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853841453_39596-39921 | Other changes to the landscape of American family arrangements include dual - income earner households and delayed independence among American youths . Whereas most families in the 1950s and 1960s relied on one income earner , more commonly the husband , the vast majority of family households now have two - income earners . | Society of the United States |
853841453_39922-40451 | Another change is the increasing age at which young Americans leave their parental home . Traditionally , a person past `` college age '' who lived with their parent ( s ) was viewed negatively , but today it is not uncommon for children to live with their parents until their mid-twenties . This trend can be mostly attributed to rising living costs that far exceed those in decades past . Thus , many young adults now remain with their parents well past their mid-20s . This topic was a cover article of TIME magazine in 2005 . | Society of the United States |
853841453_40452-40735 | Exceptions to the custom of leaving home in one 's mid-20s can occur especially among Italian and Hispanic Americans , and in expensive urban real estate markets such as New York City ( 1 ) , California ( 2 ) , and Honolulu ( 3 ) , where monthly rents commonly exceed $1000 a month . | Society of the United States |
853841453_40736-41027 | Year Families ( 69.7 % ) Non-families ( 31.2 % ) Married couples ( 52.5 % ) Single Parents Other blood relatives Singles ( 25.5 % ) Other non-family Nuclear family Without children Male Female 2000 24.1 % 28.7 % 9.9 % 7 % 10.7 % 14.8 % 5.7 % 1970 40.3 % 30.3 % 5.2 % 5.5 % 5.6 % 11.5 % 1.7 % | Society of the United States |
853841453_41028-41505 | Single - parent households are households consisting of a single adult ( most often a woman ) and one or more children . In the single - parent household , one parent typically raises the children with little to no help from the other . This parent is the sole `` breadwinner '' of the family and thus these households are particularly vulnerable economically . They have higher rates of poverty , and children of these households are more likely to have educational problems . | Society of the United States |
853841453_41535-42076 | Cultural differences in the various regions of the United States are explored in New England , Mid-Atlantic States , Southern United States , Midwestern United States , Southwest United States , Western United States and Pacific Northwestern United States pages . The western coast of the continental United States consisting of California , Oregon , and the state of Washington is also sometimes referred to as the Left Coast , indicating it 's left - leaning political orientation and tendency towards liberal norms , folkways and values . | Society of the United States |
853841453_42077-42707 | Strong cultural differences have a long history in the US with the southern slave society in the antebellum period serving as a prime example . Not only social , but also economic tensions between the Northern and Southern states were so severe that they eventually caused the South to declare itself an independent nation , the Confederate States of America ; thus provoking the American Civil War . One example of regional variations is the attitude towards the discussion of sex , often sexual discussions would have less restrictions in the Northeastern United States , but yet is seen as taboo in the Southern United States . | Society of the United States |
853841453_42708-43291 | In his 1989 book , Albion 's Seed ( ISBN 0195069056 ) , David Hackett Fischer suggests that the United States is made up today of four distinct regional cultures . The book 's focus is on the folkways of four groups of settlers from the British Isles that emigrated from distinct regions of Britain and Ireland to the British American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries . Fischer 's thesis is that the culture and folkways of each of these groups persisted , with some modification over time , providing the basis for the four modern regional cultures of the United States . | Society of the United States |
853841453_43292-43994 | According to Fischer , the foundation of American culture was formed from four mass migrations from four different regions of the British Isles by four distinct socio - religious groups . New England 's earliest settlement period occurred between 1629 - 1640 when Puritans , mostly from East Anglia in England , settled there , forming the New England regional culture . The next mass migration was of southern English cavaliers and their Irish and Scottish domestic servants to the Chesapeake Bay region between 1640 - 1675 , producing the Southern American culture . Then , between 1675 - 1725 , thousands of Irish , English and German Quakers , led by William Penn , settled in the Delaware Valley . | Society of the United States |
853841453_43995-44764 | This settlement resulted in the formation of what is today considered the `` General American '' culture , although , according to Fischer , it is really just a regional American culture , even if it does today encompass most of the U.S. from the mid-Atlantic states to the Pacific Coast . Finally , Irish , Scottish and English settlers from the borderlands of Britain and Ireland migrated to Appalachia between 1717 - 1775 . They formed the regional culture of the Upland South , which has since spread west to such areas as West Texas and parts of the U.S. Southwest . Fischer says that the modern U.S. is composed only of regional cultures , with characteristics determined by the place of departure and time of arrival of these four distinct founding populations . | Society of the United States |
853841453_44856-45701 | The US is considered to have some of the most permissive gun laws among developed countries . Americans make up 4 percent of the world 's population but own 46 percent of the global stock of privately held firearms . This is about 294 million guns with a population of 301 million ( 2007 figures ) , almost one gun for every American on average . In 2001 -- 2 , the United States had above - average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence compared to other developed nations . A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States `` homicide rates were 7.0 times higher than in other high - income countries , driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher . '' Gun ownership rights continue to be the subject of contentious political debate . | Society of the United States |
853841453_45789-45903 | In his dissent in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens wrote : | Society of the United States |
853841453_45904-46693 | In the context of election to public office , the distinction between corporate and human speakers is significant . Although they make enormous contributions to our society , corporations are not actually members of it . They can not vote or run for office . Because they may be managed and controlled by nonresidents , their interests may conflict in fundamental respects with the interests of eligible voters . The financial resources , legal structure , and instrumental orientation of corporations raise legitimate concerns about their role in the electoral process . Our lawmakers have a compelling constitutional basis , if not also a democratic duty , to take measures designed to guard against the potentially deleterious effects of corporate spending in local and national races . | Society of the United States |
853841453_46768-47050 | In the 2013 documentary Inequality for All , Robert Reich argued that income inequality is a defining issue for the United States . He stated that 95 % of post-recession economic gains went to the top 1 % net worth ( HNWI ) since 2009 , when the recovery is agreed to have started . | Society of the United States |
864944155_38-719 | The Good Cop Genre Comedy - drama Police procedural Created by Andy Breckman Starring Tony Danza Josh Groban Monica Barbaro Isiah Whitlock Jr . Bill Kottkamp Composer ( s ) Pat Irwin Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 Production Executive producer ( s ) Andy Breckman Randy Zisk Howard Klein Tony Danza Production location ( s ) New York City Cinematography Eric Moynier Editor ( s ) Deborah Moran Running time 42 - 49 minutes Production company ( s ) 3 Arts Entertainment Andy Breckman Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) -- present | The Good Cop |
864944155_720-918 | The Good Cop is an American television comedy - drama murder - mystery created by Andy Breckman . The first season consists of ten episodes . The series premiered on Netflix on September 21 , 2018 . | The Good Cop |
864944155_919-1037 | The program is based on an Israeli show of the same name created by Erez and Tomer Aviram and produced by Yoav Gross . | The Good Cop |
864944155_1178-2336 | Tony Danza as Anthony `` Tony '' Caruso Sr. , a streetwise ex-cop paroled from prison after serving seven years for a corruption conviction . He 's tough and stubborn and knows the ins and outs of the criminal underworld . Although prohibited from interacting professionally with active police personnel , he is intent on proving that he still has what it takes to fight crime and solve homicide cases . Josh Groban as Anthony `` TJ '' Caruso Jr. , Tony Sr. 's son , a by - the - book NYPD lieutenant who , in contrast to his father , goes to great lengths to avoid departmental infractions , even minor ones . Monica Barbaro as Cora Vasquez , an inspector turned homicide detective in the NYPD and Tony Sr 's parole officer . She is a subordinate of Tony Jr . Isiah Whitlock Jr. as Burl Loomis , a veteran NYPD sergeant on the verge of retirement who coasts his way through investigations , making as little effort as possible . He refuses to chase suspects on foot or get out of his car during cold weather . Bill Kottkamp as Ryan , a technical crime analyst for the NYPD . He is ultra-nerdy , technologically savvy , and obsessed with electronic devices . | The Good Cop |
864944155_2482-11251 | No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Who Framed the Good Cop ? '' Randy Zisk Andy Breckman September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) Tony Caruso Jr . ( Josh Groban ) is a scrupulously honest , rule - abiding Detective Lieutenant , living in Queens , New York . His father , Tony Caruso Sr. ( Tony Danza ) , is an ex-detective who served eight years in prison for a corruption conviction . Part of Tony Sr. 's parole terms require him to live with his son and stay out of trouble . A former colleague in the department , Jack Livingston , whose testimony was pivotal in sending Tony Sr. to prison and against whom Tony Sr. harbors a grudge , is found dead in a local park . Forensics determine he died of asphyxiation , but he was also shot six times . When the bullets are sent to the lab , ballistics tests reveal that Tony Jr. 's gun was used in the shooting , which makes son and father prime suspects , with a plausible revenge motive . Tony Jr. attends Jack 's wake and spots Chet , a fellow officer , scratching a leg rash from a poisonous plant that grows in the park where Livingston 's corpse was found . When he discovers that Chet and Livingston 's widow are romantically involved , Tony Jr. assumes he 's found Livingston 's killer . However , he 's informed that his father has confessed to the murder , and is back behind bars . Tony Jr. visits his father , who explains that he assumed his son killed Livingston to achieve revenge , and he , Tony Sr. , decided to take the blame to spare his well - meaning son a homicide conviction . Back home , while having pizza for dinner , Tony Jr. begins removing olives from the pie and arranging them on a napkin . He begins to suspect that the shooting pattern from his firearms re-certification test of a week ago was identical to the pattern found on the victim 's chest . He calls up Cora Vasquez ( Monica Barbaro ) , his friend and his father 's parole officer , and they break into a department office to compare bullet hole patterns . They discover that the matching bullet holes theory was correct . As they leave the premises , they 're ambushed by Chet , who threatens them with a pistol . Tony Jr. is unarmed , having surrendered his weapon while the homicide investigation continues . Cora , however , has a gun , which she quickly pulls out . A shootout ensues , during which Tony Jr. borrows Cora 's gun , which only has one remaining round . Caruso cleverly tricks Chet into believing the gun is fully discharged . When Chet puts his gun down , Tony fires the remaining round to immobilize Chet . Chet is arrested , along with Jack Livingston 's wife , Donna , who was revealed to be an accomplice . `` What Is the Supermodel 's Secret ? '' Randy Zisk Andy Breckman September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) While playing poker in a pub , Tony Sr. spies a famous supermodel , Belinda Mannix ( Emma Ishta ) , sitting alone in a booth . He stops the game , goes over and introduces himself to her . After she fails to seem impressed , he saves his number in her phone . Tony Jr. is called to investigate the shooting murder of an aged man , Albert Monte , who is found dead in a hotel room . The investigation reveals that Monte hosted scandalous bachelor parties and was apparently shot by a hitman wearing a giant bunny head ; the murderer was caught on a surveillance camera exiting a service elevator . The morning after the poker game , Belinda unexpectedly shows up at the Caruso home , flirts with Tony Sr. , and asks to use his phone . However , the elder Caruso , hung over from the previous night 's drinking , ca n't find his phone and ca n't recall where he left it . Mannix , feigning concern over the loss of the phone while pretending to express romantic attraction to Tony Sr. , insists on helping him find it . Tony Jr. , while interrogating the murder victim 's business partner , discovers that Monte secretly filmed his parties with the intent of blackmailing the politicians , businessmen , and celebrities in attendance . Mannix meets the hitman in an underground garage , where it is disclosed that she arranged Monte 's murder . She tells the hitman , who she had met with in the pub the night before , that she accidentally butt - dialed Tony Sr. 's phone at the pub while she and the hitman were discussing the murder . After the hitman threatens her , she tases him in the neck , grabs his gun and shoots him dead . She returns to Tony Sr. and the increasingly desperate phone search . When Tony finally finds his phone in a taxi office lost and found , he hears the voice mail , realizes he 's being scammed , and lies to Belinda about finding his phone . Later that night , he goes over to Belinda 's house for a purported romantic tryst , but when she finds out that he has his phone and that he had listened to her voicemail , they get into a violent fight over the phone . Tony Jr. arrives in time to save the phone from being destroyed and they arrest Mannix . `` Who Is the Ugly German Lady ? '' Alex Hardcastle David Breckman September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) A prison buddy of Tony Sr. , Sherman Smalls , escapes from confinement . Around the time of his escape , a woman was murdered in a nearby cabin in the woods and her husband brutally beaten . From a photo , the husband identifies Smalls as the assailant , and a manhunt ensues . Smalls , unaware that the police are looking for him as a murder suspect , shows up at the Caruso home and asks for Tony Sr. 's help . Tony Sr. , who does n't know Smalls is a murder suspect , extends a gesture of kindness by allowing his friend to live in the basement ; they disguise Smalls as a German woman so Tony Jr. wo n't suspect that his dad is harboring a fugitive . When Tony Sr. learns that Smalls is a murder suspect , Smalls vehemently denies the crime . Tony Sr. believes his buddy is innocent , and decides to find the real killer . He begins to suspect the victim 's husband , a used car dealer , of committing the murder and setting up Smalls to take the blame . Tony Sr. then discovers that the husband is having an affair with a woman who works at the prison from which Smalls escaped . Tony Sr. eventually pieces together the plot , which involved providing the tools for Smalls to escape just before the murder occurred and planting evidence that would implicate Smalls . The victim 's husband and his girlfriend are arrested for the murder . `` Will the Good Cop Bowl 300 ? '' Rodrigo García Andy Breckman September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) 5 `` Will Big Tony Roll Over ? '' Kevin Hooks Jonathan Collier September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) 6 `` Did the TV Star Do It ? '' Silver Tree Andy Breckman September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) 7 `` Who Killed the Guy on the Ski Lift ? '' Kevin Hooks Hy Conrad September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) 8 `` Will Cora Get Married ? '' Neema Barnette Andy Breckman September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) 9 `` Why Kill a Busboy ? '' Rebecca Asher Jonathan Collier September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) The patrons at an upscale Italian restaurant in New York are held up at gunpoint by two thugs , and a busboy is murdered . Tony Sr. , who was having dinner there at the time of the crime , learns that the owner wants to sell the business . Tony Sr. decides to buy the place and enlists Tony Jr. as his reluctant partner and co-investor . The homicide squad ca n't figure out why the busboy was murdered . They suspect a hit job , then come to believe it was a case of mistaken identity after they learn of another shooting of a young man with the same name . After the Carusos incur numerous violations of the city health code and realize they 're losing money on the restaurant , a wealthy hedge - fund manager who regularly eats there comes forward to invest in the business because he `` loves the mushroom ravioli . '' It is soon revealed that the new investor and his girlfriend have planted a microphone near the restaurant 's `` Frank Sinatra table '' to record conversations of business bigwigs so they can capitalize on financial information gleaned from eavesdropping on these private discussions . After the two learned that a busboy had discovered the planted mic , they concocted a scheme to murder him while making it look like he was killed during a robbery . They then tried to further confuse investigators with the attempted murder of someone else with the same name as the busboy , but that victim survives a shooting . When Tony Sr. notices the investor 's girlfriend wearing a necklace that was stolen by the two thugs , he begins to piece together clues that reveal the motives behind the busboy 's murder . 10 `` Who Cut Mrs. Ackroyd in Half ? '' Randy Zisk Andy Breckman September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) | The Good Cop |
864944155_11272-11690 | Netflix announced the new series in June 2017 . The show stars Tony Danza as `` a disgraced , former NYPD officer who never followed the rules '' , and Josh Groban as his son , Tony Jr. , `` an earnest , obsessively honest NYPD detective who makes a point of always following the rules '' . The show was created and is written by Andy Breckman , who created and wrote the Emmy Award - winning USA Network series Monk . | The Good Cop |
864944155_11691-12363 | The main characters are father and son policemen , Tony Caruso Sr. and Jr. , who live together . Tony Sr. ( Danza ) was expelled from law enforcement for chronic violations of departmental policy , while his son , Tony Jr . ( Groban ) scrupulously obeys departmental procedures . During one scene in episode 1 , two of Tony Jr. 's colleagues reveal that others in the department refer to him sarcastically as the `` Choir Boy '' and `` Nancy Drew . '' In the series , according to Netflix , `` This ' odd couple ' become unofficial partners as Tony Sr. offers his overly - cautious son blunt , street-wise advice on everything from handling suspects to handling women . '' | The Good Cop |
864944155_12364-12643 | Danza , a native New Yorker , is on the board of directors of the city 's Police Athletic League , and `` will be able to draw on his real - life connection to the NYPD '' to develop his character and role . The first season is being filmed in various neighborhoods in Brooklyn . | The Good Cop |
864944155_12644-13023 | About the series , Breckman said , `` Many cop shows feature dark and provocative material : psycho - sexual killers , twisted , grim , flawed detectives . Many address the most controversial issues of the day . I watch a lot of them . God bless ' em all . But the show I want to produce is playful , family - friendly , and a celebration of old - fashioned puzzle - solving . '' | The Good Cop |
864944155_13089-13538 | In episode 6 , `` Did the TV Star Do It ? , '' the murder victim is identified as `` Beth Landau . '' The character is named after series creator Andy Breckman 's wife . Breckman had previously named a murder victim after his wife ( then - fiancée ) in season 2 , episode 1 of Monk , `` Mr. Monk Goes Back to School . '' Beth Landau ( spelled `` Landow '' in Monk ) is the only character murdered twice in shows written by her real - life husband . | The Good Cop |
864952571_491-1122 | Football is a family of team sports that involve , to varying degrees , kicking a ball to score a goal . Unqualified , the word football is understood to refer to whichever form of football is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears . Sports commonly called football in certain places include association football ( known as soccer in some countries ) ; gridiron football ( specifically American football or Canadian football ) ; Australian rules football ; rugby football ( either rugby league or rugby union ) ; and Gaelic football . These different variations of football are known as football codes . | Football |
864952571_1123-2057 | There are a number of references to traditional , ancient , or prehistoric ball games played by indigenous peoples in many different parts of the world . Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the nineteenth century . The expansion of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside the directly controlled Empire . By the end of the nineteenth century , distinct regional codes were already developing : Gaelic football , for example , deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage . In 1888 , The Football League was founded in England , becoming the first of many professional football competitions . During the twentieth century , several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world . | Football |
864952571_3433-3880 | The various codes of football share certain common elements and can be grouped into two main classes of football : carrying codes like American football , Canadian football , rugby union and rugby league , where the ball is moved about the field while being held in the hands or thrown , and kicking codes such as Association football and Gaelic football , where the ball is moved primarily with the feet , and where handling is strictly limited . | Football |
864952571_3921-4540 | Two teams of usually between 11 and 18 players ; some variations that have fewer players ( five or more per team ) are also popular . A clearly defined area in which to play the game . Scoring goals or points by moving the ball to an opposing team 's end of the field and either into a goal area , or over a line . Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts . The goal or line being defended by the opposing team . Players being required to move the ball -- depending on the code -- by kicking , carrying , or hand - passing the ball . Players using only their body to move the ball . | Football |
864952571_4541-4821 | In all codes , common skills include passing , tackling , evasion of tackles , catching and kicking . In most codes , there are rules restricting the movement of players offside , and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the goalposts . | Football |
864952571_4865-5285 | There are conflicting explanations of the origin of the word `` football '' . It is widely assumed that the word `` football '' ( or the phrase `` foot ball '' ) refers to the action of the foot kicking a ball . There is an alternative explanation , which is that football originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe , which were played on foot . There is no conclusive evidence for either explanation . | Football |
864952571_5515-6082 | A Chinese game called cuju ( 蹴鞠 ) has been recognised by FIFA as the first version of the game with regular rules . It existed during the Han dynasty and possibly the Qin dynasty , in the second and third centuries BC . The Japanese version of cuju is kemari ( 蹴鞠 ) , and was developed during the Asuka period . This is known to have been played within the Japanese imperial court in Kyoto from about 600 AD . In kemari several people stand in a circle and kick a ball to each other , trying not to let the ball drop to the ground ( much like keepie uppie ) . | Football |
864952571_6083-6883 | The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games , some of which involved the use of the feet . The Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a Greek team game known as `` ἐπίσκυρος '' ( Episkyros ) or `` φαινίνδα '' ( phaininda ) , which is mentioned by a Greek playwright , Antiphanes ( 388 -- 311 BC ) and later referred to by the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria ( c. 150 -- c. 215 AD ) . These games appear to have resembled rugby football . The Roman politician Cicero ( 106 -- 43 BC ) describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barber 's shop . Roman ball games already knew the air - filled ball , the follis . Episkyros is recognised as an early form of football by FIFA . | Football |
864952571_6884-8336 | There are a number of references to traditional , ancient , or prehistoric ball games , played by indigenous peoples in many different parts of the world . For example , in 1586 , men from a ship commanded by an English explorer named John Davis , went ashore to play a form of football with Inuit ( Eskimo ) people in Greenland . There are later accounts of an Inuit game played on ice , called Aqsaqtuk . Each match began with two teams facing each other in parallel lines , before attempting to kick the ball through each other team 's line and then at a goal . In 1610 , William Strachey , a colonist at Jamestown , Virginia recorded a game played by Native Americans , called Pahsaheman . On the Australian continent several tribes of indigenous people played kicking and catching games with stuffed balls which have been generalised by historians as Marn Grook ( Djab Wurrung for `` game ball '' ) . The earliest historical account is an anecdote from the 1878 book by Robert Brough - Smyth , The Aborigines of Victoria , in which a man called Richard Thomas is quoted as saying , in about 1841 in Victoria , Australia , that he had witnessed Aboriginal people playing the game : `` Mr Thomas describes how the foremost player will drop kick a ball made from the skin of a possum and how other players leap into the air in order to catch it . '' Some historians have theorised that Marn Grook was one of the origins of Australian rules football . | Football |
864952571_8337-8585 | The Māori in New Zealand played a game called Ki - o - rahi consisting of teams of seven players play on a circular field divided into zones , and score points by touching the ' pou ' ( boundary markers ) and hitting a central ' tupu ' or target . | Football |
864952571_8586-9168 | Games played in Mesoamerica with rubber balls by indigenous peoples are also well - documented as existing since before this time , but these had more similarities to basketball or volleyball , and no links have been found between such games and modern football sports . Northeastern American Indians , especially the Iroquois Confederation , played a game which made use of net racquets to throw and catch a small ball ; however , although it is a ball - goal foot game , lacrosse ( as its modern descendant is called ) is likewise not usually classed as a form of `` football . '' | Football |
864952571_9169-9336 | These games and others may well go far back into antiquity . However , the main sources of modern football codes appear to lie in western Europe , especially England . | Football |
864952571_9337-9910 | Ancient Greek athlete balancing a ball on his thigh . Depiction on an Attic Lekythos , Piraeus , 400 - 375 BC . A Song dynasty painting by Su Hanchen ( c. 1130 - 1160 ) , depicting Chinese children playing cuju . Paint of a Mesoamerican ballgame player of the Tepantitla murals in Teotihuacan . A revived version of kemari being played at the Tanzan Shrine , Japan . An illustration from the 1850s of Australian Aboriginal hunter gatherers . File : Children in the background are playing a game , possibly Woggabaliri . A group of aborigines playing a ball game in Guiana . | Football |
864952571_9984-10450 | The Middle Ages saw a huge rise in popularity of annual Shrovetide football matches throughout Europe , particularly in England . An early reference to a ball game played in Britain comes from the 9th century Historia Brittonum , which describes `` a party of boys ... playing at ball '' . References to a ball game played in northern France known as La Soule or Choule , in which the ball was propelled by hands , feet , and sticks , date from the 12th century . An | Football |
864952571_10498-11159 | The early forms of football played in England , sometimes referred to as `` mob football '' , would be played between neighbouring towns and villages , involving an unlimited number of players on opposing teams who would clash en masse , struggling to move an item , such as inflated animal 's bladder to particular geographical points , such as their opponents ' church , with play taking place in the open space between neighbouring parishes . The game was played primarily during significant religious festivals , such as Shrovetide , Christmas , or Easter , and Shrovetide games have survived into the modern era in a number of English towns ( see below ) . | Football |
864952571_11160-11388 | The first detailed description of what was almost certainly football in England was given by William FitzStephen in about 1174 -- 1183 . He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday : | Football |
864952571_11389-11874 | After lunch all the youth of the city go out into the fields to take part in a ball game . The students of each school have their own ball ; the workers from each city craft are also carrying their balls . Older citizens , fathers , and wealthy citizens come on horseback to watch their juniors competing , and to relive their own youth vicariously : you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in the fun being had by the carefree adolescents . | Football |
864952571_11875-12088 | Most of the very early references to the game speak simply of `` ball play '' or `` playing at ball '' . This reinforces the idea that the games played at the time did not necessarily involve a ball being kicked . | Football |
864952571_12089-12699 | An early reference to a ball game that was probably football comes from 1280 at Ulgham , Northumberland , England : `` Henry ... while playing at ball ... ran against David '' . Football was played in Ireland in 1308 , with a documented reference to John McCrocan , a spectator at a `` football game '' at Newcastle , County Down being charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard . Another reference to a football game comes in 1321 at Shouldham , Norfolk , England : `` ( d ) uring the game at ball as he kicked the ball , a lay friend of his ... ran against him and wounded himself '' . | Football |
864952571_12700-13266 | In 1314 , Nicholas de Farndone , Lord Mayor of the City of London issued a decree banning football in the French used by the English upper classes at the time . A translation reads : `` ( f ) orasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large foot balls ( rageries de grosses pelotes de pee ) in the fields of the public from which many evils might arise which God forbid : we command and forbid on behalf of the king , on pain of imprisonment , such game to be used in the city in the future . '' This is the earliest reference to football . | Football |
864952571_13267-13597 | In 1363 , King Edward III of England issued a proclamation banning `` ... handball , football , or hockey ; coursing and cock - fighting , or other such idle games '' , showing that `` football '' -- whatever its exact form in this case -- was being differentiated from games involving other parts of the body , such as handball . | Football |
864952571_13598-14723 | A game known as `` football '' was played in Scotland as early as the 15th century : it was prohibited by the Football Act 1424 and although the law fell into disuse it was not repealed until 1906 . There is evidence for schoolboys playing a `` football '' ball game in Aberdeen in 1633 ( some references cite 1636 ) which is notable as an early allusion to what some have considered to be passing the ball . The word `` pass '' in the most recent translation is derived from `` huc percute '' ( strike it here ) and later `` repercute pilam '' ( strike the ball again ) in the original Latin . It is not certain that the ball was being struck between members of the same team . The original word translated as `` goal '' is `` metum '' , literally meaning the `` pillar at each end of the circus course '' in a Roman chariot race . There is a reference to `` get hold of the ball before ( another player ) does '' ( Praeripe illi pilam si possis agere ) suggesting that handling of the ball was allowed . One sentence states in the original 1930 translation `` Throw yourself against him '' ( Age , objice te illi ) . France | Football |
864952571_14735-14940 | King Henry IV of England also presented one of the earliest documented uses of the English word `` football '' , in 1409 , when he issued a proclamation forbidding the levying of money for `` foteball '' . | Football |
864952571_14941-15650 | There is also an account in Latin from the end of the 15th century of football being played at Cawston , Nottinghamshire . This is the first description of a `` kicking game '' and the first description of dribbling : `` ( t ) he game at which they had met for common recreation is called by some the foot - ball game . It is one in which young men , in country sport , propel a huge ball not by throwing it into the air but by striking it and rolling it along the ground , and that not with their hands but with their feet ... kicking in opposite directions '' The chronicler gives the earliest reference to a football pitch , stating that : `` ( t ) he boundaries have been marked and the game had started . | Football |
864952571_15705-17260 | `` a football '' , in the sense of a ball rather than a game , was first mentioned in 1486 . This reference is in Dame Juliana Berners ' Book of St Albans . It states : `` a certain rounde instrument to play with ... it is an instrument for the foote and then it is calde in Latyn ' pila pedalis ' , a fotebal . '' a pair of football boots was ordered by King Henry VIII of England in 1526 . women playing a form of football was first described in 1580 by Sir Philip Sidney in one of his poems : `` ( a ) tyme there is for all , my mother often sayes , When she , with skirts tuckt very hy , with girles at football playes . '' the first references to goals are in the late 16th and early 17th centuries . In 1584 and 1602 respectively , John Norden and Richard Carew referred to `` goals '' in Cornish hurling . Carew described how goals were made : `` they pitch two bushes in the ground , some eight or ten foote asunder ; and directly against them , ten or twelue ( twelve ) score off , other twayne in like distance , which they terme their Goales '' . He is also the first to describe goalkeepers and passing of the ball between players . the first direct reference to scoring a goal is in John Day 's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green ( performed circa 1600 ; published 1659 ) : `` I 'll play a gole at camp - ball '' ( an extremely violent variety of football , which was popular in East Anglia ) . Similarly in a poem in 1613 , Michael Drayton refers to `` when the Ball to throw , And drive it to the Gole , in squadrons forth they goe '' . | Football |
864952571_17429-18216 | In the 16th century , the city of Florence celebrated the period between Epiphany and Lent by playing a game which today is known as `` calcio storico '' ( `` historic kickball '' ) in the Piazza Santa Croce . The young aristocrats of the city would dress up in fine silk costumes and embroil themselves in a violent form of football . For example , calcio players could punch , shoulder charge , and kick opponents . Blows below the belt were allowed . The game is said to have originated as a military training exercise . In 1580 , Count Giovanni de ' Bardi di Vernio wrote Discorso sopra ' l giuoco del Calcio Fiorentino . This is sometimes said to be the earliest code of rules for any football game . The game was not played after January 1739 ( until it was revived in May 1930 ) . | Football |
864952571_18313-18861 | There have been many attempts to ban football , from the middle ages through to the modern day . The first such law was passed in England in 1314 ; it was followed by more than 30 in England alone between 1314 and 1667 . Football faced armed opposition in the 18th Century when used as a cover for violent protest against the enclosure act . Women were banned from playing at English and Scottish Football League grounds in 1921 , a ban that was only lifted in the 1970s . Female footballers still face similar problems in some parts of the world . | Football |
864952571_18967-19794 | While football continued to be played in various forms throughout Britain , its public schools ( equivalent to private schools in other countries ) are widely credited with four key achievements in the creation of modern football codes . First of all , the evidence suggests that they were important in taking football away from its `` mob '' form and turning it into an organised team sport . Second , many early descriptions of football and references to it were recorded by people who had studied at these schools . Third , it was teachers , students and former students from these schools who first codified football games , to enable matches to be played between schools . Finally , it was at English public schools that the division between `` kicking '' and `` running '' ( or `` carrying '' ) games first became clear . | Football |
864952571_19795-20208 | The earliest evidence that games resembling football were being played at English public schools -- mainly attended by boys from the upper , upper - middle and professional classes -- comes from the Vulgaria by William Herman in 1519 . Herman had been headmaster at Eton and Winchester colleges and his Latin textbook includes a translation exercise with the phrase `` We wyll playe with a ball full of wynde '' . | Football |
864952571_20209-20783 | Richard Mulcaster , a student at Eton College in the early 16th century and later headmaster at other English schools , has been described as `` the greatest sixteenth Century advocate of football '' . Among his contributions are the earliest evidence of organised team football . Mulcaster 's writings refer to teams ( `` sides '' and `` parties '' ) , positions ( `` standings '' ) , a referee ( `` judge over the parties '' ) and a coach `` ( trayning maister ) '' . Mulcaster 's `` footeball '' had evolved from the disordered and violent forms of traditional football : | Football |
864952571_20784-21079 | ( s ) ome smaller number with such overlooking , sorted into sides and standings , not meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their strength : nor shouldring or shuffing one an other so barbarously ... may use footeball for as much good to the body , by the chiefe use of the legges . | Football |
864952571_21080-21599 | In 1633 , David Wedderburn , a teacher from Aberdeen , mentioned elements of modern football games in a short Latin textbook called Vocabula . Wedderburn refers to what has been translated into modern English as `` keeping goal '' and makes an allusion to passing the ball ( `` strike it here '' ) . There is a reference to `` get hold of the ball '' , suggesting that some handling was allowed . It is clear that the tackles allowed included the charging and holding of opposing players ( `` drive that man back '' ) . | Football |
864952571_21600-22419 | A more detailed description of football is given in Francis Willughby 's Book of Games , written in about 1660 . Willughby , who had studied at Bishop Vesey 's Grammar School , Sutton Coldfield , is the first to describe goals and a distinct playing field : `` a close that has a gate at either end . The gates are called Goals . '' His book includes a diagram illustrating a football field . He also mentions tactics ( `` leaving some of their best players to guard the goal '' ) ; scoring ( `` they that can strike the ball through their opponents ' goal first win '' ) and the way teams were selected ( `` the players being equally divided according to their strength and nimbleness '' ) . He is the first to describe a `` law '' of football : `` they must not strike ( an opponent 's leg ) higher than the ball '' . | Football |
864952571_22420-23217 | English public schools were the first to codify football games . In particular , they devised the first offside rules , during the late 18th century . In the earliest manifestations of these rules , players were `` off their side '' if they simply stood between the ball and the goal which was their objective . Players were not allowed to pass the ball forward , either by foot or by hand . They could only dribble with their feet , or advance the ball in a scrum or similar formation . However , offside laws began to diverge and develop differently at each school , as is shown by the rules of football from Winchester , Rugby , Harrow and Cheltenham , during between 1810 and 1850 . The first known codes -- in the sense of a set of rules -- were those of Eton in 1815 and Aldenham in 1825 . ) | Football |
864952571_23218-23692 | During the early 19th century , most working class people in Britain had to work six days a week , often for over twelve hours a day . They had neither the time nor the inclination to engage in sport for recreation and , at the time , many children were part of the labour force . Feast day football played on the streets was in decline . Public school boys , who enjoyed some freedom from work , became the inventors of organised football games with formal codes of rules . | Football |
864952571_23693-24598 | Football was adopted by a number of public schools as a way of encouraging competitiveness and keeping youths fit . Each school drafted its own rules , which varied widely between different schools and were changed over time with each new intake of pupils . Two schools of thought developed regarding rules . Some schools favoured a game in which the ball could be carried ( as at Rugby , Marlborough and Cheltenham ) , while others preferred a game where kicking and dribbling the ball was promoted ( as at Eton , Harrow , Westminster and Charterhouse ) . The division into these two camps was partly the result of circumstances in which the games were played . For example , Charterhouse and Westminster at the time had restricted playing areas ; the boys were confined to playing their ball game within the school cloisters , making it difficult for them to adopt rough and tumble running games . Rugby | Football |
864952571_24606-25506 | William Webb Ellis , a pupil at Rugby School , is said to have `` with a fine disregard for the rules of football , as played in his time ( emphasis added ) , first took the ball in his arms and ran with it , thus creating the distinctive feature of the rugby game . '' in 1823 . This act is usually said to be the beginning of Rugby football , but there is little evidence that it occurred , and most sports historians believe the story to be apocryphal . The act of ' taking the ball in his arms ' is often misinterpreted as ' picking the ball up ' as it is widely believed that Webb Ellis ' ' crime ' was handling the ball , as in modern soccer , however handling the ball at the time was often permitted and in some cases compulsory , the rule for which Webb Ellis showed disregard was running forward with it as the rules of his time only allowed a player to retreat backwards or kick forwards . | Football |
864952571_25507-26030 | The boom in rail transport in Britain during the 1840s meant that people were able to travel further and with less inconvenience than they ever had before . Inter-school sporting competitions became possible . However , it was difficult for schools to play each other at football , as each school played by its own rules . The solution to this problem was usually that the match be divided into two halves , one half played by the rules of the host `` home '' school , and the other half by the visiting `` away '' school . | Football |
864952571_26031-26389 | The modern rules of many football codes were formulated during the mid - or late - 19th century . This also applies to other sports such as lawn bowls , lawn tennis , etc . The major impetus for this was the patenting of the world 's first lawnmower in 1830 . This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals , playing fields , pitches , grass courts , etc . | Football |
864952571_26390-26636 | Apart from Rugby football , the public school codes have barely been played beyond the confines of each school 's playing fields . However , many of them are still played at the schools which created them ( see Surviving UK school games below ) . | Football |
864952571_26637-27193 | Public schools ' dominance of sports in the UK began to wane after the Factory Act of 1850 , which significantly increased the recreation time available to working class children . Before 1850 , many British children had to work six days a week , for more than twelve hours a day . From 1850 , they could not work before 6 a.m. ( 7 a.m. in winter ) or after 6 p.m. on weekdays ( 7 p.m. in winter ) ; on Saturdays they had to cease work at 2 p.m. These changes mean that working class children had more time for games , including various forms of football . | Football |
864952571_27244-27433 | Sports clubs dedicated to playing football began in the 18th century , for example London 's Gymnastic Society which was founded in the mid-18th century and ceased playing matches in 1796 . | Football |
864952571_27434-27725 | The first documented club to bear in the title a reference to being a ' football club ' were called `` The Foot - Ball Club '' who were located in Edinburgh , Scotland , during the period 1824 -- 41 . The club forbade tripping but allowed pushing and holding and the picking up of the ball . | Football |
864952571_27726-27978 | In 1845 , three boys at Rugby school were tasked with codifying the rules then being used at the school . These were the first set of written rules ( or code ) for any form of football . This further assisted the spread of the Rugby game . Competitions | Football |
864952571_28023-29282 | One of the longest running football fixture is the Cordner - Eggleston Cup , contested between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College , Melbourne every year since 1858 . It is believed by many to also be the first match of Australian rules football , although it was played under experimental rules in its first year . The first football trophy tournament was the Caledonian Challenge Cup , donated by the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne , played in 1861 under the Melbourne Rules . The oldest football league is a rugby football competition , the United Hospitals Challenge Cup ( 1874 ) , while the oldest rugby trophy is the Yorkshire Cup , contested since 1878 . The South Australian Football Association ( 30 April 1877 ) is the oldest surviving Australian rules football competition . The oldest surviving soccer trophy is the Youdan Cup ( 1867 ) and the oldest national football competition is the English FA Cup ( 1871 ) . The Football League ( 1888 ) is recognised as the longest running Association Football league . The first ever international football match took place between sides representing England and Scotland on March 5 , 1870 at the Oval under the authority of the FA . The first Rugby international took place in 1871 . Modern | Football |
864952571_29426-30037 | In Europe , early footballs were made out of animal bladders , more specifically pig 's bladders , which were inflated . Later leather coverings were introduced to allow the balls to keep their shape . However , in 1851 , Richard Lindon and William Gilbert , both shoemakers from the town of Rugby ( near the school ) , exhibited both round and oval - shaped balls at the Great Exhibition in London . Richard Lindon 's wife is said to have died of lung disease caused by blowing up pig 's bladders . Lindon also won medals for the invention of the `` Rubber inflatable Bladder '' and the `` Brass Hand Pump '' . | Football |
864952571_30038-30312 | In 1855 , the U.S. inventor Charles Goodyear -- who had patented vulcanised rubber -- exhibited a spherical football , with an exterior of vulcanised rubber panels , at the Paris Exhibition Universelle . The ball was to prove popular in early forms of football in the U.S.A. | Football |
864952571_30313-30501 | The iconic ball with a regular pattern of hexagons and pentagons ( see truncated icosahedron ) did not become popular until the 1960s , and was first used in the World Cup in 1970 . Modern | Football |
864952571_30571-31023 | The earliest reference to a game of football involving players passing the ball and attempting to score past a goalkeeper was written in 1633 by David Wedderburn , a poet and teacher in Aberdeen , Scotland . Nevertheless , the original text does not state whether the allusion to passing as ' kick the ball back ' ( ' Repercute pilam ' ) was in a forward or backward direction or between members of the same opposing teams ( as was usual at this time ) | Football |
864952571_31024-32261 | `` Scientific '' football is first recorded in 1839 from Lancashire and in the modern game in Rugby football from 1862 and from Sheffield FC as early as 1865 . The first side to play a passing combination game was the Royal Engineers AFC in 1869 / 70 By 1869 they were `` work ( ing ) well together '' , `` backing up '' and benefiting from `` cooperation '' . By 1870 the Engineers were passing the ball : `` Lieut . Creswell , who having brought the ball up the side then kicked it into the middle to another of his side , who kicked it through the posts the minute before time was called '' Passing was a regular feature of their style By early 1872 the Engineers were the first football team renowned for `` play ( ing ) beautifully together '' A double pass is first reported from Derby school against Nottingham Forest in March 1872 , the first of which is irrefutably a short pass : `` Mr Absey dribbling the ball half the length of the field delivered it to Wallis , who kicking it cleverly in front of the goal , sent it to the captain who drove it at once between the Nottingham posts '' The first side to have perfected the modern formation was Cambridge University AFC and introduced the 2 -- 3 -- 5 `` pyramid '' formation . | Football |
864952571_32309-33322 | In 1848 , at Cambridge University , Mr. H. de Winton and Mr. J.C. Thring , who were both formerly at Shrewsbury School , called a meeting at Trinity College , Cambridge , with 12 other representatives from Eton , Harrow , Rugby , Winchester and Shrewsbury . An eight - hour meeting produced what amounted to the first set of modern rules , known as the Cambridge rules . No copy of these rules now exists , but a revised version from circa 1856 is held in the library of Shrewsbury School . The rules clearly favour the kicking game . Handling was only allowed when a player catches the ball directly from the foot entitling them to a free kick and there was a primitive offside rule , disallowing players from `` loitering '' around the opponents ' goal . The Cambridge rules were not widely adopted outside English public schools and universities ( but it was arguably the most significant influence on the Football Association committee members responsible for formulating the rules of Association football ) . | Football |
864952571_33370-33915 | By the late 1850s , many football clubs had been formed throughout the English - speaking world , to play various codes of football . Sheffield Football Club , founded in 1857 in the English city of Sheffield by Nathaniel Creswick and William Prest , was later recognised as the world 's oldest club playing association football . However , the club initially played its own code of football : the Sheffield rules . The code was largely independent of the public school rules , the most significant difference being the lack of an offside rule . | Football |
864952571_33916-34348 | The code was responsible for many innovations that later spread to association football . These included free kicks , corner kicks , handball , throw - ins and the crossbar . By the 1870s they became the dominant code in the north and midlands of England . At this time a series of rule changes by both the London and Sheffield FAs gradually eroded the differences between the two games until the adoption of a common code in 1877 . | Football |
864952571_34520-34823 | There is archival evidence of `` foot - ball '' games being played in various parts of Australia throughout the first half of the 19th century . The origins of an organised game of football known today as Australian rules football can be traced back to 1858 in Melbourne , the capital city of Victoria . | Football |
864952571_34824-35581 | In July 1858 , Tom Wills , an Australian - born cricketer educated at Rugby School in England , wrote a letter to Bell 's Life in Victoria & Sporting Chronicle , calling for a `` foot - ball club '' with a `` code of laws '' to keep cricketers fit during winter . This is considered by historians to be a defining moment in the creation of Australian rules football . Through publicity and personal contacts Wills was able to co-ordinate football matches in Melbourne that experimented with various rules , the first of which was played on July 31 , 1858 . One week later , Wills umpired a schoolboys match between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College . Following these matches , organised football in Melbourne rapidly increased in popularity . Wood | Football |
864952571_35673-36543 | Wills and others involved in these early matches formed the Melbourne Football Club ( the oldest surviving Australian football club ) on May 14 , 1859 . Club members Wills , William Hammersley , J.B. Thompson and Thomas H. Smith met with the intention of forming a set of rules that would be widely adopted by other clubs . The committee debated rules used in English public school games ; Wills pushed for various rugby football rules he learnt during his schooling . The first rules share similarities with these games , and were shaped to suit to Australian conditions . H.C.A. Harrison , a seminal figure in Australian football , recalled that his cousin Wills wanted `` a game of our own '' . The code was distinctive in the prevalence of the mark , free kick , tackling , lack of an offside rule and that players were specifically penalised for throwing the ball . | Football |
864952571_36544-37485 | The Melbourne football rules were widely distributed and gradually adopted by the other Victorian clubs . The rules were updated several times during the 1860s to accommodate the rules of other influential Victorian football clubs . A significant redraft in 1866 by H.C.A. Harrison 's committee accommodated the Geelong Football Club 's rules , making the game then known as `` Victorian Rules '' increasingly distinct from other codes . It soon adopted cricket fields and an oval ball , used specialised goal and behind posts , and featured bouncing the ball while running and spectacular high marking . The game spread quickly to other Australian colonies . Outside its heartland in southern Australia , the code experienced a significant period of decline following World War I but has since grown throughout Australia and in other parts of the world , and the Australian Football League emerged as the dominant professional competition . | Football |
864952571_37686-38276 | During the early 1860s , there were increasing attempts in England to unify and reconcile the various public school games . In 1862 , J.C. Thring , who had been one of the driving forces behind the original Cambridge Rules , was a master at Uppingham School and he issued his own rules of what he called `` The Simplest Game '' ( these are also known as the Uppingham Rules ) . In early October 1863 another new revised version of the Cambridge Rules was drawn up by a seven member committee representing former pupils from Harrow , Shrewsbury , Eton , Rugby , Marlborough and Westminster . | Football |
864952571_38277-39275 | At the Freemasons ' Tavern , Great Queen Street , London on the evening of October 26 , 1863 , representatives of several football clubs in the London Metropolitan area met for the inaugural meeting of The Football Association ( FA ) . The aim of the Association was to establish a single unifying code and regulate the playing of the game among its members . Following the first meeting , the public schools were invited to join the association . All of them declined , except Charterhouse and Uppingham . In total , six meetings of the FA were held between October and December 1863 . After the third meeting , a draft set of rules were published . However , at the beginning of the fourth meeting , attention was drawn to the recently published Cambridge Rules of 1863 . The Cambridge rules differed from the draft FA rules in two significant areas ; namely running with ( carrying ) the ball and hacking ( kicking opposing players in the shins ) . The two contentious FA rules were as follows : | Football |
864952571_39276-39497 | IX . A player shall be entitled to run with the ball towards his adversaries ' goal if he makes a fair catch , or catches the ball on the first bound ; but in case of a fair catch , if he makes his mark he shall not run . | Football |
864952571_39498-39752 | X . If any player shall run with the ball towards his adversaries ' goal , any player on the opposite side shall be at liberty to charge , hold , trip or hack him , or to wrest the ball from him , but no player shall be held and hacked at the same time . | Football |
864952571_39753-40429 | At the fifth meeting it was proposed that these two rules be removed . Most of the delegates supported this , but F.M. Campbell , the representative from Blackheath and the first FA treasurer , objected . He said : `` hacking is the true football '' . However , the motion to ban running with the ball in hand and hacking was carried and Blackheath withdrew from the FA . After the final meeting on 8 December , the FA published the `` Laws of Football '' , the first comprehensive set of rules for the game later known as Association Football . The term `` soccer '' , in use since the late 19th century , derives from an Oxford University abbreviation of `` Association '' . | Football |
864952571_40430-40900 | The first FA rules still contained elements that are no longer part of association football , but which are still recognisable in other games ( such as Australian football and rugby football ) : for instance , a player could make a fair catch and claim a mark , which entitled him to a free kick ; and if a player touched the ball behind the opponents ' goal line , his side was entitled to a free kick at goal , from 15 yards ( 13.5 metres ) in front of the goal line . | Football |
864952571_40976-41619 | In Britain , by 1870 , there were about 75 clubs playing variations of the Rugby school game . There were also `` rugby '' clubs in Ireland , Australia , Canada and New Zealand . However , there was no generally accepted set of rules for rugby until 1871 , when 21 clubs from London came together to form the Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) . The first official RFU rules were adopted in June 1871 . These rules allowed passing the ball . They also included the try , where touching the ball over the line allowed an attempt at goal , though drop - goals from marks and general play , and penalty conversions were still the main form of contest . | Football |
864952571_41728-43289 | As was the case in Britain , by the early 19th century , North American schools and universities played their own local games , between sides made up of students . For example , students at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire played a game called Old division football , a variant of the association football codes , as early as the 1820s . They remained largely `` mob football '' style games , with huge numbers of players attempting to advance the ball into a goal area , often by any means necessary . Rules were simple , violence and injury were common . The violence of these mob - style games led to widespread protests and a decision to abandon them . Yale University , under pressure from the city of New Haven , banned the play of all forms of football in 1860 , while Harvard University followed suit in 1861 . In its place , two general types of football evolved : `` kicking '' games and `` running '' ( or `` carrying '' ) games . A hybrid of the two , known as the `` Boston game '' , was played by a group known as the Oneida Football Club . The club , considered by some historians as the first formal football club in the United States , was formed in 1862 by schoolboys who played the `` Boston game '' on Boston Common . The game began to return to American college campuses by the late 1860s . The universities of Yale , Princeton ( then known as the College of New Jersey ) , Rutgers , and Brown all began playing `` kicking '' games during this time . In 1867 , Princeton used rules based on those of the English Football Association . The | Football |
864952571_43533-44185 | In Canada , the first documented football match was a practice game played on November 9 , 1861 , at University College , University of Toronto ( approximately 400 yards west of Queen 's Park ) . One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was ( Sir ) William Mulock , later Chancellor of the school . In 1864 , at Trinity College , Toronto , F. Barlow Cumberland , Frederick A. Bethune , and Christopher Gwynn , one of the founders of Milton , Massachusetts , devised rules based on rugby football . A `` running game '' , resembling rugby football , was then taken up by the Montreal Football Club in Canada in 1868 . | Football |
864952571_44186-44409 | On November 6 , 1869 , Rutgers faced Princeton in a game that was played with a round ball and , like all early games , used improvised rules . It is usually regarded as the first game of American intercollegiate football . | Football |
864952571_44410-45034 | Modern North American football grew out of a match between McGill University of Montreal , and Harvard University in 1874 . During the game , the two teams alternated between the rugby - based rules used by McGill and the Boston Game rules used by Harvard . Within a few years , Harvard had both adopted McGill 's rules and had persuaded other U.S. university teams to do the same . On November 23 , 1876 , representatives from Harvard , Yale , Princeton , and Columbia met at the Massasoit Convention in Springfield , Massachusetts , agreeing to adopt most of the Rugby Football Union rules , with some variations . Rutgers | Football |
864952571_45064-46029 | In 1880 , Yale coach Walter Camp , who had become a fixture at the Massasoit House conventions where the rules were debated and changed , devised a number of major innovations . Camp 's two most important rule changes that diverged the American game from rugby was replacing the scrummage with the line of scrimmage and the establishment of the down - and - distance rules . American football still however remained a violent sport where collisions often led to serious injuries and sometimes even death . This led U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to hold a meeting with football representatives from Harvard , Yale , and Princeton on October 9 , 1905 , urging them to make drastic changes . One rule change introduced in 1906 , devised to open up the game and reduce injury , was the introduction of the legal forward pass . Though it was underutilised for years , this proved to be one of the most important rule changes in the establishment of the modern game . | Football |
864952571_46030-46588 | Over the years , Canada absorbed some of the developments in American football in an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby - oriented game . In 1903 , the Ontario Rugby Football Union adopted the Burnside rules , which implemented the line of scrimmage and down - and - distance system from American football , among others . Canadian football then implemented the legal forward pass in 1929 . American and Canadian football remain different codes , stemming from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side has not . | Football |
864952571_46703-47349 | In the mid-19th century , various traditional football games , referred to collectively as caid , remained popular in Ireland , especially in County Kerry . One observer , Father W. Ferris , described two main forms of caid during this period : the `` field game '' in which the object was to put the ball through arch - like goals , formed from the boughs of two trees ; and the epic `` cross-country game '' which took up most of the daylight hours of a Sunday on which it was played , and was won by one team taking the ball across a parish boundary . `` Wrestling '' , `` holding '' opposing players , and carrying the ball were all allowed . | Football |
864952571_47350-47722 | By the 1870s , Rugby and Association football had started to become popular in Ireland . Trinity College , Dublin was an early stronghold of Rugby ( see the Developments in the 1850s section , above ) . The rules of the English FA were being distributed widely . Traditional forms of caid had begun to give way to a `` rough - and - tumble game '' which allowed tripping . | Football |
864952571_47723-48473 | There was no serious attempt to unify and codify Irish varieties of football , until the establishment of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) in 1884 . The GAA sought to promote traditional Irish sports , such as hurling and to reject imported games like Rugby and Association football . The first Gaelic football rules were drawn up by Maurice Davin and published in the United Ireland magazine on February 7 , 1887 . Davin 's rules showed the influence of games such as hurling and a desire to formalise a distinctly Irish code of football . The prime example of this differentiation was the lack of an offside rule ( an attribute which , for many years , was shared only by other Irish games like hurling , and by Australian rules football ) . | Football |
864952571_49229-49427 | The International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) was founded in 1886 , but rifts were beginning to emerge in the code . Professionalism had already begun to creep into the various codes of football . | Football |
864952571_49428-50390 | In England , by the 1890s , a long - standing Rugby Football Union ban on professional players was causing regional tensions within rugby football , as many players in northern England were working class and could not afford to take time off to train , travel , play and recover from injuries . This was not very different from what had occurred ten years earlier in soccer in Northern England but the authorities reacted very differently in the RFU , attempting to alienate the working class support in Northern England . In 1895 , following a dispute about a player being paid broken time payments , which replaced wages lost as a result of playing rugby , representatives of the northern clubs met in Huddersfield to form the Northern Rugby Football Union ( NRFU ) . The new body initially permitted only various types of player wage replacements . However , within two years , NRFU players could be paid , but they were required to have a job outside sport . | Football |
864952571_50391-51087 | The demands of a professional league dictated that rugby had to become a better `` spectator '' sport . Within a few years the NRFU rules had started to diverge from the RFU , most notably with the abolition of the line - out . This was followed by the replacement of the ruck with the `` play - the - ball ruck '' , which allowed a two - player ruck contest between the tackler at marker and the player tackled . Mauls were stopped once the ball carrier was held , being replaced by a play - the ball - ruck . The separate Lancashire and Yorkshire competitions of the NRFU merged in 1901 , forming the Northern Rugby League , the first time the name rugby league was used officially in England . | Football |
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