
AOAC 983.04 , Sodium in fertiliz ers — Atomic absorption spect roscopy
AOAC 965.08, Water (free) in fertilizers — Vacuum -desiccatio n
AOAC 2006.03, Arsenic, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Lead, Molybdenum, Nickel and Selenium in fertilizers
ISO 8157 , Fertilizers , soil c onditioners and benefici al substances ― Vocabulary
ISO 8397 , Solid fertilizers and soil conditioners ― Test sieving
ISO 17318 , Fertilizers and soil conditioners — Determination of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and
mercury contents
ISO 14820 -1, Fertilizers and liming materials - Sampling an d sample preparation - Part 1: Sampling
ISO 148 20-2, Fertilizers and liming materials - Sampling and sample preparation - Part 2: Sample preparation
ISO 7409, Fertilizers -Marking - Presentation and declarations
3 Terms and d efinitions
For the purpose s of this document , the terms and definitions given in ISO 8157 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
2 © EAC 2023 – All rights reserved
4 Requirements
4.1 General requirements
4.1.1 Potassium chloride fertilizer shall be in the form of free -flowing granules or pow der, uniform colour and
free from foreign matter.
4.1.2 The particle size when tested using ISO 8397, the material shall not be less than 90 % by mass of
particles in the size range of 1 mm to 4 mm for crystals and 2 mm to 4 mm for granules , not less than 65 %
particles in the size range of 0.25 mm to 1.7 mm for powdered crystals .
4.2 Specific requirements
The potassium chloride fertilizer shall comply with the specific requirements given in Table 1 when tested in
accordance with the test methods prescribed therein .
Table 1 ― Requirements for potassium chloride fertilizer
S/N Characteristic Requirement ,
% by m ass Test method
i. Potash content (as K 2O), min. 60.0 ISO 17319
ii. Sodium content (as NaCI), max. 3.5 AOAC 983.04
iii. Moisture, max. 0.5 AOAC 965.08
5 Contaminants
Heavy metal contaminants in potassium chloride fertilizer shall conform to the limits given i n Table 2 when
tested in accordance with the test methods prescribed therein.
Table 2 — Requirements for heavy metal contaminants for potassium chloride fertilizer
S/N Heavy metal Requirement ,
mg/kg, max. Test method
i. Arsenic (As) 20
ISO 17318 ii. Cadmium (Cd) 7
iii. Mercury (Hg) 0.1
iv. Lead (Pb) 30
v. Chromium (Cr) 500
vi. Selenium (Se) 1.0 AOAC 2006.03
© EAC 2023 – All rights reserved 3
7 Packaging
The fertilizer shall be packaged in materials that are clean and non -defective that protect the product from
physical, chemical and moisture con tamination and withstand multiple stages of handling (transportation and
storage).
8 Labelling
Each package shall be legibly and indelibly labeled in accordance with ISO 7409 in English and/or any other
official language of the destination country with the following information:
a) name of the fertili zer; “potassium chloride (muriate of potash ) fertilizer
b) brand name if any ;
c) name and ad dress of the manufacturer/importer;
d) net content by mass, in metric units ;
e) potash content, (as K 2O) percent by mass ;
f) country of origin ;
g) handling instructions, including the words such as “use no hooks” ;
h) production date
i) expiry date;
j) batch number ; and
k) storage conditions .
9 Sampling
Sampling and sample preparation of phosphate rock powder fertilizers shall be carried out as prescribed in
ISO 14820 -1 and ISO 148 20-2 respectively .
. DEAS 908: 2023
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Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English
NOTIFICATION
Addendum
The following communication , dated 15 March 2021 , is being circulated at the request of the
delegation of Uganda .
_______________
Title: DUS DEAS 919:2018, Pilau masala — Specification, Second Edition
Reason for Addendum:
[ ] Comment period changed - date:
[ ] Notified measure adopted - date:
[ ] Notified measure published - date:
[X] Notified measure enters into force - date: 7 November 2020
[X] Text of final measure available from1:
https://webstore.unbs.go.ug/
[ ] Notified measure withdrawn or revoked - date:
Relevant symbol if measure re -notified:
[ ] Content or scope of notified measure changed and text available from1:
New deadline for comments (if applicable):
[ ] Interpretive guidance issued and text available from1:
[ ] Other:
Description: The aim of this addendum is to inform WTO Members that the Draft Uganda Standard;
DUS DEAS 919:2018, Pilau masala — Specification, Second Edition; notified in G/TBT/N/UGA/904
and G/TBT/N/UGA/904/Add.1 entered into force on 7 November 2020. The Uganda Stan dard, US
EAS 919:2019, Pilau masala — Specification, Second Edition, can be purchased online through the
link: https://webstore.unbs.go.ug/
__________
1 This information can be provided by including a website address, a pdf attachment, or other
information on where the text of the final /modified measure and/or interpretive guidance can be obtained.
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Comité de Licencias de Importación Original: inglés
ACUERDO SOBRE PROCEDIMIENTOS PARA EL TRÁMITE
DE LICENCIAS DE IMPORTACIÓN
NOTIFICACIÓN EN VIRTUD DE LOS ARTÍCU LOS 5 .1 A 5.4 DEL ACUERDO
UNIÓN EUROPEA
Corrigendum
El texto de la nota 1 de pie de página debe sustituirse por el siguiente:
"Se entiende que el Miembro que notifica también ha cumplido las obligaciones en materia de
notificación que le corresponden en virtud del artículo 1.4 a) y el artículo 8.2 b) con respecto a la
ley/reglamentación/procedimiento pertinente notifi cado rellenando este formulario de manera
completa y detallada".
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21 octobre 2020
(20-7289) Page: 1/5
Comité du commerce et du développement
Session spécifique sur les accords
commerciaux régionaux Original: anglais/espagnol
ADHÉSION DE L'ÉGYPTE AU COMESA
(MARCHANDISES)
QUESTIONS ET RÉPONSES
Révision
La communication ci -après, reçue le 19 octobre 2020, est distribuée à la demande de la
délégation de l'Égypte.
Les questions adressées aux Parties et les réponses communiquées sont reproduites dans le
présent document.
_______________
Questions de la délégation du Mexique
Paragraph e 4.18
Question n° 1
• Y a-t-il des cas dans lesquels un État partie a invoqué l'inapplicabilité établie à
l'article 55 en ce qui concerne les accords entre des agents économiques qui
n'opèrent pas dans des secteurs stratégiques ou dans des secteurs d'intérêt
public?
Réponse de l'Égypte : Aucun cas n'a été enregistré au sein du COMESA .
Question n° 2
• Quels sont les défis auxquels doit faire face la politique communautaire de la
concurrence en ce qui concerne l'économie numérique? Estime -t-on que les
instruments communautaires doivent être actualisés pour relever ces défis?
Réponse de l'Égypte : Les principaux défis posés pa r les marchés numériques sont liés à la
concurrence ou aux monopoles numériques. Il s'agit notamment de la monopolisation des marchés,
qui entrave la concurrence et l'innovation, des processus visant à rendre les clients captifs, de
l'influence négative de la position d'intermédiaire obligé des fournisseurs de services Internet et des
questions liées à la protection de la vie privée et des données . Les autorités chargées de la
concurrence et les décideurs doivent tenir compte des nouveaux modèles commerciau x lorsqu'ils
traitent des questions liées à la concurrence dans les économies numériques. En outre, les mesures
de politique générale doivent viser à développer/mettre à jour/réviser les lois et réglementations en
vigueur relatives à la concurrence, aux DP I et aux droits d'auteur et à adapter les réglementations
en matière de protection des données et de la vie privée, entre autres, en tenant compte des
économies numériques. WT/COMTD/RTA16/2/Rev.1
- 2 -
Question n° 3
• Le Conseil observerait -il la règle de bon sens, au cas par cas, pour évaluer le
bien-être des consommateurs face aux pratiques anticoncurrentielles? Dans la
négative, veuillez indiquer les paramètres qui seraient pris en compte .
Réponses de l'Égypte : La Commission de la concurrence du COMESA est chargée de l'applicatio n de
du Règlement du COMESA sur la concurrence et est habilitée: 1) à examiner les plaintes émanant
notamment de groupes de consommateurs, de particuliers et d'entreprises; 2) à enquêter sur les
éventuelles infractions au Règlement en collaboration avec les autorités compétentes des pays
membres concernés; 3) à déterminer l'issue des enquête s, notamment l'imposition de sanctions ou
de mesures correctives. Les déc isions de la Commission peuvent généralement faire l'objet d'un
recours devant le Conseil de la concurrence du COMESA et, en ce qui concerne les questions
constitutionnelles, devant la Cour de justice du COMESA. En outre, le Règlement du COMESA sur la
concurrence est un règlement régional et ne s'applique qu'aux comportements affectant le
commerce régional.
Paragraph e 4.19
Question n° 4
• Quelles sont les principales dispositions établies dans le Règlement du
COMESA sur la concurrence? Le Conseil a -t-il établi un autre règlement pour
réglementer la concurrence, en plus de celui du COMESA ?
Réponse de l'Égyp te: L'article 55 du Traité du COMESA interdit toute pratique qui compromet
l'objectif de la libéralisation de s échanges. Le Conseil a créé la Commission de la concurrence du
COMESA par une publication dans le Journal officiel du COMESA, vol. 9, no 2, en vertu de la décision
no 43 de l'avis no 2 de 2004. La Commission promeut et favorise la concurrence en empêchant les
pratiques commerciales restrictives e t les autres restrictions qui nuisent au bon fonctionnement des
marchés, améliorant ainsi le bien -être des consommateurs dans le Marché commun et les protégeant
contre les comportements offensants des acteurs du marché.
Questions de la délégation de la Tha ïlande
Question n° 1
Section 4.11
• En ce qui concerne la protection des investissements, l'Accord inclut -il le
règlement des différends entre investisseurs et États ?
Réponse de l'Égypte : L'article 162 du Traité prévoit la conclusion d' accords multilatéraux sur le
règlement des différends relatifs aux investissements et d'accords de garantie. Plus précisément, il
prévoit l'adhésion des États membres à la Convention pour le Règlement des différends relatifs aux
investissements entre États et ressortissants d 'autres États , à la Convention portant création de
l'Agence multilatérale de garantie des investissements et à tout autre accord multilatéral visant à
promouvoir l'investissement .
Question n° 2
Paragraph e 4.22
• Au sujet de la deuxième ph rase du paragraphe 4.22 selon laquelle "[Les
Parties] conviennent de conclure un protocole sur la libre circulation des
personnes, de la main -d'œuvre et des services, et sur le droit d'établissement
et de résidence", l'Égypte pourrait -elle communiquer aux Membres les détails
du Protocole, y compris la date visée pour la conclusion et la couverture ?
Réponse de l'Égypte : Le Protocole du COMESA sur la libre circulation des personnes, de la
main-d'œuvre et des services et sur le droit d'établissement et de résidence a été adopté en 2001
par la Conférence des chefs d'État et de gouvernement du COMESA et est en cours de signature et
de ratification . Le Protocole sur la libre circulation a été élaboré dans le but de rendre opérationnel WT/COMTD/RTA16/2/Rev.1
- 3 -
le COMESA et a pour objectif de supprimer toutes les restrictions à la libre circulation des personnes,
de la main -d'œuvre et des services et de prévoir le droit d'établissement et le droit de résidence.
Pour plus de renseignements à ce sujet, veuillez consul ter le site Web ci -dessous :
https://www.comesa.int/programme -activities -immigration -and-free-movement -of-persons
Question n° 3
Section 4.16
• Le COMESA prévoit -il d'inclure une disposition relative au "commerce
électronique" dans l'Accord? L'Égypte peut -elle conclure un ALE bilatéral avec
d'autres pays? Dans l'affirmative, l'Égypte prévoit -elle d'inclure le "commerce
électronique" dans le futur ALE ?
Réponse de l'Égypte :
• Les États membres du COMESA mettent actuellement en œuvre les instruments
numériques de l'ALE qui soutiennent le commerce électronique entre eux .
• Oui, selon le Traité du COMESA, tous les États membres du COMESA, y compris l'Égypte,
pourraient conclure des ALE bilatéraux .
• L'Égypte est actuellement en phase de préparation pour adapter son infrastructure au
commerce électronique, notamment le portail d'information commerciale .
Question n° 4
Section 3.5.2
• Nous aimerions obtenir des précisions sur le cas de "perturbation sérieuse de
l'économie" dans lequel une Partie peut prendre des mesures de sauvegarde
pour une période d'un an. Veuillez fournir des exemples pour une application
explicite .
Réponse de l'Égypte : L'article 61 du Trait é du COMESA prévoit le recours à des mesures de
sauvegarde en cas de perturbation sérieuse de l'économie d'un État membre découlant de
l'application des dispositions du Traité. Par exemple, le Kenya applique des mesures de sauvegarde
aux importations de su cre en provenance des États membres du COMESA.
Question n° 5
Section 3.1.6
• Les Parties s'engagent à établir progressivement un tarif extérieur commun
(TEC) dans un délai de 10 ans à compter de la date d'entrée en vigueur de
l'Accord, en 1999, tarif que l'Égypte n'a toujours pas mis en œuvre. Quand
l'Égypte prévoit -elle de mettre en œuvre le TEC ?
Réponse de l'Égypte : Les négociations sur l'Union douanière du COMESA se poursuivent entre les
États membres qui se heurtent à des problèmes techniques dans le cadre de la migration vers les
instruments de l'Union douanière du COMESA (TEC, Nomenclature tarifaire commune et Règlement
sur l'administration des douanes ).
Question n° 6
Section 3.4.1
• S'agissant de la section 3.4.1 qui dispose que "[l] es Parties conviennent de
concevoir et d'appliquer des politiques communes de normalisation …",
l'Égypte doit -elle adapter les mesures et procédures actuellement mises en
œuvre pour se conformer aux normes communes du COMESA ? WT/COMTD/RTA16/2/Rev.1
- 4 -
Réponse de l'Égypte : Les mesures et procédures de l'Égypte sont alignées sur les normes
internationales .
Question n° 7
Section 3.1.6
• Étant donné que certaines Parties ont du mal à appliquer un tarif extérieur
commun (TEC), quelles sont les procédures ou les mesures (le cas échéant )
destinées à aider ces Parties à mettre en œuvre le TEC à l'avenir ?
Réponse de l'Égypte : Le Secrétariat mène des activités de renforcement des capacités pour aider
les États membres qui rencontrent des difficultés avec la migration vers la Nomenclature tarifaire
commune et le Règlement sur l'administration des douanes ainsi que les études sur les incidences
socioéconomiques du CET.
Question n° 8
Paragraph e 3.25
• Si l'on se réfère à la ver sion de septembre 2002 du Manuel de procédures pour
la mise en œuvre du Protocole sur les règles d'origine applicables aux produits
faisant l'objet d'échanges entre les États membres du COMESA, il est expliqué
au chapitre 2.10 relatif aux "procédés qui ne confèrent pas l'origine" que "les
produits résultant de ces opérations et procédés conservent leur origine
étrangère et ne peuvent donc pas bénéficier d'un traitement tarifaire
préférentiel". Cela signifie -t-il que les procédés de production indiqués au
chapitre 2.10 s'appliquent aux matières premières importées avec tous les
critères de détermination de l'origine mentionnés au paragraphe 3.25 afin de
déterminer si un produit est originaire d'un pays membre du COMESA ?
Réponse de l'Égypte : Les procédés qui ne confèrent pas l'origine figurent dans la règle 5 du Protocole
sur les règles d'origine du COMESA. Pour que les marchandises produites à partir de matières
importées de pays non membres du COMESA puissent être considérées comme originaires d 'un État
membre du COMESA, elles doivent avoir subi une transformation substantielle et satisfaire soit aux
critères énoncés à la règle 2 1) b) i) à iii) ou au x critère s énoncés à la règle 2 c) du Protocole sur les
règles d'origine . Cela signifie que lorsq ue des marchandises sont produites à partir de matières
importées au moyen de l'un des procédés énumérés à la règle 5, celles -ci ne seront pas considérées
comme originaires d'un État membre du COMESA, comme indiqué au chapitre 2.10 du Manuel de
procédures pour la mise en œuvre du Protocole sur les règles d'origine applicables aux produits
faisant l'objet d'échanges entre les États membres du COMESA .
Question n° 9
Section 4.13 et Section 4.14
• Question n° 9.1: Quelles sont les différences entre l'article 4.14
"Environnement" et le chapitre 16 "Coopération dans la mise en valeur des
ressources naturelles, de l'environnement et de la faune sauvage" mentionné
à l'article 4.13 en ce qui concerne l'application des règles, règlements et
normes dans le domaine de l'environnement dans le cadre du COMESA ?
Réponse de l'Égypte : Les paragraphes 4.14 et 4.13 de la présentation factuelle font référence à
l'article 124 du Traité du COMESA, qui est une sous -section du chapitre 16 du Traité .
• Question n° 9.2: Puisq ue les États membres du COMESA conviennent d'adopter
des réglementations, des mesures d'incitation et des normes
environnementales communes, l'Égypte pourrait -elle faire part de son
expérience concernant l'harmonisation des réglementations de chaque État
membre en matière d'environnement . WT/COMTD/RTA16/2/Rev.1
- 5 -
Réponse de l'Égypte : L'article 124 du Traité du COMESA prévoi t une coopération entre les États
membres dans le domaine de la gestion de l'environnement et l'adhésion à divers protocoles
internationaux. À cette fin, l'Égypte a adopté une politique environnementale visant à protéger
l'environnement par l'établissement de cadres institutionnel, économique, législatif et technique
appropriés aux niveaux local, régional, national et international. Cette politique est définie dans sept
directives figurant dans la déclaration de politique générale du Ministère égyptien de
l'environnement :
• Renforcement des partenariats au niveau national .
• Soutien aux partenariats bilatéraux et internationaux dans les domaines environnementaux .
• Mise en application de la Loi n° 4 de 1994 sur la protection de l'environnement, de la Loi
n° 102 de 1983 sur les zones naturelles protégées, et de tous les autres textes législatifs
concernant l'environnement .
• Soutien au renforcement institutionnel et renforcement des capacités pour l'organisme
chargé des affaires environnementales et les unités de gest ion de l'environnement des
provinces .
• Soutien aux systèmes intégrés de gestion de l'environnement .
• Intégration de l'utilisation des instruments fondés sur le marché dans la protection de
l'environnement .
• Transfert et adaptation des technologies respectueuses de l'environnement .
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14 mai 2019
(19-3314) Page: 1/1
Comité des obstacles techniques au commerce Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
Addendum
La communication ci -après, datée du 7 mai 2 019, est distribuée à la demande de la délégation de
l'Égypte .
_______________
Produits visés : Beurre (ICS 67.100.20)
L'objet du présent addendum est d'annoncer la publication du Décret ministériel n° 100/2019
(2 pages, en arabe), qui:
• annule la Norme égyptienne ES 154 -6 "Lait et produits laitiers - Partie 6 : beurre de bufflonne
naturel d'origine locale" (10 pages, en ar abe).
• accords aux producteurs et aux importateurs une période de transition de six mois pour se
mettre en conformité avec la Norme égyptienne ES 154 -5 "Lait et produits laitiers – Partie 5:
beurre naturel" (10 pages, en arabe).
Il est à noter que le Décret ministériel n° 515/2005 (10 pages, en arabe), qui avait fait l'objet de la
notification G/TBT/N/EGY/2 du 1 4 décembre 2 005, prévoyait entre autres l'application obligation des
éditions antérieures de ces normes . En outre, la Norme égyptienne ES 154 -5 avait été notifiée à
l'état de projet au moyen du document G/TBT/N/EGY/2/Add.7 du 9 janvier 2 019.
Il est à noter que la Norme égyptienne ES 154 -5 est techniquement identique à la Norme du Codex
n° 279-1971 pour le beurre (précédemment CODEX STAN A -1-1971. Adoptée en 1971 . Révisée en
1999. Amendée en 2003, 2006, 2010, 2018).
Les producteurs et importateurs sont informés de toute modification aux normes égyptiennes par la
publication d'arrêtés administratifs dans le Journal officiel.
Date projetée pour l'adopt ion: 7 février 2 019
Date projetée pour l'entrée en vigueur : 7 mars 2 019
Organisme ou autorité désigné pour traiter les observations et entité auprès de laquelle le texte peut
être obtenu:
Point d'information national
Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality (Organisation égyptienne de normalisation et
de contrôle de la qualité)
16 Tadreeb El -Modarrebeen St., Ameriya, Le Caire (Égypte)
Courrier électronique: [email protected] / [email protected]
Site Web: http://www.eos.org.eg/
Téléphone : + (202) 22845528
Fax: + (202) 22845504
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NOTIFICACIÓN
Addendum
La siguiente comunicación, recibida el 14 de abril de 2020 , se distribuye a petición de la delegación
del Territorio Aduanero Distinto de Taiwán, Penghu, Kinmen y Matsu .
_______________
The Draft Amendment of Standards for Specification, Scope, Application and Limitation of Food
Additives (Proyecto de modificación de las Normas de especificación, campo de aplicación, uso y
niveles máximos de los aditivos alimentarios)
Modificación de las Normas de especificaci ón, campo de aplicación, uso y niveles máximos de los
aditivos alimentarios (G/SPS/N/TPKM/514) . La modificación definitiva entró en vigor el 14 de abril
de 2020 .
Este addendum se refiere a:
[ ] la modificación de la fecha límite para la presentación de observaciones
[X] la notificación de la adopción, publicación o entrada en vigor del reglamento
[ ] la modificación del contenido y/o ámbito de aplicación de un proyecto de
reglamento previamente notificado
[ ] el retiro del reglamento p ropuesto
[ ] la modificación de la fecha propuesta de adopción, publicación o entrada en vigor
[ ] otro aspecto:
Plazo para la presentación de observaciones : (Si el addendum amplía el ámbito de
aplicación de la medida anteriormente notificada en cuanto a los productos abarcados
y/o los Miembros a los que puede afectar, deberá preverse un nuevo plazo para recibir
observaciones, normalmente de 60 días naturales como mínimo . En otros casos, como
el aplazamiento de la fecha límite anunciada inicialmente para la presentación de
observaciones, el plazo previsto en el addendum podrá variar.)
[ ] Sesenta días a partir de la fecha de distribución del addendum a la notificación
y/o (día/mes/año) : No procede.
Organismo o autoridad encargado de tramitar las observaciones : [X] Organismo
nacional encargado de la notificación, [ ] Servicio nacional de información . Dirección,
número de fax y dirección de correo electrónico (en su caso) de otra institución: G/SPS/N/TPKM/514/Add.1
- 2 -
Food and Drug Administration (Administración de Productos Alimenticios y Farmacéuticos)
Ministry of Health and Welfare (Ministerio de Salud y Bienestar)
No.161 -2, Kunyang St, Nangang District, Ciudad de Taipei 115 -61 (Taiwán)
Teléfono : +(8862) 2787 8000 ext. 7378
Fax: +(8862) 2653 1062
Correo electrónico: [email protected]
Texto(s) disponible(s) en : [ ] Organismo nacional encargado de la notificación,
[X] Servicio nacional de información . Dirección, número de fax y dirección de correo
electrónico (en su caso) de otra institución:
Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine (Oficina de In spección Sanitaria y
Cuarentena Zoosanitaria y Fitosanitaria)
Council of Agriculture (Consejo de Agricultura)
9F., No. 100, Sec. 2, Heping W. R d.
Zhongzheng Dist. 10070
Ciudad de Taipei (Taiwán) Teléfono:+(8862) 2343 1401
Fax: +(8862) 2332 2200
Correo elec trónico/Internet: [email protected]
Sitio web: https://www.baphiq.gov.tw/
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25 October 2021
(21-8048) Page: 1/2
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English
NOTIFICATION
The following notification is being circulated in accordance with Article 10.6
1. Notifying Member: UGANDA
If applicable, name of local government involved (Article 3.2 and 7.2):
2. Agency responsible:
Uganda National Bureau of Standards
Plot 2 -12 ByPass Link, Bweyogerere Industrial and Business Park
P.O. Box 6329
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +(256) 4 1733 3250/1/2
Fax: +(256) 4 1428 6123
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: https://www.unbs.go.ug
Name and address (including telephone and fax numbers , email and website
addresses, if available) of agency or authority designated to handle comments
regarding the notification shall be indicated if dif ferent from above:
3. Notified under Article 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ], other :
4. Products covered (HS or CCCN where applicable, otherwise national tariff
heading. ICS numbers may be provided in addition, where applicable): Engine
Coolant; Anti -freezing preparations and prepared de -icing fluids (excl. prepared additives
for mineral oils or other liquids used for the same purposes as mineral oils) (HS 3820);
Refrigerants and antifreezes (ICS 71.100.45)
5. Title, number of pages and language(s) of the notified document: DUS 2396:2021,
Standard Specification for Fully -Formulated Glycol Base Engine Coolant for Heavy -Duty
Engines, First edition (8 page(s), in English)
6. Description of content: This specification cov ers the requirements for fully -formulated
glycol base coolants for cooling systems of heavy -duty engines. When concentrates are
used at 40 to 60 % glycol concentration by volume in water of suitable quality,
(see Appendix X1), or when prediluted glycol bas e engine coolants (50 volume %
minimum) are used without further dilution, they will function effectively during both
winter and summer to provide protection against corrosion, cavitation, freezing, and
boiling.
7. Objective and rationale, including the n ature of urgent problems where
applicable: Prevention of deceptive practices and consumer protection; Quality
requirements
8. Relevant documents:
1. D1126 Test Method for Hardness in Water
2. D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water G/TBT/N/UGA/1470
- 2 -
3. D3306 Specification for Glycol Base Engine Coolant for Automobile and Light -
Duty Service
4. D4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by Suppressed Ion Chromatography
5. D5828 Test Method for Compatibility of Supplemental Coolant Additives (SCAs)
and Engine Coolant Concentrates
6. D7583 Test Method for John Deere Coolant Cavitation Test
9. Proposed date of adoption: January 2022
Proposed date of entry into force: Upon declaration as mandatory by the Minister for
Trade, Industry and Cooperatives
10. Final date for comments: 60 days from notification
11. Texts available from: National enquiry point [X] or address, telephone and fax
numbers and email and website addresses, if available , of other body:
Uganda National Bureau of Standards
Plot 2 -12 ByPass Link, Bweyogerere Industrial and Business Park
P.O. Box 6329
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +(256) 4 1733 3250/1/2
Fax: +(256) 4 1428 6123
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: https://www.unbs.go.ug
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G/TBT/N/ECU/369
17 de abril de 2019
(19-2562) Página: 1/3
Comité de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio Original: español
NOTIFICACIÓN
Se da traslado de la notificación siguiente de conformidad con el artículo 10.6.
1. Miembro que notifica: ECUADOR
Si procede, nombre del gobierno local de que se trate (artículos 3.2 y 7.2):
2. Organismo responsable:
Servicio Ecuatoriano de Normalización INEN
Calle Baquerizo Moreno E8 -29 y Diego de Almagro
Teléfono: (+593 -2) 3825960 al 90
Página WEB: www.normalizacion.gob.ec
Nombre y dirección (incluidos los números de teléfono y de fax, así como las
direcciones de correo electrónico y sitios web, en su caso) del organismo o
autoridad encargado de la tramitación de observaciones sobre la notificación, en
caso de que se trate de un organismo o autoridad diferente:
Subsecretaría de Calidad
Ministerio de Producción, Comercio, Exterior, Inversiones y Pesca (MPCEIP)
Dirección: Av. Amazonas entre Unión Nacional de Periodistas y Alfonso Pereira, Piso 8,
Bloque amarillo
Teléfono: (+593 2) 3948760 Ext. 2254 - 2272
Correo electrónico: [email protected] ;
puntocontactoOTCECU@gm ail.com ; [email protected] ;
[email protected] ; [email protected]
Página WEB: www.industrias.gob.ec
3. Notificación hecha en virtud del artículo 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ],
o en virtud de :
4. Productos abarcados (partida del SA o de la NCCA cuando corresponda; en otro
caso pa rtida del arancel nacional. Podrá indicarse además, cuando proceda, el
número de partida de la ICS): Fluorescentes, de cátodo caliente (HS 853931);
(ICS: 29.140.30)
5. Título, número de páginas e idioma(s) del documento notificado: Proyecto de
Segunda Revisión del Reglamento Técnico Ecuatoriano PRTE INEN 36 (2R) “Lámparas
Fluorescentes Compactas y Tubulares. Seguridad y Eficiencia Energética” (16 página(s), en
Español)
6. Descripción del contenido: Este reglamento técnico ecuatoriano establece los requ isitos
que deben cumplir las lámparas fluorescentes compactas y tubulares, previamente a la
comercialización de productos nacionales e importados, con el propósito de proteger la
seguridad de las personas y el medio ambiente; así como prevenir prácticas qu e puedan
inducir a error.
Este reglamento técnico se aplica a los productos:
• Lámparas fluorescentes de potencia hasta 200 W: G/TBT/N/ECU/369
- 2 -
o Compactas con balasto independiente (LFCN).
o Compactas con balasto incorporado (LFCI).
o Tubulares
Este reglamento técnico no aplica a:
• Lámparas para control de insectos.
• Lámparas para aplicaciones medicinales.
• Lámparas para investigación.
• Lámparas con fuentes de luz de radiación ultravioleta o infrarrojo.
• Lámparas de uso automotriz.
7. Objetivo y razón de ser, incluida, cuando proceda, la naturaleza de los problemas
urgentes: Información al consumidor, Etiquetado; Prevención de prácticas que puedan
inducir a error y protección del consumidor; Protección de la salud o seguridad humanas;
Protección del medio ambiente
8. Documentos pertinentes:
REFERENCIAS NORMATIVAS:
1. Norma IEC 60081:1997+AMD1:2000, Lámparas fluorescentes de doble casquillo.
Requisitos de funcionamiento.
2. Norma IEC 60901:1996+AMD1:1997+AMD2:2000, Lámparas fluorescentes d e
casquillo único. Requisitos de funcionamiento.
3. Norma IEC 60968:2015, Self -ballasted fluorescent lamps for general lighting
services. Safety requirements.
4. Norma IEC 60969:2016, Self -ballasted compact fluorescent lamps for general
lighting services. Performance requirements.
5. Norma IEC 61195:1999+AMD1:2012+AMD2:2014, Lámparas fluorescentes de
doble casquillo. Requisitos de seguridad.
6. Norma IEC 61199:2011+AMD1:2012+AMD2:2014, Lámparas fluorescentes de
casquillo único. Requisitos de seguridad.
7. Norma I EC 62321 -4:2013+AMD1:2017, Determination of certain substances in
electrotechnical products. Part 4: Mercury in polymers, metals and electronics by
CV-AAS, CV -AFS, ICP -OES and ICP -MS.
8. Norma ISO 2859 -1:1999+Amd 1:2011, Procedimientos de muestreo para
inspe cción por atributos. Parte 1. Programas de muestreo clasificados por el nivel
aceptable de calidad (AQL) para inspección lote a lote.
9. Norma ISO/IEC 17025:2017, Requisitos generales para la competencia de los
laboratorios de ensayo y calibración.
10. Norma ISO/IEC 17050 -1:2004, Evaluación de la Conformidad – Declaración de la
conformidad del proveedor. Parte 1: Requisitos Generales.
11. Norma ISO/IEC 17067:2013, Evaluación de la conformidad. Fundamentos de
certificación de productos y directrices aplicables a lo s esquemas de certificación
de producto.
12. Reporte técnico CIE 84:1989, The measurement of luminous flux.
13. Directiva 98/11/CE de la Comisión de 27 de enero de 1998 por la que se
establecen disposiciones de aplicación de la Directiva 92/75/CEE del Consejo en l o
que respecta al etiquetado energético de las lámparas de uso doméstico.
14. Reglamento Técnico de Iluminación y Alumbrado Público. RETILAP, Resolución
180540, Marzo 30 de 2010. G/TBT/N/ECU/369
- 3 -
TRAZABILIDAD:
1. G/TBT/N/ECU/39
2. G/TBT/N/ECU/39/Add.1
3. G/TBT/N/ECU/39/Add.2
4. G/TBT/N/ECU/39/Add.3
5. G/TBT/N/ECU/39/Add.4
6. G/TBT/N/ECU/39/Add.5
9. Fecha propuesta de adopción: 165 días a partir de la fecha de notificación
Fecha propuesta de entrada en vigor: 180 días a partir de la fecha de adopción
10. Fecha límite para la presentación de observaciones: 60 días desde la notificación
11. Textos disponibles en: Servicio nacional de información [X] , o direcció n, números
de teléfono y de fax y direcciones de correo electrónico y sitio s web, en su caso,
de otra institución:
Punto de Contacto y/o Centro de Información Nacional:
Subsecretaría de Calidad
Ministerio de Producción, Comercio, Exterior, Inversiones y Pesca (MPCEIP)
Dirección: Av. Amazonas entre Unión Nacional de Periodistas y Alfonso Pereira, Piso 8,
Bloque amarill o
Teléfono: (+593 2) 3948760 Ext. 2254 - 2272
Correo electrónico: [email protected]
[email protected] ; [email protected] ;
[email protected] ; [email protected]
www.normalizacion.gob.ec
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2019/TBT/ECU/19_2242_00_s.pdf
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G/SG/N/10/ARE/2, G/SG/N/11/ARE/3,
G/SG/N/10/BHR/2, G/SG/N/11/BHR/3,
G/SG/N/10/KWT/2, G/SG/N/11/KWT/3,
G/SG/N/10/OMN/2, G/SG/N/11/OMN/3,
G/SG/N/10/QAT/2, G/SG/N/11/QAT/3,
G/SG/N/10/SAU/2, G/SG/N/11/SAU/3
5 avril 2019
(19-2170) Page: 1/5
Comité des sauvegardes Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION, AU TIT RE DE L'ARTI CLE 12 :1 B) DE L'ACCORD SUR LES
SAUVEGARDES, DE LA CONSTATATION DE L'EXISTENCE D'UN
DOMMAGE GRAVE OU D'U NE MENACE DE DOMMAGE GRAVE
CAUSÉ PAR UN ACCROISSEMENT DES IM PORTATIONS
NOTIFICATION D'UNE PROPOSITION VISANT
À INTRODUIRE UNE MESURE
NOTIFICATION, AU TITRE DE L'ARTI CLE 9 , NOTE DE BAS
DE P AGE 2 , DE L'ACCORD SUR LES SAUVEGARDES
CONSEIL DE COOP ÉRATION DES ÉTATS ARA BES DU GOLFE (CCG)
(Plastifiants chimiques )
La communication ci -après, datée du 3 avril 2 019, est distribuée à la demande du Sultanat d'Oman
en tant qu'État présidant le CCG et au nom des États membres du CCG.
_______________
Il est fait référence au document de l'OMC G/SG/N/6/BHR/3 daté du 3 octobre 2 017 et au document
de l'OMC G/SG/N/8/ARE/2 -G/SG/N/8/BHR/2 -G/SG/N/8/KWT/2 -G/SG/N/8/OMN/2 -
G/SG/N/8/QAT/2 -G/SG/N/8/SAU/2 daté du 17 mai 2 018.
1 ÉLÉMENTS DE PREUVE DE L'EXISTENCE D'UN DOMMAGE GRAVE OU D'UNE MENACE DE
DOMMAGE GRAVE CAUSÉ PAR UN ACCROISSEMENT DES IMPORTATIONS
a) Dommage grave
La période visée par l'enquête aux fins de la détermination de l'existence d'un dommage grave allait
de 2012 au premier semestre de 2017.
La détermination finale de l'existence d'un dommage grave est fondée sur une évaluation de la
situation générale de la branche de production des pays membres du CCG, compte tenu de tous les
facteurs pertinents qui influent sur la situation de cette branche . Cette évaluation fait ressortir une
dégradation générale not able et conduit à la conclusion que la branche de production du CCG a subi
un dommage grave et que l'augmentation des importations du CCG faisant l'objet de l'enquête a
causé un dommage grave à la branche de production du CCG, comme suit:
Indice 2012 = 100
Indice 2016 (1er semestre ) = 100
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1er semestre
de 2016 1er semestre
de 2017
Volume de
production 100 88,09 90,11 78,61 65,15 100 95,84
Utilisation de
la capacité 100 09,88 11,90 61,78 15,65 100 84,95 G/SG/N/10/ARE/2 • G/SG/N/11/ARE/3 • G/SG/N/10/BHR/2 • G/SG/N/11/BHR/3 •
G/SG/N/10/KWT/2 • G/SG/N/11/KWT/3 • G/SG/N/10/OMN/2 • G/SG/N/11/OMN/3 •
G/SG/N/10/QAT/2 • G/SG/N/11/QAT/3 • G/SG/N/10/SAU/2 • G/SG/N/11/SAU/3
- 2 -
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1er semestre
de 2016 1er semestre
de 2017
Volume des
ventes 100 86,51 88,00 ,7279 64,56 100 90,27
Part de
marché des
ventes
intérieures 100 87,24 92,12 53,05 36,95 100 98,16
Part de
marché des
importations 100 106,01 103,71 122,12 129,70 100 100,21
Volume des
stocks 100 538,96 391,29 1 086,23 597,19 100 137,75
Emploi 100 101,96 109,80 100,00 94,12 100 86.00
Productivité 100 39,86 07,82 61,78 23,69 100 44,111
Pertes 100 71,65 42,46 -24,00 -66,17 100 -185,88
Se fondant sur la période visée par l'enquête susmentionnée, le Bureau du Secrétariat technique du
CCG a analysé le rythme et le volume de l'accroissement des importations et a évalué l'incidence
sur la branche de production de plastifiants chimiques du CCG . D'après les données susmentionnées
relatives au dommage, il existe suffisamment d'éléments de preuve finals selon lesquels la branche
de production des États membres du CCG subit un dommage grave sous la forme d'une baisse des
ventes intérieures, de la part de marché, de la production et de l'emploi, ainsi que d'une
augmentation des pertes en rapport avec l'accroissement des importations.
L'autorité chargée de l'enquête a établi une détermination finale selon laquelle la branche de
production du CCG a vait subi un dommage grave pendant la période susmentionnée .
b) Évolution imprévue des circonstances
Le Bureau du Secrétariat technique du CCG a examiné les données relatives aux circonstances
imprévues fournies par le plaignant ou recueillies pendant l'enquête et a déterminé ce qui suit :
• Il ressort des informations disponibles que cette évolution imprév ue des circonstances est
en fait liée au développement de l'industrie sidérurgique mondiale, puisque le naphtalène
- principale matière première entrant dans la fabrication du produit visé par l'enquête - est
extrait par la distillation du coke utilisé da ns l'industrie sidérurgique.
• Au cours du processus de réduction de l'oxyde de fer par du coke de houille, le goudron de
houille est produit à partir des gaz de combustion du charbon . Le goudron de houille est la
principale source de production de naphtalè ne puisqu'il représent e plus de 92 % de la
production mondiale . Il convient de noter que selon les statistiques d u Bureau européen des
substances chimiques , 38 litres de goudron sont produits par tonne de charbon et 4,8 kg de
naphtalène brut sont produits par litre de goudron.
• La majorité des producteurs de naphtalène proviennent de Chine (55 %), d'Inde (16 %), des
États-Unis d'Amérique (12%), du Japon (4 %), de l'UE et de la Corée du Sud (2 %) et d'autres
pays.
• La production mondiale de naphtalène est utilisée à 50% pour la production de plastifiants ,
principalement le naphtalène formaldéhyde sulfoné ( SNF). La Chine est l'un des plus gros
consommateurs de naphtalène pour la production de SNF: 70% de la demande chi noise est
utilisée dans la fabrication du produit visé. La demande de naphtalène pour le SNF enregistre
toujours la plus forte croissance au niveau mondial , à environ 2,5 % par an, de sorte que
l'industrie du SNF est le principal utilisateur final du naphtalène .
• La production mondiale d'acier brut a continué d'augmenter au cours des 15 dernières
années, atteignant un total de 1,69 milliard de tonnes en 2017 , contre 850 millions de
tonnes en 2000, soit une augmentation de plus de 98,7 %. De ce total , 831,7 millions de
tonnes ont été produites en Chine, 104,7 au Japon et 101,4 en Inde.
G/SG/N/10/ARE/2 • G/SG/N/11/ARE/3 • G/SG/N/10/BHR/2 • G/SG/N/11/BHR/3 •
G/SG/N/10/KWT/2 • G/SG/N/11/KWT/3 • G/SG/N/10/OMN/2 • G/SG/N/11/OMN/3 •
G/SG/N/10/QAT/2 • G/SG/N/11/QAT/3 • G/SG/N/10/SAU/2 • G/SG/N/11/SAU/3
- 3 -
• À la fin de 2017, l 'utilisation de la capacité dans l'industrie sidérurgique mondiale était
encore inférieure à 69,5 %. Avec la croissance de cette industrie , la produc tion mondiale
d'acier pourrait encore augmenter, ce qui nécessiterait un e utilisation accru e du coke,
entraîn ant une hausse de l'offre de naphtalène extrait du goudron de houille et donc de la
quantité produite et des exportations du produit visé.
• Le Bureau du Secrétariat technique du CCG a donc conclu que l'accroissement des
importations du produit visé par l'enquête était le résultat d'une évolution imprévue des
circonstances .
c) Lien de causalité
Sur la base de la détermination finale, le Burea u du Secrétariat technique du CCG a examiné
l'incidence de facteurs autres que l'accroissement massif des importations susceptible s de causer un
dommage grave à la branche de production des États membres du CCG, notamment les pratiques
commerciales restric tives, la consommation, les résultats à l'exportation et la technologie ;
néanmoins, ces facteurs n'ont pas contribué au dommage grave subi par la branche de production .
Par conséquent, le Bureau du Secrétariat technique du CCG a constaté qu'il exist ait suffisamment
d'éléments de preuve de l'existence d'un lien de causalité entre le dommage grave causé à la
branche de production des États membres du CCG et l'accroissement des importations du produit
visé par l'enquête .
2 RENSEIGNEMENTS INDIQUANT S'IL Y A UN A CCROISSEMENT DES IMPORTATIONS
DANS L'ABSOLU OU UN ACCROISSEMENT PAR RAPPORT À LA PRODUCTION NATIONALE
Le produit visé par l'enquête est importé dans les pays membres du CCG en quantités accrues, à la
fois dans l'absolu et par rapport à leur production, comme l'indique le tableau ci -après :
Indice 2012 = 100
Indice 2016 ( 1er semestre ) = 100
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1er
semestre
de 2016 1er
semestre
de 2017
Volume des
importations (t) 339 565 356 980 336 454 568 956 769 459 523 010 481 956
Indice 100 105,13 99,08 167,55 226,60 100 92,15
Rapport
importations/production 100 119,34 109,95 213,16 347,79 100 96,15
Il ressort de ce tableau que le volume des importations a augmenté notablement, tant en quantité
absolue que par rapport à la production, au cours de la période visée par l'enquête . Entre 2012 et
2016, les importations ont progressé de 126,6 % en termes absolus et n'ont diminué que de 7,85 %
au cours du premier semestre de 2017 en comparaison avec la même période en 2016 . Par rappo rt
à la production, les importations ont enregistré , au cours des mêmes périodes , une hausse de
247,65 % et une légère baisse de 3,85 %, respectivement . Malgré un léger recul au cours du premier
semestre de 2017, on enregistre donc bien pour les importations faisant l'objet de l'enquête une
augmentation récente, soudaine , brutale et forte, en particulier après la hausse notable de 2016. Le
volume des importations au cours du premier semestre de 2017 était plus important que pendant
la période allant de 201 2 à 2014, ce qui indique clairement l'existence d'un accroissement récent,
soudain, brutal et notable des importations des pays membres du CCG durant la période couverte
par l'enquête.
3 PLAN D'AJUSTEMENT
La branche de production des États membres du CCG a présenté un plan d'ajustement viable en vue
de restructurer et d'ajuster sa position de manière à pouvoir améliorer ses résultats et sa
compétitivité sur les marchés des pays membres du CCG et sur les marchés internationaux afin
d'être en mesure de concurrencer les importations étrangères après l'expiration de la mesure de
sauvegarde.
G/SG/N/10/ARE/2 • G/SG/N/11/ARE/3 • G/SG/N/10/BHR/2 • G/SG/N/11/BHR/3 •
G/SG/N/10/KWT/2 • G/SG/N/11/KWT/3 • G/SG/N/10/OMN/2 • G/SG/N/11/OMN/3 •
G/SG/N/10/QAT/2 • G/SG/N/11/QAT/3 • G/SG/N/10/SAU/2 • G/SG/N/11/SAU/3
- 4 -
4 DÉSIGNATION DU PRODUIT EN CAUSE
Les produits visés par l'enquête sont les suivants : additifs préparés pour ciments, mortiers ou bétons
(plastifiants chimiques) dénommés superplastifiants ou hyperplastifiants, sous forme liquide ou en
poudre, et prenant différents noms commerciaux tels que naphtalène formaldéhyde sulfoné
(SNF)/naphtalènesul fonate de formaldé hyde (NSF)/polynaphtalène sulfonate (PNS), mélamine -
formaldéhyde sulfoné (SMF) ou éther de polycarboxylate (PCE) . Ces produits sont utilisés pour tous
les types de béton comme le béton prêt à l'emploi, le béton préfabriqué et le béton pré contraint,
dans des zones de renforcement congestionné, où une plus grande maniabilité est avantageuse,
pour réduire l'eau en vue d'améliorer l'imperméabilité et la durabilité, le béton marin, le béton
projeté, le béton architectonique et le béton spécial.
Le produit visé par l'enquête est classé sous la position suivante du code tarifaire unifié du CCG :
38244000.
5 DESCRIPTION DE LA MESURE PROJETÉE
Le Comité permanent a recommandé d'imposer, pendant trois ans, une mesure de sauvegarde
consistant en u ne maj oration des droits de douane et une restriction quantitative . La mesure
projetée prendra la forme d'un droit additionnel spécifique de l'ordre de 221 USD/t, applicable au -
delà d'un contingent de 250 354 tonnes.
Aux fins de la libéralisation de la mesure d e sauvegarde définitive , le droit spécifique projeté sera
réduit d'environ 10 % par an, comme indiqué au point 10 ci -après .
6 DATE PROJETÉE POUR L'INTRODUCTION DE LA MESURE
La date d'introduction de la mesure sera déterminée par le Bureau du Secrétariat technique du CCG
et annoncée dans le Journal officiel qui sera publié une fois que le Comité ministériel aura approuvé
l'imposition de la mesure.
7 DURÉE PROBABLE DE LA MESURE
La mesure de sauvegarde, si elle est adoptée, restera en vi gueur pendant trois ans.
8 OFFRE DE CONSULTATIONS AU TITRE DE L'ARTI CLE 12 :3
Conformément à l'article 12:3 de l'Accord de l'OMC sur les sauvegardes , le Bureau du Secrétariat
technique du CCG propose des consultations avec les Membres ayant un intérêt substa ntiel en tant
qu'exportateurs des produits considérés . Les Membres ayant un intérêt substantiel qui demandent
des consultations doivent contacter le Bureau du Secrétariat technique du CCG dans un délai de 10
(dix) jours ouvrables à compter de la date de di stribution de la présente notification, à l'adresse
suivante:
The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
GCC-Bureau of Technical Secretariat for Anti Injurious Practices in International Trade
6725 Jeddah Rd - AL Hada Dist
Unit No 1 Riyadh 123 24-3147
Royaume d'Arabie saoudite
Tél.: (+966) 11 2551388 T él.: (+966) 11 2551399
Fax: (+966) 11 2810093
Courrier électronique : [email protected]
9 POUR UNE MESURE D'UNE DURÉE DE PLUS DE TROIS ANS, INDIQUER LA DATE
PROJETÉE POUR LE RÉEXAMEN (AU TITRE DE L'ARTI CLE 7 :4) QUI DEVRA AVOIR LIEU AU
PLUS TARD AU MILIEU DE LA PÉRIODE D'APPLICATION DE LA MESURE, SI CETTE DATE DE
RÉEXAMEN A DÉJÀ ÉTÉ FIXÉE
Sans objet .
G/SG/N/10/ARE/2 • G/SG/N/11/ARE/3 • G/SG/N/10/BHR/2 • G/SG/N/11/BHR/3 •
G/SG/N/10/KWT/2 • G/SG/N/11/KWT/3 • G/SG/N/10/OMN/2 • G/SG/N/11/OMN/3 •
G/SG/N/10/QAT/2 • G/SG/N/11/QAT/3 • G/SG/N/10/SAU/2 • G/SG/N/11/SAU/3
- 5 -
10 SI LA DURÉE PRÉVUE DÉPASSE UN AN, INDIQUER LE CALENDRIER PRÉVU POUR LA
LIBÉRALISATION PROGRESSIVE DE LA M ESURE
Durée Droit spécifique en valeur (USD/t)
Première année 221
Deuxième année 199
Troisième année 177
11 SI LA MESURE EST PROROGÉE, INDIQUER ÉGALEMENT : I) LES ÉLÉMENTS DE PREUVE
SELON LESQUELS LA BRANCHE DE PRODUCTION CONCERNÉE PROCÈDE À DES
AJUSTEMENTS ET SELON LESQUELS LA MESURE DE SAUVEGARDE CONTINUE D'ÊTRE
NÉCESSAIRE POUR PRÉVENIR OU RÉPARER UN DOMMAGE GRAVE
Sans objet .
12 INDIQUER LES PAYS EN DÉVELOPPEMENT AUXQUELS LA MESURE N'EST PAS
APPLIQUÉE AU TITRE DE L'ARTI CLE 9 :1 DE L'ACCORD SUR LES SAUVEGARDES, ET LA PART
INDIVIDUELLE ET COLLECTIVE DE CES PAYS DANS LES IMPORTATIONS
Les pays en développement auxquels la mesure n'est pas appliquée, du fait que la part de leurs
exportations dans les importations des pays membres du CCG ne dépasse pas 3 % individuellement
et 9% collectivement, sont les suivants:
Afghanistan, Afrique du Sud, Albanie, Angola, Antigua -et-Barbuda, Argentine, Arménie, Bangladesh,
Barbade, Belize, Bénin, Bolivie, Botswana, Brunéi Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde,
Cambodge, Cameroun, Chili, Colombie, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire , Croatie, Cuba, Djibouti,
Dominique, Égypte, El Salvador, Équateur, Fidji, Gabon, Gambie, Géorgie, Ghana, Grenade,
Guatemala, Guinée, Guinée -Bissau, Guyana, Haïti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Ho ngrie, Îles Salomon,
Jamaïque, Jordanie, Kenya, Kirghizistan, Laos, Lesotho, Macao, Macédoine, Madagascar, Malaisie,
Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Maroc, Maurice, Mauritanie, Mexique, Moldova, Mongolie, Monténégro,
Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibie, Népal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigéria, Ouganda, Papouasie -Nouvelle -
Guinée, Paraguay, Pérou, Philippines, République centrafricaine, République démocratique du
Congo, République dominicaine, Rwanda, Saint -Kitts-et-Nevis, Saint-Vincent -et-les Grenadines ,
Sainte -Lucie, Samoa, Séné gal, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Tadjikistan, Taipei
chinois, Tanzanie, Tchad, Thaïlande, Togo, Tonga, Trinité -et-Tobago, Tunisie, Turquie, Ukraine,
Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yémen, Zambie, Zimbabwe.
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Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English
NOTIFICATION
Corrigendum
The following communication, dated 13 May 2024, is being circulated at the request of the delegation
of the United States of America .
_______________
Hazardous Materials: Harmonization With International Standards; Correction
The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration is correcting a final rule that was
published in the Federal Register on 10 April 2024 (notified as G/TBT/N/USA/2006/Add.1 ). The final
rule was published to maintain alignment with international regulations and standards by adopting
various amendments, including changes to proper shipping names, hazard classes, packing groups,
special provisions, packaging auth orizations, air transport quantity limitations, and vessel stowage
requirements. The corrections address several errors to the hazardous material entries in the
hazardous materials table.
This correction is effective 10 May 2024.
Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Parts 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178, and 180:
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2024-05-09/html/2024 -10098.htm
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2024-05-09/pdf/2024 -10098.pdf
This final rule; correction and previous actions notified under the symbol G/TBT/N/USA/2006 are
identified by Docket Number PHMSA -2021-0092. The Docket Folder is available from
Regulations.gov at https://www.regulations.gov/docket/PHMSA -2021-0092/document and provides
access to primary and supporting documents as well as comments received. Documents are also
accessible from Regulations.gov by searching the Docket Number.
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2024/TBT/USA/24_03190_00_e.pdf
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(19-8424) Page: 1/2
Comité des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
1. Membre notifiant : ESWATINI
Le cas échéant, pouvoirs publics locaux concernés:
2. Organisme responsable : Ministry of Agriculture (Ministère de l'agriculture)
3. Produits visés (Prière d'indiquer le(s) numéro(s) du tarif figurant dans les listes
nationales déposées à l'OMC . Les numéros de l'ICS devraient aussi être indiqués,
le cas échéant) : Code(s) du SH : chapitre 2, position 0302 et chapitre 16 ; ICS: 67.120
4. Régions ou pays susceptibles d'être concernés, si cela est pertinent ou faisable:
[X] Tous les partenaires commerciaux
[ ] Régions ou pays spécifiques:
5. Intitulé du texte notifié : The Veterinary Public Health Act, 2013 (Loi de 2013 sur la
santé publique vétérinaire) Langue(s) : anglais . Nombre de pages : 22
http://www.gov.sz/images/veterinary%20public%20health%20act_%202013.pdf
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2019/SPS/SWZ/19_6404_00_e.pdf
6. Teneur : La loi notifiée s'appliquera à la production primaire de produits d'origine anim ale
non transformés et transformés destinés à la consommation humaine, d'origine nationale
et importés de pays tiers . Elle ne couvrira pas les aspects suivants : production primaire
pour un usage domestique privé, préparation, manipulation ou stockage domes tiques
d'aliments destinés à des fins de consommation domestique privée et abattage
traditionnel ou rituel.
Elle s'appliquera sans préjudice des dispositions suivantes : réglementations sanitaires et
vétérinaires pertinentes, prescriptions en matière de bien-être animal, prescriptions
concernant l'identification des animaux et la traçabilité des produits d'origine animale.
7. Objectif et raison d'être : [X] innocuité des produits alimentaires, [X] santé des
animaux, [ ] préservation des végétaux, [X] prot ection des personnes contre les
maladies ou les parasites des animaux/des plantes, [ ] protection du territoire
contre d'autres dommages attribuables à des parasites.
8. Existe -t-il une norme internationale pertinente ? Dans l'affirmative, indiquer
laquell e:
[X] Commission du Codex Alimentarius (par exemple, intitulé ou numéro de
série de la norme du Codex ou du texte apparenté) :
− CXS 89 -1981, Norme pour le luncheon meat
− CXC 58 -2005, Code d'usages en matière d'hygiène pour la viande
− CXC 1 -1969, Principes généraux d'hygiène alimentaire
[X] Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) (par exemple, numéro
du Code sanitaire pour les animaux terrestres ou du Code sanitaire pour
les animaux aquatiques) :
− Titre 6, Santé publique vétérinaire G/SPS/N/SWZ/5
- 2 -
− Titre 7, Bien-être animal
− Titre 5, Mesures commerciales, procédures d'importation et d'exportation et
certification vétérinaire
[ ] Convention internationale pour la protection des végétaux (par exemple,
numéro de la NIMP) :
[ ] Néant
La réglementation projetée est -elle conforme à la norme internationale
pertinente?
[X] Oui [ ] Non
Dans la négative, indiquer, chaque fois que cela sera possible, en quoi et
pourquoi elle diffère de la norme internationale:
9. Autres documents pertinents et langue(s) dans laquelle (lesquelles) ils sont
disponibles:
− Journal officiel d'Eswatini
− Public Health Act , 1969
− Animal Disease Act , 1965
− The Dairy Act , 1968
(disponibles en anglais)
10. Date projetée pour l'adoption (jj/mm/aa) : à déterminer.
Date projetée pour la publication (jj/mm/aa) : à déterminer.
11. Date projetée pour l'entrée en vigueur : [X] Six mois à compter de la date de
publication, et/ou (jj/mm/aa) :
[X] Mesure de facilitation du commerce
12. Date limite pour la présentation des observations : [X] Soixante jours à compter
de la date de distribution de la notification et/ou ( jj/mm/aa ): 4 février 2 020
Organisme ou autorité désigné pour traiter les observations : [X] autorité
nationale responsable des notifications, [X] point d'information national .
Adresse, numéro de fax et adresse électronique (s'il y a lieu) d'un autre
organisme:
13. Texte(s) disponible(s) auprès de : [X] autorité nationale responsable des
notifications, [X] point d'information natio nal. Adresse, numéro de fax et
adresse électronique (s'il y a lieu) d'un autre organisme:
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EN EN
EUROPEAN
COMMISSION
Brussels, XXX
[…](2022) XXX draft
COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) …/...
of XXX
amending Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council
and Council Regulation (EC) No 111/2005 as regards the inclusion of certain drug
precursors in the list of scheduled substances
(Text with EEA relevance)
This draft has not been adopted or endorsed by the European Commission. Any
views expressed are the preliminary views of the Commission services and may not
in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the Commission.
EN 1 EN EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM
1. CONTEXT OF THE DELEGATED ACT
Drug precursors are chemicals which may be used for the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs
or psychotropic substances. Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 of the European Parliament and of
the Council1 lays down measures for monitoring trade in drug precursors within the EU, while
Council Regulation (EC) No 111/20052 governs trade in drug precurs ors between the EU and
third countries.
The two Regulations jointly implement the measures envisaged by Article 12 of the United
Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of
19 December 19883 (the '1988 UN Con vention').
Drug precursors may be scheduled substances (listed in the Annexes of the two Regulations,
with various legal obligations attached depending on their category - license, registration,
export/import authorisation etc.). Drug precursors may also b e non -scheduled substances,
meaning they are not listed in the Annexes. Each Member State may adopt the measures
necessary to enable its competent authorities to control and monitor suspicious transactions
involving non -scheduled substances.
Since December 2013 the Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts to add new
substances to the list of scheduled substances in order to adapt to new trends in diversion of
drug precursors, in particular substances which can be easily transformed into scheduled
substances, and to follow any amendment to the tables in the Annex to the United Nations
Convention.
The Commission on Narcotic Drugs of the United Nations decided at its 65th session from 14
to 18 March 20 22, that three substances, 4-AP, 1 -boc-4-AP and norfentanyl are to be added to
Table I of the 1988 UN Convention.
In accordance with Article 12, paragraph 6 of the 1988 UN Convention, decisions 65/4, 65/5
and 6 5/6 shall become fully effective with respect to each Party 180 days afte r the date of
communication of the decisions, which is 23 November 2022 . Consequently, by this date each
Party to the Convention should be in the process of scheduling 4 -AP, 1 -boc-4-AP and
norfentanyl in its drug precursor legislation.
4-AP is a substitut e chemical for N -phenethyl -4-piperidone (NPP) to synthesize 4 -anilino -N
phenethylpiperidine (ANPP), which itself is an immediate precursor for the manufacture of
fentanyl and some of its analogues.
1-boc-4-AP is a chemically protected derivative of 4 -AP, w hich could be converted to 4 -AP,
norfentanyl or a number of norfentanyl analogues.
Norfentanyl is an immediate precursor of fentanyl and a number of fentanyl analogues.
NPP and ANPP are already scheduled substances in the Regulations. Fentanyl and fentany l
analogues are very potent narcotic drugs, typically 10 to 100 times stronger than hero in. Their
high potency continues to result in overdose deaths in users .
1 Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 on
drug precursors, OJ L 47, 18.2.2004, p. 1.
2 Council Regulation (EC) No 111/2005 of 22 December 2004 laying down rules for the monitoring of
trade between the Community and third countries in drug precursors, OJ L 22, 26.1.2005, p. 1.
3 OJ L 326, 24.11.1990, p. 57.
EN 2 EN National competent authorities have indicated the seizure of diethyl (phenylacetyl)
propanedioate (DEPAPD) and PMK ethyl glycidate .
DEPAPD is used to produce 1 -Phenyl -2-propanone (P -2-P), also known as benzyl methyl
ketone (BMK). BMK is a precursor of amphetamine and methamphetamine, two of the most
common drugs illicitl y produced in the EU. Both have severe consequences for the human
health.
PMK ethyl glycidate is a precursor of PMK , which, in its turn, is used to prod uce 3,4 -
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ‘ecstasy’.
BMK, as well as some of its other pre -precurs ors which are very similar to DEPAPD (such as
methyl alpha -phenylacetoacetate (MAPA) or alpha -phenylacetoacetamide (APAA)) , as well
as PMK are already scheduled substances in the Regulations.
Following the strict control of the scheduled substances mentioned above , 4-AP, 1 -boc-4-AP,
norfentanyl , DEPAPD and PMK ethyl glycidate have been designed by criminal organisations
to avoid these controls. Therefore, 4-AP, 1 -boc-4-AP, norfentanyl , DEPAPD and PMK ethyl
glycidate shoul d also be scheduled at EU level to reinforce their control and monitoring . The
scheduling will provide national authorities with the legal means to fight effectively against
their use in the i llicit production of narcotic drugs.
Therefore, the Commission n eeds to adopt a Delegated Regulation amending Regulation (EC)
No 273/2004 and Council Regulation (EC) No 111/2005 as regards the inclusion of certain
drug precursors in the list of scheduled substances so as to add 4 -AP, 1 -boc-4-AP,
norfentanyl , DEPAPD and PMK ethyl glycidate to the annexes of these regulations.
The Commission has discretion as regards the category in which to schedule a drug precursor .
Substances scheduled in Category 1 pose the greatest risk when diverted and usually become
incorporated in full or in part into the molecule of the narcotic drug or psychotropic
substa nce. The Regulations set out the strictest control and monitoring measures for such
substances: they need to be stored in secured premises (e.g. locks, video -camera surveillanc e,
etc.); each operator dealing with t hese substances needs a licence; they also require an import
and export authorisation.
4-AP, 1 -boc-4-AP, norfentanyl , DEPAPD and PMK ethyl glycidate should be scheduled as a
Category 1 substance s because they can be e asily transformed to support the production of
fentanyl and its analogues (4-AP, 1 -boc-4-AP, norfentanyl ) or support the production of
methanphetamine , amphetamine and MDMA (DEPAPD and PMK ethyl glycidate ) and the
subsequent social and public health problems related to the consumption of these n arcotic
drugs are important .
Based on the information available, 4-AP, 1 -boc-4-AP, norfentanyl, DEPAPD and PMK ethyl
glycidate have no kn own licit uses, except research . Therefore, t heir scheduling in Category 1
will not create significant administrative burden for economic oper ators and competent
authorities .
The Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/18324 of 12 October 2021 reclassified
ANPP and NPP. The corrigendum will correcct the CN Code, the name of the substance as
4 Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1832 of 12 October 2021 amending Annex I to
Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common
Customs Tariff , OJ L 385, 29.10.2021, p. 1 .
EN 3 EN determined in the European Customs Inventory of Chemical Substances5 and the CN
designation.
2. CONSULTATIONS PRIOR TO THE ADOPTION OF THE ACT
In accordance with the Interinstitutional Agreement on Better Law -Making of 13 April 20164,
appropriate and transparent consultations, including at expert level, have been carried out in
the preparation of this delegated act. The Group of Experts on Drug Precursors has discussed
the proposal in detail during its meeting from 12 to 13 May 2022 and Member States did not
oppose to schedule the additional subtstances. .
The draft has been published for feedback on ‘Have -your-say’ portal. [add details on the
contributions rec eived, if any] .
The draft has been noti fied based on Article 2(9)(2) of the Agreement on Technical Barriers
to Trade. No comments have been received [to be changed if needed] .
3. LEGAL ELEMENTS OF THE DELEGATED ACT
Based on Article 15 of Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 and Article 30a of Regulation (EC) No
111/2005, the Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in order to adapt the
Annexes to new trends in diversion of drug precursors.
Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 and Regu lation (EC) No 111/2005 are closely linked. They
jointly implement the measures envisaged by Article 12 of the 1988 UN Convention.
Therefore , the bundling of two empowerments based on different basic legislative acts into
one single delegated act is justif ied by the close material link between the empowerments in
question.
5 ECICS - European Customs Inventory of Chemical Substances : https://taxation -
customs.ec.europa.eu/online -services/online -services -and-databases -customs/ecics -european -customs -
inventory -chemical -substances_en
EN 4 EN COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) …/...
of XXX
amending Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council
and Council Regulation (EC) No 111/2005 as regards the inclusion of certain drug
precursors in the list of scheduled substances
(Text with EEA relevance)
THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union ,
Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 11 February 2004 on drug precursors1, and in particular Article 15 thereof,
Having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No 111/2005 of 22 December 2004 laying dow n
rules for the monitoring of trade between the Union and third countries in drug precursors2,
and in particular Article 30a thereof,
Whereas:
(1) Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 lays down measures for monitoring trade in drug
precursors within the Union , while Re gulation (EC) No 111/2005 governs trade in
drug precursors between the Union and third countries. Annex I to Regulation (EC)
No 273/2004 and the Annex to Regulation (EC) No 111/2005 each contain a list of
scheduled substances, which are subject to a number of harmonised control and
monitoring measures provided for by those Regulations.
(2) By means of Decisions 65/4, 65/5 and 65/6 of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs of
the United Nations, taken at its sixty -fifth session from 14 to 18 March 20 22, the
substances N-phenylpiperidin -4-amine (4-AP), tert-butyl 4 -anilinopiperidine -1-
carboxylate (1-boc-4-AP) and N-phenyl -N-(piperidin -4-yl)propanamide ( norfentanyl )
have been added to Table I of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances done at Vienna on 19 December 1988
and approved by Council Decision 90/611/EEC3 (‘the 1988 UN Convention ’).
(3) 4-AP is a substi tute chemical for N-phenethyl -4-piperidone (NPP) to synthesize 4 -
anilino -N-phenethylpiperidine (ANPP), which itself is an immediate precursor for the
manufacture of fentanyl and some of its analogues .
(4) 1-boc-4-AP is a chemically protected derivative of 4 -AP, which could be converted to
4-AP, norfentanyl or a number of norfentanyl analogues.
1 OJ L 47, 18.2.2004, p. 1.
2 OJ L 22, 26.1.2005, p. 1.
3 Council Decision 90/611/EEC of 22 October 1990 concerning the conclusion, on behalf of the
European Economic Community, of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic
Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (OJ L 326, 24.11.1990, p. 56).
EN 5 EN (5) Norfentanyl is an immediate precursor of fentanyl and a number of fentanyl analogues.
(6) NPP and ANPP are already scheduled substances in Regulations (EC) No 273/2004
and (EC) No 111/2005 . Fentanyl and fentanyl analogues are very potent narcotic
drugs, typically 10 to 100 times stronger than heroin. Their high potency continue s to
result in overdose deaths in users .
(7) National competent authorities have indicated the seizure of diethyl (phenylacetyl)
propanedioate (DEPAPD) and ethyl 3 -(2H-1,3-benzodioxol -5-yl)-2-methyloxirane -2-
carboxylate (PMK ethyl glycidate ).
(8) DEPAPD is used to produce 1 -Phenyl -2-propanone (P -2-P), also known as benzyl
methyl ketone (BMK). BMK is a precursor of amphetamine and methamphetamine,
two of the most common drugs illicitly produced in the U nion. Both have severe
consequences for human health.
(9) PMK ethyl glycidate is a precursor of 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenylpropan -2-one
(PMK ), which, in turn, i s used to prod uce 3,4 -methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA), commonly known as ‘ecstasy’.
(10) BMK, as well as some of its other pre -precursors which are very similar to DEPAPD
(such as methyl alpha -phenylacetoacetate (MAPA) or alpha -phenylacetoacetamide
(APAA)) , and PMK are already scheduled substances in Regulations (EC) No
273/2004 and (EC) No 111/ 2005 .
(11) Amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA are some of the most common drugs
illicitly produced in the Union. They have severe consequences for human health and
are causing serious social and public health problems in some regions of the Union.
(12) 4-AP, 1 -boc-4-AP, norfentanyl, DEPAPD and PMK ethyl glycidate have been
designed by criminal organisations to avoid the strict controls of scheduled substances
provided for by Regulations (EC) No 273/2004 and (EC) No 111/2005 . Therefore, 4 -
AP, 1 -boc-4-AP, norfentanyl, DEPAPD and PMK ethyl glycidate should also be
scheduled at Union level to reinforce the control and monitoring of those substances .
(13) The scheduled substances l isted in Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 and in the
Annex to Regulation (EC) No 111/2005 are divided into categories for which different
measures apply, so as to achieve a proportionate balance between the level of threat
posed by each specific subs tance and the burden on licit trade. The strictest control and
monitoring measures apply to subst ances of C ategory 1.
(14) 4-AP, 1 -boc-4-AP and norfentan yl, should be scheduled as Category 1 substances
because they can be easily transformed to support the prod uction of fentanyl and its
analogues and pose a significant threat to social and public health in the Union .
(15) DEPAPD and PMK ethyl glycidate should be scheduled as Category 1 substances
because they can be easily transformed to support the production of
methamphetamine , amphetamine and MDMA and pose a significant threat to social
and public health in the Union .
(16) 4-AP, 1 -boc-4-AP, norfentanyl, DEPAPD and PMK ethyl glycidate have no known
licit production, trade or use, except for research purposes . Therefo re, including those
substances under Category 1 in Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 and under
Category 1 in the Annex to Regulation (EC) No 111/2005 would be an adequate
response to avoid their use in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and, at the same
time, would not entail any significant extra administrative burden for economic
operators and competent authorities in the Union .
EN 6 EN (17) Regulation s (EC) No 273/2004 and (EC) No 111/2005 should therefore be amended
accordingly.
(18) The Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1832 of 12 October 2021
amending Annex I to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 on the tariff and
statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff4 reclassified ANPP and
NPP. Regulations (EC) No 273 /2004 and (EC) No 111/2005 should therefore be
amended and corrected accordingly.
(19)
(20) Regulations (EC) No 273/2004 and (EC) No 111/2005 jointly implement the drug
precursors related provisions of the 1988 UN Convention . In view of the close
substantive link b etween the empowerments contained in those Regulations, it is
appropriate to adopt the amendments by way of one single delegated act .
HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
Article 1
Amendments to Regulation (EC) No 273/2004
Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 is amended in accordance with Annex I to this
Regulation.
Article 2
Amendments to Regulation (EC) No 111/2005
The Annex to Regulation (EC) No 111/2005 is ame nded in accordance with Annex II to this
Regulation.
Article 3
Entry into force
This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in
the Official Journal of the European Union .
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
Done at Brussels,
For the Commissio n
The President
Ursula VON DER LEYEN
4 OJ L 385, 29.10.2021, p. 1.
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(24-2830) Page: 1/2
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English
NOTIFICATION
The following notification is being circulated in accordance with Article 10.6
1. Notifying Member: UKRAINE
If applicable, name of local government involved (Article 3.2 and 7.2):
2. Agency responsible:
Ministry of Economy of Ukraine
Name and address (including telephone and fax numbers , email and website
addresses, if available) of agency or authority designated to handle comments
regarding the notification shall be indicated if different from above:
3. Notified under Article 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [X], 5.7.1 [ ], 3.2 [ ], 7.2 [ ],
other :
4. Products covered (HS or CCCN where applicable, otherwise national tariff
heading. ICS numbers may be provided in addition, where applicable): measuring
instruments, measuring instruments intended for use in the field of legally regulated
metrology
5. Title, number of pages and langu age(s) of the notified document: Resolution of
the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 320 "On Amendments to the Technical Regulations
Approved by the Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 94 of 13 January
2016 and No. 163 of 24 February 2 016" of 22 March 2024; (2 page(s), in Ukrainian)
6. Description of content: The Resolution provides for editorial amendments to paragraph
3 of the Technical Regulation on Legally Regulated Measuring Instruments, approved by
the Resolution of the Cabinet o f Ministers of Ukraine No. 94 of 13 January 2016, and
Annexes 3, 6 and 7 of the Technical Regulation on Measuring Instruments, approved by
the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 163 of 24 February 2016.
Thus paragraph 3 of the Technical Regulations on Legally Regulated Measuring
Instruments, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 94 of
13 January 2016, is set out in the following wording:
"3. The requirements of the Technical Regulation on Electromagnetic Co mpatibility of
Equipment, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 1077
of 16 December 2015, in terms of immunity to electromagnetic interference shall not
apply to measuring instruments, as such requirements are defined by thi s Technical
Regulation. At the same time, other requirements of the Technical Regulation on
Electromagnetic Compatibility of Equipment regarding measuring instruments shall also
be fulfilled."
The above -mentioned Technical Regulations are attached to this notification.
7. Objective and rationale, including the nature of urgent problems where
applicable: National security requirements; Protection of human health or safety; Quality
requirements G/TBT/N/UKR/292
- 2 -
8. Relevant documents:
Law of Ukraine "On Technical Regulations and Conformity Assessment";
Law of Ukraine "On Metrology and Metrological Activities";
Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 94 "On Approval of the Technical
Regulation on Legally Regulated Measuring Instruments" of 13 January 2 016;
Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 163 "On Approval of the Technical
Regulation on Measuring Instruments" of 24 February 2016.
9. Proposed date of adoption: 22 March 2024
Proposed date of entry into force: 27 September 2024; the Resolution was published
on 27 March 2024
10. Final date for comments: 60 days from notification
11. Texts available from: National enquiry point [X] or address, telephone and fax
numbers and email and website addresses, if available , of other body:
Ministry of Economy of Ukraine
Department for Trade Agreements and Export Development
12/2 Hrushevskoho Str.
Kyiv 01008
Tel: +(38 044) 596 6839
Fax: +(38 044) 596 6839
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.me.gov.ua
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/card/320 -2024-%D0%BF
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2024/TBT/UKR/24_02370_00_x.pdf
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2024/TBT/UKR/24 _02370_01_x.pdf
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2024/TBT/UKR/24_02370_02_x.pdf
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2024/TBT/UKR/24_02370_03_x.pdf
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WT/COMTD/RTA15/N/1/Add.108
18 March 2020
(20-2170) Page: 1/1
Committee on Trade and Development Original: Spanish
NOTIFICATION OF CHANGES AFFECTING THE IMPLEMENTATION
OF A REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENT
Addendum
AAP.A14TM 8 (Article 7 and 14 of the TM80)
1.
Member(s) notifying : Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay
2.
Date of notification : 11 March 1 996
3.
Notification pursuant to:
[ ] Article XXIV:7(a) of G ATT 1994
[ ] Article V:7(a) of GATS
[X] Paragraph 4(a) of the Enabling Clause
4.
Parties to the Agreement : Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay
5.
Date of signature : 29 September 1 992
6.
Date(s) of entry into force : 15 February 2 001 (Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay )
22 November 2 018 (Argentina)
7.
Brief description of the Agreement:
AAP.A14TM 8 (Articles 7 and 14 of the TM80)
Partial Scope Agreement No. 8 (AAP.A14TM 8) establishes a minimum and uniform
regulatory basis for regulating international vehicular traffic in the territory of the signatory
countries, through the signing of an agreement on unified basic traffic regulations.
8.
Text and related schedules, annexes and protocols are:
[ ] submitted to the WTO Secretariat (electronic format)
[X] available from the following official Internet link(s):
http://www.aladi.org/nsfaladi/textacdos.nsf/9d75d127f40400a483257d800057bc77/7dc09
3d487a584fb032568250061810c?OpenDocum ent
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G/SPS/N/MEX/427/Corr.1
17 April 2023
(23-2720) Page: 1/1
Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Original: Spanish
NOTIFICATION
Corrigendum
The following communication, received on 1 4 April 2 023, is being circulated at the request of the
delegation of Mexico .
_______________
Requisitos fitosanitarios para la importación de fruto fresco de clementina (Citrus clementina),
originario y procedente de Chile (Phytosanitary requirements governing the importation of fresh
clementines ( Citrus clementina ) originating in and coming from Chile)
This corrigendum is being submitted to ensure that the notified measure has the correct
attachment.
https://www.gob.mx/senasica/documentos/consulta -publica -de-requisitos -fitosanitari os
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2023/SPS/MEX/23_9013_00_s.pdf
Text(s) available from : [X] National Notification Authority, [X] National Enquiry Poin t.
Address, fax number and email address (if available) of other body:
Dirección General de Normas (Directorate -General of Standards)
Pachuca 189, Colonia Condesa, Cuauhtémoc, 06140 Ciudad de México
Tel.: +(52 55) 5729 9300 (Ext. 4156/4135)
Fax: (+52 55) 5520 9715
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.economia.gob.mx/?P=855
__________
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G/TBT/N/PHL/324
5 February 2024
(24-0873) Page: 1/2
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English
NOTIFICATION
The following notification is being circulated in accordance with Article 10.6
1. Notifying Member: PHILIPPINES
If applicable, name of local government involved (Article 3.2 and 7.2):
2. Agency responsible:
DR. SAMUEL A. ZACATE
Director General
Food and Drug Administration
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Name and address (including telephone and fax numbers , email and website
addresses, if available) of agency or authority designated to handle comments
regarding the notifi cation shall be indicated if different from above:
Engr. Ana Trinidad F. Rivera, MSc
Director IV
Center for Cosmetics and Household/Urban Hazardous Substances Regulation and
Research
Food and Drug Administration
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Email: [email protected] ; cchuhsrr [email protected] ; [email protected] ;
[email protected] ; [email protected]
www.fda.gov.ph
3. Notified under Article 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ], 3.2 [ ], 7.2 [ ],
other :
4. Products covered (HS or CCCN where applicable, otherwise national tariff
heading. ICS numbers may be provided in addition, where applicable): Tobacco,
tobacco products and related equipment (ICS code(s): 65.160)
5. Title, number of pages and language(s) of the notified document: Guidelines for
the Authorization of Vaporized Nicotine and Non -Nicotine Products and Novel Tobacco
Products with Medicinal or Therapeutic Claims or Reduced -Risk Statements Pursuant to
Sections 12 (k), 12 (l), and 13 (c) of Republic Act No. 11900; (11 page(s), in English)
6. Description of content: The proposed issuance aims to provide the authorization
process of the FDA for VNNPs and NTPs with medicinal or therapeutic claims or reduced -
risk statements.
7. Objective and rationale, including the nature of urgent problems where
applicable: Under Sections 12 (k), 12 (l), and 13 (c) of RA No. 11900 and its
implementing rules and regulations (IRR), through Department Administrative Order No.
22-16, VNNPs and NTPs bearing explicit medicinal or therapeu tic claims, or reduced -risk
statements shall require approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pursuant
to RA No. 9711 otherwise known as the "Food and Drug Regulation Act of 2009". G/TBT/N/PHL/324
- 2 -
In view of the foregoing, the FDA hereby issues the guidelines for the authorization of
VNNPs or NTPs intending to make medicinal or therapeutic claims on its marketing
materials or packaging, or explicit reduced -risk statements pursuant to RA No. 11900 and
its IRR.
This issuance aims to provide the guidelines on the FDA's regulatory framework for the
issuance of authorizations for VNNPs and NTPs that are marketed with medicinal or
therapeutic claims on its marketing materials or packaging, and/or explicit reduced -risk
statements pursuant to RA No. 11900 and its IRR. ; Consumer information, labelling;
Protection of human health or safety
8. Relevant documents:
• Republic Act (RA) No 11900 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR):
Vaporized Nicotine and Non -Nicotine Product Regulations Act
• RA No. 9711 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR): The Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) Act of 2009
9. Proposed date of adoption: To be determined
Proposed date of entry into force: This issuance shall take effect fifteen (15) days
after publication to the Official Gazette or a newspaper of general circulation, with three
(3) copies to be filed with the U.P. Law Center pursuant to Section 3, Chapter 3, Book VII
of Executive Order No. 292, Series of 1987 through this Department's records officer or
its equivalent functionary.
10. Final date for comments: 16 February 2024
11. Texts available from: National enquiry point [X] or address, telephone and fax
numbers and email and website addresses, if available , of other body:
Mr. Neil P. Catajay
Director
Bureau of Philippine Standards
Department of Trade and Industry
3F Trade and Industry Building
361 Sen. Gil Puyat Avenue
Makat i City
Philippines
Tel: (632) 751 4700; (632) 7913128
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.bps.dti.gov.ph
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2024/TBT/PHL/24_01029_00_e.pdf
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2024/TBT/PHL/24_0 1029_01_e.pdf
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G/TBT/N/USA/752/Add.3
28 July 2020
(20-5217) Page: 1/2
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English
NOTIFICATION
Addendum
The following communication , dated 27 July 2020 , is being circulated at the request of the delegation
of the United States of America .
_______________
Title: Trade Regulation Rule on Care Labeling of Textile Wearing Apparel and Certain Piece Goods
Reason for Addendum:
[ ] Comment period changed - date:
[ ] Notified measure adopted - date:
[ ] Notified measure published - date:
[ ] Notified measure enters into force - date:
[ ] Text of final measure available from1:
[ ] Notified measure withdrawn or revoked - date:
Relevant symbol if measure re -notified:
[X] Content or scope of notified measure changed
New deadline for comments (if applicable): 21/09/2020
[ ] Interpretive guidance issued and text available from1:
[ ] Other:
Description: AGENCY: Federal Trade Commission
ACTION: Supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking
SUMMARY: The Commission seeks comment on a proposal to repeal its trade regulation rule on Care
Labeling of Textile Wearing Apparel and Certain Piece Goods as Amended ("Care Labeling Rule" or
"Rule").
Written comments must be received on or before 21 September 2020. Parties interested in an
opportunity to present views orally should submit a request to do so as explained by the regulator
in the text for this notification (accessible at the URLs indicated below), and such requests must be
received on or before 21 September 2020.
The comments received by the FTC on this supplemen tal notice of proposed rulemaking are available
on Regulations.gov at https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=FTC -2020-0058-0001. Comments
can be viewed on Regulations.gov by searching 'Project No. R511915'. WTO Members and their
stakeholders are asked to submit comments to the USA TBT Enquiry Point. Comments received b y
1 This information can be provided by including a website address, a pdf attachment, or other
information on where the text of the final measure and/or interpretive guidance can be obtained. G/TBT/N/USA/752/Add.3
- 2 -
the USA TBT Enquiry Point from WTO Members and their stakeholders will be shared with the FTC
and will also be submitted to Regulations.gov if received within the comment period.
Additional and/or related information may be available from the FTC on its website at:
https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/rules/rulemaking -regulatory -reform -proceedings/care -labeling -
textile -wearing -apparel .
85 Federal Register (FR) 44485, 23 July 2020; Title 16 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 323:
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2020-07-23/html/2020 -13919.htm
https://www.govinfo.gov/content /pkg/FR -2020-07-23/pdf/2020 -13919.pdf
__________
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G/SPS/N/CHN/1256
29 September 2022
(22-7338) Page: 1/2
Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Original: English
NOTIFICATION
1. Notifying Member: CHINA
If applicable, name of local government involved:
2. Agency responsible: National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China
3. Products covered (provide tariff item number(s) as specified in national
schedules deposited with the WTO; ICS numbers should be provided in addition,
where applicable): Food additive Cellulose
4. Regions or countries likely to be affected, to the extent relevant or practicable :
[X] All trading partners
[ ] Specific regions or countries:
5. Title of the notified document: National Food Safety Standard of the P.R.C.: Food
additive Cellulose . Language(s): Chinese . Number of pages: 10
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2022/SPS/CHN/22_6527_00_x.pdf
6. Description of content: This standard is applicable to the food additive which is obtained
from the cellulose plant pulp containing α -cellulose by purification and mechanical
grinding.
7. Objective and rationale: [X] food safety, [ ] animal health, [ ] plant protection,
[ ] protect humans from animal/plant pest or disease, [ ] protect territory from
other damage from pests.
8. Is there a relevant international standard? If so, identify the standard:
[X] Codex Alimentarius Commission (e.g. title or serial number of Codex
standard or related text) : Prepared at the 20th JECFA (1976), pub lished in
FNS 1B (1977) and in FNP 52 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at
the 57th JECFA (2001). An Acceptable Daily Intake ( ADI) 'not specified' was
established at the 20th JECFA (1976).
[ ] World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) (e.g. Terrestrial or Aquatic
Animal Health Code, chapter number) :
[ ] International Plant Protection Convention (e.g. ISPM number) :
[ ] None
Does this proposed regulation conform to the relevant international standard?
[X] Yes [ ] No
If no, describe, whenever possible, how and why it deviates from the
international standard:
9. Other relevant documents and language(s) in which these are available: G/SPS/N/CHN/1256
- 2 -
10. Proposed date of adoption (dd/mm/yy) : To be determined.
Proposed date of publication (dd/mm/yy) : To be determined.
11. Proposed date of entry into force: [ ] Six months from date of publication , and/or
(dd/mm/yy) : To be determined.
[ ] Trade facilitating measure
12. Final date for comments: [X] Sixty days from the date of circulation of the
notification and/or (dd/mm/yy) : 28 November 2022
Agency or authority designated to handle comments: [ ] National Notification
Authority, [X] National Enquiry Point. Address, fax number and e -mail address (if
available) of other body:
WTO/SPS National Notification and Enquiry Center of the People's Republic of China
Tel: +(86 10) 5795 4645/5795 4642
E-mail: [email protected]
13. Text(s) available from: [ ] National Notification Authority, [X] National Enquiry
Point. Address, fax number and e -mail address (if available) of other body:
WTO/SPS National Notification and Enquiry Center of the People's Republic of China
Tel: +(86 10) 5795 4645/5795 4642
E-mail: [email protected]
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G/TBT/N/KOR/1005
4 de noviembre de 2021
(21-8377) Página: 1/2
Comité de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
Se da traslado de la notificación siguiente de conformidad con el artículo 10.6.
1. Miembro que notifica : REPÚBLICA DE COREA
Si procede, nombre del gobierno local de que se trate (artículos 3.2 y 7.2):
2. Organismo responsable : Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (Ministerio de Inocuidad de
Alimentos y Medicamentos)
Nombre y dirección (incluidos los números de teléfono y de fax, así como las
direcciones de correo electrónico y sitios web, en su caso) del organismo o
autoridad encargado de la tramitación de observaciones sobre la notificación,
en caso de que se trate de un organismo o autoridad diferente:
Los documentos están disponibles en el sitio web del Ministerio de Inocuidad de
Alimentos y Medicamentos ( www.mfds.go.kr ).
También se pueden solicitar a:
International Cooperation Office (Oficina de Cooperación Internacional)
Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (Ministerio de Inocuidad de Alimentos y
Medicamentos)
187 Osongsaengmyeong2 -ro, Osong -eup, Heungdoek -gu Cheongju -si,
Chungcheongbuk -do, 28159
República de Corea
Teléfono : (+82) 43 719 -1564
Fax: (+82) 43 -719-1550
Correo electrónico: [email protected]
3. Notificación hecha en virtud del artículo 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ],
o en virtud de:
4. Productos abarcados (partida del SA o de la NCCA cuando corresponda ; en otro
caso partida del arancel nacional . Podrá indicarse además, cuando proced a, el
número de partida de la ICS) : productos farmacéuticos, productos parafarmacéuticos.
5. Título, número de páginas e idioma(s) del documento notificado : Notification on
Partial Amendment of 'Regulation for Pharmaceutical Approval, Notification and Reviews'
(Notificación de modificación parcial del Reglamento sobre Aprobación, Notificación y
Examen de Productos Farmacéuticos) . Documento en coreano (43 páginas).
6. Descripción del contenido : El Ministerio de Inocuidad de Alimentos y Medicamentos de
la República de Corea tiene intención de revisar las siguientes cuestiones relativas al
Reglamento sobre Aprobación, Notificación y Examen de Productos Farmacéuticos :
1. Refuerzo del control de modificaciones, incluido el procedimiento de elaboración de los
medicamento de venta con receta.
2. Eliminación de la norma obligatoria relativa a la presentación de certificados de
fabricación y de venta libre para los nuevos medica mentos importados. G/TBT/N/KOR/1005
- 2 -
3. Nuevas disposiciones sobre ejemplos de indicaciones de precauciones de uso
especificando la unidad de envase para las soluciones oftálmicas desechables de menos
de 0,5 ml.
4. Eliminación del sistema basado en formularios de medicament os nacionales y
extranjeros para reforzar la seguridad basada en pruebas científicas y la validez del
sistema de examen.
7. Objetivo y razón de ser, incluida, cuando proceda, la naturaleza de los
problemas urgentes : garantizar la gestión de la inocuidad d e los productos
farmacéuticos ; protección de la salud o seguridad humanas ; otros.
8. Documentos pertinentes:
Notificación Nº 2020 -590 del MFDS (29 de diciembre de 2020 ).
9. Fecha propuesta de adopción : No se ha determinado.
Fecha propuesta de entrada en vigor : No se ha determinado.
10. Fecha límite para la presentación de observaciones : 60 días a partir de la fecha de
notificación
11. Textos disponibles en : Servicio nacional de información [X], o dirección,
números de teléfono y de fax y direcciones de correo electrónico y sitios web,
en su caso, de otra institución:
Korea WTO TBT Enquiry Point (Servicio de Información OMC -OTC de Corea)
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Division (División de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio)
Korean Agency for Technology and Standards (KATS) (Agencia de Tecnología y Normas
de Corea)
93 Isu -ro Maengdong -myeon Eumseong -gun
Chungchungbuk -do
27737
República de Corea
+(82) 43 870 5525
+(82) 43 870 5682 (Fax)
[email protected] r
http://www.knowtbt.kr
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2021/TBT/KOR/21_7002_00_x.pdf
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G/SPS/N/USA/3382
5 May 202 3
(23-3222) Page: 1/2
Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Original: English
NOTIFICATION
1. Notifying Member: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
If applicable, name of local government involved:
2. Agency responsible: Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
3. Products covered (provide tariff item number(s) as specified in national
schedules deposited with the WTO; ICS numbers should be provided in addition,
where applicable): Inorganic or mineral colouring matter, n.e.s.; preparations based on
inorganic or mineral colouring matter of a kind used for colouring a ny material or produce
colorant preparations (excl. preparations of heading 3207, 3208, 3209, 3210, 3213 and
3215); inorganic products of a kind used as luminophores, whether or not chemically
defined (HS code(s): 3206); Food technology (ICS code(s): 67)
4. Regions or countries likely to be affected, to the extent relevant or practicable :
[X] All trading partners
[ ] Specific regions or countries:
5. Title of the notified document: Filing of Color Additive Petition From Environmental
Defense Fund, et a l.; Request To Revoke Color Additive Listing for Use of Titanium Dioxide
in Food; Notification of Petition . Language(s): English . Number of pages: 2
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2023-05-03/pdf/2023 -09366.pdf
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2023/SPS/USA/23_09503_00_e.pdf
6. Description of content: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or we) is announcing
that we have filed a color additive petition, submitted by Environmental Defense Fund, et
al., proposing that FDA repeal the color additive regulation providing for the use of
titanium dioxide in foods.
7. Objective and rationale: [X] food safety, [ ] animal health, [ ] plant protection,
[ ] protect humans from animal/plant pest or disease, [ ] protect territory from
other damage from pests.
8. Is there a relevant international standard? If so, identify the standard:
[ ] Codex Alimentarius Commission (e.g. title or serial number of Codex
standard or related text) :
[ ] World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) (e.g. Terrestrial or Aquatic
Animal Health Code, chapter number) :
[ ] International Plant Protection Convention (e.g. ISPM number) :
[X] None
Does this proposed regulation conform to the relevant international standard?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
If no, describe, whenever possible, how and why it deviates from the
international standard: G/SPS/N/USA/3382
- 2 -
9. Other relevant documents and language(s) in which these are available:
10. Proposed date of adoption (dd/mm/yy) : Not applicable
Proposed date of publication (dd/mm/yy) : Not applicable
11. Proposed date of entry into force: [ ] Six months from date of publication , and/or
(dd/mm/yy) : Not applicable
[ ] Trade facilitating measure
12. Final date for comments: [ ] Sixty days from the date of circulation of the
notification and/or (dd/mm/yy) : 3 July 2023 The color additive petition was filed on
14 April 2023. Either electronic or written comments must be submitted by 3 July 2023.
Agency or authority designated to handle comments: [ ] National Notification
Authority, [ ] National Enquiry Point. Address, fax number and e -mail address (if
available) of other body:
You may submit comments as follows. Please note that late, untimely filed comments will
not be considered. The https://www.regulations.gov electronic filing system will accept
comments u ntil 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time at the end of 3 July 2023. Comments received by
mail/hand delivery/courier (for written/ paper submissions) will be considered timely if
they are received on or before that date.
Electronic Submissions
Submit electronic comment s in the following way:
• Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov . Follow the instructions for
submitting comments. Comments submitted electronically, including attachments, to
https://www.regulations.gov will be posted to the docket unchanged. Because your
comment will be made public, you are solely responsible for ensuring that your
comment does not include any confidential informa tion that you or a third party may
not wish to be posted, such as medical information, your or anyone else's Social
Security number, or confidential business information, such as a manufacturing
process. Please note that if you include your name, contact i nformation, or other
information that identifies you in the body of your comment, that information will be
posted on https://www.regulations.gov .
• If you want to submit a comment with confidential info rmation that you do not wish to
be made available to the public, submit the comment as a written/paper submission
and in the manner detailed (see "Written/Paper Submissions" and "Instructions").
Written/Paper Submissions
Submit written/paper instructions a s follows:
• Mail/Hand Delivery/Courier (for written/paper submissions): Dockets Management
Staff (HFA –305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061,
Rockville, MD 20852.
• For written/paper comments submitted to the Dockets Management Staff, FDA will
post your objection, as well as any attachments, except for information submitted,
marked and identified, as confidential, if submitted as detailed in "Instructions ".
Instructio ns: All submissions received must include the Docket No. FDA – 2023–C–1487 for
"Filing of Color Additive Petition from Environmental Defense Fund, et al.; Request To
Revoke Color Additive Listing for Use of Titanium Dioxide in Food". Received comments,
those filed in a timely manner (see DATES), will be placed in the docket and, except for
those submitted as "Confidential Submissions", publicly viewable at
https://www.regulations.gov or at the Dockets M anagement Staff between 9 a.m. and
4 p.m., Monday through Friday, +(240) 402 7500.
13. Text(s) available from: [ ] National Notification Authority, [ ] National Enquiry
Point. Address, fax number and e -mail address (if available) of other body:
Text can be found in the Federal Register, Vol. 88, No. 85, Page 27818 or on the internet
at: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2023-05-03/pdf/2023 -09366.pdf .
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IP/N/1/GBR/T/32
30 September 2020
(20-6621) Page: 1/2
Council for Trade -Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights Original: English
NOTIFICATION OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS
UNDER ARTICLE 63.2 OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
UNITED KINGDOM : TRADE MARKS AND TRADE MARKS (FEES) (AMENDMENT) RULES 2008
Notifying Member UNITED KINGDOM
Details of the notified legal text
Title Trade Marks and Trade Marks (Fees) (Amendment) Rules 2008
Subject matter Trademarks
Nature of
notification [X] Main dedicated intellectual property law or regulation
[ ] Other law or regulation
Link to legal text* https://ip -documents.info/2020/IP/GBR/20_5778_00_e.pdf
Notification status [ ] First notification
[X] Amendment or revision to notified legal text
[ ] Replacement or consolidation of notified legal text(s)
Previous
notification(s)
referred to IP/N/1/GBR/44, IP/N/1/GBR/T/26 ; IP/N/1/GBR/48, IP/N/1/GBR/T/30 ;
IP/N/1/GBR/33, IP/N/1/GBR/T/20 ; IP/N/1/GBR/36, IP/N/1/GBR/T/23 ;
IP/N/1/GBR/29, IP/N/1/GBR/T/17 ; IP/N/1/GBR/31, IP/N/1/GBR/D/17,
IP/N/1/GBR/P/6, IP/N/1/GBR/T/18 ; IP/N/1/GBR/19, IP/N/1/GBR/T/13 ;
IP/N/1/GBR/8, IP/N/1/GBR/T/7
Brief description of the notified legal text
The Rules amend the Trade Marks Rules 2000 and the Trade Marks (Fees) Rules 2000. The Rules
introduce a procedure whereby an applicant for a UK national trade mark can request (subject to
the payment of an additional fee of £300) that the application be examined within 10 business days
following its filing date. In the event that an examination report is not sent to the applicant within
that perio d, the additional fee will be repaid to the applicant.
Language(s) of
notified legal text English
Entry into force 6 April 2008;
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/11/contents/made
Other date
Notification details
Submission date
of notification 27 August 2020 IP/N/1/GBR/53 • IP/N/1/GBR/T/32
- 2 -
Other information http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/11/contents/made -
Amends/replaces: The Trade Marks Rules 2000 (SI 2006/136); The Trade
Marks (Fees) Rules 2000 (SI 2000/137)
Agency or
authority
responsible UK Intellectual Property Office
Concept House
Cardiff Road
Newport
South Wales
NP10 8QQ
United Kingdom
[email protected]
0300 300 2000
Outside the UK:
+44 (0)1633 814000
* Links are provided to texts of laws and regulations notified under the TRIPS Agreement in the form
supplied by the Member concerned; the WTO Secretariat does not endorse or revise their content.
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WT/REG/M/102
11 April 2022
(22-2895) Page: 1/8
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements
Hundredth and Second Session
NOTE ON THE MEETING OF 28 MARCH 2022
Chairmen: Ambassador Dr. Cleopa Kilonzo MAILU (Kenya) and Ambassador H.E. Mr. Taeho LEE
(Republic of Korea )
A. ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA
1.1. The 102nd Session of the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements (hereinafter "CRTA" or the
"Committee") was convened in Airgram WTO/AIR/RTA/27/REV.2 dated 18 March 2022.
1.2. The Chairman welcomed delegations to the to the 102nd Session of the CRTA. He was happy to
see many colleagues in the room given the relaxation of various safety measures taken by the WTO
Health Task Force. He recalled that, for the time being, the meeting was still subject to a hybrid
approach, with some Members in the room and others connecting r emotely through Interprefy.
1.3. The Chairman referred to Airgram WTO/AIR/RTA/27/REV.2 dated 18 March 2022, which
contained the Agenda for the Session of the CRTA. He noted one change to the Agenda, namely a
request from the GCC and Singapore to postpone the r eview of the GCC -Singapore FTA to the
following CRTA meeting in June, as the GCC was still considering the factual presentation and the
Parties would need more time to respond to the questions from Members.
1.4. With respect to Agenda Item J "Other Business", he wished to inform Members about the
proposed schedule for CRTA meetings for the rest of the year.
1.5. The delegation of the United States wished to speak under Agenda Item J "Other Business" to
preview a communication they were preparing for the next CRTA.
1.6. The Committee accordingly adopted the following Agenda:
Adoption of the Agenda
Early Announcements ( http://rtais.wto.org )
Notifications of regional trade agreements
(I) Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans -Pacific
Partnership (CPTPP) , goods and services – entry into force for Peru
(WT/REG395/N/2 – S/C/N/920/ADD.1)
(II) Agreement on Trade in Services between the Republic of Korea and
Turkey (S/C/N/1078)
(III) Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement between th e EFTA
States and Ecuador, goods and services (WT/REG463/N/1 -
S/C/N/1077)
(IV) Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and the EFTA States, goods and
services (WT/REG462/N/1 - S/C/N/1076) WT/REG/M/102
- 2 -
(V) Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and the EFTA States (1992),
goods - Notification of Termination (WT/REG86/N/2)
(VI) Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and Serbia, services
(S/C/N/1073)
(VII) Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and Kosovo1, goods
(WT/REG461/N/1)
(VIII) Free Trade Agreement between Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, and
the United Kingdom, goods and services (WT/REG459/N/1 -
S/C/N/1072)
(IX) Free Trade Agreement between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)
member States and Serbia, goods (WT/REG458/N/1)
Notifica tion of changes to existing RTAs
(I) Free Trade Agreement between Pakistan and China, goods
(WT/REG237/N/1/Add.1)
(II) Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Co -operation
between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and China,
services (S/C/N/4 63/Add.1)
(III) Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and Serbia, goods
(WT/REG288/N/1/Add.1)
Non-Notified RTAs (WT/REG/W/165)
Status on the Preparation of Factual Presentations (WT/REG/W/166)
Implementation Reports under Paragraph 15 of the Transparency Mechanis m
for RTAs - (WT/REG/W/164)
Consideration of Regional Trade Agreements
(I) Free Trade Agreement between the United Kingdom and Turkey, goods
(WT/REG434/N/1, WT/REG434/1, WT/REG434/2)
(II) Free Trade Agreement between the United Kingdom and Singapore,
goods and services (WT/REG432/N/1 - S/C/N/1030,
WT/REG432/1/Rev.1, WT/REG432/2)
(III) Free Trade Agreement between China and Mauritius, goods and services
(WT/REG442/N/1 - S/C/N/1037, WT/REG442/1, WT/REG442/1/corr.1,
WT/REG442/2)
Election of Officers
Other business
B. Early announcements
1.7. The Chairman indicated that no early announcements had been received since 2019. He also
noted that EFTA -Ecuador, for which an "early announc ement " had been made , had been notified.
1.8. The Chairman pointed out that Members had somehow "put aside" the practice of early
announcements. He invited all Members that were active in RTAs to accordingly inform the
1 Reference to Kosovo shall be understood to be in the context of the United Nations Security Council
resolution 1244 (1999). WT/REG/M/102
- 3 -
Committee of recent developments. He also reminded Members to inform the Secretariat of any
changes in the status of early announcements.
C. Notifications of regional trade agreements
1.9. The Chairman indicated that 9 notifications had been received since the circulation of the
Airgram of the 101st Session of the CRTA held on 1st November 2021 and had thus been included in
the Airgram for the S ession. Seven out of those notifications concerned new agreements. The
Chairman opened the floor separately for each Agreement.
(I) Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans -Pacific Partnership, goods and
services (WT/REG395/N/2 – S/C/N/920/Add.1).
1.10. The representative of Peru, before addressing substantive issues concerning the entry into
force of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans -Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) ,
wished to sincerely thank New Zealand for its valuable contributions as a trustee of the CPTPP. He
indicated that this was the 22nd RTA that Peru had entered into and the most ambitious to date
without a doubt. It had entered into force on 19 September 2021 and marked the entry into force
process that had begun in 2008. He thanked the public and private sectors in Peru for their joint
efforts .
1.11. With the entry into force o f the RTA Peru had opened a new phase in its relationship with
four members with wh ich it did not have preferential agreements: New Zealand, Viet Nam, Malaysia,
and Brunei Darussalam. Peru had furthered its relationship with Chile, Mexico, Canad a, Japan, and
Singapore with which it had had longstanding links. Peru used this as an opportunity for broadening
its market for new consumers with a modern trade agreement that covered areas such as
cooperation and support for MSMEs, as well as, backing u p the role of women in trade, and
environmental issues.
1.12. In conclusion, he mentioned that Peru was currently gathering information sought by the
Secretariat for the factual presentation that came under Peru's notification requirements. He wished
to express his appreciation to the Secretariat and its valuable and accessible support throughout th e
process.
(II) Agreement on Trade in Services between the Republic of Korea and Turkey, services
(S/C/N/1078).
(III) Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement between the EFTA States and
Ecuador, goods and services (WT/REG463/N/1 - S/C/N/1077).
1.13. The representative of the United States thanked the Parties to the Agreement for the
notification and for participating in the very valuable notification and tr ansparency exercise.
(IV) Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and the EFTA States, goods and services
(WT/REG462/N/1 -S/C/N/1076).
1.14. The representative of the United States thanked the Parties to the Agreement for the
notification and for participating in the transparency exercise.
(V) Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and the EFTA States of 1992, goods (termination
of the Agreement; document WT/REG86/N/2).
(VI) Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and Serbia, services (S/C/N/1073).
1.15. The representative of the United States thanked the Parties to the Agreement for the
transparency exercise. WT/REG/M/102
- 4 -
(VII) Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and Kosovo2, goods ( WT/REG461/N/1).
1.16. The representative of the United States appreciated the importance of the transparency
exercise.
(VIII) Free Trade Agreement between Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, and the United
Kingdom, goods and services ( WT/REG459/N/1 - S/C/N/1072).
1.17. The representative of the United States thanked the Parties to the Agreement for the
notification and for the transparency exercise.
(IX) Free Trade Agreement between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and Serbia, goods
(WT/REG458/N/1).
1.18. The representative of Canada wished to deliver a statement concerning the current situation
in Ukraine. Canada strongly condemned the unjustified and unprovoked invasion of Ukraine ordered
by President Putin. These attacks had considerable humanitarian consequences and had led to the
deaths of innocent persons. Canada contin ued to believe that the whole international community
should have been made aware of the situation. He stressed that in Canada's view the attack was
not simply against Ukraine, but an attack against international law, including the United Nations
Charter. He added that it also r an contrary to democracy, freedom and human rights.
1.19. Lastly, Canada thanked those Members that had submitted notifications with regards to the
entry into force of the ir regional trade agreements. Canada welcomed the transparency that had
been provided as a part of the Committee's on -going work.
D. Notifications of changes to existing RTAs
1.20. The Chairman noted that three notifications of changes to existing RTAs had been received
since the 101st Session of the CRTA held on 1 November 20 21. They were:
I. Free Trade Agreement between Pakistan and China, goods (WT/REG237/N/1/Add.1).
II. Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Co -operation between the Association
of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and China, services (S/C/N/463/Add.1).
III. Free T rade Agreement between Turkey and Serbia, goods (WT/REG288/N/1/Add.1).
E. Non-notified RTAs
1.21. The Chairman stated that an updated list of non -notified RTAs had been circulated on
18 March 2022 as WT/REG/W/165 and contained 59 RTAs issued in factual presentations up to
15 March 2022. Compared to the list issued before the previous CRTA in October 2021
(WT/REG/W /162), five RTAs had been removed and seven had been added.
F. Status on the preparation of Factual Presentations
1.22. The Chairman informed the Committee that as regards the preparation of the factual
presentations under the remit of the CRTA – in the case of RTAs involving WTO Members only –
there were currently 68 RTAs for which a factual presentation had to be prepared, counting goods
and services separately. Factual presentations on a further 37 RTAs involving non -Members were to
be prepared, counting goods and services separately, as previously agreed by the Committee. The
factual presentations for six other services agreements were on hold, pending the negotiation of
services commitments. Of those, one involved non -members.
1.23. He had held consultations with d elegations regarding the backlog of factual presentations due
to late receipt of data necessary for their preparation and also comments on draft factual
presentations. He hoped that the delegations would provide the needed information as soon as
2 Any r eference to Kosovo shall be understood to be in the context of the United Nations Security
Council resolution 1244 (1999). WT/REG/M/102
- 5 -
possible. An updated list of all such RTAs had been recently circulated as document WT/REG/W/166,
dated 24 March 2022.
1.24. As was customary, he invited a representative of the Secretariat to provide additional
information on the status of the preparation of factual pres entations.
1.25. With regard to agreements among WTO Members, the representative of the Secretariat stated
that f or EU -Central America, UK-Chile, and UK -Canada (goods and services) , UK-Jordan, and
Namibia -Zimbabwe, goods only, comments had been received and the factual presentations would
be circulated shortly. For EU -PNG, Fiji, goods, data had not been received from PNG and Fiji . With
regard to the accession to this agreement by Samoa and the Solomon Islands, data had been
received. For ECOWAS, goods only, some data had been received from the Parties, but the
information was not complete. For Korea -Central America, goods and services, and Turkey -Korea,
services only, the factual presentation s were being drafted and would be sent for comments soon.
For ASEAN -Hong Kong, China and AFTA, the Secretariat was awaiting data from ASEAN. For India -
Mauritius, services only, the Secretariat was awaiting data from India. Data requests had been sent
recently for factual presentations on Turkey -EFTA, EFTA -Ecuador and the entry into force of the
CPTPP for Peru. For the GCC, goods, and GCC -Singapore, services, responses were awaited from
the Parties to Members' questions.
1.26. With regard to the notifications involving the United Kingdom , for UK -Kenya and UK -ESA,
goods only, and UK -Switzerland and Liechtenstein, goods and services, the factual presentations
had been recently sent to the Parties for comment. Factual presentations were being drafted on the
UK's Agreements with the following parties: Tunisia, Albania, Korea, Japan, Georgi a, Mexico, the EU
and North Macedonia. For the remaining agreements involving the UK, the Secretariat was still
awaiting data or further clarifications from a number of the non -UK parties.
1.27. As regards agreements involving non -members, data for UK-Serbia had been received and
the Secretariat would shortly start drafting the factual presentation. For the CIS Agreement, goods,
some comments had been received but not from all the Parties. For the EAEU -Iran Agreement,
goods, the deadline for data sub mission had been 22 June 2020 and no data had been received from
any of the Parties. For the following agreements data was not complete: EFTA -Lebanon, Turkey -
Syria, Ukraine -Azerbaijan, Ukraine -Turkmenistan, and the Russian Federation -Turkmenistan. The
data requests had been made a few years ago. For the accession of the Comoros to the EU -ESA
Agreement data had been due on 30 March 2021 ; the Secretariat had already received data from
the EU. For UK -Faeroe Islands, UK -Lebanon, and UK -Cariforum, data had been due on 5 May 2021,
on these Agreements data had been received from the UK only. For UK -Palestine data had been due
on 10 May 2021. For UK -Kosovo3 data had been due on 12 May 2021. The Secretariat was still
awaiting most of the data for those agreements fr om the non -UK parties. Data requests had also
been sent for recently received notifications: Turkey -Serbia and Turkey -Kosovo.
G. IMPLEMENTATION REPORTS UNDER PARAGRAPH 15 OF THE TRANSPARENCY
MECHANISM FOR RTAS - (WT/REG/W/164)
1.28. The Chairman informed Members that an updated schedule for the submission of
implementation reports had been distributed by the Secretariat (document WT/REG/W/164). The
document had indicated that, as of 31 January 2022, implementation reports had been due for 180
RTAs, and the end of implementation for 14 RTAs was in 2022. The end of implementation for a total
of 125 RTAs was from 2023 onwards, while for one RTA the end of implementation year was not
available. Since the circulation of the document, no implementation report had been r eceived by the
Secretariat.
1.29. The Chairman encouraged all Members to comply with their obligations and submit
implementation reports in a timely manner. He offered the floor to the Parties or Members if they
wished to comment on document WT/REG/W/164.
1.30. The re presentative of Australia thanked the Chairman. Before making an intervention on the
Agenda Item G, he wished to speak on a matter impacting the work of Members and the WTO.
Australia wished to condemn Russia's unprovoked and unjustified attack on Ukraine in the strongest
3 Any r eference to Kosovo shall be understood to be in the context of the United Nations Security
Council resolution 1244 (1999). WT/REG/M/102
- 6 -
possible terms. Russia's actions breach ed international law and the sovereignty and territorial
integrity of a neighbouring state. He stated that Australia strongly supported Ukraine in opposing
Russia's hostilities and called on Russia to withdraw its forces from Ukrainian territory and seek a
diplomatic solution. He added that Australia supported collective action by the international
community to impose costs and increase leverage on Russia and those in Russia who va lued stability.
1.31. Movin g to the substantive item of the status of the preparation of the Factual Presentations,
Australia thanked the Secretariat for its updated report. He noted that on some of Australia's existing
Agreements the end of implementation report had not been submit ted. Some of this Agreements
were quite long -standing with implementation in previous decades. However, he assured Members
that Australia took its transparency obligations seriously and would work with its FTA/R TA partners
to submit end of implementation r eports in accordance with the requirements of paragraph 15 of
the Transparency Mechanism for Regional Trade Agreements.
1.32. The representative of the United States thanked the Parties and the Secretariat for the
transparency of the Agreements presented and for the Secretariat's report on the implementation
status of RTAs.
1.33. She wished to make a statement following Canada and Australia. She stated that the United
States joined the sentiments of the Members that had spoken before in condemning Russia's
premeditate d and unprovoked attack on Ukraine. The delegation of the United States expressed its
heartfelt support to Ukraine and stood in solidarity with the Ukrainian people in these unprecedented
times. She also expressed appreciation to the many Members around th e globe that had been taking
actions in cooperation and coordination with the United States. Their important work together would
continue.
H. CONSIDERATION OF REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
ITEM H.I
(The minutes of the consideration of this Agreement were being distributed as a separate document
WT/REG434/M/1)
ITEM H.II
(The minutes of the consideration of this Agreement were being distributed as a separate document
WT/REG432/M/1)
ITEM H.III
(The minutes of the consideration of this Agreement were being distributed as a separate document
WT/REG442/M/1)
1.34. The representative of Canada thanked the Parties for their efforts in ensuring transparency
with regards to their RTA. He also thanked the Secretariat for its work as part of the proce ss.
1.35. The representative of Ukraine thanked the Chairman. He noted that the Committee was
supposed to have considered the Agreement between Ukraine and Israel that day, but unfortunately
that had not happened. He indicated that it was already 33 days since Russia had committed a
blatant act of aggression against Ukraine through its unprovoked and unjustified military invasion,
an attack on the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine in brutal violation of norms and
principles of international law, a s well as the purpose and principles of the WTO.
1.36. He stated that Ukraine for many years had been a reliable trading Partner and that Ukrainian
experts were doing their best in these horrific circumstances to follow WTO developments and ensure
compliance wi th Ukraine's obligations even though the majority of his capital -based colleagues as
well as their families were either hiding from attacks in bomb shelters or had been forced to flee
their homes along with more than 10 million other Ukrainians who were se eking a safe place to stay.
He stressed that everyday his colleagues in Ukraine heard up to seven air raid alarms. WT/REG/M/102
- 7 -
1.37. Ukraine expressed appreciation to the Chairman, Israel, as well as the WTO Secretariat for
understanding the circumstances due to which the consideration of the Free Trade Agreement
between the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Government of the State of Israel had had to
be postponed. Ukraine was grateful to Israel for its tremendous work and close partnership that had
led to the signin g of the important Agreement for both Parties. He sincerely believed that very soon,
in respect to its WTO commitments, Ukraine would take complete and active part in the detailed
consideration of the Agreement as required under the relevant procedures.
1.38. He thanked all WTO Members who stood with Ukraine in these terrifying times and had
provided comprehensive support against Russian aggression.
I. ELECTION OF OFFICERS
1.39. The Chairman said that following the General Council meeting held on 23 -24 February 2022,
he had the pleasure to propose that the Committee elect, by acclamation, Ambassador H.E. Mr.
Taeho LEE of the Republic of Korea, as the Chairman of the CRTA. It was so agreed.
1.40. The outgoing Chairman express ed his appreciation for the support and cooperation received
since he had taken over the chairmanship of the CRTA in 2021. He had worked collaboratively, and
through consultations , the Committee's work had been moved forward. Despite the challenges of
Covid -19 he had admired the resourcefulness and resilience of Members to take the work of the
Committee forward. He also express ed his profound gratitude for the confidence placed in him to
guide th e Committee and to sincerely thank all the Members for their support during that period. I n
addition, he had appreciat ed the unwavering support and guidance from the Secretariat throughout
his ten ure. He thanked the Membership for working closely with him during this period and during
the meetings, and behind the scenes, to ensure that he steer ed the Committee in the right direction.
1.41. The new Chairman expressed his profound gratitude for being appointed as Chairman of the
CRTA and extended his sincere appreciation to all the Members for their trust and confidence. He
thanked the outgoing Chairma n for the excellent leadership and skilful guidance of the work of the
CRTA during the past year, in spite of atypical circumstances. He wished the outgoing Chairman
every success in his future work.
1.42. The new Chairman recalled that in February 1996, he had witnessed the establishment of th e
Committee, where he had represented his country as First Secretary. Since then, the landscape of
regional trade agreements had seen a sea change. The number of RTAs had increased rapidly and
significantly. Every WTO Memb er was now party to at least one RTA. Korea, for example, had been
one of the WTO members wh ich had not concluded any FTA at that time. Now, Korea was party to
21 RTAs that it had concluded with a total of 59 WTO Members. There had been a big evolution in
terms of coverage and contents of RTAs . Not only were tariff liberalization and services market
opening included but also rules such as competition, sustainable development, and electronic
commerce were now found in many RTAs.
1.43. Building upon the work of th e CRTA led by the previous chairs, he intended to engage closely
with all Members and work in an open, constructive and inclusive manner to ensure that the
Committee function ed properly. He hoped that his experience over the course of Korea 's many FTA
negotiations in the past couple of decades would assist him in faithfully discharging the duties as
Chair of the CRTA. He also was commit ted to mak ing utmost efforts to promote active discussions
and facilitate experience -sharing among Members, taking into acc ount fast -evolving trade norms in
recent RTAs. He remained at the disposal of Members for consultations and discussions in order to
take the work of the Committee forward.
1.44. The representative of Mauritius commended the outgoing Chairman for ably steering th e
deliberations of the Committee during his tenure. He also welcomed and expressed continued
support on behalf of Mauritius to the new Chairperson, the Ambassador of the Republic of Korea.
1.45. The representative of Australia congratulated the incoming Chairman with his election and
stated that Australia was looking forward to working closely with him. He also thanked the outgoing
Chairman for his carriage of the Committee for the past 12 months. WT/REG/M/102
- 8 -
1.46. The representative of Canada thanked the outgoing Chairman for his chairmanship over the
last year and welcomed the incoming Chairman of the CRTA.
J. OTHER BUSINESS
1.47. The representative of the United States informed Members that her delegation was developing
a communication to share ex periences on making trade work for all in US FTAs. The communication
was planned to be circulated in advance of the next CRTA.
1.48. The Chairman informed the Committee of the tentative dates for the CRTA's meetings in 2022
which were 27-28 June 2022 and 22 –23 September 2022, subject to possible change.
1.49. The Committee took note of the comments made.
__________
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15 September 2023
(23-6175) Page: 1/2
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English
NOTIFICATION
Addendum
The following communication , dated 15 September 2023, is being circulated at the request of the
delegation of the United States of America .
_______________
Title: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Integrated Iron and Steel
Manufacturing Facilities Technology Review
Reason for Addendum:
[X] Comment period changed - date: 29 September 2023; proposed rule; extension of
comment period, published 14 September 2023, 88 Federal Register (FR) 63047, 40
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 63:
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2023-09-14/html/2023 -19762.htm
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR -2023-09-14/pdf/2023 -19762.pdf
[ ] Notified measure adopted - date:
[ ] Notified measure published - date:
[ ] Notified measure enters into force - date:
[ ] Text of final measure available from1:
[ ] Notified measure withdrawn or revoked - date:
Relevant symbol if measure re-notified:
[ ] Content or scope of notified measure changed and text available from1:
New deadline for comments (if applicable):
[ ] Interpretive guidance issued and text available from1:
[ ] Other:
Description: On 31 July 2023, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a proposal titled,
"National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Facilities Technology Review.'' The EPA is extending the comment period on the proposed rule from
14 September 2023, to 29 September 2023.
The public comment period for the proposed rule published in the Federal Register (FR) on 31 July
2023 (88 FR 49402 ) is being extended by 15 days. The comment period will now remain open until
29 September 2023, to allow additional time for stakeholders to review and comment on the
proposal.
This proposed rule; extension of comment period and the proposed rule notified as
G/TBT/N/USA/2026 are identified by Docket Number EPA -HQ-OAR-2002-0083. The Docket Folder is
1 This information can be provided by including a website address, a pdf attachment, or other
information on where the text of the final /modified measure and/or interpretive guidance can be obtained. G/TBT/N/USA/2026/Add.1
- 2 -
available from Regulations.gov at https://www.regulations.gov/docket/EPA -HQ-OAR-2002-
0083/document and provides access to primary and supporting documents as well as comments
received. Documents are also accessible from Regulations.gov by searching the Docket Number.
WTO Members and their stakeholders are asked to submit comments to the USA TBT Enquiry Point
by or before 4pm Eastern Time on 29 September 2023. Comments received by the USA TBT Enquiry
Point from WTO Members and their stakeholders will be shared with the regulator and will also be
submitted to the Docket on Regulations.gov if received within the comment period.
__________
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مشروع نهائي
OS 197/2020
الدهانات و الورنيشات– الدهانات المستحلبة
للأعمال الداخلية والخارجية
Paints and Varnishes – Emulsion Paints for Interior and Exterior
Uses
يعتمد
ICS: 87.040
مواصفة قياسية عمانية OS 197/2020
1
الدهانات و الورنيشات– الدهانات المستحلبة
للأعمال الداخلية والخارجية
Paints and Varnishes – Emulsion Paints for Interior and Exterior
Uses
/ / هـ، الموافق / /2020 م
2012 م : تاااااااااااااااااااااري الاعتمااااااااااااااااااااا
: صفة الإصدار
مواصفة قياسية عمانية OS 197/2020
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تقديـم
المديرية العامة للمواصفات والمقاييس جهاز التقييس الوطني بالسلطنة أنشئت بموجب المرسوم السلطاني رقم
39/1976, ومن مهامها إعداد المواصفات القياسية العمانية واللوائح الفنية إستناداً للمرسوم ا لسلطاني رقم 1 /
87
وقد قامت دائرة المواصفات بالمديرية باعداد المواصفة القياسية العمانية رقم OS 197/2020، الخاصة بـ"
الدهانات و الورنيشات – الدهانات المستحلبة للأعمال الداخلية والخارجية"“ Paints and Varnishes – ،
Emulsion P aints for Interior and Exterior Use ” ،وقد تم إعداد المشروع باللغتين العرب ية
والإنجليزية بعد إستعراض المواصفات القياسية العربية والأجنبية والدولية والمؤلفات المرجعية، والقوانين ذات
الصلة.
وقـد اعتمدت هذة المواصفة كـمواصفة قياسية عمانية ملزمة , بتاريخ / / هـ, الموافق / / م، على أن
تلغي المواصفة القياسية العمانية رقم (OS 197/1990) وتحل محلها.
مواصفة قياسية عمانية OS 197/2020
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الدهانات و الورنيشات– الدهانات المستحلبة
للأعمال الداخلية والخارجية
1.المجالونطاق التطبيق :
تختص هذه المواصفة القياسية العمانية بمتطلبات الأداء وطرق الاختبار الملائمة والخاصة بالددهانات
المستحلبة للاستعمال الداخلي والخارجي والتي تسدتعمل بواسدطة الفراداة أو الدرول أو الدر وتشدمل
الدددهانات المطفدداة والشددبة لماعددة واللماعددة التددي تسددتخدم علددى الأسددطح الداخليددة والخارجيددة للمبدداني ،
وتستخدم ايضا على الاسطح المعدنية والخشبية المجهزة بدهانات اساس مناسبة وتصنف إلى صنفين
حسب ظروف الاستخدام على النحو التالي:
الصنف أ: دهان للإستعمال الداخلي والخارجي اللامع وابة اللامع .
الصنف ب: دهان للإستعمال الداخلي والخارجي المطفا .
كما تحدد متطلبات البيانات الإيضاحية المدونة على الأوعية المستخدمة لتعبئة هذه الددهانات وسدعتها.
و تعتبر الدهانات المستحلبة المخصصة للاستخدام الخارجي هي أيضاً صالحة للاستخدام الداخلي .
2.المراجع التكميلية
1.2 ISO 15528"الدهانات والورنيشات- المواد الأولية للدهانات والورنيشات – طرق أخدذ العيندات"
.
2.2 ISO 1513 " اصباغ والورنيشات - فحص وتجهيز العينات للاختبار ".
3.2 ISO 3251 "الدهانات والورنيشات والمواد البلاستيكية - تقدير محتوى المواد غير المتطايرة".
4.2 ISO 1524 "الدهانات والورنيشات وأحبار الطباعة- تقدير نعومة الطحن" .
5.2 ISO 3668 "الدهانات و الورنيشات- المقارنة الظاهرية للون الدهان"
6.2 ISO 3856 -1"الدددهانات و الورنيشددات - تقدددير محتددوى الفلددز القابددل للددذوبان- الجددزء الأول: تقدددير
محتوى الرصاص- طريقة اللهب للتحليل الطيفي بالإمتصاص الدذر و طريقدة اندائي ايدزون للقيداس
الطيفي"
7.2 ISO 9117 -1 " الددهانات والورنيشددات- اختبددارات الجفداف - الجددزء الأول: تعيدين الحالددة خددلال
الجفاف والوقت خلال الجفاف " .
8.2 ISO 2812 -2 "الددهانات والورنيشدات-تقددير المقاومدة للسدوائل -الجدزء الاداني -طريقدة الغمدر فدي
الماء".
9.2 ISO 3248 "الدهانات والورنيشات– تعيين تااير الحرارة".
10.2 1236 "طرق اختبار الأصباغ (الدهانات) والورنيشات(السبلر) تعيين مقاومة القلويات (طريقة
الغمر) ".
11.2 ISO 2810 "الدهانات و الورنيشات-التجوية الطبيعية لطبقة التغطية - التعريض والتقييم ".
12.2 ISO 1519 "الدهانات والورنيشات- اختبار الاني (المغزل الاسطواني) "
13.2 ASTM D 2486 " طرق اختبار مقاومة الحك لدهانات الجدار
14.2 ISO 6504 -3 الدهانات والورنيشات-- تقدير قدرة الإخفاء -- الجزء 3: تقدير نسبة تبداين الددهانات
خفيفة اللون في معدل انتشار اابت.
15.2 ISO16474 -3 "الددددهانات والورنيشدددات- طريقدددة تقددددير مقاومدددة طبقدددات الددددهان لعوامدددل التجويدددة
الاصطناعية – الجزء الاالث: تااير التعريض للأاعة فوق البنفسجية"
16.2 ISO 2813 " الدهانات والورنيشات- تقدير قيمة اللمعان عند 20 درجة و60 درجة و 85 درجة مواصفة قياسية عمانية OS 197/2020
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17.2 ASTM D 2574 "الطريقدة القياسددية لاختبدار مقاومددة الددهانات المسدتحلبة لهجددوم الكائندات الحيددة
الدقيقة في العبوة"
18.2 SASO 2194 "الددهانات والورنيشدات - طريقدة اختبدار قدوام الددهانات باسدتخدام جهداز Stormer
Viscometer لقياس اللزوجة"
3.التعاريف
1.3 دهان مستحلب
هو دهان يحتو عل مادة رابطة/مستحلب ومخضبات ومواد مالئة واضافات وماء.
2.3 المادة الرابطة المستحلبة
هي تشتت اابت لراتنجات بولمرية مناسبة في وسط مائي.
3.3 وسط حامل :
الجزء السائل من الدهان والذ يتشتت فية الخضب ويتكون من الرابط والمواد المحسنة والمخفدف إن
وجد .
4.3 الرابط
الجزء غير المتطاير من سائل حمل الدهان وهو الذ يلصق جزئيات الاخضاب معا ويلصق طبقة
الدهان ككل على المادة التي طليت .
5.3 المخفف :
السددوائل المتطددايرة التددي تضدداف إلددى الدددهانات أو الورنيشددات لتجهيزهدد ا للاسددتعمال ومسدداعدتها فددي
التغلغل بواسطة تقليل اللزوجة وأن تكون كاملة الامتزاج مع الدهان أو الو رنيش في درجدات الحدرارة
العادية وألا تسدبب ترسديب فد ي الأجدزاء غيدر المتطداي رة سدواءا فدي الوعداء أو فدي طبقدة الددهان أانداء
الجفاف. لبعض الأغراض قد يستخدم مخفف يحتو على نسبة صغيرة من مواد غير متطايرة .
6.3 الخضب
الجزئيات المشتتة الغير قابلة للذوبان في الدهان والتي تعطي الطبقة الجافة خواصها الخاصة من
حيث اللون والعتامة .
7.3 الاعتام
هو قدرة طلية الدهان على اعتام (إخفاء) السطح السفلي المطلي .
8.3 زمن الجفاف
الزمن الذ انقضى بين استخدام طلية الدهان والوصول إلى حالة الجفاف المحدد .
9.3 التقشير( الرفع ) : مواصفة قياسية عمانية OS 197/2020
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الإخفاق الذ يحدث بسبب انتفاخ طبقة جافة من الدهان أو الورنيش وذلك عند الطلاء بطبقة أخرى
وتظهر عادة على هيئة التواءات.
4. الخواص والمتطلبات :
1.4 التركيب
يتكون الدهان المستحلب من خضب مع مواد باسطة مناسبة بنسبة مناسبة في وسط مناسب يتكون مدن
أ بوليمر صناعي مناسب م ستقر في الماء مع مقومدات أخدرى مناسدبة لتكدون لهدا القددرة الضدروري ة
لإنتاج مادة الدهان التي تحقق متطلبات هذه المواصفة .
2.4 الحالة في الوعاء
يجب ألا تعطي مدادة الددهان ادواهد تددل علدى نمدو أحيداء دقيقدة أو تخادر أو تجلدد سدطحي أو فسدا د أو
ترسب صلب للخضب أو تكتل أو صدأ في الوعاء وأية اخضاب مترسبة يجب أن تتشدتت بسدرعة فد ي
الجزء السائل بواسطة التقليب بمقلب وذلك لت كوين دهان نداعم متجدانس خدال مدن الرغدوة الدائمدة وألا
يبدى هذا الدهان رائحة مهيجة أو كريهة .
3.4 المحتوى غير المتطاير :
يجب أن لا تقل نسبة المحتوى غير المتطاير في الدهانات المستحلبة عن 40% بالوزن للماعة وابة
اللماعة و 50% بالوزن للمطفاة وذلك عند الإختبار طبقا للبند ( 3.2)
4.4 القوام
يجب أن يكون الدهان في حالة جاهزه بحيث عند تقليبة ينتج خليط متجانس نداعم ذو قدوام جيدد ويجدب
أن لا تقل لزوجتدة عدن 80 وحددة كريدببالنسدبة للددهانات المطفداة وأن تكدون فدي حددود 120-70
وحدة كريب بالنسبة للددهانات اللماعدة والشدبة لماعدةعندد درجدة حدرارة ( 23 ± 2 ) °س وذلدك عندد
اختباره وفقا للبند ( 18.2 ).
5.4 اللون
يكون لون الدهان مطابق للون العينة المرجعية المتفق عليها وذلك عند الإختبار وفقا للبند ( 5.2 ).
6.4 التخفيف
يجب أن تكون للدهان قابلية على الامتزاج بسهولة بالماء عندد الضدرورة ولتنعيمدة فدي حالدة متجانسدة
مع أقل كمية ممكنة من الرغوة . وإذا وجدت الرغو ه فيجب أن تتلااى بسرعة .
7.4 نعومةالطحن :
يجب أن يقل حجم الجزيئات في الدهان عن 50 ميكرومتر وذلك عند الإختبار وفقا للبند ( 4.2 ).
8.4 محتوى الرصاص :
يجب ألا يزيد محتوى الرصاص عن 0.009 % من الكتلة الكلية للدهان وذلك عند الإختبار وفقا للبند
( 6.2 ).
9.4 خواص الاستخدام :
يجب أن يكون الدهان بعد التخفيف الموصي بة مناسب للاستعمال بواسطة الفراداة أو الدر أو بكدرة
( الرول ) .
ويجب ألا تظهر الطبقة النهائية للدهان اكل اندماج الاخضاب المترسبة أو رغاوى أو خشونة أو أيدة مواصفة قياسية عمانية OS 197/2020
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من الخواص الأخرى غير المرغوبة ويجب أن تكون طبقة الدهان الناتجة أيضا خاليدة مدن أيدة تقشد ير
أو ليونة أو أية عيوب أخرى تظهدر عندد إعدادة طدلاء السدطح ال سدابق بعدد سداعتين مدن ج فافدة بدالهواء
ويجب أن تكون طبقة الددهان بعدد تمدام جفافهدا ناعمدة ذات التصداق راسدخ (اابدت) ويكدون بعدد الددهن
المباادر خدالي مدن علامددات الفراداة أو الارتخداء او الالتدواءات ويجددب ألا يتعدارض بدا طريقدة مددع
اعتبارات المظهر النهائي لطبقة الدهان المحضرة بنفس الطريقة وفي نفس الوقت من العينة المرجعية
المتفق عليها .
10.4 زمن الجفاف :
- يجب ألا يزيد زمن الجفداف السدطحي للددهان عدن 30 دقيقدة للددهانات المطفداة ولا يزيدد عدن سداعة
للدهانات اللماعة وابة اللماعة .
- يجب ألا يزيد زمن الجفاف الصلب للدهان عن 3 ساعات للدهانات المطفاة ولا يزيد عن 5 ساعات
للدهانات اللماعة وابة اللماعة (لطبقة رطبة سد مكها 100 ميكرومتدر مطليدة علدى لدوخ اختبدار مدن
الزجاج ) عند درجة حرارة 23 + 2 °س ورطوبة50 ± 5 % مع التهويدة بددون التعدرض لأادعة
الشمس وذلك عند الإختبار وفقا للبند ( 7.2 ).
11.4 مقاومة الحك :
يجب أن تظهر طبقة الدهان المطبقة على لوحة الاختبار الحد الأدنى من مقاومة الحدك عندد تعرضدها
لعدد:
- 1500 حكة بالنسبة للصنف أ لطلاء الاستعمال الداخلي والخارجي اللماع وابة اللماع
- 800 حكة بالنسبة للصنف ب لطلاء الاستعمال الخارجي المطفا.
- 400 حكةبالنسبة للصنف ب لطلاء الاستعمال الداخلي المطفا.
وذلك عند الإختبار طبقا للبند ( 13.2 .)
12.4 مقاومة القلويات (الألوان البيضاء والفاتحة) :
يجب أن لا يتغير مظهر طبقة الدهان من حيث تدرج اللون والإضاءة والبريق أو أية عيوب سطحية أخرى
وذلك عند إجراء اختبار مقاومة القلوية في محلول1 %هيدروكسيد الصوديوم لمدة ٤ ساعة طبقاً للبند
(10.2).
13.4 استقرارية الحرارة :
يجب أن لا تتغير لزوجة الدهان باكار من 5% من اللزوجةالأصلية وألا تبدى تخادر أو دمدج للددقائق
المترسبة أو عدم تلون وذلك بعد إجراء اختبار الاسدتقرارية مد ع الحدرارة. وذلدك عندد اجدراء الإختبدار
طبقا للبند ( 9.2 .)
14.4 الابات للتجمد والانصهار
يجب ألا يتاار المنتج بعد تعرضة لحرارة منخفضة ( -9 °س) لمدة16 ساعة وحرارة طبيعية 25 +
3 )°س لمدة16 ساعة.
يجـب ألا تتغير لزوجة الدهان باكار من 10 % من القيمة الأصلية كما يجب ألا يظهرالـدهان أ
تخار أو تدمج أو انخفاض في مقاومة الحك . بعد إنهاء هذا الاختبار يجب أن يجف الدهان ليعطي
ملمساً ناعماً ومنسقاً وذلك عندما يتم تطبيقة على لوخ جدار .
15.4 الرائحة :
يحب أن تكون رائحة الدهان غير فاسدة وألا تكون كريهة أو مهيجة قبل أو أاناء أو بعد الاستعمال كما
يجب ألا تتبقى أية رائحة بعد مرور 24 ساعة من الجفاف. مواصفة قياسية عمانية OS 197/2020
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16.4 الإعتام الجاف (الألوان البيضاء والفاتحة) :
عندددما يطبددق الدددهان علددى قضدديب تطبيددق ذو سددمك مقددداره 150 ميكرومتددر فيجددب أن تعطددى طبقددة
الدهان نسبة تباين كحد أدنى موضحة بالجدول (1) وذلك كحد أدنى على لوخ اختبار ذو سمك مقدداره
150 ميكرومتر بعد أن يوضع على ورقة رسم بيداني ليجدف لليلدة واحددةوذلدك عندد اجدراء الإختبد ار
طبقا للبند ( 14.2 .)
جدول1)
نسبة الاعتام الجاف حسب نوع وصنف الدهان
17.4التجوية المعجلة
1.17.4 يجب ألا يظهر على طبقة الدهان باور أو طبشرة أو تغير في اللون أو أ مظهر غير
طبيعي بعد تعرض الدهان لتجوية معجلة لمدة 300 ساعة وذلك عند الإختبار طبقا للبند (
15.2 ) ويجب ألا تزيد التغيرات عن 5% فقط وهذا الاختبار لا يطبق على الدهانات
الداخلية المطفية .
2.17.4 معايير لاختبار التجوية المعجلة:
ألواخ التطبيق :ألواخ ألمونيوم معالج بالكرومات بمقاس مناسب
التطبيق :بواسطة آلة التطبيق (القضيب السلكي أو القالب المفرغ ) بسماكة 150 ميكرون
زمن الجفاف7 أيام، درجة الحرارة23 ± 2 )°س ورطوبة نسبية ( 50 ± 5 )%، متبوعة
بعدد 72 ساعة في درجة حرارة( 40 ± 20 )°س
نوع اللمبات: لمباتUVB
دورة الإختبار: وفق ماورد في البند( 15.2 )
18.4 المقاومة لنمو الأحياء :
يجب ألا يبد الدهان في العبوة أ نمو للفطريات لمددة 12 ادهر عندد درجدة حدرارة 40 °سوذلدك
عند اجراء الإختبار طبقا للبند ( 17.2 ).
19.4 خواص الحفظ :
عند تخزين الدهانات في الظروف العادية في الظل وفي درجة حدرارة لا تزيدد عدن ( 38 + 1 )°س
في وعاءها الأصلي المحكم الإغلاق يجب أن تظل الخواص المحددة في هذه المواصفة كما هي لفتدرة
لا تقل عن 12 اهرا نوع الدهان
الصنف الدهانات المطفية الدهانات شبه اللماعه الدهانات اللماعة
أ - >90% >90%
ب 95% - - مواصفة قياسية عمانية OS 197/2020
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20.4 اللمعان طبقا للبند16.2) :
عنددد وضددع طبقددة رقيقددة مددن الدددهان علددى لددوخ زجدداج بابعدداد15 سددمx 10 سددمx 2 مددم ) بواسددطة
كتلة مجوفة ذات سماكة 150 ميكرومتر يترك للجفاف لمدة 24 ساعـــددددـة عنددددد درجـــــــــــــــددددـة
حـــــــــــرارة (25 ±1)ºس و درجة رطوبة نسبية لا تزيد عن70%، يجب أنيكون لة درجة لمعدان
كما هو موضح في الجدول (2:)
جدول2)
رجة البريق للدهانات المستحلبة
نوع الدهان زاوية القياس رجة اللمعان
الدهانات المستحلبة المطفاة 85 º أقل من10
الدهانات المستحلبة النصف لماعة 60° 25 - 40
الدهانات المستحلبة اللماعة 60° أكبر من55
21.4 المرونة والالتصاق
عند تطبيق طبقة رقيقة من الدهان بواسطة كتلدة مجوفدة ذات سدماكة 150 ميكرومتدر أو قضديب التطبيدق
السلكي على طبق من الصفيح تم قشطة خفيفاً وإزالة ما علية مدن دهدون ، وتركدة ليجدف لمددة 7 أيدام عندد
درجـددـة حـددـرارة (25 1)ْ س ورطوبددة نسددبية لا تزيددد علددى70 % يجددب أن يتحمددل اختبددار انحنـددـاء
باستخدام ممسك سمكة 6مدم (لددهانات الاسدتخدام الدداخلي) و3 مدم (لددهانات الاسدتخدام الخدارجي . كمدا
يجب أن تكون الطبقة الرقيقة من الدهان ملتصقة بشكل قو ولا يحـدث بها أ تشقـق أو تقشـر وذلك عند
اجراء الإختبار طبقا للبند ( 12.2 ) .
5. أخذالعينات :
1.5 تؤخذ عينةممالة من إرسدالية الددهان لا تقدل عدن 500مدل بدالطرق المنصدوص عليهدا فدي المواصدفة
القياسية ISO 15528"الددهانات والورنيشدات والمدواد الأوليدة للدد هانات والورنيشدات – طدرق أخدذ
العينات"
2.5 يجدب أن تجهدز العيندات للاختبدارات طبقدا للطريقدة المنصدوص علي هدا فدي المواصدفة القياسدية ISO
1513 " الدهانات والورنيشات- فحص وتجهيز العينات للاختبار " .
6. طرق الاختبار :
1.6 تجرى الاختبارات التالية على أوعية الددهانات المعبداه المختداره او العيندات المداخوذه منهدا طبقدا للبندد
(1.5) وذلك بعد إجراء الفحص النظر على البيانات.
1.1.6 تقدير المحتوى غير المتطاير
2.1.6 تقدير اللون
3.1.6 تقدير نعومة الطحن
4.1.6 تقدير محتوى الرصاص
5.1.6 تقدير زمن الجفاف
6.1.6 تقدير المقاومة للحك
7.1.6 تقدير المقاومة للقلويات مواصفة قياسية عمانية OS 197/2020
9
8.1.6 تقدير الاستقرارية للحرارة
9.1.6 تقدير الإعتام الجاف
10.1.6 المقاومة للتجوية المعجلة
11.1.6 تقدير اللمعان الظاهر
12.1.6 تقدير المرونة والالتصاق
13.1.6 تقدير المقاومة للكائنات الحية الدقيقة
7. التعبئـــة
تعبا الدهانات في أوعية مناسدبة نظيفدة وجافدة ومحكمدة الإغدلاق بحيدث يكدون الدنقص عدن حدد الامدتلاء
15% كحد أعلى ويسمح بتفاوت في المحتويات مقداره+2% .
8. البيانات الإيضاحية
يجب أن توضع البيانات التالية على كل وعاء باللغة العربية او باللغتين العربية والإنجليزية وبطريقة
يصعب إزالتها :
1.8 اسم ونوع الدهان وصنف الدهان
2.8 اسم الصانع أو علامتة التجارية
3.8 بلد المنشا
4.8 لون الدهان يكون موضح على العبوة
5.8 اذا كانت الدهانات تصنع بتصريح فيجب أن يذكر ذلك
6.8 رقم دفعة الإنتاج
7.8 تاريخ الإنتاج ( اهر ـ سنة
8.8 الحجم الصافي باللتر أو الوزن بالكيلوجرام
9.8 طريقة الاستخدام .
10.8 أ بيانات تحذيرية تتعلق بهذا الدهان
11.8 تنبية : يحذر استعمال هذه العبوات في حفظ المواد الغذائية
مواصفة قياسية عمانية OS 197/2020
10
المصطلحـات الفنيــة TECHNICAL TERMS
اخضاب Pigments
اعتـام Obscure
ألـواخ Siding
إندماج الدقائق المترسبة Floculation
بـر Worn
تحبــب Blistering
تخاـر Livering
تخاـر Coagulation
تخفيـف Thinning
تدرج اللون Hue
تشتيــت Dispersible
تقشيــر Flaking
تقشيــر Chipping
تقطــع Lifting
تلااـي Dissipate
خشونـة Coarseness
دهـان مباار Substantially
دهـان مستحلب Emul sion paint
سائل حمل الدهان Vehicle
غير ملائم Undue
غير منتظم Irregularities
فســاد Putrefaction
كريهـة Offensive
كشـط Skinning
لا نفاذية (إعتام Opacity
لا يمتزج Immiscible
لون باهـت Fading
متعرج-ملتو Wrinkled
مطفا اللمعة Mat مواصفة قياسية عمانية OS 197/2020
11
مقلــب Paddle
ملاط الجبس Stucco
مهيـج Irritating
مواد باسطة Extenders
مواصفة قياسية عمانية OS 197/2020
12
المـــراجعREFERE NCES
- المواصفة القياسيةالعمانية رقم 197 /1990
"الدهانات والورنيشات-الدهانات المستحلبة"
المديرية العامة للمواصفات والمقاييس، سلطنة عمان - Omani standard No. 197/1990
“Paints and varnishes -Emulsion Paints”
Directorate General for Standards &
Metrology, Ministry of Commerce &
Industry, Sultanate of Oman
- المواصفة القياسية السعودية رقم 70/2016 "
الدهانات والورنيشات- الدهانات المستحلبة" الهي ئة
العربية السعودية للمواصفات والمقاييس Saudi Arabian Standard No. 470/2016
“Paints and varnishes -Emulsion Paints”
Saudi Arabian Standards Organization
- البند1303 )) من التشريع الأمريك ي الخاص
بمفوضية حماية المستهلك المتعلق بتعديل نسبة تركيز
الرصاص في الأصباغ من 0.06% إلى0.009%
- Part (1303) from US legalization of
Consumer Products Commission to reduce
lead content from 0.006% to 0.009
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WTO
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WTO_1/305464_2024_IP_ARG_24_02561_00_s.pdf
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305464_2024_IP_ARG_24_02561_00_s
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República Argentina - Poder Ejecutivo Nacional
Las Malvinas son argentinas
Informe
Número:
Referencia: Anexo edición 14 Locarno - Expediente Electrónico EX-2022-116880096- -APN-DO#INPI
Lista de Clases y Subclases de la Clasificación de Locarno
Decimocuarta Edición – LOC(14)
(en vigor a partir del 1 de enero de 2023)
CLASE 01 – Productos alimentarios
01) PANADERÍA, BIZCOCHOS, PASTELERÍA, PASTAS Y OTROS PRODUCTOS A BASE DE
CEREALES, CHOCOLATES, CONFITERÍA, HELADOS
02) FRUTAS, LEGUMBRES Y PRODUCTOS A BASE DE FRUTAS Y LEGUMBRES
03) QUESOS, MANTEQUILLA Y SUCEDÁNEOS DE LA MANTEQUILLA, OTROS PRODUCTOS
LÁCTEOS
04) PRODUCTOS DE CARNICERÍA, CHACINERÍA Y PESCADERÍA
05) TOFU Y PRODUCTOS A BASE DE TOFU
06) ALIMENTOS PARA ANIMALES
99) VARIOS
CLASE 02 – Artículos de vestir y mercería
01) ROPA INTERIOR, LENCERÍA, CORSETERÍA, SUJETADORES, ROPA DE DORMIR02) VESTIDOS
03) ARTÍCULOS DE SOMBRERERÍA
04) CALZADOS, MEDIAS Y CALCETINES
05) CORBATAS, CHALES, PAÑUELOS PARA EL CUELLO Y PAÑUELOS
06) GUANTES
07) ARTÍCULOS DE MERCERÍA Y ACCESORIOS DE VESTIR
99) VARIOS
CLASE 03 – Artículos de viaje, estuches, parasoles y objetos personales, no comprendidos en otras clases
01) BAÚLES, MALETAS, CARTERAS DE MANO, BOLSOS, LLAVEROS, ESTUCHES
ADAPTADOS A SU CONTENIDO, BILLETERAS Y ARTÍCULOS ANÁLOGOS
02) [vacante]
03) PARAGUAS, PARASOLES, SOMBRILLAS Y BASTONES
04) ABANICOS
05) DISPOSITIVOS PARA LLEVAR A BEBÉS Y NIÑOS Y PASEARLOS
99) VARIOS
CLASE 04 – Cepillería
01) CEPILLOS, PINCELES Y ESCOBAS DE LIMPIEZA
02) CEPILLOS Y PINCELES DE TOCADOR, CEPILLOS PARA LA ROPA Y CEPILLOS PARA EL
CALZADO
03) CEPILLOS PARA MÁQUINAS
04) CEPILLOS Y PINCELES PARA PINTAR, PINCELES DE COCINA
99) VARIOS
CLASE 05 – Artículos textiles no confeccionados, láminas de material artificial o natural
01) HILADOS02) ENCAJES
03) BORDADOS
04) CINTAS, GALONES Y OTROS ARTÍCULOS DE PASAMANERÍA
05) TEJIDOS Y PAÑOS
06) LÁMINAS DE MATERIAL ARTIFICIAL O NATURAL
99) VARIOS
CLASE 06 – Mobiliario
01) ASIENTOS
02) CAMAS
03) MESAS Y MUEBLES SIMILARES
04) MUEBLES PARA GUARDAR
05) MUEBLES COMBINADOS
06) OTRAS PIEZAS DE MOBILIARIO Y PARTES DE MUEBLES
07) ESPEJOS Y MARCOS
08) PERCHAS
09) COLCHONES Y COJINES
10) CORTINAS Y PERSIANAS INTERIORES
11) ALFOMBRAS, FELPUDOS Y ESTERAS
12) TAPICES
13) MANTAS, ROPA DE CASA Y DE MESA
99) VARIOS
CLASE 07 – Artículos de uso doméstico no comprendidos en otras clases
01) VAJILLAS Y CRISTALERÍAS
02) APARATOS, UTENSILIOS Y RECIPIENTES PARA COCINAR03) CUCHILLOS DE MESA, TENEDORES, CUCHARAS
04) APARATOS Y UTENSILIOS, ACCIONADOS A MANO, PARA PREPARAR COMIDAS O
BEBIDAS
05) PLANCHAS, UTENSILIOS PARA LAVAR, LIMPIAR O SECAR
06) OTROS UTENSILIOS DE COCINA Y DE MESA
07) OTROS RECIPIENTES DE USO DOMÉSTICO
08) ACCESORIOS DE CHIMENEA DE HOGAR
09) BASES Y SOPORTES PARA APARATOS Y UTENSILIOS DOMÉSTICOS
10) DISPOSITIVOS DE ENFRIAMIENTO Y CONGELACIÓN, RECIPIENTES AISLANTES
99) VARIOS
CLASE 08 – Herramientas y quincallería
01) HERRAMIENTAS O INSTRUMENTOS QUE SIRVEN PARA PERFORAR, FRESAR O CAVAR
02) MARTILLOS, HERRAMIENTAS E INSTRUMENTOS ANÁLOGOS
03) HERRAMIENTAS E INSTRUMENTOS CORTANTES
04) DESTORNILLADORES, HERRAMIENTAS E INSTRUMENTOS ANÁLOGOS
05) OTRAS HERRAMIENTAS E INSTRUMENTOS
06) TIRADORES, PULSADORES Y BISAGRAS
07) DISPOSITIVOS DE CERROJO O DE CIERRE
08) MEDIOS DE FIJACIÓN, DE SOSTÉN O DE MONTAJE, NO COMPRENDIDOS EN OTRAS
CLASES
09) HERRAJES Y FIJACIONES PARA PUERTAS, VENTANAS Y MUEBLES, ASÍ COMO
ARTÍCULOS SIMILARES, NO COMPRENDIDOS EN OTRAS CLASES O SUBCLASES
10) SOPORTES PARA BICICLETAS Y MOTOCICLETAS
11) ARTÍCULOS DE QUINCALLERÍA PARA CORTINAS
99) VARIOS
CLASE 09 – Envases, embalajes y recipientes para el transporte o manipulación de mercancías
01) BOTELLAS, FRASCOS, TARROS, BOMBONAS, RECIPIENTES PROVISTOS DE UN
SISTEMA A PRESIÓN
02) BIDONES Y TONELES
03) CAJAS, CAJONES, CONTENEDORES (“CONTAINERS”), LATAS PARA CONSERVAS
04) JAULAS Y CESTAS
05) SACOS, BOLSAS, TUBOS Y CÁPSULAS
06) CUERDAS Y MATERIAL DE ATAR
07) MEDIOS DE CIERRE Y ACCESORIOS
08) PALAS Y PLATAFORMAS DE CARGA
09) CUBOS DE BASURA Y RECIPIENTES PARA DESPERDICIOS, Y SUS SOPORTES
10) ASAS Y AGARRADERAS PARA EL TRANSPORTE O LA MANIPULACIÓN DE PAQUETES Y
RECIPIENTES
99) VARIOS
CLASE 10 – Artículos de relojería y otros instrumentos de medida, instrumentos de control o de
señalización
01) RELOJES DE PARED, PÉNDULOS Y DESPERTADORES
02) RELOJES DE BOLSILLO Y DE PULSERA
03) OTROS INSTRUMENTOS CRONOMÉTRICOS
04) OTROS INSTRUMENTOS, APARATOS Y DISPOSITIVOS DE MEDIDA
05) INSTRUMENTOS, APARATOS Y DISPOSITIVOS DE CONTROL, DE SEGURIDAD O DE
ENSAYO
06) APARATOS Y DISPOSITIVOS DE SEÑALIZACIÓN
07) CAJAS, CUADRANTES, AGUJAS Y CUALQUIER OTRA PIEZA O ACCESORIO DE
INSTRUMENTOS DE MEDIDA, DE CONTROL O DE SEÑALIZACIÓN
99) VARIOS
CLASE 11 – Objetos de adorno
01) BISUTERÍA Y JOYERÍA
02) “BIBELOTS”, ADORNOS DE MESA, DE REPISAS DE CHIMENEAS O DE PARED,
JARRONES Y FLOREROS
03) MEDALLAS O INSIGNIAS
04) FLORES, PLANTAS Y FRUTOS ARTIFICIALES
05) BANDERAS, ARTÍCULOS DE DECORACIÓN PARA FIESTAS
99) VARIOS
CLASE 12 – Medios de transporte y de elevación
01) VEHÍCULOS DE TRACCIÓN ANIMAL
02) CARROS DE MANO Y CARRETILLAS
03) LOCOMOTORAS Y MATERIAL RODANTE PARA LOS FERROCARRILES Y TODOS LOS
DEMÁS VEHÍCULOS SOBRE RIELES
04) TELEFÉRICOS, TELESILLAS Y REMONTADORES DE PENDIENTES
05) ELEVADORES, APARATOS DE ELEVACIÓN Y DE MANIPULACIÓN
06) NAVÍOS Y BARCOS
07) AVIONES Y OTROS VEHÍCULOS AÉREOS O ESPACIALES
08) AUTOMÓVILES, AUTOBUSES Y CAMIONES
09) TRACTORES
10) REMOLQUES PARA VEHÍCULOS DE CARRETERA
11) BICICLETAS Y MOTOCICLETAS
12) COCHES DE NIÑO, SILLAS DE RUEDAS PARA INVÁLIDOS, CAMILLAS
13) VEHÍCULOS DE USOS ESPECIALES
14) OTROS VEHÍCULOS
15) NEUMÁTICOS, CUBIERTAS Y CADENAS ANTIDESLIZANTES PARA VEHÍCULOS
16) PARTES, EQUIPOS Y ACCESORIOS DE VEHÍCULOS, NO COMPRENDIDOS EN OTRAS CLASES O SUBCLASES
17) COMPONENTES DE LA INFRAESTRUCTURA FERROVIARIA
99) VARIOS
CLASE 13 – Aparatos de producción, de distribución o de transformación de la energía eléctrica
01) GENERADORES Y MOTORES
02) TRANSFORMADORES, RECTIFICADORES, PILAS Y ACUMULADORES
03) MATERIAL DE DISTRIBUCIÓN O DE CONTROL DE LA ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA
04) EQUIPOS SOLARES
99) VARIOS
CLASE 14 – Aparatos de registro, de telecomunicación o de tratamiento de la información
01) APARATOS DE REGISTRO Y DE REPRODUCCIÓN DE SONIDOS O DE IMÁGENES
02) APARATOS DE TRATAMIENTO DE LA INFORMACIÓN ASÍ COMO APARATOS Y
DISPOSITIVOS PERIFÉRICOS
03) APARATOS DE TELECOMUNICACIÓN Y DE MANDO A DISTANCIA SIN HILO,
AMPLIFICADORES DE RADIO
04) PANTALLAS E ICONOS
05) MEDIOS DE GRABACIÓN Y ALMACENAMIENTO DE DATOS
06) SUJECIONES, BASES Y SOPORTES PARA EQUIPOS ELECTRÓNICOS, NO
COMPRENDIDOS EN OTRAS CLASES
99) VARIOS
CLASE 15 – Máquinas no comprendidas en otras clases
01) MOTORES
02) BOMBAS Y COMPRESORES
03) MAQUINARIA AGRÍCOLA Y FORESTAL04) MAQUINARIA DE CONSTRUCCIÓN Y MINERÍA
05) MÁQUINAS PARA LAVAR, LIMPIAR O SECAR
06) MÁQUINAS TEXTILES, MÁQUINAS DE COSER, DE TRICOTAR O DE BORDAR,
COMPRENDIDAS SUS PARTES INTEGRANTES
07) MÁQUINAS Y APARATOS DE REFRIGERACIÓN
08) [vacante]
09) MÁQUINAS-HERRAMIENTAS, MÁQUINAS DE LIJAR, MÁQUINAS DE FUNDICIÓN
10) MÁQUINAS PARA LLENAR, EMPAQUETAR O EMBALAR
99) VARIOS
CLASE 16 – Artículos de fotografía, de cinematografía o de óptica
01) APARATOS PARA FOTOGRAFIAR O FILMAR
02) APARATOS DE PROYECCIÓN Y VISIONADORAS
03) APARATOS PARA FOTOCOPIAR O AMPLIAR
04) APARATOS Y UTENSILIOS PARA EL REVELADO
05) ACCESORIOS
06) ARTÍCULOS DE ÓPTICA
99) VARIOS
CLASE 17 – Instrumentos de música
01) INSTRUMENTOS DE TECLADO
02) INSTRUMENTOS DE VIENTO
03) INSTRUMENTOS DE CUERDA
04) INSTRUMENTOS DE PERCUSIÓN
05) INSTRUMENTOS MECÁNICOS
99) VARIOS
CLASE 18 – Imprenta y máquinas de oficina
01) MÁQUINAS DE ESCRIBIR Y DE CALCULAR
02) MÁQUINAS DE IMPRESIÓN
03) CARACTERES Y SIGNOS TIPOGRÁFICOS
04) MÁQUINAS DE ENCUADERNAR, DE GRAPAR, GUILLOTINAS-RECORTADORAS
99) VARIOS
CLASE 19 – Papelería, artículos de oficina, materiales para artistas o para la enseñanza
01) PAPEL DE ESCRIBIR, TARJETAS PARA CORRESPONDENCIA Y DE PARTICIPACIÓN
02) ARTÍCULOS DE OFICINA
03) CALENDARIOS
04) LIBROS, CUADERNOS Y OBJETOS DE ASPECTO EXTERIOR PARECIDO
05) [vacante]
06) MATERIALES E INSTRUMENTOS PARA ESCRIBIR A MANO, PARA DIBUJAR, PARA
PINTAR, PARA ESCULPIR, PARA GRABAR O PARA OTRAS TÉCNICAS ARTÍSTICAS
07) MATERIALES Y APARATOS DE ENSEÑANZA
08) OTROS IMPRESOS
99) VARIOS
CLASE 20 – Equipo para la venta o de publicidad, signos indicadores
01) DISTRIBUIDORES AUTOMÁTICOS
02) MATERIALES DE EXPOSICIÓN O DE VENTA
03) CARTELERAS, DISPOSITIVOS PUBLICITARIOS
99) VARIOS
CLASE 21 – Juegos, juguetes, tiendas y artículos de deporte01) JUEGOS Y JUGUETES
02) APARATOS Y ARTÍCULOS DE GIMNASIA O DE DEPORTE
03) OTROS ARTÍCULOS DE RECREO Y DIVERSIÓN
04) TIENDAS Y ACCESORIOS
99) VARIOS
CLASE 22 – Armas, artículos de pirotecnia, artículos para la caza, la pesca y la destrucción de animales
nocivos
01) ARMAS DE PROYECTILES
02) OTRAS ARMAS
03) MUNICIONES, COHETES Y ARTÍCULOS DE PIROTECNIA
04) BLANCOS Y ACCESORIOS
05) ARTÍCULOS PARA LA CAZA Y LA PESCA
06) TRAMPAS, ARTÍCULOS PARA LA DESTRUCCIÓN DE ANIMALES NOCIVOS
99) VARIOS
CLASE 23 – Instalaciones para la distribución de fluidos, instalaciones de saneamiento, de calefacción, de
ventilación o de acondicionamiento de aire, combustibles sólidos
01) INSTALACIONES PARA LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE FLUIDOS
02) [vacante]
03) EQUIPOS PARA LA CALEFACCIÓN
04) VENTILACIÓN Y ACONDICIONAMIENTO DEL AIRE
05) COMBUSTIBLES SÓLIDOS
06) DISPOSITIVOS SANITARIOS PARA LA HIGIENE
07) EQUIPOS PARA ORINAR Y DEFECAR
08) OTROS EQUIPOS Y ACCESORIOS SANITARIOS, NO COMPRENDIDOS EN OTRAS CLASES
O SUBCLASES99) VARIOS
CLASE 24 – Medicina y laboratorios
01) APARATOS E INSTALACIONES PARA MÉDICOS, HOSPITALES O LABORATORIOS
02) INSTRUMENTOS MÉDICOS, INSTRUMENTOS Y UTENSILIOS DE LABORATORIO
03) PRÓTESIS
04) ARTÍCULOS PARA CURAS Y VENDAJES Y PARA LA ATENCIÓN MÉDICA
05) AYUDAS A LA MARCHA
99) VARIOS
CLASE 25 – Construcciones y elementos de construcción
01) MATERIALES DE CONSTRUCCIÓN
02) PARTES DE CONSTRUCCIÓN PREFABRICADAS O PREENSAMBLADAS
03) CASAS, GARAJES Y OTRAS CONSTRUCCIONES
04) ESCALERAS, ESCALAS Y ANDAMIOS
99) VARIOS
CLASE 26 – Aparatos de alumbrado
01) PALMATORIAS Y CANDELABROS
02) ANTORCHAS, LÁMPARAS Y LINTERNAS PORTÁTILES
03) APARATOS DE ALUMBRADO PÚBLICO, ALUMBRADO EXTERIOR, ALUMBRADO DE
ESCENARIO
04) FUENTES LUMINOSAS, ELÉCTRICAS O NO ELÉCTRICAS
05) LÁMPARAS, FAROLES, ARAÑAS, APLIQUES O PLAFONES, LÁMPARAS PARA
PROYECTORES DE FOTOGRAFÍA O DE CINEMATOGRAFÍA
06) DISPOSITIVOS LUMINOSOS DE VEHÍCULOS
07) PIEZAS Y ACCESORIOS PARA APARATOS DE ILUMINACIÓN, NO INCLUIDOS EN OTRAS CLASES O SUBCLASES
99) VARIOS
CLASE 27 – Tabaco y artículos para fumadores
01) TABACO, CIGARROS Y CIGARRILLOS
02) PIPAS, BOQUILLAS DE CIGARRO Y DE CIGARRILLOS
03) CENICEROS
04) CERILLAS
05) ENCENDEDORES
06) ESTUCHES DE CIGARROS, ESTUCHES DE CIGARRILLOS, TABAQUERAS Y BOTES DE
TABACO
07) CIGARRILLOS ELECTRÓNICOS Y OTROS ARTÍCULOS ELECTRÓNICOS PARA FUMAR
99) VARIOS
CLASE 28 – Productos farmacéuticos o de cosmética, artículos y equipo de tocador
01) PRODUCTOS FARMACÉUTICOS
02) PRODUCTOS DE COSMÉTICA
03) ARTÍCULOS DE TOCADOR Y EQUIPOS PARA TRATAMIENTOS DE BELLEZA
04) PELUCAS Y ARTÍCULOS DE BELLEZA POSTIZOS
05) AMBIENTADORES
06) APARATOS E INSTRUMENTOS DE PELUQUERÍA
99) VARIOS
CLASE 29 – Dispositivos y equipos contra el fuego, para la prevención de accidentes o de salvamento
01) DISPOSITIVOS Y EQUIPOS CONTRA EL FUEGO
02) DISPOSITIVOS Y EQUIPOS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN DE ACCIDENTES O DE
SALVAMENTO, NO COMPRENDIDOS EN OTRAS CLASES99) VARIOS
CLASE 30 – Artículos para el cuidado y la atención de los animales
01) VESTIDOS PARA ANIMALES
02) CERCADOS, JAULAS, PERRERAS Y REFUGIOS ANÁLOGOS
03) COMEDEROS Y ABREVADEROS
04) GUARNICIONERÍA
05) LÁTIGOS Y AGUIJADAS
06) CAMAS, NIDOS Y MUEBLES PARA ANIMALES
07) PERCHAS Y OTROS ACCESORIOS DE LAS JAULAS
08) HIERROS DE MARCAR, MARCAS Y TRABAS
09) POSTES DE AMARRE
10) ARTÍCULOS DE ASEO PARA ANIMALES
11) BANDEJAS DE ARENA HIGIÉNICA Y DISPOSITIVOS PARA RETIRAR LOS
EXCREMENTOS DE ANIMALES
12) JUGUETES Y EQUIPAMIENTO DE ADIESTRAMIENTO PARA ANIMALES
99) VARIOS
CLASE 31 – Máquinas y aparatos para preparar comidas o bebidas, no comprendidos en otras clases
00) MÁQUINAS Y APARATOS PARA PREPARAR COMIDAS O BEBIDAS, NO COMPRENDIDOS
EN OTRAS CLASES
CLASE 32 – Símbolos gráficos y logotipos, motivos decorativos para superficies, ornamentación, disposición
de interiores y exteriores
01) SÍMBOLOS GRÁFICOS Y LOGOTIPOS, MOTIVOS DECORATIVOS PARA SUPERFICIES,
ORNAMENTACIÓN
02) DISPOSICIÓN DE INTERIORES Y EXTERIORES
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G/MA/QR/N/VNM/1
19 August 2020
(20-5630) Page: 1/5
Committee on Market Access Original: English
NOTIFICATION PURSUANT TO THE DECISION ON NOTIFICATION PROCEDURE S
FOR QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS (G/L/59/REV.1)
VIET NAM
The following communication, dated 3 August 2020, is being circulated at the request of the
delegation of Viet Nam.
A. Notifying Member : Viet Nam
B. Date of notification : 3 August 2020
C. First time notification:
Yes
No, last notification was made in (doc. symbol ):
D. Type of notification:
1. Complete (i.e. notification of all quantitative restrictions in force )
2. Changes to a notification previously made in (doc symbol which are of the following
nature :
2.1 Introduction of new restrictions, as listed in Section 1.
2.2 Elimination of restrictions, as described in G below .
2.3 Modification of a previously notified restriction, as described in Section 1.
3. Reverse notification of restrictions maintained by (Member ):
E. The notification provides information for the follo wing biennial period
(e.g. 2012 -2014): 2018-2020 and relates to restrictions in force as of 10 April 2020
F. This notification contains information* relating to:
Section 1: List of quantitative restrictions that are currently in force .
Section 2: Cross -reference to other WTO notifications with information on quantitative
restrictions that are currently in force and additional information .
G. Comments of a general nature, including a description of the elimination of
restrictions notified under D.2.2 and the date they ceased to be in force.
Viet Nam’s Ministry of Industry and Trade on April 10, 2020 issued Decision 1106/QD -BCT
prescribing a global quota of 400,000 tons for rice export in April 2020. The global quota
restriction then ceased to be in force from May 1, 2020 as provided in Announcement
172/TB -VPCP dated April 29, 2020 by the Prime Minister.
* In English only.
G/MA/QR/N/VNM/1
- 2 - Section 1: List of quantitative restrictions that are currently in force
QR
No General
description
of the
restriction Type of
restriction
Tariff line code(s)
affected, based
on HS (2017) Detailed Product
Description WTO Justification and
Grounds for Restriction,
e.g., Other Internatio nal
Commitments National legal basis
and entry into force Administration,
modification of
previously notified
measures, and other
comment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Global quota
for rice export GQ-X 1006
Rice
Article XI:2(a) of the GATT
1994 Law on Foreign Trade
Management
05/2017/QH14 dated
June 12, 2017
Decree 107/2018/ND -
CP dated August 15,
2018
Decision 1106/QD -BCT
dated April 10, 2020 This measure ceased to
be in force from May 1,
2020
G/MA/QR/N/VNM/1
- 3 - Section 2: Cross -reference to other WTO notifications with information on quantitative restrictions that are currently in force
This section shall be filled by Members in case a notification made pursuant to another notification requirement (e.g. set in the Agreement on Agriculture,
Agreement o n Balance of Payments, Agreement on Safeguards, and the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, etc.) contains information on a quantitative
restriction in force and which is not listed in Section 1.
1. Agreement on Agriculture
A. Was a notification made with information on a quantitative restriction? Yes No
B. If yes, then list below the relevant document symbol and include any information element missing in the notification:
Document
symbol of
notification General
description Type of
restr.
Tariff line
code(s)
affected, based
on HS( ) Detailed
Product
Description WTO Justification and
Grounds for
Restriction, e.g., Other
International
Commitments National legal
basis and entry
into force
Administration;
modification of
prev. notified
measures; and
other comments
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
G/AG/N/
2. Agreement on Balance of Payments
A. Was a notification made with information on a quantitative restriction? Yes No
B. If yes, then list below the relevant document symbol and include any information element missing in the notification:
Document
symbol of
notification General
description Type of
restr.
Tariff line
code(s)
affected, based
on HS( ) Detailed
Product
Description WTO Justification and
Grounds for
Restriction, e.g., Other
International
Commitments National legal
basis and entry
into force
Administration;
modification of
prev. notified
measures; and
other comments
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
WT/BOP/N/
G/MA/QR/N/VNM/1
- 4 - 3. Agreement on Safeguards
A. Was a notification made with information on a quantitative restriction? Yes No
B. If yes, then list below the relevant document symbol and include any information element missing in the notificat ion:
Document
symbol of
notification General
description Type of
restr.
Tariff line
code(s)
affected, based
on HS( ) Detailed
Product
Description WTO Justification and
Grounds for
Restriction, e.g., Other
International
Commitments National legal
basis and entry
into force
Administration;
modification of
prev. notified
measures; and
other comments
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
G/SG/N/
4. Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures (non -automatic licences)
A. Was a notification made with information on a quantitative restriction? Yes No
B. If yes, then list below the relevant document symbol and include any information element missing in the notification:
Document
symbol of
notification General
description Type of
restr.
Tariff line
code(s)
affected,
based on
HS(2007) Detailed
Product
Description WTO Justification and
Grounds for
Restriction, e.g., Other
International
Commitments National legal
basis and entry
into force
Administration;
modification of
prev. notified
measures; and
other comments
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
G/LIC/N/
G/MA/QR/N/VNM/1
- 5 - 5. Other notifications
A. Was a notification made with information on a quantitative restriction in other notifications? Yes No
B. If yes, then list below the relevant document symbol and include any information element missing in the notification:
Document
symbol of
notification General
description Type of
restr.
Tariff line
code(s)
affected, based
on HS( ) Detailed
Product
Description WTO Justification and
Grounds for
Restriction, e.g., Other
International
Commitments National legal
basis and entry
into force
Administration;
modification of
prev. notified
measures; and
other comments
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
__________
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G/SPS/N/AUS/535
11 avril 2022
(22-2919) Page: 1/3
Comité des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
1. Membre notifiant : AUSTRALIE
Le cas échéant, pouvoirs publics locaux concernés:
2. Organisme responsable : Food Standards Australia New Zealand - FSANZ (Office des
normes alimentaires pour l'Australie et la Nouvelle -Zélande)
3. Produits visés (Prière d'indiquer le(s) numéro(s) du tarif figurant dans les listes
nationales déposées à l'OMC . Les numéros de l'ICS devraient aussi être indiqués,
le cas échéant) : Produits alimentaires en général
4. Régions ou pays susceptibles d'être concernés, si cela est pertinent ou faisable:
[X] Tous les partenaires commerciaux
[ ] Régions ou pays spécifiques:
5. Intitulé du texte notifié : Proposal to amend Schedule 20 of the revised Australia New
Zealand Food Standards Code (5 April 2022 )) (Proposition de modification de l'annexe 20
du Code australo -néo-zélandais des normes alimentaires révisé ( 5 avril 2 022)) .
Langue(s) : anglais . Nombre de pages : 6
https://apvma.gov.au/sites/d efault/files/gazette/food -
standards/proposed_variation_to_schedule_20_in_the_australia_new_zealand_food_sta
ndards_code_5_april_2022.pdf
6. Teneur : La proposition notifiée vise à modifier le Code australo -néo-zélandais des normes
alimentaires par l'alignement des limites maximales de résidus (LMR) fixées pour les
substances chimiques à usage agricole ou vétérinaire ci -après de manière à ce qu'elles
soient compatibles avec d'autres réglementations nationales en rapport avec la sécurité
d'utilisation et l'efficacité des substances chimiques à usage agricole ou vétérinaire:
− Florpyrauxifène -benzyle, fluoxapiproline, fluroxypyr, glyphosate, haloxyfop,
imidaclopride, isofétamide, isotianil, maldison, mandestrobine, métobromuron,
pérmethrine et séthoxydime dans des produits végétaux spécifiés;
− Fluoxapiproline, isotianil et métobromuron dans des produits d'origine animale
spécifiés.
7. Objectif et raison d'être : [X] innocuité des produits alimentaires, [ ] santé des
animaux, [ ] préservation des végétaux, [ ] protection des personnes contre les
maladies ou les parasites des animaux/des plantes, [ ] protection du territoire
contre d'autres dommages attribuables à des parasites. G/SPS/N/AUS/535
- 2 -
8. Existe -t-il une norme internationale pertinente ? Dans l'affirmative, indiquer
laquelle:
[X] Commission du Codex Alimentarius (par exemple, intitulé ou numéro de
série de la norme du Codex ou du texte apparenté) :
− CAC/MRL 1. L iste des limites maximales de résidus de pesticides dans
l'alimentation (2009)
− CAC/MRL 2. Liste des limites maximales en résidus de médicaments
vétérinaires dans l'alimentation (2009)
− CAC/MRL 3. Liste des limites maximales de résidus d'origine étrangère dans
l'alimentation (2001) et modifications ultérieures de normes pertinentes
adoptées o u abrogées par la Commission
[ ] Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) (par exemple, numéro
de chapitre du Code sanitaire pour les animaux terrestres ou du Code
sanitaire pour les animaux aquatiques) :
[ ] Convention internationale pour la protect ion des végétaux (par exemple,
numéro de la NIMP) :
[ ] Néant
La réglementation projetée est -elle conforme à la norme internationale
pertinente?
[ ] Oui [X] Non
Dans la négative, indiquer, chaque fois que cela sera possible, en quoi et
pourquoi elle diffère de la norme internationale : Certaines limites proposées
peuvent différer de celles du Codex.
La méthode scientifique utilisée par l'Australie pour l'établissement des LMR est conforme
aux meilleures pratiques internationales . Les pays fixent les LM R en fonction des bonnes
pratiques agricoles (BPA) et des bonnes pratiques vétérinaires (BPV) applicables dans
leur région . Les méthodes d'utilisation des substances chimiques à usage agricole ou
vétérinaire diffèrent d'une région ou d'un pays de productio n à l'autre du fait que les
organismes nuisibles, les maladies et les facteurs environnementaux n'y sont pas les
mêmes . Par conséquent, les LMR australiennes pour les substances chimiques à usage
agricole ou vétérinaire dans les aliments peuvent être diffé rentes de celles des normes
du Codex . La procédure d'évaluation des résidus de substances chimiques à usage
agricole suivie par l'Australie est disponible à l'adresse suivante:
https://apvma.gov.au /node/1037 . La procédure d'évaluation des résidus de substances
chimiques à usage vétérinaire suivie par l'Australie est disponible à l'adresse suivante:
https://apvma.gov.au/node/719 .
9. Autres do cuments pertinents et langue(s) dans laquelle (lesquelles) ils sont
disponibles : Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (Code australo -néo-zélandais
des normes alimentaires): https://www. legislation.gov.au/Series/F2015L00468
(disponible en anglais)
10. Date projetée pour l'adoption (jj/mm/aa) : adoption prévue en juin 2 022.
Date projetée pour la publication (jj/mm/aa) : publication prévue en juin 2 022
11. Date projetée pour l'entrée en vigueur : [ ] Six mois à compter de la date de
publication, et/ou (jj/mm/aa) : entrée en vigueur prévue en juin 2 022
[ ] Mesure de facilitation du commerce
12. Date limite pour la présentation des observations : [ ] Soixante jours à compter
de la date de distribution de la notification et/ou ( jj/mm/aa ): 10 juin 2 022
Organisme ou autorité désigné pour traiter les observations : [X] autorité
nationale responsable des notifications, [ ] point d'information national . G/SPS/N/AUS/535
- 3 -
Adresse, numéro de fax et adresse électronique (s'il y a lieu) d'un autre
organisme:
Food Standards Australia New Zealand - FSANZ (Office des normes alimentaires pour
l'Australie et la Nouvelle -Zélande)
P.O Box 5423
KINGSTON ACT 2604
Australie
Fax: +(61 2) 6271 2278
Courrier électronique: [email protected]
13. Texte(s) disponible(s) auprès de : [X] autorité nationale responsable des
notifications, [ ] point d'information national . Adresse, numéro de fax et adresse
électronique (s'il y a lieu) d'un autre organisme:
Documents accessibles sur le site Web de la Direction australienne des pesticides et
médicaments vétérinaires: Proposed variation to Schedule 20 in the Australia New
Zealand Food Standards Code 5 April 2022 (apvma.gov.au) (Proposition de modification
de l'annexe 20 du Code australo -néo-zélandais des normes alimentaires ( 5 avril 2 022)).
The Australian SPS Notification Authority (Autorité australienne responsable des
notifications SPS)
GPO Box 858
Canberra ACT 2601
Australie
Fax: +(61 2) 6272 3678
Courrier électronique: [email protected]
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r_G_TBTN19_CRI184A3
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G/TBT/N/CRI/184/Add.3
26 novembre 2021
(21-8911) Page: 1/2
Comité des obstacles techniques au commerce Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
Addendum
La communication ci -après, datée du 2 5 novembre 2 021, est distribuée à la demande de la
délégation du Costa Rica .
_______________
Intitulé : RTCR 497 :2018 . Materiales Eléctricos . Tableros y disyuntores termomagnéticos,
interruptores de uso general, tomacorrientes, enchufes y conectores de cordón, para ser usados con
tensiones hasta de 1000 v. especificaciones (Équipements électriques . Tableaux et disjoncteurs
thermomagnétiques, interrupteurs à usage géné ral, prises de courant et connecteurs de câbles, pour
des tensions allant jusqu'à 1 000 V - Spécifications)
Motif de l'addendum:
[ ] Modification du délai pour la présentation des observations - date:
[ ] Adoption de la mesure notifiée - date:
[ ] Publication de la mesure notifiée - date:
[ ] Entrée en vigueur de la mesure notifiée - date:
[X] Accès au texte final de la mesure1:
http://reglatec.go.cr/reglatec/principal.jsp
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2021/TBT/CRI/final_measure/21_7348_00_
s.pdf
[ ] Retrait ou abrogation de la mesure notifiée - date:
Cote pertinente si la mesure fait l'objet d'une nouvelle notification:
[ ] Modification de la teneur ou du champ d'application de la mesure notifiée et accès au
texte1:
Nouveau délai pour la présentation des observations (le ca s échéant):
[ ] Publication de directives d'interprétation et accès au texte1:
[X] Autres:
Teneur : Il est décidé d'approuver l'équivalence réglementaire entre la norme EN 60947 -2 Low-
Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear - part 2 : Circuit-Breakers (Appareillage à basse tension - Partie
1 Il est possible d'indiquer une adresse de site Web, de joindre un fichier en format pdf ou de fournir
tout autre renseignement permettant d'accéder au texte de la mesure finale/de la modification de la mesure
et/ou des directives d'interprétation. G/TBT/N/CRI/184/Add.3
- 2 -
2: Disjoncteurs) et le Règlement technique R TCR 497 :2018 . Materiales Eléctricos . Tableros y
disyuntores termomagnéticos, interruptores de uso general, tomacorrientes, enchufes y conectores
de cordón, para ser usados con tensiones hasta de 1000 v. especificaciones (Équipements
électriques . Tableaux et disjoncteurs thermomagnétiques, interrupteurs à usage général, prises de
courant et connecteurs de câbles, pour des tensions allant jusqu'à 1 000 V - Spécifications).
__________
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G/TBT/N/THA/512/Add.1
13 February 2020
(20-1150) Page: 1/1
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English
NOTIFICATION
Addendum
The following communication, dated 13 February 2020, is being circulated at the request of the
delegation of Thailand .
_______________
This addendum is to inform that the Thai Industrial Standard for Safety Requirements for
Motorcycle: Emission from Engine Level 7 (TIS 2915 – 2561 (2018)) issued by Thai Industrial
Standards Institute (TISI), notified under G/TBT/N/THA/512, was adopted on 29 January 2020 and
will enter into force after 60 days of publication i n the Official Gazette (29 March 2020).
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2020/TBT/THA/20_1178_00_x.pdf
__________
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G/TBT/N/COL/249
13 April 2021
(21-3056) Page: 1/2
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: Spanish
NOTIFICATION
The following notification is being circulated in accordance with Article 10.6.
1. Notifying Member : COLOMBIA
If applicable, name of local government involved (Articles 3.2 and 7.2):
2. Agency responsible : Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social (Ministry of Health and
Social Welfare)
Name and address (including telephone and fax numbers, email and website
addresses, if available) of agency or authority designated to handle comments
regarding the notification shall be indicated if different from above:
Punto de Contacto OTC/MSF (TBT/SPS Enquiry Point)
Servicio Nacional de Información de Colombia (Colombian National Enquiry Point)
[email protected]
Dirección de Regulación (Regulation Department)
Calle 28 # 13 A 15 Piso 3
(+571) 6067676, Ext. 1566
Bogotá, Colombia
www.mincit.gov.co
3. Notified under Article 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [X], 5.7.1 [ ], other:
4. Products covered (HS or CCCN where applicable, otherwise national tariff
heading . ICS numbers may be provided in addition, where applicable) : Tableware,
kitchenware, other household articles and toilet articles, of porcelain or china (other than
baths, bidets, sinks and similar fixtures ; statuettes and other ornamental articles ; pots,
jars, carboys and similar receptacles for the conveyance or packing of goods ; and coffee
grinders and spice mills with receptacles made of ceramics and working parts of metal)
(HS 6911) ; Ceramic tableware, kitchenware, other household articles and toilet articles,
other than of por celain or china (HS 6912) ; Glassware of a kind used for table, kitchen,
toilet, office, indoor decoration or similar purposes (other than that of heading 7010 or
7018), and sterilizing jars, mirrors, stained glass, lamps and lighting fittings, toilet spray s,
thermos flasks and other isothermic containers (HS 7013)
5. Title, number of pages and language(s) of the notified document : Proyecto de
resolución del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social "Por la cual se expide el reglamento
técnico para vajillas y artículos de vidrio, cerámica y vitrocerámica en contacto con
alimentos, y los artículos de cerámica empleados en la cocción de los alimentos, que se
fabriquen, importen, y comercialicen en el territorio nacional." (Draft Resolution of the
Ministry of Hea lth and Social Welfare establishing the technical regulation on tableware,
kitchenware and articles of glass, ceramic or glass -ceramic in contact with foodstuffs, and
ceramic ware used for cooking food, which are manufactured, imported and marketed in
the national territory) (14 pages, in Spanish) G/TBT/N/COL/249
- 2 -
6. Description of content : The notified draft Resolution establishes the technical regulation
for articles of glass, ceramic and glass -ceramic, tableware and kitchenware of glass,
ceramic and glass -ceramic in con tact with foodstuffs, and ceramic ware used for cooking
food, which are manufactured or imported for marketing in the national territory, with the
aim of minimizing the risks to human health and safety that may arise from the release
of lead and cadmium, a nd preventing deceptive practices.
7. Objective and rationale, including the nature of urgent problems where
applicable : Prevention of deceptive practices and consumer protection ; Protection of
human health or safety
8. Relevant documents : -
9. Proposed date of adoption Date of publication in the Official Journal
Proposed date of entry into force : Six months as from the date of publication in the
Official Journal
10. Final date for comments : 60 days from notification
11. Texts available from : National enquiry point [X] or address, telephone and fax
numbers and email and website addresses, if available, of other body:
Dirección de Regulación (Regulation Department)
Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo (Ministry of Commerce , Industry and
Tourism)
Aurelio Enrique Mejía Mejía
Calle 28 # 13 A 15 Piso 3
Bogotá, D.C.
(+571) 6067676 ext. 1566 ; (+571) 6067676 ext. 1340
[email protected] ; [email protected]
https://www.mincit.gov.co/
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2021/TBT/COL/21_2637_00_s.pdf
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G/TBT/N/CHN/1380
1° de octubre de 2019
(19-6316) Página: 1/2
Comité de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
Se da traslado de la notificación siguiente de conformidad con el artículo 10.6.
1. Miembro que notifica : CHINA
Si procede, nombre del gobierno local de que se trate (artículos 3.2 y 7.2):
2. Organismo responsable : National Medical Products Administration (Organismo
Nacional de Productos Médicos)
Nombre y dirección (incluidos los números de teléfono y de fax, así como las
direcciones de correo electrónico y sitios web, en su caso) del organismo o
autoridad encargado d e la tramitación de observaciones sobre la notificación,
en caso de que se trate de un organismo o autoridad diferente:
3. Notificación hecha en virtud del artículo 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ],
o en virtud de:
4. Productos abarcados (partida del SA o de la NCCA cuando corresponda ; en otro
caso partida del arancel nacional . Podrá indicarse además, cuando proceda, el
número de partida de la ICS) : Glándulas y demás órganos para usos opoterápicos,
desecados, incluso pulverizados ; extractos de glándulas o de otros órganos o de sus
secreciones, para usos opoterápicos ; heparina y sus sales ; las demás sustancias humanas
o animales preparadas para usos terapéuticos o profilácticos, no expresadas ni
comprendidas en otra parte (SA : 3001). Sangre humana ; sangre animal preparada para
usos terapéuticos, profilácticos o de diagnóstico; a ntisueros (sueros con anticuerpos),
demás fracciones de la sangre y productos inmunológicos modificados, incluso obtenidos
por proceso bi otecnológico ; vacunas, toxinas, cultivos de microorganismos (excepto las
levaduras) y productos similares (SA : 3002). Medicamentos (excepto los productos de
las partidas 30.02, 30.05 o 30.06) constituidos por productos mezclados entre sí,
preparados para u sos terapéuticos o profilácticos, sin dosificar ni acondicionar para la
venta al por menor (SA : 3003). Medicamentos (excepto los productos de las partidas
30.02, 30.05 o 30.06) constituidos por productos mezclados o sin mezclar, preparados
para usos terapé uticos o profilácticos, dosificados (incluidos los administrados por vía
transdérmica) o acondicionados para la venta al por menor (SA : 3004). Preparaciones y
artículos farmacéuticos a que se refiere la Nota 4 de este Capítulo (SA : 3006)
Medicamentos (ICS : 11.120.10).
5. Título, número de páginas e idioma(s) del documento notificado : Regulations for
the Supervision and Administration of Drug Trading (Draft for Comments) Reglamento de
Supervisión y Gestión del Comercio de Medicamentos [Proyecto para recabar
observaciones]) . Documento en chino (22 páginas).
6. Descripción del contenido : El objetivo del Reglamento notificado es reforzar la
supervisión y la administración del comercio de medicamentos , a fin de normalizar las
actividades y de velar por la calid ad y la seguridad de los medicamentos.
7. Objetivo y razón de ser, incluida, cuando proceda, la naturaleza de los
problemas urgentes : protección de la salud o seguridad humanas. G/TBT/N/CHN/1380
- 2 -
8. Documentos pertinentes : -
9. Fecha propuesta de adopción : No se ha determinado.
Fecha propuesta de entrada en vigor : No se ha determinado.
10. Fecha límite para la presentación de observaciones : 60 días después de la fecha de
notificación
11. Textos disponibles en : Servicio nacional de información [X], o dirección,
números de teléfono y de fax y direcciones de correo electrónico y sitios web,
en su caso, de otra institución:
WTO/TBT National Notification and Enquiry Center of the People's Republic of China
(Servicio Nacional de Información y de Notificació n OMC/OTC de la República Popular
China)
Teléfono : +86 10 57954630/57954627
Correo electrónico: [email protected]
https://member s.wto.org/crnattachments/2019/TBT/CHN/19_5341_00_x.pdf
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G/SPS/N/JPN/1135
31 October 2022
(22-8148) Page: 1/2
Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Original: English
NOTIFICATION
1. Notifying Member: JAPAN
If applicable, name of local government involved:
2. Agency responsible: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)
3. Products covered (provide tariff item number(s) as specified in national
schedules deposited with the WTO; ICS numbers should be provided in addition,
where applicable):
• Meat and edible meat offal (HS codes: 02.01, 02.02, 02.03, 02.04, 02.05, 02.06,
02.07, 02.08 and 02.09)
• Dairy produce (HS code: 04.01)
• Animal origina ted products (HS code: 05.04)
• Animal fats and oils (HS codes: 15.01, 15.02 and 15.06)
4. Regions or countries likely to be affected, to the extent relevant or practicable :
[X] All trading partners
[ ] Specific regions or countries:
5. Title of the notified document: Revision of the Specifications and Standards for Foods,
Food Additives, etc. under the Food Sanitation Act (revision of agricultural chemical
residue standards) . Language(s): English . Number of pages: 1
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2022/SPS/JPN/22_7346_00_e.pdf
6. Description of content: Proposal of maximum residue limits (MRLs) for the following
agricultural chemical:
Veterinary drug: Sulfathiazole.
7. Objective and rationale: [X] food safety, [ ] animal health, [ ] plant protection,
[ ] protect humans from animal/plant pest or disease, [ ] protect territory from
other damage from pests.
8. Is there a relevant international standard? If so, identify the standard:
[ ] Codex Alimentarius Commission (e.g. title or serial number of Codex
standard or related text) :
[ ] World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) (e.g. Terrestrial or Aquatic
Animal Health Code, chapter number) :
[ ] International Plant Protection Convention (e.g. ISPM number) :
[X] None
Does this proposed regulation conform to the relevant international st andard?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
If no, describe, whenever possible, how and why it deviates from the
international standard: G/SPS/N/JPN/1135
- 2 -
9. Other relevant documents and language(s) in which these are available:
Food Sanitation Act (available in English). When adopted, these MRLs are to be published
in Kampo (Official Government Gazette) (available in Japanese).
10. Proposed date of adoption (dd/mm/yy) : As soon as possible after the final date of the
comment period.
Proposed date of publication (dd/mm/yy) : As soon as possible after the final date of
the comment period.
11. Proposed date of entry into force: [ ] Six months from date of publication , and/or
(dd/mm/yy) : These proposed standards will take effect a fter a certain period of grace.
[ ] Trade facilitating measure
12. Final date for comments: [X] Sixty days from the date of circulation of the
notification and/or (dd/mm/yy) : 30 December 2022 . Comments only to updated MRLs
(marked with black circles and/ or white circles in attached annexes).
Agency or authority designated to handle comments: [ ] National Notification
Authority, [X] National Enquiry Point. Address, fax number and e -mail address (if
available) of other body:
13. Text(s) available from: [ ] National Notification Authority, [X] National Enquiry
Point. Address, fax number and e -mail address (if available) of other body:
Japan Enquiry Point
International Trade Division
Economic Affairs Bureau
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Fax: +(81 3) 5501 834 3
E-mail: [email protected]
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G/SPS/GEN/1943
21 July 2021
(21-5738) Page: 1/1
Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Original: English
CHINA'S COVID -19 RELATED TRADE ACTIONS AGAINST FOOD
AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS – SPECIFIC TRADE CONCERN 487
SUBMISSION BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The following submission, received on 20 July 2021, is the statement made by the United States of
America at the 14 -16 July 2021 WTO SPS Committee, and is being circulated at the request of the
Delegation of the United States of America .
_______________
1. The United States would like to reiterate the concerns we have shared during the last two
SPS Committee meetings regarding several measures China continues to implement, including
testing requirements for imported foods and port -of-entry rejections of imp orted products when
positive nucleic acid test results are reported, and suspension of imports from specific facilities.
2. The United States and several other Members of this Committee have repeatedly requested China
to withdraw these trade -disruptive and no n-science based restrictions. Through notification
G/SPS/N/CHN/1173 , China indicated that it is implementing these measures on an emergency basis.
To maintain these provisional measures, China must seek to obtain enough evidence to justify them.
3. China has not provided any science -based justification or testing results to support the need for,
or efficacy of, these measures. After more than a year since the COVID -19 outbreak was declared a
Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the D irector -General of the WHO, the
US Department of Agriculture, the US Department of Health and Human Services, the US Food and
Drug Administration and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention emphasize that there is
no credible evidence of food or food packaging associated with, or a s a source of, viral transmission
of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS -CoV-2), the virus causing COVID -19.
4. It is particularly important to note that COVID -19 is a respiratory illness that is spread from
person to person, unlike foodborn e or gastrointestinal viruses that often make people ill through
contaminated food. While there are relatively few reports of the virus being detected on food and
packaging, most studies focus primarily on the detection of the virus ' genetic fingerprint ra ther than
evidence of transmission of virus resulting in human infection.
5. Our understanding, that the risk is exceedingly low for transmission of SARS -CoV-2 to humans
via food and food packaging, is based upon the best available information from scientific bodies
across the globe, including a continued international consensus.
6. As the world slowly begins the process of building back better, the unjustified trade restrictions
adopted by China during the COVID -19 pandemic threaten global food supply chains, slow global
recovery efforts, and further challenge global food security.
7. As Members of the WTO, we encourage China to withdraw these measures and work with its
global partners to support the guidance of international organizations by building the body of
scientific evidence on COVID -19. Collaborative engagement is essential as w e collectively seek to
combat the pandemic, avoid unnecessary barriers to trade on food and agricultural products, and
maintain food security for all.
__________
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G/TBT/N/BWA/132
16 août 2021
(21-6239) Page: 1/3
Comité des obstacles techniques au commerce Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
La notification suivante est communiquée conformément à l'article 10.6.
1. Membre notifiant : BOTSWANA
Le cas échéant, pouvoirs publics locaux concernés (articles 3.2 et 7.2):
2. Organisme responsable:
Ministry of Investment Trade and Industry (Ministère de l'investissement, du commerce
et de l'industrie)
Private Bag 004
Gaborone
Téléphone : (+267) 3601200
Les nom et adresse (y compris les numéros de téléphone et de fax et les
adresses de courrier électro nique et de site Web, le cas échéant) de l'organisme
ou de l'autorité désigné pour s'occuper des observations concernant la
notification doivent être indiqués si cet organisme ou cette autorité est différent
de l'organisme susmentionné:
Botswana Bureau of Standards (Office de normalisation du Botswana)
Private Bag B0 48
Gaborone
BOTSWANA
Téléphone : (+267) 3903200
Fax: (+267) 3903120
Numéro sans frais : (0800 600 900)
Courrier électronique: [email protected]
3. Notification au titre de l'article 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ], autres:
4. Produits visés (le cas échéant, position du SH ou de la NCCD, sinon position du
tarif douanier national . Les numéros de l'ICS peuvent aussi être indiqués, le cas
échéant) : La norme notifiée énonce les exigences applicables aux principaux composants
(y compris les raccords) de deux types de bouches d'incendie ; Lutte contre l'incendie
(ICS 13.220.10).
5. Intitulé, nombre de pages et langue(s) du texte notifié : BOS 304:2021 . Firefighting
equipment - Components of underground and aboveground hydrant systems (Matériel de
lutte contre l'incendie - Composants des bouches d'incendie souterrai nes ou disposées en
surface), 20 pages, en anglais.
6. Teneur : La norme notifiée énonce les exigences applicables aux principaux composants
(y compris les raccords) de deux types de bouches d'incendie. G/TBT/N/BWA/132
- 2 -
7. Objectif et justification, y compris la nature des problèmes urgents, le cas
échéant : Impératifs de la sécurité nationale ; prévention des pratiques de nature à induire
en erreur et protection des consommateurs ; protection de la santé ou de la sécurité des
personnes ; protection de l'environnement ; harmonisation ; réduction des obstacles au
commerce et facilitation des échanges.
8. Documents pertinents:
1. BOS 305. Firefighting equipment - Hose couplings, connectors, and branch pipe
and nozzle connections .
2. BOS ISO 7 -1. Pipe threads for pipes and fittings where pressure -tight joints are
made on the threads . Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designations .
3. BS 1452 . Grey iron castings .
4. BS 2872. Copper and copper alloys -forging stock and forgings .
5. BS 2874 . Copper and copper alloys -rods and sections (other than forging
stock) .
6. BS 4504 . Flanges and bolting for pipes, valves and fittings - metric series .
7. ISO 261. F iletages métriques ISO pour us ages généraux - Vue d'ensemble.
8. ISO 4633. J oints étanches en caoutchouc - Garnitures de joints de canalisations
d'adduction et d'évacuation d'eau (égouts inclus) - Spécification des matériaux.
9. SANS 1128 -2. Firefighting equipment Part 2 : Hose couplings, connectors, and
branch pipe and nozzle connections .
10. SANS 135. ISO metric bolts, screws, and nuts (hexagon and square) -coarse
thread free fit series) .
11. SANS 136. ISO metric precision hexagon -head bolts and screws, and hexagon
nuts-coarse thread medium fit series .
12. SANS 200. Copper alloy ingots and castings .
13. SANS 460. Copper tubes for domestic plumbing services .
14. SANS 51706. Aluminium and aluminium alloys - castings -Chemical Composition
and mechanical properties.
15. SANS 665 -1. Wedge gate and re silient seal valves for general purposes - Part 1 :
General .
16. SANS 974 -1. Rubber joint rings (non -cellular) - Part 1 : Joint rings for use in
water, sewer and drainage systems .
9. Date projetée pour l'adoption : à déterminer
Date projetée pour l'entrée en vigueur : à déterminer
10. Date limite pour la présentation des observations : 16 octobre 2021 G/TBT/N/BWA/132
- 3 -
11. Entité auprès de laquelle les textes peuvent être obtenus : point d'information
national [X] ou adresse, numéros de téléphone et de fax et adresses de courrier
électronique et de site Web, le cas échéant, d'un autre organisme:
BOTSWANA BUREAU OF STANDARDS
Private Bag B0 48
Gaborone
BOTSWANA
Téléphone : (+267) 3903200
Fax: (+267) 3903120
Numéro sans frais : (0800 600 900)
[email protected]
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G/SCM/Q1/VNM/4
G/SG/Q1/VNM/4
30 de abril de 2019
(19-2935) Página: 1/8
Comité de Prácticas Antidumping
Comité de Subvenciones y
Medidas Compensatorias
Comité de Salvaguardias Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN DE LEYE S Y REGLAMENTOS DE C ONFORMIDAD CON EL
PÁRRAFO 5 DEL ARTÍCU LO 18, EL PÁRRAFO 6 DEL ARTÍCULO 32
Y EL PÁRRAFO 6 DEL A RTÍCULO 12 DE LOS AC UERDOS
RESPUESTAS A LAS PREGUNTAS1 FORMULADAS POR LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS
EN RELACIÓN CON LA NOTIFICACIÓN2 DE VIET NAM3
La siguiente comunicación, de fecha 26 de abril de 2019, se distribuye a petición de la delegación
de Viet Nam.
_______________
Pregunta 1
Sírvanse aclarar qué di sposición jurídica prevalecerá en caso de conflicto entre la
Ley Nº 05/2017/QH14 sobre la Gestión del Comercio Exterior, el Decreto
Nº 10/2018/ NĐ-CP, y la Circular Nº 06/2018/TT -BCT y los Acuerdos de la OMC
pertinentes (es decir, el Acuerdo relativo a la Aplicación del Artículo VI del Acuerdo
General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio de 1994 , el Acuerdo sobre Subvenciones
y Medidas Compensatoria s y el Acuerdo sobre Salvaguardias ).
Respuesta
En el párrafo 5 del artículo 156 de la Ley de Promulgación de Textos Jurídicos Normativos, de 2015,
y en el párrafo 1 del artículo 6 de la Ley sobre los Tratados, de 2016, se estipula que "En caso de
que un texto jurídico normativo, excepto la Constitución, y un tratado en el que es parte contratante
la República Socialista de Viet Nam tengan diferentes disposiciones sobre la misma cuestión,
prevalecerá el tratado ". La aplicación de textos j urídicos normativos en el país no debería impedir la
aplicación de tratados internacionales en que sea parte contratante la República Socialista de
Viet Nam.
Por consiguiente, en caso de conflicto entre la Ley Nº 05/2017/QH14 sobre la Gestión del Comercio
Exterior, el Decreto Nº 10/2018/ NĐ-CP, y la Circular Nº 06/2018/TT -BCT y los Acuerdos de la OMC
pertinentes , prevalecerán los Acuerdos de la OMC .
Pregunta 2
En el artículo 3 del capítulo 1 de la Circular se establece que la expresión "productos
especiales" hace referencia a los productos "que tienen propiedades físicas y químicas
similares a los productos similares o directamente competidores fabricados por la rama
1 G/ADP/Q1/VNM/3 -G/SCM/Q1/VNM/3 -G/SG/Q1/VNM/3 (de 2 de abril de 2019).
2 G/ADP/N/1/VNM/2 -G/SCM/N/1/VNM/1 -G/SG/N/1/VNM/2 (de 31 de agosto de 2018). Por razones de
eficiencia, los Estados Unidos sugieren que, en lo que respecta al examen de los Comités, las p reguntas 12
a 14 se examinen en el Comité de Salvaguardias y todas las demás preguntas sean examinadas en el Comité
de Prácticas Antidumping.
3 La información del presente documento se ofrece únicamente con fines de referencia, y no afecta a los
derechos y obligaciones de Viet Nam con arreglo a la legislación vietnamita y los tratados internacionales en
que es parte Viet Nam. G/ADP/Q1/VNM/4 • G/SCM/Q1/VNM/4 • G/SG/Q1/VNM/4
- 2 -
de producción nacional pero presentan al gunas características, apariencia o calidad
distintas de estos" . Habida cuenta de que el artículo XIX del Acuerdo General sobre
Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio de 1994 y el Acuerdo sobre Salvaguardias utilizan la
expresión "similares o directamente competid ores" , sírvanse explicar si Viet Nam tiene la
intención de utilizar esta expresión en la formulación de determinaciones y conclusiones
de las investigaciones en materia de salvaguardias o al aplicar medidas de salvaguardia .
Respuesta
Las investigaciones en materia de salvaguardias y la aplicación de medidas de salvaguardia en
Viet Nam se basan en la expresión "productos similares o directamente competidores", que es
conforme con el artículo XIX del GATT de 1994 y el Acuerdo sobre Salvaguardias de la OMC . La
expresión "productos especiales" solo se tiene en cuenta al examinar solicitudes de exención de
medidas de salvaguardia para determinados productos, de conformidad con el párrafo 1 b) del
artículo 9 de la Circular Nº 06.
Pregunta 3
El artículo 10 del capítulo 3 de la Circular establece que pueden presentar solicitudes de
exención de medidas comerciales correctivas los importadores de productos, los usuarios
de productos y otras organizaciones y personas que decida el Ministro de Indu stria y
Comercio .
a. Sírvanse dar ejemplos de "otras organizaciones y personas" que puedan presentar
solicitudes para este tipo de exención .
b. Sírvanse aclarar si todas las partes interesadas definidas en el artículo 74 del
capítulo 9 de la Ley Nº 05/2017 /QH14 sobre la Gestión del Comercio Exterior
tendrían la posibilidad de solicitar una exención .
c. Si el Ministro de Industria y Comercio concede dichas exenciones en el curso de una
investigación, ¿cómo tendrá en cuenta las repercusiones de dichas exencio nes en la
rama de producción nacional a efectos de determinar la existencia de daño y la
efectividad de las medidas impuestas ?
Respuesta
a. Las "otras organizaciones y personas" mencionadas en el párrafo 3 del artículo 10 de la
Circular Nº 06 pueden ser as ociaciones (por ejemplo, representantes de importadores) o
exportadores de productos objeto de investigación, de conformidad con las decisiones que
adopte en cada caso el Ministro de Industria y Comercio.
b. Durante la investigación, la autoridad investiga dora determinará qué productos son objeto de
investigación . En virtud del artículo 74 de la Ley sobre la Gestión del Comercio Exterior, antes
de que la autoridad investigadora adopte una decisión definitiva, todas las partes interesadas
tendrán derecho a formular observaciones y solicitar la exclusión de algunos productos de la
lista.
Con arreglo al artículo 74 de la Ley sobre la Gestión del Comercio Exterior, después de la
promulgación de la decisión relativa a la aplicación de medidas comerciales correct ivas, las
partes interesadas tendrán derecho a solicitar a la autoridad investigadora que examine la
lista de productos, para adaptarla a los reglamentos pertinentes.
Además, la reglamentación vietnamita autoriza a las entidades estipuladas en el artículo 10
de la Circular Nº 06 a solicitar la exención de determinadas mercancías después de la entrada
en vigor de las medidas comerciales correctivas (provisionales o definitivas) . Se examinará la
posibilidad de conceder la exención de conformidad con los regla mentos pertinentes, siempre
que dicha exención no merme la efectividad general de la medida comercial correctiva.
c. Cuando se otorga una exención durante el proceso de investigación (es decir, después de la
aplicación de la medida provisional), incluidas las previstas en el capítulo III de la
Circular Nº 06, el efecto de dicha exención se determina sobre la base del volumen y el precio G/ADP/Q1/VNM/4 • G/SCM/Q1/VNM/4 • G/SG/Q1/VNM/4
- 3 -
de los productos exentos, con arreglo a la reglamentación pertinente de Viet Nam y los
Acuerdos de la OMC.
Pregunta 4
El artículo 11 del capítulo 1 del Decreto señala que la autoridad investigadora hará pública,
por medios electrónicos u otros medios adecuados a la infraestructura técnica de la
autoridad investigadora, la información no confidencial .
a. Sírvanse aclarar si la información no confidencial se proporcionará únicamente a las
partes interesadas registradas ante la autoridad o si también estará a disposición
del público en general .
b. ¿Cómo podrán las partes interesadas o el público tener acceso, si les es permitido,
a la información no confidencial ?
c. Sírvanse aclarar cuál será la información no confidencial que será proporcionada .
Por ejemplo, ¿se proporcionarán expedientes, memorandos de las decisiones de las
autoridades, informes de verificación, resúmenes y nota s de las reuniones no
confidenciales ?
Respuesta
a. Durante la investigación y aplicación de las medidas comerciales correctivas, hay dos
categorías de información no confidencial:
- Notifica ciones de la autoridad investigadora y el Ministerio de Industria y Comercio,
incluidas las notificaciones del recibo de solicitudes de iniciación de investigaciones en
materia de medidas comerciales correctivas, determinaciones preliminares,
determinacion es definitivas, notificaciones del registro de partes interesadas,
cuestionarios , audiencias públicas y muestreos , que se publican en los sitios web
oficiales del Organismo de Medidas Comerciales Correctivas de Viet Nam
(www.trav.gov.vn ) y el Ministerio de Industria y Comercio (www.moit.gov.vn ).
- Otros documentos no confidenciales estipulados en el artículo 7 de la Circular Nº 06,
que pueden consultar todas las partes interesadas, de conformidad con el artículo 74
de la Ley sobre la Gestión del Comercio Exterior.
b. Para consultar la información no confidencial pertinente, las partes interesadas pueden
acceder a los sitios web de la autoridad investigadora (www.trav.gov.vn ) y el Ministerio de
Industria y Comercio (www.moit.gov.vn ). Para la segunda categoría, las partes interesadas
pueden enviar solicitudes de acceso a la información a la autoridad investigadora, que, tras
recibirlas, puede facilitar dicha información en formato e lectrónico o mediante copias en
papel in situ .
c. Respuesta incluida en el apartado a.
Pregunta 5
En lo que respecta al artículo 12 del capítulo 1 del Decreto , sírvanse aclarar con cuánta
antelación notificará la autoridad investigadora a las partes interesadas objeto de
investigación los documentos y la información que prevé examinar mediante una
investigación in situ .
Respuesta
En el párrafo 3 del artículo 12 del Decreto Nº 10 se estipula que la autoridad investigadora enviará
un aviso de la investigación y de su contenido a la parte interesada antes de llevar a cabo una
investigación in situ . G/ADP/Q1/VNM/4 • G/SCM/Q1/VNM/4 • G/SG/Q1/VNM/4
- 4 -
Pregunta 6
En el artículo 13 del capítulo 1 del Decreto se indica q ue la autoridad investigadora podrá
celebrar consultas con las partes interesadas .
a. ¿Se incluirá en el expediente público del procedimiento un resumen no confidencial
de estas consultas ?
b. ¿Podrán las partes interesadas presentar información o argumentos nuevos en estas
consultas o solamente se aceptarán la información y los argumentos presentados
previamente por escrito ?
Respuesta
a. En el párrafo 5 del artículo 13 del Decreto Nº 10 se estipula que la autoridad investigadora
dará a conocer las actas de las audiencias públicas en un plazo de 15 días tras su celebración.
b. El párrafo 3 del artículo 13 del Decreto Nº 10 dispone que, al menos siete días antes de la
organización de una audiencia pública, las partes interesadas deberán inscribirse en el registro
de participantes en la sesión ; en las consultas se podrán abordar diversas cuestiones, como
alegatos por escrito.
En el párrafo 4 del artículo 13 del Decreto Nº 10 se estipula que, en un plazo de siete días
contados des de la celebración de una audiencia pública, las partes interesadas deberán enviar
por escrito la información presentada en la sesión . La autoridad investigadora examinará la
información cuando la haya recibido por escrito.
Pregunta 7
El artículo 15 del capítulo 1 del Decreto establece que una "lista de los países
subdesarrollados y en desarrollo será determinada por la autoridad investigadora sobre
la base de datos fiables" . A los efectos de las investigaciones en materia de derechos
compensatorios, sírvanse explicar cómo det erminará la autoridad investigadora que un
país debe considerarse subdesarrollado, en desarrollo o desarrollado.
Respuesta
La lista de los PMA y los países en desarrollo se ha promulgado sobre la base de la evaluación de la
información conexa, procedente de fuentes fiables (por ejemplo, las Naciones Unidas, el FMI, el
Banco Mundial) , y de consultas con los organismos competentes . En el documento
G/SG/N/11/VNM/7 se puede consultar l a lista de países en desarrollo del último caso en materia de
salvaguardias mencionado en la notificación de Viet Nam a la OMC .
Pregunta 8
En el artículo 23 del capítulo 2 del Decreto se indica que el daño importante se determinará
sobre la base de los efectos de la reducción o la contención de los precios de los productos
importados objeto de investigación en los precios de venta de los pr oductos similares
producidos en el país . ¿Determinará la autoridad investigadora que el efecto de las
importaciones objeto de investigación es reducir o contener el precio de un producto
similar de manera significativa ? Al considerar el efecto en los preci os de las importaciones
objeto de investigación, ¿considerará asimismo la autoridad investigadora si ha habido
una subvaloración significativa de los precios causada por las importaciones objeto de
investigación ?
Respuesta
En la práctica, la autoridad investigadora examina los efectos de la reducción o la contención de los
precios de los productos objeto de investigación en los precios de venta de los productos similares
producidos en el país y la subvaloración de los precio s causada por los productos objeto de
investigación . Estos factores (subvaloración, reducción y contención de los precios) y otros factores
conexos se examinan de manera exhaustiva y objetiv a. G/ADP/Q1/VNM/4 • G/SCM/Q1/VNM/4 • G/SG/Q1/VNM/4
- 5 -
Pregunta 9
En el artículo 24 del capítulo 2 del Decreto se indi ca que la amenaza de daño importante
a una rama de producción nacional se determinará sobre la base de la consideración de
múltiples factores y pruebas concretas . ¿Por "pruebas concretas" se entiende que la
determinación de la existencia de una amenaza de daño importante a una rama de
producción nacional se basará en hechos y no simplemente en alegaciones, conjeturas o
posibilidades remotas ?
Respuesta
De conformidad con los Acuerdos de la OMC, la determinación de la amenaza de daño importante a
una rama de producción nacional se basará en hechos, y no simplemente en alegaciones, conjeturas
o posibilidades remotas.
Pregunta 10
En relación con el artículo 42 del capítulo 2 del Decreto , que aborda la cuestión de la
cancelación de un compromiso, ¿en qué circunstancias la autoridad investigadora pondrá
fin a un compromiso si no se ha hecho referencia a una violación ?
Respuesta
De conformidad con los tratados internacionales en los que es parte Viet Nam, incluido el artículo 8
del Acuerdo Antidumping y el a rtículo 18 del Acuerdo sobre Subvenciones y Medidas
Compensatorias, la autoridad investigadora podrá cancelar la decisión de aceptar un compromiso.
Pregunta 11
Si Viet Nam inicia una investigación de oficio, ¿proporcionará la autoridad investigadora
una ve rsión no confidencial del expediente a las partes interesadas ?
Respuesta
Sí, las partes interesadas tienen derecho a acceder a la versión no confidencial del expediente
preparada por la autoridad investigadora, con arreglo a los Acuerdos de la OMC.
Pregunt a 12
En el artículo 49 del capítulo 3 se indica que la autoridad investigadora evaluará el
expediente y lo enviará al Ministro de Industria y Comercio para que dicte una
determinación dentro de los 45 días siguientes a la expedición de una notificación de la
recepción de un expediente completo y válido .
a. Sírvanse explicar cómo llevará a cabo la autoridad el proceso de "evaluación" del
expediente y, en particular, si efectuará su propia investigación y recopilará
información adicional .
b. Sírvanse explicar si la autoridad investigadora se basará únicamente en la
información del expediente .
c. Sírvanse explicar si la autoridad investigadora establecerá el procedimiento relativo
a la investigación para dar aviso público razonable a todas las partes interesada s de
la investigación y si preverá la celebración de audiencias públicas u otros medios
apropiados en que los importadores, exportadores y demás partes interesadas
puedan presentar pruebas y exponer sus opiniones y tengan la oportunidad de
responder a las comunicaciones de otras partes y abordar la cuestión de si la
aplicación de la medida de salvaguardia sería o no de interés público . G/ADP/Q1/VNM/4 • G/SCM/Q1/VNM/4 • G/SG/Q1/VNM/4
- 6 -
Respuesta
a. En la práctica, durante la etapa de evaluación que precede a la decisión de iniciar una
investigación en materia de salvaguardias, la autoridad investigadora evalúa el expediente de
conformidad con la reglamentación vigente, sobre la base de información que ha recopilado
por su cuenta y de las consultas que ha mantenido con las autoridades competentes de
Viet Nam.
b. Para adoptar una decisión sobre la conveniencia de realizar o no una investigación, la
autoridad investigadora se basa en la información recopilada y en su evaluación y la de otros
organismos competentes, y no únicamente en la información del expe diente .
c. Durante el proceso de investigación , las partes interesadas tienen garantizado el derecho a
una audiencia pública en virtud del párrafo 4 del artículo 70 de la Ley sobre la Gestión del
Comercio Exterior.
Pregunta 13
Sírvanse explicar la función del Ministro de Industria y Comercio en el proceso de adopción
de decisiones y si dicha función es coherente con los requisitos de procedimiento
relacionados con la función de las autoridades competentes encargadas de la
investigación en el sentido del pár rafo 1 del artículo 3 del Acuerdo sobre Salvaguardias .
Respuesta
Con arreglo a la Ley sobre la Gestión del Comercio Exterior y el Decreto Nº 98/2017/ NĐ-CP,
de 18 de agosto de 2017, el Ministro de Industria y Comercio es la autoridad encargada de la gestión
estatal de las medidas comerciales correctivas.
Pregunta 14
Sírvanse explicar si son el Ministro de Industria y Comercio o la autoridad competente
quienes elaboran y publican el informe previsto en el párrafo 1 del artículo 3 del Acuerdo
sobre Salvaguardi as, es decir, el informe en el que se enuncian las constataciones y las
conclusiones fundamentadas a que hayan llegado sobre todas las cuestiones pertinentes
de hecho y de derecho .
Respuesta
El Ministro de Industria y Comercio está facultado para elaborar y publicar el informe previsto en el
párrafo 1 del artículo 3 del Acuerdo sobre Salvaguardias .
Pregunta 15
En relación con el artículo 66 del capítulo 4 del Decreto , sírvanse explicar el proceso que
debe seguir un nuevo exportador para solicitar un examen .
Respuesta
El procedimiento de solicitud de un examen por los nuevos exportadores se especifica en el párrafo 3
del artículo 82 y el párrafo 3 del artículo 90 de la Ley sobre la Gestión del Comercio Exterior y en
los artículos 55 (Expediente de solicitud p ara el examen de la aplicación de medidas comerciales
correctivas ), 56 (Evaluación de los expedientes para el examen ) y 57 (Cuestionarios para el examen )
del Decreto Nº 10.
Pregunta 16
En relación con el artículo 76 del capítulo 5 del Decreto , sírvanse acl arar cómo se
determina lo que constituye una "gran proporción" en un procedimiento antielusión . G/ADP/Q1/VNM/4 • G/SCM/Q1/VNM/4 • G/SG/Q1/VNM/4
- 7 -
Respuesta
La autoridad investigadora evalúa dicha proporci ón caso por caso .
Pregunta 17
El artículo 81 del capítulo 5 del Decreto establece que el Ministerio de Industria y Comercio
examinará la investigación y dictará una decisión sobre si iniciar o no una investigación
antielusión dentro de los 45 días siguientes a la recepción de un expediente completo y
válido .
a. Sírvanse prese ntar un calendario de etapas previstas (por ejemplo, determinación
preliminar, audiencias, determinación definitiva) en una investigación antielusión .
b. Sírvanse explicar cómo se informará de estas etapas a las partes interesadas y al
público y cómo puede n estos obtener los avisos no confidenciales pertinentes .
Respuesta
a. Los procedimientos para la realización de investigaciones antielusión de medidas comerciales
correctivas se especifican en los artículos 81, 82 y 83 del Decreto Nº 10, y hay disposicion es
relativas a las consultas (párrafo 4 del artículo 70 de la Ley sobre la Gestión del Comercio
Exterior , artículo 13 del Decreto Nº 10) y a los derechos y obligaciones de las partes
interesadas (artículo 9 del Decreto Nº 10).
b. Los avisos públicos obligatorios se publican en los sitios web del Organismo de Medidas
Comerciales Correctivas de Viet Nam y del Ministerio de Industria y Comercio . Además, se
informa directamente a las partes interesadas por correo y/o correo electrónico.
Los derechos y obl igaciones de las partes interesadas en materia de acceso a la información
son similares a los vigentes en los casos relacionados con medidas comerciales correctivas.
Pregunta 18
¿Dónde publicará el Ministerio de Industria y Comercio la determinación defini tiva de las
investigaciones antidumping, de salvaguardia y en materia de derechos compensatorios ?
Respuesta
Actualmente, el Ministerio de Industria y Comercio da a conocer públicamente las determinaciones
definitivas de las investigaciones en materia de me didas comerciales correctivas en los sitios web
del Organismo de Medidas Comerciales Correctivas de Viet Nam ( http://www.trav.gov.vn ) y del
Ministerio de Industria y Comercio ( http://www.moit.gov.vn ).
Además, la información sobre los diferentes casos se notifica a los Comités de la OMC encargados
de las medidas comerciales correctivas, de conformidad con las obligaciones dimanantes de los
correspondientes Acuerdos.
Pregunta 19
En caso de que una investigación antidumping, de salvaguardia o en materia de derechos
compensatorios dé lugar a la imposición de una medida, sírvanse explicar la fecha de
entrada en vigor de una orden de percepción de derechos (por ejemplo la publicación d e
una determinación definitiva por parte del Ministerio de Industria y Comercio o cualquier
otro suceso o publicación que anuncie el inicio de la percepción de los derechos ).
Respuesta
La fecha de entrada en vigor se especifica en una decisión relativa a l a aplicación de medidas
comerciales correctivas adoptada por el Ministerio de Industria y Comercio. G/ADP/Q1/VNM/4 • G/SCM/Q1/VNM/4 • G/SG/Q1/VNM/4
- 8 -
Pregunta 20
En relación con las oportunidades que tendrán las partes para apelar las decisiones sobre
las medidas comerciales correctivas :
a. Sírvanse deter minar el tribunal adecuado para examinar las apelaciones
contra decisiones sobre medidas antidumping, derechos compensatorios o
salvaguardias .
b. Sírvanse explicar si todos los aspectos de una investigación pueden ser objeto
de apelación o si solo pueden serlo determinadas decisiones como, por
ejemplo, la decisión de imponer derechos provisionales o derechos definitivos
o los métodos de cálculo usados para determinar los márgenes de dumping .
Respuesta
a. El tribunal facultado para resolver las reclamacione s relacionadas con las decisiones sobre
medidas antidumping, derechos compensatorios o salvaguardias adoptadas por el Ministro de
Industria y Comercio se estipula en el párrafo 2 del a rtículo 7 de la Ley de Reclamaciones,
de 2011, y el a rtículo 32 de la Le y de Procedimientos Administrativos Nº 93/2015/QH13,
de 2015.
b. El alcance de la s reclamaci ones se rige por el párrafo 1 del artículo 2 de la Ley de
Reclamaciones Nº 02/2011/QH13 , de 2011.
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(19-3790) Página: 1/1
Comité de Agricultura Original: español
NOTIFICACIÓN
La siguiente comunicación, de fecha 26 de noviembre de 2018, se distribuye a petición de la
delegación de Chile . La notificación se refiere a los compromisos en materia de subvenciones a la
exportación ( cuadro ES.1) correspondiente al año civil 2016 .
_______________
De conformidad con las disposiciones de la Organización Mundial del Comercio, y con lo dispuesto
en el Comité de Agricultura (documento G/AG/2, pág. 24, párrafo ii), cumplo con informar al Comité
que en el período comprendido entre el 1o de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 201 6 Chile no aplicó
subsidios a la expo rtación de productos agrícolas.
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AFDC 04(1457) DTZS
DRAFT TANZANIA STANDARD
Edible Flaxseed (Linseed) oil – Specification
TANZANIA BUREAU OF STANDARDS
©TBS 2022 – All rights reserved
AFDC 04(1457) DTZS
Edible Flaxseed (Linseed) oil – Specificatio n
0 Foreword
Edible Flaxseed (Linseed) oil comes from flaxseed ( Linum usitatissimum ). Flaxseed oil contains both
omega -3 and omega -6 fatty acids, which are essential to human health . It is one of traded edible
vegetable oil in Tanzania .
This Tanzani a Standard has been prepared to ensure the safety and quality of edible Flaxseed
(Linseed) oil produced domestically , exported or imported into the country.
In preparation of this Tanzania standard considerable help was derived from :
CODEX STAN 210 -1999 (Revised 2019 ), Codex standard for named vegetable oil s published by the
Codex Alimentarius Commission .
In reporting the results of a test or analysis made in accordance with this Tanzania Standard, if the
final value observed or calculated is to be rou nded off, it shall be done in accordance with TZS 4.
1 Scope
This Tanzania s tandard specifies the requiremen ts, sampling and testing methods for flaxseed
(Linseed) oil derived from the seeds of various cultivated species of Linum usitatissimum intended for
human consumption .
2 Normative r eference s
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies ;
Codex s tan 192, General standards for food additives
TZS 4 , Rounding off numerical values
TZS 54 , Animal and Vegetable fats and oils – Sampling
TZS 76 , Methods for determination of arsenic
TZS 109, Food processing units – Code of hygiene — General
TZS 268 , General atomic absorption – Spectro – Photometric method for determination of lead in
food stuffs
TZS 538 , Packaging and labeling of foods
TZS 799 , Foodstuffs – Determination of aflatoxin B 1, and the total content of aflatoxins B 1, B2, G1 and
G2 in cereals, nuts and derived products – Highperformance liquid chromatographic method
TZS 1313 , Fortified edible oils and fats — Specification
TZS 1322, Oils and fats Sampling and test methods – Purity test
TZS 1324 , Animal and vegetable fats and oils – Determination of peroxide value -Iodometric (visual)
end point determination
TZS 1325 , Animal and vegetable fats and oils - Determination of saponification value
TZS 1326 , Animal and vegetable fats and oils – Determination of moisture and volatile matter
TZS 1327 , Animal and vegetable fats and oils – Determination of iodine value
AFDC 04(1457) DTZS
TZS 1328 , Essential oils – Determination of relative density at 20 °C – Reference method
TZS 1329 , Animal and veget able fats and oils – Determination of refractive index
TZS 1331 , Animal and vegetable fats and oils – Determination of acid value and acidity
TZS 1332 , Animal and vegetable fats and oils – Determination of unsaponifiable matter -method using
diethyl eth er extraction
TZS 1335 , Animal and vegetable fats and oils – Determination of copper, iron and nickel content -
graphite furnace atomic absorption
TZS 1336 , Animal and vegetable fats and oils – Determination of insoluble impurities content
3 Term s and d efinitions
For the purpose of this Tanzania Standard the definition s below shall apply;
3.1 edible flaxseed (l inseed) oil
oil obtained from dry ripened seed of flax plant ( Linum usitatissimum ) suitable for human consumption
3.2 virgin flaxseed (l inseed) oil
flaxseed (linseed) oil obtained, without altering the nature of the oil, by mechanical procedures, for
example, expelling or pressing, and the application of heat only. It may have been purified by washing
with water, settling, filtering and cent rifuging only.
3.3 c old pressed flaxseed (l inseed) oil
flaxseed (linseed) oil obtained, without altering the oil, by mechanical procedures only, e.g. expelling
or pressing, without the application of heat. They may have been purified by washing with wa ter,
settling, filtering and centrifuging only.
3.4 refined /non -virgin flaxseed (linseed) oil
flaxseed (linseed) oil obtained, by mechanical procedures and/or solvent extraction and subjected to
refining processes.
4.Requirements
4.1 General requireme nts
Edible flaxseed (linseed) oil shall ;
a) be free from foreign and rancid odour and taste;
b) be clear and free from adulterants, sediment s, suspended or foreign matter and separated
water
4.2 Specific requirements
Edible flaxseed (linseed) oil shall comply with specific requirements given in Table 1 when
tested in accordance with the methods specified therein ;
AFDC 04(1457) DTZS
Table 1- Specific require ments for edible flaxseed (Linseed) oil
S. No. Parameter Requirement
Test method
i. Relative density (at 25 oC/water at 25 oC) 0.925 - 0.935 TZS 1328
ii. Refractive index at 40 o C
Refractive index at 20 ˚C 1.472 -1.475
1.472 -1.487
TZS 1329
iii. Saponification value, mg KOH/g oil 185 -197 TZS 1325
iv. Iodine value (g I 2/100g) 170 - 211 TZS 1327
v. Unsaponifiable matter, g/kg, max. 20
TZS 1332
vi. Moisture and matter volatile at 105 o C, %
m/m, max. 0.2 TZS 1326
vii. Insoluble impurities, % m/m, max. 0.05 TZS 1336
viii. Soap content, % m/m, max. 0.005 TZS 1322
ix. Iron (Fe) mg/kg Cold pressed and
virgin oil: 5
Refined oil: 1.5
TZS 1335
x. Copper (Cu) mg/kg Cold pressed and
virgin oil: 0.4
Refined oil: 0.1
TZS 1335
xi. Acid value , mg KOH/g Oil , max. Refined oil: 0.6
Cold pressed and
virgin oil: 4
TZS 1331
xii. Peroxide value, mEq/kg, max . Refined oil :10
Cold pressed and
virgin oil: 15
TZS 1324
5 Food additives
Refined flaxseed (linseed) oil may contain food additives in accordance with Codex Stan 192. In
addition , food additives shall not be used in virgin or cold pressed flaxseed (linseed) oil .
6. Fortification
Edible flaxseed (linseed) oil may be fortified in acco rdance with TZS 1313.
AFDC 04(1457) DTZS
7 Hygiene
Edible flaxseed (linseed) oil shall be processed, handled and stored in accordance with TZS 109 .
8 Contaminants
8.1 Aflatoxin
Aflatoxin level for edible flaxseed (linseed) oil shall not exceed maximum limits as given in Table 2
when tested in accordance with test method specified therein:
Table 2 - Aflatoxin limits for edible flaxseed (linseed) oil
S/N Aflatoxin Maximum limit ( µg/kg) Method of test
i) Total aflatoxin 10 TZS 799
ii) Aflatox in B1 5
8.2 Pesticide residues
Edible flaxseed (linseed) oil shall comply with relevant maximum pesticide residue limits established
by the Codex Alimentarius Commission online data base.
8.3. Heavy metal contaminants
Edible flaxseed (linseed) oil shall comply with the maximum heavy metal limits as specified in Table 3 .
Table 3– Maximum Limits for heavy metal contaminants in edible flaxseed (linseed) oil
S/No Contaminant Maximum limit Test Method
i Lead (Pb) mg/kg
0.08 TZS 268
ii Arsenic (As) mg/ kg
0.1 TZS 76
9 Packing, Marking and Labelling
Edible flaxseed (linseed) oil shall be packed, marked and label led in accordance with TZS 538.
9.1 Pack ing
Edible flaxseed (linseed) oil shall be pack ed in containers of food grade materials and prope rly sealed
to ensure safety and quality requirements of the product are main tained throughout the shelf life .
9.2 Marking and label ling
9.2.1 In addition each c ontainer of edible flaxseed (linseed) oil shall be legibly and indelibly marked
with the f ollowing information:
a) Name of the product shall be " flaxseed (linseed) oil ";
b) The words virgin or refined shall be declared on the label to indicate the type of oil
c) Name, physical address of the manufacturer and/or packer;
d) Batch or lot number;
AFDC 04(1457) DTZS
e) Date of m anufacturer;
f) Expiry date;
g) Net weight in Metric unit;
h) Country of origin;
i) Storage conditions;
j) List of ingredients in descending order, including the specific name of additives;
9.2.2 The containers may also be marked with the TBS Standards Mark of Quality.
NOTE – The TBS Standards Mark of Quality shall be used by the manufacturers only under licence from TBS.
Particulars of conditions under which the licences are granted, may be obtained from TBS.
10 Sampling and Tests
10.1 Sampling
Edible flaxseed (l inseed) oil shall be sampled in accordance with TZS 54.
10.2 Tests
Edible flaxseed (linseed) oil shall be tested in accordance with the test methods given in this Tanzania
standard .
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25 février 2020
(20-1423) Page: 1/1
Comité des obstacles techniques au commerce Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
Addendum
La communication ci -après, datée du 2 4 février 2 020, est distribuée à la demande de la délégation
du Brésil .
_______________
L'objet du présent addendum est d'annoncer que l'Institut national de métrologie, de qualité et de
technologie (INMETRO), au moyen de son Arrêté n° 55 du 1 2 février 2 020, a prolongé de 60 jours
le délai prévu à l'article 2 du Projet de décision n° 3 du 1 1 décembre 2 019 notifié sous la cote
G/TBT/N/BRA/950.
L'Arrêté n° 55 entrera en vigueur à la date de publication au Journal officiel du Brésil.
Le texte complet, disponible en portugais, peut être consulté à l'adresse suivante:
http://www.inmetro.gov.br/legislacao/r tac/pdf/RTAC002624.pdf
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G/TBT/N/JPN/737/Add.1
6 de septiembre de 2022
(22-6639) Página: 1/1
Comité de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
Addendum
La siguiente comunicación, de fecha 6 de septiembre de 2022 , se distribuye a petición de la
delegación del Japón .
_______________
Título : Partial Amendment of Regulations for Radio Equipment etc. (Modificación parcial del
Reglamento aplicable a los equipos de radiocomunicación, etc.)
Motivo del addendum :
[ ] Modificación del plazo para presentar observaciones - fecha:
[ ] Adopción de la medida notificada - fecha:
[ ] Publicación de la medida notificada - fecha:
[ ] Entrada en vigor de la medida notificada - fecha:
[X] Indicación de dónde se puede obtener el texto de la medida definitiva1:
Ministerial Ordinance Regulating Radio Equipment (Ministerial ordinance of the Ministry
of Inter nal Affairs and Communications, No.60 of 2022) (Orden Ministerial por la que se
regulan los equipos de radiocomunicación (Orden Ministerial Nº60 del Ministerio de
Asuntos Internos y Comunicaciones, de 2022 ).
[ ] Retiro o derogación de la medida notificada - fecha:
Signatura pertinente, en el caso de que se vuelva a notificar la medida:
[ ] Modificación del contenido o del ámbito de aplicación de la medida notificada e indicación
de dónde se puede obtener el texto1:
Nuevo plazo para presentar observaciones (si procede):
[ ] Publicación de documentos interpretativos e indicación de dónde se puede obtener el
texto1:
[ ] Otro motivo:
Descripción : Según lo anunciado en el documento G/TBT/N/JPN/737, de fecha 29 de abril de 2022 ,
las revisiones entraron en vigor el 5 de septiembre . Los textos en japonés de las modificaciones
pueden consultarse en la dirección del sitio web del Ministerio de Asuntos Int ernos y Comunicaciones
que se indica a continuación.
https://www.soumu.go.jp/menu_hourei/s_shourei.html
__________
1 Entre otras cosas, puede aportarse la dirección de un sitio web, un anexo en pdf u otra información
que indique dónde se puede obtener el texto de la medida definitiva/modificada y/o documentos
interpretativos.
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4 May 2022
(22-3474) Page: 1/2
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English
NOTIFICATION
The following notification is being circulated in accordance with Article 10.6
1. Notifying Member: TANZANIA
If applicable, name of local government involved (Article 3.2 and 7.2):
2. Agency responsible:
Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS);
MOROGORO/Sam Nujoma Road, Ubungo;
P O BOX 9524, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
Tel: +255 222450206;
E- mail: [email protected] ;
Website: www.tbs.go.tz
Name and address (including telephone and fax numbers , email and website
addresses, if available) of agency or authority designated to handle comments
regarding the notification shall be indicated if different from above:
3. Notified under Article 2.9.2 [X], 2.10 .1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ], 3.2 [ ], 7.2 [ ],
other :
4. Products covered (HS or CCCN where applicable, otherwise national tariff
heading. ICS numbers may be provided in addition, where applicable):
Prepackaged and prepared foods (ICS code(s): 67.230)
5. Title, number of pages and language(s) of the notified document: AFDC 15 (768)
DTZS, Visheti – Specification; (5 page(s), in English)
6. Description of content: This Tanzania Standard specifies requirements, methods of
sampling and test for Visheti int ended for human consumption.
7. Objective and rationale, including the nature of urgent problems where
applicable: Consumer information, labelling; Protection of human health or safety;
Quality requirements
8. Relevant documents:
• TZS 4, Rounding off numerical values
• TZS 109, Food processing units - Code of hygiene - General
• TZS 111, Bakery units – Code of hygiene
• TZS 118 -1: 2018/ISO 4833 -1: 2013, Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal
method for the enumeration of microorganisms - Part 1: Colony count at 30 °C
by the pour plate technique
• TZS 122 -1/ISO 6579 -1, Microbiology of the food chain — Horizontal method for
the detection, enumeration and serotyping of Salmonella - Part 1: Detection of
Salmonella spp. CODEX STAN 192, Codex General Standard for foods additives.
CODEX STAN 193, Codex General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in foods
• TZS 538/EAS 38, Labelling of pre -packaged foods — General requirements TZS
730-1/ ISO 16649 – 1, Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for the G/TBT/N/TZA/753
- 2 -
enumeration of beta -glucuronidase -positive Escherichia coli - Part 1: Colony -count
technique at 44 0C using membranes and 5 -bromo -4-chloro -3-indolyl beta -D-
glucuronide
• TZS 2426 -2/ISO 21527 -2, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs -
Horizontal method for the enumeration of yeasts and moulds - Part 2: Colony
count technique in products with water ac tivity less than or equal to 0.95
• TZS 2752: Bakery products - methods of analysis
• TZS 2753: Bakery products - methods of sampling
9. Proposed date of adoption: To be determined
Proposed date of entry into force: To be determined
10. Final date for comments: 60 days from notification
11. Texts available from: National enquiry point [X] or address, telephone and fax
numbers and email and website addresses, if available , of other body:
Contact person(s):
Ms. Bahati Samillani (NEP officer) and Mr. Clavery Chausi
Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS)
Morogoro/Sam Nujoma Road, Ubungo
P O Box 9524
Dar Es Salaam
Tel: +(255) 22 2450206
Email: [email protected] ; [email protected]
Website: http://www.tbs.go.tz
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2022/TBT/TZA/22_3176_00_e.pdf
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22 octobre 2021
(21-7982) Page: 1/2
Organe de règlement des différends
26 octobre 2021
ORDRE DU JOUR PROPOSÉ
1. SURVEILLANCE DE LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES RECOMMANDATIONS ADOPTÉES PAR
L'ORD
A. ÉTATS -UNIS – MESURES ANTIDUMPING APPLIQUÉES À CERTAINS PRODUITS EN
ACIER LAMINÉS À CHAUD EN PROVENANCE DU JAPON: RAPPORT DE SITUATION
DES ÉTATS -UNIS (WT/DS184/15/ADD.220)
B. ÉTATS -UNIS – ARTICLE 110 5) DE LA LOI SUR LE DROIT D'AUTEUR: RAPPORT DE
SITUATION DES ÉTATS -UNIS (WT/DS160/24/ADD.195)
C. COMMUNAUTÉS EUROPÉENNES – MESURES AFFECTANT L'APPROBATION ET LA
COMMERCIALISATION DES PRODUITS BIOTECHNO LOGIQUES: RAPPORT DE
SITUATION DE L'UNION EUROPÉENNE (WT/DS291/37/ADD.158)
D. ÉTATS -UNIS – MESURES ANTIDUMPING ET MESURES COMPENSATOIRES VISANT
LES GROS LAVE -LINGE À USAGE DOMESTIQUE EN PROVENANCE DE CORÉE:
RAPPORT DE SITUATION DES ÉTATS -UNIS (WT/DS464/17/ADD .42)
E. ÉTATS -UNIS – CERTAINES MÉTHODES ET LEUR APPLICATION AUX PROCÉDURES
ANTIDUMPING VISANT LA CHINE: RAPPORT DE SITUATION DES ÉTATS -UNIS
(WT/DS471/17/ADD.34)
F. INDONÉSIE – IMPORTATION DE PRODUITS HORTICOLES, D'ANIMAUX ET DE
PRODUITS D'ORIGINE ANIMALE: RAPPOR T DE SITUATION DE L'INDONÉSIE
(WT/DS477/21/ADD.29 -WT/DS478/22/ADD.29)
2. ÉTATS -UNIS – LOI DE 2000 SUR LA COMPENSATION POUR CONTINUATION DU
DUMPING ET MAINTIEN DE LA SUBVENTION: MISE EN ŒUVRE DES RECOMMANDATIONS
ADOPTÉES PAR L'ORD
A. DÉCLARATION DE L'UNION EUROPÉ ENNE
3. COMMUNAUTÉS EUROPÉENNES ET CERTAINS ÉTATS MEMBRES – MESURES
AFFECTANT LE COMMERCE DES AÉRONEFS CIVILS GROS PORTEURS: MISE EN ŒUVRE DES
RECOMMANDATIONS ADOPTÉES PAR L'ORD
A. DÉCLARATION DES ÉTATS -UNIS
4. CHINE – MESURES ANTIDUMPING ET COMPENSATOIRES VISANT LE VIN EN
PROVENANCE D'AUSTRALIE
A. DEMANDE D'ÉTABLISSEMENT D'UN GROUPE SPÉCIAL PRÉSENTÉE PAR L'AUSTRALIE
(WT/DS602/2)
5. ADOPTION DU PROJET DE RAPPORT ANNUEL 2021 DE L'ORGANE DE RÈGLEMENT DES
DIFFÉRENDS (WT/DSB/W/686) WT/DSB/W/688
- 2 -
6. DÉSIGNATION DES MEMBR ES DE L'ORGANE D'APPEL: PROPOSITION PRÉSENTÉE
PAR L'AFGHANISTAN; L'AFRIQUE DU SUD; L'ANGOLA; L'ARGENTINE; L'AUSTRALIE; LE
BANGLADESH; LE BÉNIN; LE BOTSWANA; LE BRÉSIL; LE BURKINA FASO; LE BURUNDI;
CABO VERDE; LE CAMEROUN; LE CANADA; LE CHILI; LA CHINE; LA COLOMBIE; LE CONGO;
LE COSTA RICA; LA CÔTE D'IVOIRE; CUBA; DJIBOUTI; L'ÉGYPTE; EL SALVADOR;
L'ÉQUATEUR; L'ESWATINI; L'ÉTAT PLURINATIONAL DE BOLIVIE; LA FÉDÉRATION DE
RUSSIE; LE GABON; LA GAMBIE; LE GHANA; LE GUATEMALA; LA GUINÉE; LA
GUINÉE -BISSAU; LE HONDU RAS; HONG KONG, CHINE; L'INDE; L'INDONÉSIE; L'ISLANDE;
ISRAËL; LE KAZAKHSTAN; LE KENYA; LE LESOTHO; LE LIECHTENSTEIN; LA MACÉDOINE
DU NORD; MADAGASCAR; LA MALAISIE; LE MALAWI; LES MALDIVES; LE MALI; LE MAROC;
MAURICE; LA MAURITANIE; LE MEXIQUE; LE MOZAMBIQ UE; LA NAMIBIE; LE NÉPAL; LE
NICARAGUA; LE NIGER; LE NIGÉRIA; LA NORVÈGE; LA NOUVELLE -ZÉLANDE; L'OUGANDA;
LE PAKISTAN; LE PANAMA; LE PARAGUAY; LE PÉROU; LE QATAR; LA RÉPUBLIQUE
BOLIVARIENNE DU VENEZUELA; LA RÉPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE; LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE
CORÉE ; LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE MOLDOVA; LA RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO; LA
RÉPUBLIQUE DOMINICAINE; LE ROYAUME -UNI; LE RWANDA; LE SÉNÉGAL; LES
SEYCHELLES; LA SIERRA LEONE; SINGAPOUR; LA SUISSE; LA TANZANIE; LE TCHAD; LE
TERRITOIRE DOUANIER DISTINCT DE TAIWAN, PENG HU, KINMEN ET MATSU; LA
THAÏLANDE; LE TOGO; LA TUNISIE; LA TURQUIE; L'UKRAINE; L'UNION EUROPÉENNE;
L'URUGUAY; LE VIET NAM; LA ZAMBIE; ET LE ZIMBABWE (WT/DSB/W/609/REV.19).
AUTRES QUESTIONS
__________
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5 April 2023
(23-2365) Page: 1/1
Committee on Agriculture Original: French
NOTIFICATION
The following communication, dated 29 March 2023, is being circulated at the request of the
delegation of Haiti . The notification concerns export subsidy commitments ( Table ES:1 ) for the
calendar year 20 21.
_______________
The delegation of Haiti hereby notifies that it did not grant any agricultural export subsidies during
the calendar year 20 21.1
__________
1 Based on this Member's oral statement at the 27 -28 March 2023 meeting of the Committee on
Agriculture, in accordance with the process agreed at the 21 -22 November meeting of the Committee on
Agriculture (see paragraph 2.17 of document G/AG/R/104).
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G/TBT/N/UGA/1052/Add.2
6 de mayo de 2021
(21-3866) Página: 1/2
Comité de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
Addendum
La siguiente comunicación, de fecha 5 de mayo de 2021 , se distribuye a petición de la delegación
de Uganda .
_______________
Título : Proyecto de Norma de Uganda DUS 914 -2:2019, Bed blankets - Part 2 : Blankets made from
wool and wool/polyamide - Specification (Mantas . Parte 2 : Mantas de lana y lana/poliamida .
Especificaciones), 2ª edición.
Motivo del addendum :
[ ] Modificación del plazo para presentar observaciones - fecha:
[ ] Adopción de la medida notificada - fecha:
[ ] Publicación de la medida notificada - fecha:
[X] Entrada en vigor de la medida notificada - fecha : 7 de noviembre de 2020
[X] Indicación de dónde se puede obtener el texto de la medida definitiva1:
https://webstore.unbs.go.ug/
[ ] Retiro o derogación de la medida notificada - fecha:
Signatura pertinente, en el caso de que se vuelva a notificar la medida:
[ ] Modificación del contenido o del ámbito de aplic ación de la medida notificada e indicación
de dónde se puede obtener el texto1:
Nuevo plazo para presentar observaciones (si procede):
[ ] Publicación de documentos interpretativos e indicación de dónde se puede obtener el
texto1:
[ ] Otro motivo:
Descripción : Mediante el presente addendum , Uganda hace saber a los Miembros de la OMC que
el Proyecto de Norma de Uganda DUS 914-2:2019 (Mantas . Parte 2: Mantas de lana y
lana/poliamida . Especificaciones), 2ª edición, notificado en los documentos G/TBT/N/UGA/1052 y
G/TBT/N/UGA/1052/Add.1, entró en vigor el 7 de noviembre de 2020. L a Norma de Uganda, US 914-
1 Entre otras cosas, puede aportarse la dirección de un sitio web, un anexo en pdf u otra información
que indique dónde se puede obtener el texto de la medida definitiva/modificada y/o documentos
interpretativos. G/TBT/N/UGA/1052/Add.2
- 2 -
2:2019 (Mantas . Parte 2 : Mantas de lana y lana/poliamida . Especificaciones), 2ª edici ón, puede
adquirirse en línea en el siguiente enlace: https://webstore.unbs.go.ug/
__________
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14 de junio de 2021
(21-4837) Página: 1/2
Comité de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
Se da traslado de la notificación siguiente de conformidad con el artículo 10.6.
1. Miembro que notifica : UGANDA
Si procede, nombre del gobierno local de que se trate (artículos 3.2 y 7.2):
2. Organismo responsable:
Uganda National Bureau of Standards (Oficina Nacional de Normas de Uganda)
Plot 2 -12 ByPass Link, Bweyogerere Industrial and Business Park
P.O. Box 6329 Kampala (Uganda)
Teléfono : +(256) 4 1733 3250/1/2 Fax : +(256) 4 1428 6123
Correo electróni co: [email protected]
Sitio web: https://www.unbs.go.ug
Nombre y dirección (incluidos los números de teléfono y de fax, así como las
direcciones de correo electrónico y sitios web, en su caso) del organismo o
autoridad encargado de la tramitación de observaciones sobre la notificación,
en caso de que se trate de un organismo o autoridad diferente:
3. Notificación hecha en virtud del artículo 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [X], 5.7.1 [ ],
o en virtud de:
4. Productos abarcados (partida del SA o de la NCCA cuando corresponda ; en otro
caso partida del arancel nacional . Podrá indicarse además, cuando proced a, el
número de partida de la ICS) : artesanías de cerámica y alfarería ; Artículos de cestería
obtenidos directamente en su forma con materia trenzable no vegetal o confeccionados
con artículos de materia trenzable no vegetal de la partida 4601 (excepto los
revestimientos de paredes de la partida 4814 ; los cordeles, las cuerdas y los cordajes ; el
calzado y los sombreros, demás tocados, y sus partes ; los vehículos y las
superestructuras de vehículos ; las mercancías del Capítulo 94, como los muebles y los
aparatos de alumbrado) (SA : 460290) ; Productos cerámicos ( ICS 81 .060.20).
5. Título, número de páginas e idioma(s) del documento notificado : Proyecto de
Norma de Uganda DUS 2393 :2021, Ceramic/pottery handicrafts - Specification
(Artesanías de cerámica y alfarería . Especificaciones), 1ª edición . Documento en inglés
(26 páginas).
6. Descripción del contenido : En el Proyecto de Norma de Uganda notificado se
especifican los requisitos y los métodos de muestreo y de prueba aplicable s a las
artesanías de cerámica y alfarería tales como : vajillas, recipientes de uso doméstico,
cerámicas para cocinar u hornear, juguetes y juegos, muebles de cerámica, cerámica
para iluminación, cerámica para jardín, esculturas de cerámica y cerámica para galerías
o decoración interior . No es aplicable a otros productos cerámicos para los que existan
normas específicas, como la joyería, los ladrillos, las losetas y los hornillos, entre otros.
7. Objetivo y razón de ser, incluida, cuando proceda, la natura leza de los
problemas urgentes : información al consumidor y etiquetado ; prevención de prácticas
que pueden inducir a error y protección de los consumidores ; requisitos de calidad. G/TBT/N/UGA/1349
- 2 -
8. Documentos pertinentes:
1. DKS, 432:2019, Handmade ceramic products ─ Specification.
2. DTZS, Tableware -Ceramic Ware Specification.
3. IS 14179, Methods of test for ceramic tableware.
4. US ISO 8391 -1:1986, Ceramic cookware in contact with food ─ Release of lead
and cadmium ─ Part 1 : Methods of test.
9. Fecha propuesta de adopción : noviembre de 2021
Fecha propuesta de entrada en vigor : fecha de adopción como norma obligatoria por
el Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Cooperativas
10. Fecha límite para la presentación de observaciones : 60 días después de la fecha de
notificación
11. Textos disponibles en : Servicio nacional de información [X], o dirección,
números de teléfono y de fax y direcciones de correo electrónico y sitios web,
en su caso, de otra institución:
Uganda National Bureau of Standards (Oficina Nacional de Normas de Uganda)
Plot 2 -12 ByPass Link, Bweyogerere Industrial and Business Park
P.O. Box 6329 Kampala (Uganda)
Teléfono : +(256) 4 1733 3250/1/2 Fax : +(256) 4 1428 6123
Correo electrónico: info@ unbs.go.ug
Sitio web: https://www.unbs.go.ug
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2021/TBT/UGA/21_4097_00_e.pdf
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G/SCM/Q1/KNA/1
1 de abril de 2021
(21-2793) Página: 1/2
Comité de Prácticas Antidumping
Comité de Subvenciones y
Medidas Compensatorias Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN DE LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS DE CONFORMIDAD CON LOS
ARTÍCULOS 18.5 Y 32.6 DE LOS ACUERDOS CORRESPONDIENTES
PREGUNTAS FORMULADAS POR LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS EN RELACIÓN
CON LA NOTIFICACIÓN DE SAINT KITTS Y NEVIS1
La siguiente comunicación, fechada y recibida el 31 de marzo de 2021, se distribuye a petición de
la delegación de los Estados Unidos.
_______________
Los Estados Unidos agradecen a Saint Kitts y Nevis la notificación relativa al Capítulo 20.05 de su
Ley de Derechos de Aduana (Dumping y Subvenciones) (Ley de Dumping y Subvenciones) y formula
las siguientes preguntas2:
Pregunta 1
¿Dispone Saint Kitts y Nevis de una autoridad administradora encargada de dar aplicación a
esta Ley? En caso afirmativo, ¿cuándo se notificará la autoridad administradora al Comité de
Prácticas Antidumping y el Comité de Subvenciones y Medidas Compensatorias, según proceda ?
Si Saint Kitts y Nevis no dispone de dicha autoridad administradora, sírvanse indicar si e xisten planes
o proyectos de establecer una.
Pregunta 2
¿Dispone Saint Kitts y Nevis de reglamentos distintos relativos a la iniciación y la realización de
investigaciones para determinar la existencia de dumping o de subvenciones, la determinación de la
existencia de dumping y daño, la definición de la rama de producción nacional y los avisos públicos
y explicaciones de las determinaciones resultantes de la investigación ? En caso afirmativo,
¿cuándo notificará Saint Kitts y Nevis esos reglamentos al Comité de Prácticas Antidumping y el
Comité de Subvenciones y Medidas Compensatorias, según proceda ? Si Saint Kitts y Nevis no
dispone de dichos reglamentos, sírvanse indicar si existen planes o proyectos de elaborarlos y
notificarlos.
Pregunta 3
El artículo 3 d e la Ley de Dumping y Subvenciones describe en términos muy generales los casos en
que pueden imponerse derechos de aduana, incluso en los casos en que se considera que los
productos son objeto de dumping o de subvenciones . El artículo 5 del Acuerdo relati vo a la
Aplicación del Artículo VI del Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio de 1994
(Acuerdo Antidumping) de la OMC establece los procedimientos de iniciación y de realización de
investigaciones antidumping y el artículo 6 contiene disposic iones relativas a la reunión de pruebas
en el marco de dichas investigaciones . El Acuerdo sobre Subvenciones y Medidas Compensatorias
de la OMC (artículos 11 y 12, respectivamente) contiene disposiciones similares.
1 G/ADP/N/1/KNA/1 -G/SCM/N/1/KNA/1.
2 En aras de la eficiencia, los Estados Unidos sugieren que el examen de todas las preguntas se realice
en el Comité de Prácticas Antidumping. G/ADP/Q1/KNA/1 • G/SCM/Q1/KNA/1
- 2 -
El artículo 3 1) de la Ley de Dumping y S ubvenciones dispone que "[c]uando el Ministro considere"
que existe dumping o subvención "podrá ejercer las facultades que le atribuye la presente Ley de
imponer derechos [...], y modificarlos ...". ¿Se basará esta determinación en el expediente fáctico o
existen otras consideraciones que el Ministro puede tener en cuenta en caso de que "considere" que
existe dumping o subvención?
Pregunta 4
Conforme al artículo 5 1) de la Ley de Dumping y Subvenciones, "[c]uando estime que la reducción
prevista e n el presente artículo debe aplicarse con respecto al derecho impuesto por una orden
dictada en virtud de la presente Ley (que sea una orden encaminada a otorgar protección contra el
dumping), el Ministro podrá, si lo considera adecuado, en esa o en una or den posterior dictada en
virtud de la presente Ley, aplicar lo dispuesto en el presente artículo en relación con el derecho ".
Sírvanse aclarar si el Ministro formulará una determinación con arreglo a esta disposición únicamente
en respuesta a una solicitud o si pueden tenerse en cuenta otras consideraciones.
__________
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20 juillet 2022
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Comité des obstacles techniques au commerce Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
Corrigendum
La communication ci -après, datée du 1 9 juillet 2 022, est distribuée à la demande de la délégation
du Brésil .
_______________
Rectification du point 4.8 de l'annexe I de l'Arrêté INMETRO n° 309 du 5 juillet 2021, publié au
Journal officiel le 15 juillet 2021, pages 52 à 55, Section 1.
Le texte relatif à cette rectification, disponible en portugais uniquement, peut être téléchargé à
l'adresse suivante:
https://in.gov.br/en/web/dou/ -/retificacao -411012494
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G/TBT/N/ECU/450/Rev.1/Add.1
2 décembre 2019
(19-8262) Page: 1/1
Comité des obstacles techniques au commerce Original: espagnol
NOTIFICATION
Addendum
La communication ci -après, datée du 2 9 novembre 2 019, est distribuée à la demande de la
délégation de l' Équateur .
_______________
Cadenas . Niveau de sécurité et résistance à la corrosion
Prolongation du délai pour la réception d'observations au sujet du projet de Règlement technique
PRTE I NEN 194 (1R) "Cadenas . Niveau de sécurité et résistance à la corrosion".
Conformément aux dispositions de l'Accord sur les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC) et à la
Décision ( Decisión) 827 de la Communauté andine (CAN), l'Équateur annonce la prolongation du
délai pour la réception d'observations au sujet du projet de Règlement technique PRTE I NEN 194
(1R) "Cadenas . Niveau de sécurité et résistance à la corrosion" notifié au moyen du document
G/TBT/N/ECU/450/Rev.1 du 5 novembre 2 019. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, la date limite pour
la réception des observations est fixée au 3 janvier 2 020.
Ministerio de Producción, Comercio Exterior, Inversiones y Pesca.
Subsecretaría de Calidad
Punto de Contacto OTC : Andrés Ramón
Plataforma Gubernamental de Gestión Financiera - Piso 8 Bloque amarillo Av . Amazonas entre
Unión Nacional de Periodistas y Alfonso Pereira
Quito (Équateur)
Téléphone : (+593 -2) 3948760, int. 2252 / 2254
Courrier électronique:
Puntocontacto [email protected]
[email protected]
cyepez@pro duccion.gob.ec
[email protected]
[email protected]
www.normalizacion.gob.ec
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G/TBT/N/TZA/613
9 juin 2021
(21-4705) Page: 1/2
Comité des obstacles techniques au commerce Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
La notification suivante est communiquée conformément à l'article 10.6.
1. Membre notifiant : TANZANIE
Le cas échéant, pouvoirs publics locaux concernés (articles 3.2 et 7.2):
2. Organisme responsable : Tanzania Bureau of Standards (Office tanzanien de
normalisation)
Les nom et adresse (y compris les numéros de téléphone et de fax et les
adresses de courrier électronique et de site Web, le cas échéant) de l'organisme
ou de l'autorité désigné pour s'occuper des ob servations concernant la
notification doivent être indiqués si cet organisme ou cette autorité est différent
de l'organisme susmentionné:
3. Notification au titre de l'article 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ], autres:
4. Produits visés (le cas échéant, position du SH ou de la NCCD, sinon position du
tarif douanier national . Les numéros de l'ICS peuvent aussi être indiqués, le cas
échéant) : Fruits et légumes et produits dérivés en général ( ICS 67.080.01)
5. Intitulé, nombre de pages et langue(s) du texte notifié : DEAS 1060: 2021. Canned
vegetables - Specification (Légumes en conserve - Spécifications), 34 pages , en anglais .
6. Teneur : La norme notifiée s'applique aux légumes en conserve, tels que définis dan s la
section 4 et dans les annexes correspondantes, destinés à la consommation directe, y
compris la restauration, ou au reconditionnement si besoin est . Ce texte ne s'applique
pas à ce produit quand il est expressément destiné à subir une transformation u ltérieure .
La norme ne couvre pas les légumes lacto -fermentés, marinés ou conservés au vinaigre.
7. Objectif et justification, y compris la nature des problèmes urgents, le cas
échéant : Information des consommateur, étiquetage ; protection de la santé ou d e la
sécurité des personnes ; exigences en matière de qualité ; réduction des obstacles au
commerce et facilitation des échanges .
8. Documents pertinents:
AOAC 999.10. Determination of Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Copper and Iron in foods Atomic
absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion
CODEX STAN 192. N orme générale pour les additifs alimentaires
EAS 38. Labelling for pre -packaged foods - General requirements
EAS 39. Hygiene in the food and drink manufacturing industry - Code of p ractice
ISO 2447. P roduits dérivés des fruits et légumes - Détermination de la teneur en étain
ISO 4833-2. Microbiologie de la chaîne alimentaire - Méthode horizontale pour le
dénombrement des micro -organismes - Partie 2 : Comptage des colonies à 30 degrés C
par la technique d'ensemencement en surface
ISO 6633. Fruits, légumes et produits dérivés - Détermination de la teneur en plomb -
Méthode par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique sans flamme G/TBT/N/TZA/613
- 2 -
ISO 16649 -2. Microbiologie des aliments - Méthode horizontale pour le dénombrement
des Escherichia coli bêta -glucuronidase positive - Partie 2 : Technique de comptage des
colonies à 44 degrés C au moyen de 5 -bromo -4-chloro -3-indolyl bêta -D-glucuronate
ISO 21527 -1. Microbiologie des aliments - Méthode horizontale pour le dénombrement
des levures et moisissures - Partie 1 : Technique par comptage des colonies dans les
produits à activité d'eau supérieure à 0,95
9. Date projetée pour l'adoption : août 2 021
Date projetée pour l'entrée en vigueur : 6 mois à compter de la date d'adoption
10. Date limite pour la présentation des observations : 60 jours à compter de la date de
notification
11. Entité auprès de laquelle les textes peuvent être obtenus : point d'information
national [X] ou adresse, numéros de téléphone et de fax et adresses de courrier
électronique et de site Web, le cas échéant, d'un autre organisme:
Renseignements:
Mme Bahati Samillani (NEP officer) et M. Clavery Chausi
Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS)
Morogoro/Sam Nujoma Road, Ubungo
P O Box 9524
Dar es -Salaam (Tanzanie)
+(255) 22 2450206
[email protected] ; [email protected]
http://www.tbs.go.tz
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WTO_1/r_G_TBTN20_TPKM443.pdf
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r_G_TBTN20_TPKM443
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G/TBT/N/TPKM/443
30 novembre 2020
(20-8601) Page: 1/2
Comité des obstacles techniques au commerce Original: anglais
NOTIFICATION
La notification suivante est communiquée conformément à l'article 10.6.
1. Membre notifiant : TERRITOIRE DOUANIER DISTINCT DE TAIWAN, PENGHU, KINMEN
ET MATSU
Le cas échéant, pouvoirs publics locaux concernés (articles 3.2 et 7.2):
2. Organisme responsable:
Food and Drug Administration - FDA (Agence des médicaments et des produits
alimentaires)
Ministry of Health and Welfare (Ministère de la santé et des affaires sociales)
No.161 -2, Kunyang St., Nangang Dist.
Taipei City 115-61 (Taiwan)
Téléphone : +(886-2) 2787 -8000 int. 7341
Fax: +(886-2) 2653 -1062
Courrier électronique: [email protected]
Les nom et adresse (y compris les numéros de téléphone et de fax et les
adresses de courrier électronique et de site Web, le cas échéant) de l'organisme
ou de l'autorité désigné pour s'occuper des observations concernant la
notification doivent être indiqu és si cet organisme ou cette autorité est différent
de l'organisme susmentionné:
3. Notification au titre de l 'article 2.9.2 [ ], 2.10.1 [X], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ], autres:
4. Produits visés (le cas échéant, position du SH ou de la NCCD, sinon position du
tarif douanier national . Les numéros de l'ICS peuvent aussi être indiqués, le cas
échéant) : Viande de porc et autres parties comestibles du porc servis directement dans
les établissements de restauration ; VIANDES ET ABATS COMESTIBLES (chapitre 2 du SH)
5. Intitulé, nombre de pages et langue(s) du texte notifié : Regulations of the Labeling
of Country of Origin of Pork and Other Edible Parts of Pig for Directly Supply Food Served
in Catering Place (Règlement relatif à l'indication par voie d'étiquetage du p ays d'origine
de la viande de porc et d'autres parties comestibles du porc servis directement dans les
établissements de restauration), 1 page en anglais, 1 page en chinois
6. Teneur : Conformément aux dispositions de l'article 25.2 de la Loi sur l'innocui té et
l'hygiène des aliments, le Ministère de la santé et des affaires sociales (MOHW) décide de
réglementer l'indication par voie d'étiquetage du pays d'origine des produits produits
contenant du porc et d'autres parties comestibles du porc afin de fourni r aux
consommateurs des renseignements leur permettant de faire un choix.
7. Objectif et justification, y compris la nature des problèmes urgents, le cas
échéant : Information des consommateurs, étiquetage. G/TBT/N/TPKM/443
- 2 -
8. Documents pertinents:
• Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation (Loi sur l'innocuité et l'hygiène des
aliments)
9. Date projetée pour l'adoption : 17 septembre 2 020
Date projetée pour l'entrée en vigueur : 1er janvier 2 021
10. Date limite pour la présentation des observations : sans objet
11. Entité auprès de laquelle les textes peuvent être obtenus : point d'information
national [X] ou adresse, numéros de téléphone et de fax et adresses de courrier
électronique et de site Web, l e cas échéant, d'un autre organisme:
WTO/TBT Enquiry Point
Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection
Ministry of Economic Affairs
No.4, Sec. 1, Jinan Rd., Zhongzheng Dist.
Taipei City 100, Taiwan
Téléphone : +(886 2) 3343 -5140
Fax: +(886 2) 2343 -1804
Courrier électronique: [email protected]
https://gazette.nat.gov.tw/egFront/detail.do?metaid=118558&log=detailLog
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2020/TBT/TPKM/20_7324_00_e.pdf
https://members.wto .org/crnattachments/2020/TBT/TPKM/20_7324_00_x.pdf
| 522 | 3,624 |
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WTO_1/s_G_TBTN22_SAU1258.pdf
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s_G_TBTN22_SAU1258
|
G/TBT/N/SAU/1258
6 de octubre de 2022
(22-7543) Página: 1/2
Comité de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
Se da traslado de la notificación siguiente de conformidad con el artículo 10.6.
1. Miembro que notifica : REINO DE LA ARABIA SAUDITA
Si procede, nombre del gobierno local de que se trate (artículos 3.2 y 7.2):
2. Organismo responsable:
Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization (SASO) (Organización de
Normalización, Metrología y Calidad de la Arabia Saudita)
Nombre y dirección (incluidos los números de teléfono y de fax, así como las
direcciones de correo electrónico y sitios web, en su caso) del organismo o
autoridad encargado de la tramitación de observaciones sobre la notificación,
en caso de que se trate de un organismo o autoridad diferente:
P. O. B OX: 3437 Riad 11471
Teléfono : +966(11)2529999 Ext : (9065-9081-9072) Fax : +966(11)4520193
Correo electrónico: [email protected]
3. Notificación hecha en virtud del artículo 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5.6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ],
3.2 [ ], 7.2 [ ], o en virtud de:
4. Productos abarcados (partida del SA o de la NCCA cuando corresponda ; en otro
caso partida del arancel nacional . Podrá indicarse además, cuando proceda, el
número de partida de la ICS) : 8420, 8438, 8439.
5. Título, número de páginas e idioma(s) del docu mento notificado : Technical
Regulation for Machinery Safety - Part 4 : Cutting and Sawing Machines (Reglamento
Técnico para la Seguridad de la Maquinaria . Parte 4: Máquinas de Cortar y Aserrar) .
Documento en árabe (42 páginas).
6. Descripción del contenido : El contenido del Reglamento notificado es el siguiente:
terminología y definiciones, ámbito de aplicación, objetivos, obligaciones de los
proveedores, etiquetado, procedimientos de evaluación de la conformidad,
responsabilidades de las autoridades encarg adas de la reglamentación, responsabilidades
de las autoridades encargadas de la vigilancia de los mercados, infracciones y sanciones,
disposiciones generales, disposiciones transitorias y apéndices (listas, tipos,
prescripciones sobre seguridad y salud).
7. Objetivo y razón de ser, incluida, cuando proceda, la naturaleza de los
problemas urgentes : protección de la salud o seguridad humanas.
8. Documentos pertinentes:
Annex (1 -A) List of Standards - Page (13) .
Annex (2) Essential Requirements for Health and Safety in Machinery . G/TBT/N/SAU/1258
- 2 -
9. Fecha propuesta de adopción : por determinar
Fecha propuesta de entrada en vigor : seis meses desde la publicación en el Diario
Oficial
10. Fecha límite para la presentación de observaciones : 60 días después de la fecha de
notificación
11. Textos disponibles en : Servicio nacional de información [ ], o dirección, números
de teléfono y de fax y direcciones de correo electrónico y sitios web, en su caso,
de otra institución:
[email protected]
Sitio web: http://www.saso.gov.sa/en/eservices/tbt/Pages/default.aspx
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2022/TBT/SAU/22_6823_00_x.pdf
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