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828688019_7735-8276 | ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) | String section |
828688019_8277-8550 | Handel often wrote works for strings without violas : for example many of his Chandos Anthems . Mozart 's masses and offertories written for the Salzburg cathedral routinely dispensed with violas , as did his dances . Leonard Bernstein omitted violas from West Side Story . | String section |
828688019_8601-8680 | This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) | String section |
828688019_8774-8941 | Richard Strauss ' Elektra ( 1909 ) and Josephslegende , and some of George Handel 's coronation anthems , are notable examples of the violins being divided threefold . | String section |
828688019_8975-9243 | `` String section '' is also used to describe a group of bowed string instruments used in rock , pop , jazz and commercial music . In this context the size and composition of the string section is less standardised , and usually smaller , than a classical complement . | String section |
822683482_204-1072 | The IS -- LM model , or Hicks -- Hansen model , is a macroeconomic tool that shows the relationship between interest rates ( ordinate ) and assets market ( also known as real output in goods and services market plus money market , as abscissa ) . The intersection of the `` investment -- saving '' ( IS ) and `` liquidity preference -- money supply '' ( LM ) curves models `` general equilibrium '' where supposed simultaneous equilibrium occurs in both interest and assets markets . Yet two equivalent interpretations are possible : first , the IS -- LM model explains changes in national income when price level is fixed short - run ; second , the IS -- LM model shows why an aggregate demand curve can shift . Hence , this tool is sometimes used not only to analyse economic fluctuations but also to suggest potential levels for appropriate stabilisation policies . | IS–LM model |
822683482_1073-1478 | The model was developed by John Hicks in 1937 , and later extended by Alvin Hansen , as a mathematical representation of Keynesian macroeconomic theory . Between the 1940s and mid-1970s , it was the leading framework of macroeconomic analysis . While it has been largely absent from macroeconomic research ever since , it is still a backbone conceptual introductory tool in many macroeconomics textbooks . | IS–LM model |
822683482_1665-2203 | The IS -- LM model was born at a conference of the Econometric Society held in Oxford during September 1936 . Roy Harrod , John R. Hicks , and James Meade all presented papers describing mathematical models attempting to summarize John Maynard Keynes ' General Theory of Employment , Interest , and Money . Hicks , who had seen a draft of Harrod 's paper , invented the IS -- LM model ( originally using the abbreviation `` LL '' , not `` LM '' ) . He later presented it in `` Mr. Keynes and the Classics : A Suggested Interpretation '' . | IS–LM model |
822683482_2204-3004 | Hicks later agreed that the model missed important points of Keynesian theory , criticizing it as having very limited use beyond `` a classroom gadget '' , and criticizing equilibrium methods generally : `` When one turns to questions of policy , looking towards the future instead of the past , the use of equilibrium methods is still more suspect . '' The first problem was that it presents the real and monetary sectors as separate , something Keynes attempted to transcend . In addition , an equilibrium model ignores uncertainty -- and that liquidity preference only makes sense in the presence of uncertainty `` For there is no sense in liquidity , unless expectations are uncertain . '' A shift in one of the IS or LM curves will cause a change in expectations , which shifts the other curve . | IS–LM model |
822683482_3005-3419 | Although generally accepted as being imperfect , the model is seen as a useful pedagogical tool for imparting an understanding of the questions that macroeconomists today attempt to answer through more nuanced approaches . As such , it is included in most undergraduate macroeconomics textbooks , but omitted from most graduate texts due to the current dominance of real business cycle and new Keynesian theories . | IS–LM model |
822683482_3439-3522 | The model is presented as a graph of two intersecting lines in the first quadrant . | IS–LM model |
822683482_3523-4072 | The horizontal axis represents national income or real gross domestic product and is labelled Y . The vertical axis represents the real interest rate , r . Since this is a non-dynamic model , there is a fixed relationship between the nominal interest rate and the real interest rate ( the former equals the latter plus the expected inflation rate which is exogenous in the short run ) ; therefore variables such as money demand which actually depend on the nominal interest rate can equivalently be expressed as depending on the real interest rate . | IS–LM model |
822683482_4073-4401 | The point where these schedules intersect represents a short - run equilibrium in the real and monetary sectors ( though not necessarily in other sectors , such as labor markets ) : both the product market and the money market are in equilibrium . This equilibrium yields a unique combination of the interest rate and real GDP . | IS–LM model |
822683482_4420-5682 | For the investment - saving curve , the independent variable is the interest rate and the dependent variable is the level of income . ( Note that economics graphs like this one typically place the independent variable -- interest rate , in this example -- on the vertical axis rather than the horizontal axis . ) The IS curve is drawn as downward - sloping with the interest rate ( i ) on the vertical axis and GDP ( gross domestic product : Y ) on the horizontal axis . The initials IS stand for `` Investment and Saving equilibrium '' but since 1937 have been used to represent the locus of all equilibria where total spending ( consumer spending + planned private investment + government purchases + net exports ) equals an economy 's total output ( equivalent to real income , Y , or GDP ) . To keep the link with the historical meaning , the IS curve can be said to represent the equilibria where total private investment equals total saving , where the latter equals consumer saving plus government saving ( the budget surplus ) plus foreign saving ( the trade surplus ) . In equilibrium , all spending is desired or planned ; there is no unplanned inventory accumulation . The level of real GDP ( Y ) is determined along this line for each interest rate . | IS–LM model |
822683482_5683-5880 | Thus the IS curve is a locus of points of equilibrium in the `` real '' ( non-financial ) economy . Each point on the curve represents the equilibrium between the Savings and Investment ( S = I ) . | IS–LM model |
822683482_5881-6738 | Given expectations about returns on fixed investment , every level of the real interest rate ( i ) will generate a certain level of planned fixed investment and other interest - sensitive spending : lower interest rates encourage higher fixed investment and the like . Income is at the equilibrium level for a given interest rate when the saving that consumers and other economic participants choose to do out of this income equals investment ( or , equivalently , when `` leakages '' from the circular flow equal `` injections '' ) . The multiplier effect of an increase in fixed investment resulting from a lower interest rate raises real GDP . This explains the downward slope of the IS curve . In summary , this line represents the causation from falling interest rates to rising planned fixed investment ( etc . ) to rising national income and output . | IS–LM model |
822683482_6779-6940 | Y = C ( Y − T ( Y ) ) + I ( r ) + G + N X ( Y ) , ( \ displaystyle Y = C \ left ( ( Y ) - ( T ( Y ) ) \ right ) + I \ left ( ( r ) \ right ) + G + NX ( Y ) , ) | IS–LM model |
822683482_6941-7499 | where Y represents income , C ( Y − T ( Y ) ) ( \ displaystyle C ( Y-T ( Y ) ) ) represents consumer spending as an increasing function of disposable income ( income , Y , minus taxes , T ( Y ) , which themselves depend positively on income ) , I ( r ) ( \ displaystyle I ( r ) ) represents investment as a decreasing function of the real interest rate , G represents government spending , and NX ( Y ) represents net exports ( exports minus imports ) as a decreasing function of income ( decreasing because imports are an increasing function of income ) . | IS–LM model |
822683482_7500-8497 | In this model , the level of C ( consumption ) , G ( government spending ) , EX ( exports ) , IM ( imports ) , and R ( real interest rate ) are considered to be exogenous , meaning that they are taken as a given , because they are determined by factors outside of this model . Their equations are as follows : C = ā Ȳ , G = ā Ỹ , EX = ā Ȳ , and IM = ā Ȳ . I ( investment ) is endogenous , meaning that it is explained by our model , and has the equation I = ( ā Ȳ ) − b ( R − ṝ ) Ȳ , where ṝ is the marginal product of capital , R is the real interest rate , ā is the share of potential output that goes toward investment , and b is a constant . A few equations are necessary in order to derive the IS curve : ā = ā + ā + ā + ā - ā - 1 , and Ỹ = ( Y - Ȳ ) / Ȳ = ( Y / Ȳ ) - ( Ȳ / Ȳ ) = ( Y / Ȳ ) - 1 . When you plug in all the equations into the original Y = C + I + G + EX - IM and solve , you will get the short run output , which is Ỹ = ā - b ( R - ṝ ) . | IS–LM model |
822683482_8555-8909 | For the liquidity preference and money supply curve , the independent variable is `` income '' and the dependent variable is `` the interest rate . '' The LM curve shows the combinations of interest rates and levels of real income for which the money market is in equilibrium . It is an upward - sloping curve representing the role of finance and money . | IS–LM model |
822683482_8910-9101 | The LM function is the set of equilibrium points between the liquidity preference ( or demand for money ) function and the money supply function ( as determined by banks and central banks ) . | IS–LM model |
822683482_9102-9765 | Each point on the LM curve reflects a particular equilibrium situation in the money market equilibrium diagram , based on a particular level of income . In the money market equilibrium diagram , the liquidity preference function is simply the willingness to hold cash balances instead of securities . For this function , the nominal interest rate ( on the vertical axis ) is plotted against the quantity of cash balances ( or liquidity ) , on the horizontal . The liquidity preference function is downward sloping . Two basic elements determine the quantity of cash balances demanded ( liquidity preference ) and therefore the position and slope of the function : | IS–LM model |
822683482_9766-10778 | 1 ) Transactions demand for money : this includes both ( a ) the willingness to hold cash for everyday transactions and ( b ) a precautionary measure ( money demand in case of emergencies ) . Transactions demand is positively related to real GDP ( represented by Y , and also referred to as income ) . This is simply explained -- as GDP increases , so does spending and therefore transactions . As GDP is considered exogenous to the liquidity preference function , changes in GDP shift the curve . For example , an increase in GDP will increase transactions which will increase the demand for money for given interest rates , and cause the Liquidity preference curve to shift to the right . 2 ) Speculative demand for money : this is the willingness to hold cash instead of securities as an asset for investment purposes . Speculative demand is inversely related to the interest rate . As the interest rate rises , the opportunity cost of holding cash increases -- the incentive will be to move into securities . | IS–LM model |
822683482_10779-12023 | The money supply function for this situation is plotted on the same graph as the liquidity preference function . The money supply is determined by the central bank decisions and willingness of commercial banks to loan money . Though the money supply is related indirectly to interest rates in the very short run , the money supply in effect is perfectly inelastic with respect to nominal interest rates ( assuming the central bank chooses to control the money supply rather than focusing directly on the interest rate ) . Thus the money supply function is represented as a vertical line -- money supply is a constant , independent of the interest rate , GDP , and other factors . Mathematically , the LM curve is defined by the equation M / P = L ( i , Y ) ( \ displaystyle M / P = L ( i , Y ) ) , where the supply of money is represented as the real amount M / P ( as opposed to the nominal amount M ) , with P representing the price level , and L being the real demand for money , which is some function of the interest rate i and the level Y of real income . The LM curve shows the combinations of interest rates and levels of real income for which money supply equals money demand -- that is , for which the money market is in equilibrium . | IS–LM model |
822683482_12024-12664 | For a given level of income , the intersection point between the liquidity preference and money supply functions implies a single point on the LM curve : specifically , the point giving the level of the interest rate which equilibrate the money market at the given level of income . Recalling that for the LM curve , the interest rate is plotted against real GDP ( whereas the liquidity preference and money supply functions plot interest rates against the quantity of cash balances ) , an increase in GDP shifts the liquidity preference function rightward and hence increases the interest rate . Thus the LM function is positively sloped . | IS–LM model |
822683482_12681-13240 | One hypothesis is that a government 's deficit spending ( `` fiscal policy '' ) has an effect similar to that of a lower saving rate or increased private fixed investment , increasing the amount of demand for goods at each individual interest rate . An increased deficit by the national government shifts the IS curve to the right . This raises the equilibrium interest rate ( from i to i ) and national income ( from Y to Y ) , as shown in the graph above . The equilibrium level of national income in the IS - LM diagram is referred to as aggregate demand . | IS–LM model |
822683482_13241-14061 | Keynesians argue spending may actually `` crowd in '' ( encourage ) private fixed investment via the accelerator effect , which helps long - term growth . Further , if government deficits are spent on productive public investment ( e.g. , infrastructure or public health ) that spending directly and eventually raises potential output , although not necessarily more ( or less ) than the lost private investment might have . The extent of any crowding out depends on the shape of the LM curve . A shift in the IS curve along a relatively flat LM curve can increase output substantially with little change in the interest rate . On the other hand , an rightward shift in the IS curve along a vertical LM curve will lead to higher interest rates , but no change in output ( this case represents the `` treasury view '' ) . | IS–LM model |
822683482_14062-14560 | Rightward shifts of the IS curve also result from exogenous increases in investment spending ( i.e. , for reasons other than interest rates or income ) , in consumer spending , and in export spending by people outside the economy being modelled , as well as by exogenous decreases in spending on imports . Thus these too raise both equilibrium income and the equilibrium interest rate . Of course , changes in these variables in the opposite direction shift the IS curve in the opposite direction . | IS–LM model |
822683482_14561-15089 | The IS -- LM model also allows for the role of monetary policy . If the money supply is increased , that shifts the LM curve downward or to the right , lowering interest rates and raising equilibrium national income . Further , exogenous decreases in liquidity preference , perhaps due to improved transactions technologies , lead to downward shifts of the LM curve and thus increases in income and decreases in interest rates . Changes in these variables in the opposite direction shift the LM curve in the opposite direction . | IS–LM model |
822683482_15132-16157 | By itself , the IS -- LM model is used to study the short run when prices are fixed or sticky and no inflation is taken into consideration . But in practice the main role of the model is as a sub-model of larger models ( especially the Aggregate Demand - Aggregate Supply model -- the AD -- AS model ) which allow for a flexible price level . In the aggregate demand - aggregate supply model , each point on the aggregate demand curve is an outcome of the IS -- LM model for aggregate demand Y based on a particular price level . Starting from one point on the aggregate demand curve , at a particular price level and a quantity of aggregate demand implied by the IS -- LM model for that price level , if one considers a higher potential price level , in the IS -- LM model the real money supply M / P will be lower and hence the LM curve will be shifted higher , leading to lower aggregate demand ; hence at the higher price level the level of aggregate demand is lower , so the aggregate demand curve is negatively sloped . | IS–LM model |
853917094_308-543 | In 1936 , a constitutional crisis in the British Empire arose when King - Emperor Edward VIII proposed to marry Wallis Simpson , an American socialite who was divorced from her first husband and was pursuing the divorce of her second . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_544-1391 | The marriage was opposed by the governments of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth . Religious , legal , political and moral objections were raised . As British monarch , Edward was the nominal head of the Church of England , which did not then allow divorced people to remarry in church if their ex-spouses were still alive . For this reason , it was widely believed that Edward could not marry Simpson and remain on the throne . Simpson was perceived to be politically and socially unsuitable as a prospective queen consort because of her two failed marriages . It was widely assumed by the Establishment that she was driven by love of money or position rather than love for the King . Despite the opposition , Edward declared that he loved Simpson and intended to marry her whether his governments approved or not . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_1392-1775 | The widespread unwillingness to accept Simpson as the King 's consort and Edward 's refusal to give her up led to his abdication in December 1936 . He was succeeded by his brother George VI . Edward was given the title His Royal Highness the Duke of Windsor following his abdication , and he married Simpson the following year . They remained married until his death 35 years later . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_2001-3355 | Edward had been introduced to Wallis Simpson , an American citizen and wife of British shipping executive Ernest Aldrich Simpson , by Lady Furness on 10 January 1931 . Ernest Simpson was Wallis 's second husband ; her first marriage , to U.S. Navy pilot Win Spencer , had ended in divorce in 1927 . It is generally accepted that Wallis Simpson and the Prince of Wales became lovers in 1934 , while Lady Furness ( who was also in a relationship with the prince ) was visiting relatives in America . However , Edward adamantly insisted to his father that he was not physically intimate with Simpson and that it was inappropriate to describe her as his mistress . Edward 's relationship with Simpson further weakened his poor relationship with his parents . Although King George V and Queen Mary met Simpson at Buckingham Palace in 1935 , they later refused to receive her . Edward and Simpson were secretly followed by members of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch , who produced reports on the nature of their relationship and their investigations into Wallis Simpson 's private life that included the `` pursuit of vicious gossip '' and the identification of a `` secret lover '' . The prospect of having an American divorcee with a questionable past having such sway over the heir apparent led to anxiety among government and establishment figures . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_3356-4040 | Edward VIII succeeded his father on 20 January 1936 , after which Simpson attended more official functions as the King 's guest . Despite her name appearing regularly in the Court Circular , the name of her husband was conspicuously absent . In the summer of that year , the King eschewed the traditional prolonged stay at Balmoral in favour of a holiday with Simpson in the eastern Mediterranean that was widely covered in the American and continental European press , but not by the British press , which maintained a self - imposed silence . Nevertheless , Canadians and expatriate Britons , who had access to the foreign reports , were largely scandalised by the coverage . Edward | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_4093-4864 | By October , it was rumoured in high society and abroad that Edward intended to marry Simpson as soon as she was free to do so . At the end of that month , the crisis came to a head when she filed for divorce and the American press announced that marriage between her and the King was imminent . The King 's private secretary , Alec Hardinge , wrote to him on 13 November , warning : `` The silence in the British Press on the subject of Your Majesty 's friendship with Mrs Simpson is not going to be maintained ... Judging by the letters from British subjects living in foreign countries where the Press has been outspoken , the effect will be calamitous . '' Senior British ministers knew that Hardinge had written to the King and may have helped him draft the letter . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_4865-5555 | The King invited Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to Buckingham Palace the following Monday ( 16 November ) and informed him that he intended to marry Simpson . Baldwin replied that such a marriage would not be acceptable to the people , stating : `` ... the Queen becomes the Queen of the country . Therefore in the choice of a Queen the voice of the people must be heard . '' Baldwin 's view was shared by the Australian High Commissioner in London , Stanley Bruce , who was also a former Prime Minister of Australia . On the same day that Hardinge wrote to the King , Bruce met Hardinge and then wrote to Baldwin , expressing horror at the idea of a marriage between the King and Simpson . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_5556-6423 | Nevertheless , the British press remained quiet on the subject until Alfred Blunt , Bishop of Bradford , gave a speech to his diocesan conference on 1 December , which alluded to the King 's need of divine grace : `` We hope that he is aware of his need . Some of us wish that he gave more positive signs of his awareness . '' The press took this for the first public comment by a notable person on the crisis and it became front page news the following day . When asked about it later , however , the bishop claimed he had not heard of Simpson at the time he wrote the speech . Acting on the advice of Edward 's staff , Simpson left Britain for the south of France two days later in an attempt to escape intense press attention . Both she and the King were devastated by the separation . At a tearful departure , the King told her , `` I shall never give you up . '' | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_6444-6843 | Opposition to the King and his marriage came from several directions . Edward 's desire to modernise the monarchy and make it more accessible , though appreciated by many of the public , was distrusted by the British Establishment . Edward upset the aristocracy by treating their traditions and ceremonies with disdain , and many were offended by his abandonment of accepted social norms and mores . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_6892-7721 | Government ministers and the royal family found Wallis Simpson 's background and behaviour unacceptable for a potential queen . Rumours and innuendo about her circulated in society . The King 's mother , Queen Mary , was even told that Simpson might have held some sort of sexual control over Edward , as she had released him from an undefined sexual dysfunction through practices learnt in a Chinese brothel . This view was partially shared by Alan Don , Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury , who wrote that he suspected the King `` is sexually abnormal which may account for the hold Mrs. S. has over him '' . Even Edward VIII 's official biographer , Philip Ziegler , noted that : `` There must have been some sort of sadomasochistic relationship ... ( Edward ) relished the contempt and bullying she bestowed on him . '' | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_7722-8129 | Police detectives following Simpson reported back that , while involved with Edward , she was also involved with a married car mechanic and salesman named Guy Trundle . This may well have been passed on to senior figures in the establishment , including members of the royal family . Joseph Kennedy , the American ambassador , described her as a `` tart '' , and his wife , Rose , refused to dine with her . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_8130-8557 | Wallis was perceived to be pursuing Edward for his money ; his equerry wrote that she would eventually leave him , `` having secured the cash '' . The future prime minister Neville Chamberlain ( then Chancellor of the Exchequer ) wrote in his diary that she was `` an entirely unscrupulous woman who is not in love with the King but is exploiting him for her own purposes . She has already ruined him in money and jewels ... '' | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_8558-8983 | Relations between the United Kingdom and the United States were strained during the inter-war years and the majority of Britons were reluctant to accept an American as queen consort . At the time , some members of the British upper class looked down on Americans with disdain and considered them socially inferior . In contrast , the American public was clearly in favour of the marriage , as was most of the American press . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_9013-9560 | In Edward 's lifetime , the Church of England disapproved of divorced people remarrying in church while a former spouse was still living . The monarch was required to be in communion with the Church of England , and was its nominal head or Supreme Governor . In 1935 the Church of England reaffirmed that , `` in no circumstances can Christian men or women re-marry during the lifetime of a wife or a husband . '' The Archbishop of Canterbury , Cosmo Lang , held that the King , as the head of the Church of England , could not marry a divorcée . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_9561-9769 | If Edward married Wallis Simpson , a divorcee who would soon have two living ex-husbands , in a civil ceremony , it would directly conflict with Church teaching and his role as the Church 's ex officio head . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_9770-10244 | Wallis 's first divorce ( in the United States on the grounds of `` emotional incompatibility '' ) was not recognised by the Church of England and , if challenged in the English courts , might not have been recognised under English law . At that time , the Church and English law considered adultery to be the only grounds for divorce . Consequently , under this argument , her second marriage , as well as her marriage to Edward , would be considered bigamous and invalid . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_10332-11181 | When Edward visited depressed mining villages in Wales , his comment that `` something must be done '' led to concerns among elected politicians that he would interfere in political matters , traditionally avoided by constitutional monarchs . Ramsay MacDonald , Lord President of the Council , wrote of the King 's comments : `` These escapades should be limited . They are an invasion into the field of politics & should be watched constitutionally . '' Although Edward 's comments had made him popular in Wales , he became extremely unpopular with the public in Scotland following his refusal to open a new wing of Aberdeen Royal Infirmary , saying he could not do so because he was in mourning for his father . The day after the opening he was pictured in newspapers on holiday : he had turned down the public event in favour of meeting Simpson . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_11182-11609 | As Prince of Wales , Edward had publicly referred to Labour county councillors as `` cranks '' and made speeches counter to government policy . During his reign as king , his refusal to accept the advice of ministers continued : he opposed the imposition of sanctions on Italy after its invasion of Ethiopia , refused to receive the deposed Emperor of Ethiopia , and would not support a strengthening of the League of Nations . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_11610-12397 | Members of the British government became further dismayed by the proposed marriage after being told that Wallis Simpson was an agent of Nazi Germany . The Foreign Office obtained leaked dispatches from the German Reich 's Ambassador to the United Kingdom , Joachim von Ribbentrop , which revealed his strong view that opposition to the marriage was motivated by the wish `` to defeat those Germanophile forces which had been working through Mrs. Simpson '' . It was rumoured that Simpson had access to confidential government papers sent to Edward , which he left unguarded at his Fort Belvedere residence . While Edward was abdicating , the personal protection officers guarding Simpson in exile in France sent reports to Downing Street suggesting that she might `` flit to Germany '' . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_12426-13233 | As a result of these rumours and arguments , the belief strengthened among the British establishment that Simpson could not become a royal consort . British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin explicitly advised Edward that the majority of people would be opposed to his marrying Simpson , indicating that if he did , in direct contravention of his ministers ' advice , the government would resign en masse . The King responded , according to his own account later : `` I intend to marry Mrs. Simpson as soon as she is free to marry ... if the Government opposed the marriage , as the Prime Minister had given me reason to believe it would , then I was prepared to go . '' Under pressure from the King , and `` startled '' at the suggested abdication , Baldwin agreed to take further soundings on three options : | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_13234-13587 | Edward and Simpson marry and she become queen ( a royal marriage ) ; Edward and Simpson marry , but she not become queen , instead receiving some courtesy title ( a morganatic marriage ) ; or Abdication for Edward and any potential heirs he might father , allowing him to make any marital decisions without further constitutional implications . Canadian | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_13701-15596 | The second option had European precedents , including Edward 's own great - grandfather , Duke Alexander of Württemberg , but it had no parallel in British constitutional history . The prime ministers of the five Dominions ( Australia , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa , and the Irish Free State ) were consulted , and the majority agreed that there was `` no alternative to course ( 3 ) '' . William Lyon Mackenzie King ( Prime Minister of Canada ) , Joseph Lyons ( Prime Minister of Australia ) , and J.B.M. Hertzog ( Prime Minister of South Africa ) opposed options 1 and 2 . Mackenzie King told Edward to do `` what he believed in his own heart was right '' and the Canadian government appealed to the King to put his duty before his feelings for Simpson . Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir told Buckingham Palace and Baldwin that Canadians held deep affection for the King , but also that Canadian public opinion would be outraged if Edward married a divorcee . Michael Joseph Savage ( Prime Minister of New Zealand ) rejected option 1 and thought that option 2 `` might be possible ... if some solution along these lines were found to be practicable '' , but `` would be guided by the decision of the Home government '' . In communications with the British government , Éamon de Valera ( President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State ) remarked that as a Roman Catholic country , the Irish Free State did not recognise divorce . He supposed that if the British people would not accept Wallis Simpson then abdication was the only possible solution . On 24 November , Baldwin consulted the three leading opposition politicians in Britain : Leader of the Opposition Clement Attlee , Liberal leader Sir Archibald Sinclair , and Winston Churchill . Sinclair and Attlee agreed that options 1 and 2 were unacceptable , and Churchill pledged to support the government . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_15597-16638 | Churchill did not support the government , however . In July , he had advised the King 's legal counsel , Walter Monckton , against the divorce , but his advice was ignored . As soon as the affair became public knowledge , Churchill started to pressure Baldwin and the King to delay any decisions until parliament and the people had been consulted . In a private letter to Geoffrey Dawson , the editor of The Times newspaper , Churchill suggested that a delay would be beneficial because , given time , the King might fall out of love with Simpson . Baldwin rejected the request for delay , presumably because he preferred to resolve the crisis quickly . Supporters of the King alleged a conspiracy between Baldwin , Geoffrey Dawson , and Cosmo Gordon Lang , the Archbishop of Canterbury . The royal physician Bertrand Dawson was possibly involved in a plan to force the prime minister to retire on the grounds of heart disease , but he eventually accepted , on the evidence of an early electrocardiograph , that Baldwin 's heart was sound . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_16639-17424 | Political support for the King was scattered and comprised politicians alienated from the mainstream parties such as Churchill , Oswald Mosley , and the Communists . David Lloyd George also supported the King despite disliking Simpson . He was , however , unable to take any active role in the crisis because he was on holiday in Jamaica with his mistress Frances Stevenson . In early December , rumours circulated that the King 's supporters would join together in a `` King 's Party '' , led by Churchill . However , there was no concerted effort to form an organised movement and Churchill had no intention of leading one . Nevertheless , the rumours damaged the King and Churchill severely , as members of parliament were horrified at the idea of the King interfering in politics . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_17425-18046 | The letters and diaries of working - class people and ex-servicemen generally demonstrate support for the King , while those from the middle and upper classes tend to express indignation and distaste . The Times , The Morning Post , Daily Herald , and newspapers owned by Lord Kemsley , such as The Daily Telegraph , opposed the marriage . On the other hand , the Express and Mail newspapers , owned by Lord Beaverbrook and Lord Rothermere , respectively , appeared to support a morganatic marriage . The King estimated that the newspapers in favour had a circulation of 12.5 million , and those against had 8.5 million . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_18047-18637 | On 3 December , Edward had a `` tense '' meeting with Baldwin . Backed by Churchill and Beaverbrook , Edward proposed to broadcast a speech via the BBC . The proposed text invoked the `` ancient custom '' for a King to `` address his public utterances to his people '' . Edward proposed to remind his listeners : `` I am still the same man whose motto was ' Ich Dien ' , I serve . '' In the proposed speech , Edward indicated his desire to remain on the throne or to be recalled to it if forced to abdicate , while marrying Simpson morganatically . In one section , Edward proposed to say : | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_18638-19045 | Neither Mrs. Simpson nor I have ever sought to insist that she should be queen . All we desired was that our married happiness should carry with it a proper title and dignity for her , befitting my wife . Now that I have at last been able to take you into my confidence , I feel it is best to go away for a while , so that you may reflect calmly and quietly , but without undue delay , on what I have said . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_19046-19622 | Baldwin blocked the speech , saying that it would shock many people and would be a grave breach of constitutional principles . By modern convention , the sovereign could only act with the advice and counsel of ministers . In seeking the people 's support against the government , Edward was opting to oppose binding ministerial advice and instead act as a private individual . Edward 's British ministers felt that , in proposing the speech , Edward had revealed his disdainful attitude towards constitutional conventions and threatened the political neutrality of the Crown . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_19623-19971 | Cabinet Office files released in 2013 show that on or before 5 December 1936 , the Home Secretary , Sir John Simon , had ordered the General Post Office ( which controlled British telephone services ) to intercept `` telephone communications between Fort Belvedere and Buckingham Palace on the one hand and the continent of Europe on the other '' . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_19972-20229 | On 5 December , having in effect been told that he could not keep the throne and marry Simpson , and having had his request to broadcast to the Empire to explain `` his side of the story '' blocked on constitutional grounds , Edward chose the third option . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_20256-21412 | Following Simpson 's divorce hearing on 27 October 1936 , her solicitor , John Theodore Goddard , became concerned that there would be a `` patriotic '' citizen 's intervention ( a legal device to block the divorce ) , and that such an intervention would be successful . The courts could not grant a collaborative divorce ( a dissolution of marriage consented to by both parties ) , and so the case was being handled as if it were an undefended at - fault divorce brought against Ernest Simpson , with Wallis Simpson as the innocent , injured party . The divorce action would fail if the citizen 's intervention showed that the Simpsons had colluded by , for example , conniving in or staging the appearance of his adultery so that she could marry someone else . On Monday 7 December 1936 , the King heard that Goddard planned to fly to the south of France to see Wallis Simpson . The King summoned him and expressly forbade him to make the journey , fearing that the visit might put doubts in Simpson 's mind . Goddard went straight to Downing Street to see Baldwin , as a result of which he was provided with an aeroplane to take him directly to Cannes . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_21413-22101 | Upon his arrival , Goddard warned his client that a citizen 's intervention , should it arise , was likely to succeed . It was , according to Goddard , his duty to advise her to withdraw her divorce petition . Simpson refused , but they both telephoned the King to inform him that she was willing to give him up so that he could remain king . It was , however , too late ; the King had already made up his mind to go , even if he could not marry Simpson . Indeed , as the belief that the abdication was inevitable gathered strength , Goddard stated that : `` ( his ) client was ready to do anything to ease the situation but the other end of the wicket ( Edward VIII ) was determined '' . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_22102-22555 | Goddard had a weak heart and had never flown before , so he asked his doctor , William Kirkwood , to accompany him on the trip . As Kirkwood was a resident at a maternity hospital , his presence led to false speculation that Simpson was pregnant , and even that she was having an abortion . The press excitedly reported that the solicitor had flown to Simpson accompanied by a gynaecologist and an anaesthetist ( who was actually the lawyer 's clerk ) . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_22626-24241 | At Fort Belvedere , on 10 December , Edward signed his written abdication notices , witnessed by his three younger brothers : Prince Albert , Duke of York ( who succeeded Edward as George VI ) ; Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester ; and Prince George , Duke of Kent . The following day , it was given effect by Act of Parliament : His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 . Under changes introduced in 1931 by the Statute of Westminster , a single Crown for the entire empire had been replaced by multiple crowns , one for each Dominion , worn by a single monarch in an organisation then known as the British Commonwealth . Though the British government , hoping for expediency and to avoid embarrassment , wished the Dominions to accept the actions of the home government , the Dominions held that Edward 's abdication required the consent of each Commonwealth state . This was duly given ; by the Parliament of Australia , which was at the time in session , and by the governments of the other Dominions , whose parliaments were in recess . The government of the Irish Free State , taking the opportunity presented by the crisis and in a major step towards its eventual transition to a republic , passed an amendment to its constitution on 11 December to remove references to the Crown . The King 's abdication was recognised a day later in the External Relations Act of the Irish Free State and legislation eventually passed in South Africa declared that the abdication took effect there on 10 December . As Edward VIII had not been crowned , his planned coronation date became that of George VI instead . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_24242-24980 | Edward 's supporters felt that he had `` been hounded from the throne by that arch humbug Baldwin '' , but many members of the establishment were relieved by Edward 's departure . Mackenzie King wrote in his diary on 8 December 1936 that Edward 's `` sense of right or wrong has been largely obliterated by the jazz of life he has led for years '' and , upon receiving news of Edward 's final decision to abdicate , `` if that is the kind of man he is it is better he should not be longer on the Throne . '' Edward 's own Assistant Private Secretary , Alan Lascelles , had told Baldwin as early as 1927 : `` I ca n't help thinking that the best thing that could happen to him , and to the country , would be for him to break his neck . '' | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_25054-25639 | On 11 December 1936 , Edward made a BBC radio broadcast from Windsor Castle ; having abdicated , he was introduced by Sir John Reith as `` His Royal Highness Prince Edward '' . The official address had been polished by Churchill and was moderate in tone , speaking about Edward 's inability to do his job `` as I would have wished '' without the support of `` the woman I love '' . Edward 's reign had lasted 327 days , the shortest of any British monarch since the disputed reign of Lady Jane Grey over 380 years earlier . The day following the broadcast he left Britain for Austria . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_25715-26113 | George VI gave his elder brother the title of Duke of Windsor with the style His Royal Highness on 12 December 1936 . On 3 May the following year , the Simpsons ' divorce was made final . The case was handled quietly and it barely featured in some newspapers . The Times printed a single sentence below a separate , and seemingly unconnected , report announcing the Duke 's departure from Austria . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_26114-26730 | Edward married Wallis in France on 3 June 1937 . She became the Duchess of Windsor , but , much to Edward 's disgust , George VI issued letters patent that denied her the style of Her Royal Highness . The couple settled in France , and the Duke received a tax - free allowance from his brother , which Edward supplemented by writing his memoirs and by illegal currency trading . He also profited from the sale of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House to George VI . Both estates are private property and not part of the Royal Estate , and were therefore inherited and owned by Edward , regardless of the abdication . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_26731-27342 | In October 1937 , the Duke and Duchess visited Germany , against the advice of the British government , and met Hitler at his Obersalzberg retreat . The visit was much publicised by the German media . During the visit the Duke gave full Nazi salutes . In an article for the New York Daily News and Chicago Tribune of 13 December 1966 the Duke wrote that in 1937 Hitler persuaded him `` it was in Britain 's interest and in Europe 's too , that Germany be encouraged to strike east and smash Communism forever ... I thought the rest of us could be fence - sitters while the Nazis and the Reds slogged it out . '' | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_27343-27729 | After the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , Edward was assigned to the British Military Mission in France . In February 1940 , the German ambassador in The Hague , Count Julius von Zech - Burkersroda , claimed that Edward had leaked the Allied war plans for the defence of Belgium . When Germany invaded the north of France in May 1940 , the Duke and Duchess fled to Lisbon . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_27730-28129 | Under the code name Operation Willi , Nazi agents , principally Walter Schellenberg , plotted unsuccessfully to persuade the Duke to leave Portugal , and contemplated kidnapping him . Lord Caldecote warned Churchill that the Duke `` is well - known to be pro-Nazi and he may become a centre of intrigue '' . Churchill threatened the Duke with a court - martial if he did not return to British soil . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
853917094_28130-29049 | In July 1940 , Edward was appointed Governor of the Bahamas . Edward reportedly told an acquaintance , `` After the war is over and Hitler will crush the Americans ... we 'll take over ... They ( the British ) do n't want me as their king , but I 'll be back as their leader . '' He was reported as saying that `` it would be a tragic thing for the world if Hitler was overthrown '' . Comments like these reinforced the belief that the Duke and Duchess held Nazi sympathies and the effect of the abdication crisis of 1936 was to force off the throne a man with extreme political opinions . Claims that Edward would have been a threat or that he was removed by a political conspiracy to dethrone him remain speculative and `` persist largely because since 1936 the contemporary public considerations have lost most of their force and so seem , wrongly , to provide insufficient explanation for the King 's departure '' . | Edward VIII abdication crisis |
816237923_289-729 | Led Zeppelin Clockwise , from top left : Jimmy Page , John Bonham , Robert Plant , John Paul Jones Background information Origin London , England Genres Hard rock blues rock folk rock heavy metal Years active 1968 -- 1980 ( reunions : 1985 , 1988 , 1995 , 2007 ) Labels Atlantic Swan Song Associated acts The Yardbirds The Honeydrippers Page and Plant Website ledzeppelin.com Past members Jimmy Page Robert Plant John Paul Jones John Bonham | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_730-1143 | Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968 . The group consisted of guitarist Jimmy Page , singer Robert Plant , bassist and keyboardist John Paul Jones , and drummer John Bonham . The band 's heavy , guitar - driven sound has led them to be cited as one of the progenitors of heavy metal . Their style drew from a wide variety of influences , including blues , psychedelia , and folk music . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_1144-1805 | After changing their name from the New Yardbirds , Led Zeppelin signed a deal with Atlantic Records that afforded them considerable artistic freedom . Although the group was initially unpopular with critics , they achieved significant commercial success with albums such as Led Zeppelin ( 1969 ) , Led Zeppelin II ( 1969 ) , Led Zeppelin III ( 1970 ) , Led Zeppelin IV ( 1971 ) , Houses of the Holy ( 1973 ) , Physical Graffiti ( 1975 ) and In Through the Out Door ( 1979 ) . Their fourth album , which features the song `` Stairway to Heaven '' , is among the most popular and influential works in rock music , and it helped to secure the group 's popularity . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_1806-2708 | Page wrote most of Led Zeppelin 's music , particularly early in their career , while Plant generally supplied the lyrics . Jones ' keyboard - based compositions later became central to the group 's catalogue , which featured increasing experimentation . The latter half of their career saw a series of record - breaking tours that earned the group a reputation for excess and debauchery . Although they remained commercially and critically successful , their output and touring schedule were limited during the late 1970s , and the group disbanded following Bonham 's death from alcohol - related asphyxia in 1980 . In the decades that followed , the surviving members sporadically collaborated and participated in one - off Led Zeppelin reunions . The most successful of these was the 2007 Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert in London , with Jason Bonham taking his late father 's place behind the drums . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_2709-3684 | Led Zeppelin are widely considered one of the most successful , innovative , and influential rock groups in history . They are one of the best - selling music artists in the history of audio recording ; various sources estimate the group 's record sales at 200 to 300 million units worldwide . With RIAA - certified sales of 111.5 million units , they are the second - best - selling band in the US . Each of their nine studio albums placed in the top 10 of the Billboard album chart and six reached the number - one spot . They achieved eight consecutive UK number - one albums . Rolling Stone magazine described them as `` the heaviest band of all time '' , `` the biggest band of the Seventies '' , and `` unquestionably one of the most enduring bands in rock history '' . They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 ; the museum 's biography of the band states that they were `` as influential '' during the 1970s as the Beatles were during the 1960s . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_4217-5009 | In 1966 , London - based session guitarist Jimmy Page joined the blues - influenced rock band the Yardbirds to replace bassist Paul Samwell - Smith . Page soon switched from bass to lead guitar , creating a dual lead guitar line - up with Jeff Beck . Following Beck 's departure in October 1966 , the Yardbirds , tired from constant touring and recording , began to wind down . Page wanted to form a supergroup with him and Beck on guitars , and the Who 's Keith Moon and John Entwistle on drums and bass , respectively . Vocalists Steve Winwood and Steve Marriott were also considered for the project . The group never formed , although Page , Beck , and Moon did record a song together in 1966 , `` Beck 's Bolero '' , in a session that also included bassist - keyboardist John Paul Jones . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_5010-5889 | The Yardbirds played their final gig in July 1968 at Luton College of Technology in Bedfordshire . They were still committed to several concerts in Scandinavia , so drummer Jim McCarty and vocalist Keith Relf authorised Page and bassist Chris Dreja to use `` the Yardbirds '' name to fulfill the band 's obligations . Page and Dreja began putting a new line - up together . Page 's first choice for the lead singer was Terry Reid , but Reid declined the offer and suggested Robert Plant , a singer for the Band of Joy and Hobbstweedle . Plant eventually accepted the position , recommending former Band of Joy drummer John Bonham . Jones inquired about the vacant position at the suggestion of his wife after Dreja dropped out of the project to become a photographer . Page had known Jones since they were both session musicians and agreed to let him join as the final member . A | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_6060-6770 | The four played together for the first time in a room below a record store on Gerrard Street in London . Page suggested that they attempt `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' , originally a jump blues song popularised in a rockabilly version by Johnny Burnette , which had been covered by the Yardbirds . `` As soon as I heard John Bonham play '' , Jones recalled , `` I knew this was going to be great ... We locked together as a team immediately '' . Before leaving for Scandinavia , the group took part in a recording session for the P.J. Proby album , Three Week Hero . The album 's track `` Jim 's Blues '' , with Plant on harmonica , was the first studio track to feature all four future members of Led Zeppelin . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_6771-7947 | The band completed the Scandinavian tour as the New Yardbirds , playing together for the first time in front of a live audience at Gladsaxe Teen Clubs in Gladsaxe , Denmark , on 7 September 1968 . Later that month , they began recording their first album , which was based on their live set . The album was recorded and mixed in nine days , and Page covered the costs . After the album 's completion , the band were forced to change their name after Dreja issued a cease and desist letter , stating that Page was allowed to use the New Yardbirds moniker for the Scandinavian dates only . One account of how the new band 's name was chosen held that Moon and Entwistle had suggested that a supergroup with Page and Beck would go down like a `` lead balloon '' , an idiom for disastrous results . The group dropped the ' a ' in lead at the suggestion of their manager , Peter Grant , so that those unfamiliar with the term would not pronounce it `` leed '' . The word `` balloon '' was replaced by `` zeppelin '' , a word which , according to music journalist Keith Shadwick , brought `` the perfect combination of heavy and light , combustibility and grace '' to Page 's mind . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_7948-8683 | In November 1968 , Grant secured a $143,000 advance contract from Atlantic Records , which was then the biggest deal of its kind for a new band . Atlantic were a label with a catalogue of mainly blues , soul , and jazz artists , but in the late 1960s they began to take an interest in British progressive rock acts . Record executives signed Led Zeppelin without having ever seen them . Under the terms of their contract , the band had autonomy in deciding when they would release albums and tour , and had the final say over the contents and design of each album . They would also decide how to promote each release and which tracks to release as singles . They formed their own company , Superhype , to handle all publishing rights . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_8720-9553 | The band began their first tour of the UK on 4 October 1968 , still billed as the New Yardbirds ; they played their first show as Led Zeppelin at the University of Surrey in Battersea on 25 October . Tour manager Richard Cole , who would become a major figure in the touring life of the group , organised their first North American tour at the end of the year . Their debut album , Led Zeppelin , was released in the US during the tour on 12 January 1969 , and peaked at number 10 on the Billboard chart ; it was released in the UK , where it peaked at number 6 , on 31 March . According to Steve Erlewine , the album 's memorable guitar riffs , lumbering rhythms , psychedelic blues , groovy , bluesy shuffles and hints of English folk , made it `` a significant turning point in the evolution of hard rock and heavy metal '' . Bron | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_9725-10398 | In their first year , Led Zeppelin completed four US and four UK concert tours , and also released their second album , Led Zeppelin II . Recorded mostly on the road at various North American studios , it was an even greater commercial success than their first album , and reached the number one chart position in the US and the UK . The album further developed the mostly blues - rock musical style established on their debut release , creating a sound that was `` heavy and hard , brutal and direct '' , and which would be highly influential and frequently imitated . Steve Waksman has suggested that Led Zeppelin II was `` the musical starting point for heavy metal '' . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_10399-11186 | The band saw their albums as indivisible , complete listening experiences , disliking the re-editing of existing tracks for release as singles . Grant maintained an aggressive pro-album stance , particularly in the UK , where there were few radio and TV outlets for rock music . Without the band 's consent , however , some songs were released as singles , particularly in the US . In 1969 an edited version of `` Whole Lotta Love '' , a track from their second album , was released as a single in the US . It reached number four in the Billboard chart in January 1970 , selling over one million copies and helping to cement the band 's popularity . The group also increasingly shunned television appearances , citing their preference that their fans hear and see them in live concerts . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_11187-11693 | Following the release of their second album , Led Zeppelin completed several more US tours . They played initially in clubs and ballrooms , and then in larger auditoriums as their popularity grew . Some early Led Zeppelin concerts lasted more than four hours , with expanded and improvised live versions of their repertoire . Many of these shows have been preserved as bootleg recordings . It was during this period of intensive concert touring that the band developed a reputation for off - stage excess . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_11694-12497 | In 1970 , Page and Plant retired to Bron - Yr - Aur , a remote cottage in Wales , to commence work on their third album , Led Zeppelin III . The result was a more acoustic style that was strongly influenced by folk and Celtic music , and showcased the band 's versatility . The album 's rich acoustic sound initially received mixed reactions , with critics and fans surprised at the turn from the primarily electric arrangements of the first two albums , further fuelling the band 's hostility to the musical press . It reached number one in the UK and US charts , but its stay would be the shortest of their first five albums . The album 's opening track , `` Immigrant Song '' , was released as a US single in November 1970 against the band 's wishes , reaching the top twenty on the Billboard chart . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_12697-14115 | During the 1970s , Led Zeppelin reached new heights of commercial and critical success that made them one of the most influential groups of the era , eclipsing their earlier achievements . The band 's image also changed as the members began to wear elaborate , flamboyant clothing , with Page taking the lead on the flamboyant appearance by wearing a glittering moon - and - stars outfit . Led Zeppelin changed their show by using things such as lasers , professional light shows and mirror balls . They began travelling in a private jet airliner , a Boeing 720 ( nicknamed the Starship ) , rented out entire sections of hotels ( including the Continental Hyatt House in Los Angeles , known colloquially as the `` Riot House '' ) , and became the subject of frequently repeated stories of debauchery . One involved John Bonham riding a motorcycle through a rented floor of the Riot House , while another involved the destruction of a room in the Tokyo Hilton , leading to the group being banned from that establishment for life . Although Led Zeppelin developed a reputation for trashing their hotel suites and throwing television sets out of the windows , some suggest that these tales have been exaggerated . According to music journalist Chris Welch , `` ( Led Zeppelin 's ) travels spawned many stories , but it was a myth that ( they ) were constantly engaged in acts of wanton destruction and lewd behaviour '' . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_14116-15226 | Led Zeppelin released their fourth album on 8 November 1971 . In response to the treatment they had received from critics , particularly after Led Zeppelin III , the band decided to release the fourth album with no title , though it is variously referred to as Led Zeppelin IV , Untitled , IV , or , due to the four symbols appearing on the record label , as Four Symbols , Zoso or Runes . In addition to lacking a title , the original cover featured no band name , as the group wished to be anonymous and to avoid easy pigeonholing by the press . With 37 million copies sold , Led Zeppelin IV is one of the best - selling albums in history , and its massive popularity cemented Led Zeppelin 's status as superstars in the 1970s . By 2006 , it had sold 23 million copies in the United States alone . The track `` Stairway to Heaven '' , never released as a single , was the most requested and most played song on American rock radio in the 1970s . The group followed up the album 's release with tours of the UK , Australasia , North America , Japan , and the UK again from late 1971 through early 1973 . Plant | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_15356-15954 | Led Zeppelin 's next album , Houses of the Holy , was released in March 1973 . It featured further experimentation by the band , who expanded their use of synthesisers and mellotron orchestration . The predominantly orange album cover , designed by the London - based design group Hipgnosis , depicts images of nude children climbing the Giant 's Causeway in Northern Ireland . Although the children are not shown from the front , the cover was controversial at the time of the album 's release . As with the band 's fourth album , neither their name nor the album title was printed on the sleeve . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_15955-16653 | Houses of the Holy topped charts worldwide , and the band 's subsequent concert tour of North America in 1973 broke records for attendance , as they consistently filled large auditoriums and stadiums . At Tampa Stadium in Florida , they played to 56,800 fans , breaking the record set by the Beatles ' 1965 Shea Stadium concert and grossing $309,000 . Three sold - out shows at Madison Square Garden in New York City were filmed for a motion picture , but the theatrical release of this project ( The Song Remains the Same ) was delayed until 1976 . Before the final night 's performance , $180,000 of the band 's money from gate receipts was stolen from a safe deposit box at the Drake Hotel . Led | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_16760-17400 | In 1974 , Led Zeppelin took a break from touring and launched their own record label , Swan Song , named after an unreleased song . The record label 's logo , based on a drawing called Evening : Fall of Day ( 1869 ) by William Rimmer , features a picture of Apollo . The logo can be found on Led Zeppelin memorabilia , especially T - shirts . In addition to using Swan Song as a vehicle to promote their own albums , the band expanded the label 's roster , signing artists such as Bad Company , the Pretty Things and Maggie Bell . The label was successful while Led Zeppelin existed , but folded less than three years after they disbanded . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_17401-18348 | In 1975 , Led Zeppelin 's double album Physical Graffiti was their first release on the Swan Song label . It consisted of fifteen songs , of which eight had been recorded at Headley Grange in 1974 and seven had been recorded earlier . A review in Rolling Stone magazine referred to Physical Graffiti as Led Zeppelin 's `` bid for artistic respectability '' , adding that the only bands Led Zeppelin had to compete with for the title `` The World 's Best Rock Band '' were the Rolling Stones and the Who . The album was a massive commercial and critical success . Shortly after the release of Physical Graffiti , all previous Led Zeppelin albums simultaneously re-entered the top - 200 album chart , and the band embarked on another North American tour , now employing sophisticated sound and lighting systems . In May 1975 , Led Zeppelin played five sold - out nights at the Earls Court Arena in London , at the time the largest arena in Britain . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_18529-19216 | Following their triumphant Earls Court appearances , Led Zeppelin took a holiday and planned an autumn tour in America , scheduled to open with two outdoor dates in San Francisco . In August 1975 , however , Plant and his wife Maureen were involved in a serious car crash while on holiday in Rhodes , Greece . Plant suffered a broken ankle and Maureen was badly injured ; a blood transfusion saved her life . Unable to tour , he headed to the Channel Island of Jersey to spend August and September recuperating , with Bonham and Page in tow . The band then reconvened in Malibu , California . During this forced hiatus much of the material for their next album , Presence , was written . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_19217-19975 | By this time , Led Zeppelin were the world 's number one rock attraction , having outsold most bands of the time , including the Rolling Stones . Presence , released in March 1976 , marked a change in the Led Zeppelin sound towards more straightforward , guitar - based jams , departing from the acoustic ballads and intricate arrangements featured on their previous albums . Though it was a platinum seller , Presence received a mixed reaction among fans and the music press , with some critics suggesting that the band 's excesses may have caught up with them . Page had begun using heroin during recording sessions for the album , a habit which may have affected the band 's later live shows and studio recordings , although this has been denied by Page . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_19976-20471 | Because of Plant 's injuries , Led Zeppelin did not tour in 1976 . Instead , the band completed the concert film The Song Remains the Same and the accompanying soundtrack album . The film premiered in New York City on 20 October 1976 , but was given a lukewarm reception by critics and fans . The film was particularly unsuccessful in the UK , where , unwilling to tour since 1975 because of their tax exile status , Led Zeppelin faced an uphill battle to recapture the public 's affection . The | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_20608-21417 | In 1977 , Led Zeppelin embarked on another major concert tour of North America . The band set another attendance record , with an audience of 76,229 at their Silverdome concert on 30 April . It was , according to the Guinness Book of Records , the largest attendance to that date for a single act show . Although the tour was financially profitable , it was beset by off - stage problems . On 19 April , over 70 people were arrested as about 1,000 fans tried to gatecrash Cincinnati Riverfront Coliseum for two sold - out concerts , while others tried to gain entry by throwing rocks and bottles through glass doors . On 3 June , a concert at Tampa Stadium was cut short because of a severe thunderstorm , despite tickets indicating `` Rain or Shine '' . A riot broke out , resulting in arrests and injuries . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_21418-22120 | After the 23 July show at the Day on the Green festival at the Oakland Coliseum in Oakland , California , Bonham and members of Led Zeppelin 's support staff were arrested after a member of promoter Bill Graham 's staff was badly beaten during the band 's performance . The following day 's second Oakland concert was the group 's final live appearance in the United States . Two days later , as they checked in at a French Quarter hotel for their 30 July performance at the Louisiana Superdome , Plant received news that his five - year - old son , Karac , had died from a stomach virus . The rest of the tour was immediately cancelled , prompting widespread speculation about Led Zeppelin 's future . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_22320-22771 | In November 1978 , the group recorded at Polar Studios in Stockholm , Sweden . The resulting album , In Through the Out Door , featured sonic experimentation that again drew mixed reactions from critics . Nevertheless , the album reached number one in the UK and the US in just its second week of release . With this album 's release , Led Zeppelin 's entire catalogue returned to the Billboard Top 200 in the weeks of 27 October and 3 November 1979 . | Led Zeppelin |
816237923_22772-23450 | In August 1979 , after two warm - up shows in Copenhagen , Led Zeppelin headlined two concerts at the Knebworth Music Festival , playing to a crowd of approximately 104,000 on the first night . A brief , low - key European tour was undertaken in June and July 1980 , featuring a stripped - down set without the usual lengthy jams and solos . On 27 June , at a show in Nuremberg , Germany , the concert came to an abrupt halt in the middle of the third song , when Bonham collapsed onstage and was rushed to hospital . Speculation in the press suggested that his collapse had been the result of excessive alcohol and drug use , but the band claimed that he had simply overeaten . | Led Zeppelin |
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